MODIFIED EDEN BAYSAL DENTAL TRAUMA INDEX (MEBDTI)
Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are common in both the primary and permanent dentitions.
Using a standardized index to record the entire dental and ST injuries would result in the possibility of more robust data from various centers.
Aesthetic Management of Fractured Anteriors: A Case ReportAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Introduction: Coronal fracture of anterior teeth is an important topic for esthetic dentistry. Such fractures may jeopardize esthetics, function, tissue biology
and occlusal physiology, thus endangering tooth vitality and integrity. Coronal fractures resulting from dental trauma most frequently occur to the maxillary
anterior teeth of adolescents and less frequently to mandibular teeth. Adult teeth may also suffer traumatic fracture, although less frequently than for
adolescents.
Case Report: In our case, an economical and time-saving novel technique has been described for direct composite restoration in a young patient with
uncomplicated fractured maxillary anterior tooth.
Conclusion: As restoring a fractured tooth is a complex procedure, this technique can prove as a simple, effective and appropriate technique that will fulfill all
the requirements of dental personnel. This technique can also prove to be easy for inexperienced beginner clinicians without requiring special skills in
providing the patients with direct composite restorations
This document provides an introduction to guidelines published by the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) for managing traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). It summarizes that TDIs frequently occur in children and young adults, with luxation injuries and crown fractures being the most common types in primary and permanent teeth respectively. The guidelines aim to provide information for immediate care of TDIs and recognize that subsequent specialist treatment may be needed. They are based on an extensive literature review from 1996-2019 and expert consensus where evidence was limited. The guidelines emphasize the importance of proper diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up to achieve favorable outcomes for injured teeth.
Prevalence of traumatic dental injury in arab israeli communityAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Abstract: Traumatic dental injury (TDI) in school children has become a serious dental public health problem in developing and developed countries. Worldwide research clearly shows that the prevalence of TDI is increasing.
Objective: The purpose of this study is to clinical compare without use radiograph film in comparing between groups of boys and girls which complain of traumatic fracture of anterior permanent teeth in enamel and dentine reigns with or with out Pulp rom records of patients aged 9-12years.
Design: A descriptive cross-sectional survey in Arab Israeli schoolchildren between 2003-2015.
Subjects: A sample of 4262 ,Arab Israeli schoolchildren (2344(55%)) males and 1918(45%)) females) aged 9-12years ,were interviewed and examined between 2003-2015in different dental private clinics in Israel.
Results: Among the 4262 schoolchildren examined, 520(12,2%) had experienced traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). Males had experienced a significantly higher prevalence of trauma 340(8%) than females 180(4,2%) .
Conclusion: Overall traumatised permanent incisors were found to occur fairly
frequently with males having experienced significantly more TDIs than females. Theprevalence of TDIs in Arab Israeli schoolchildren was 12,2%; enamel fractures were the most frequently observed injury and falls were the leading cause of trauma.
Keywords: Permanent Teeth, School Children, Trauma,Arab Israeli(Arab48)
- Dental indices are used to assess oral health conditions like dental caries and periodontal disease. They have limitations as they only provide objective data and not a comprehensive picture.
- Indices are classified based on factors like whether the condition is reversible or irreversible, the causative factors, and the complexity of the assessment method.
- Common indices used for dental caries include the DMF Index, def Index, and Community Caries Index of Treatment Needs (CCITN). The DMF Index records decayed, missing, and filled teeth. The CCITN evaluates treatment needs based on the stage of the caries lesion.
- Dental caries results from an interaction between host factors, carious
This document provides information on adult orthodontics. It discusses the history of adult orthodontic treatment, reasons for the increased interest in adults seeking treatment, differences between adult and adolescent patients, limitations of treatment for adults, and objectives of adult orthodontic treatment. Treatment for adults focuses on aesthetics, function, stability and achieving Class I occlusion while considering biological and biomechanical factors like reduced growth potential and periodontal health.
This document discusses adult orthodontics and compares treatment of adult patients to adolescent patients. It notes that interest in orthodontic treatment for adults has increased due to factors like improved aesthetics from direct bonding and lingual appliances. Adult patients are generally divided into younger adults seeking comprehensive treatment and older adults prioritizing dental health. Treatment objectives, diagnosis, and planning require more customization for adults. Key differences from adolescents include no growth potential, more emphasis on symptoms over signs, and less adaptability.
Traumatic Dental Injuries to Permanent Anterior Teeth, Relation with Age and...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of traumatic dental injuries among 9-12 year old Arab Israeli schoolchildren. A sample of 4,262 schoolchildren were clinically examined between 2012-2015. The overall prevalence of traumatic dental injuries was found to be 12.2%. Males experienced a significantly higher prevalence (8%) than females (4.2%). Enamel fractures were the most common type of injury. The prevalence of injuries was highest in 9 year olds and declined with increasing age. Males generally experienced more severe injuries than females. This cross-sectional study provides data on traumatic dental injuries among schoolchildren in the Arab Israeli community.
Aesthetic Management of Fractured Anteriors: A Case ReportAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Introduction: Coronal fracture of anterior teeth is an important topic for esthetic dentistry. Such fractures may jeopardize esthetics, function, tissue biology
and occlusal physiology, thus endangering tooth vitality and integrity. Coronal fractures resulting from dental trauma most frequently occur to the maxillary
anterior teeth of adolescents and less frequently to mandibular teeth. Adult teeth may also suffer traumatic fracture, although less frequently than for
adolescents.
Case Report: In our case, an economical and time-saving novel technique has been described for direct composite restoration in a young patient with
uncomplicated fractured maxillary anterior tooth.
Conclusion: As restoring a fractured tooth is a complex procedure, this technique can prove as a simple, effective and appropriate technique that will fulfill all
the requirements of dental personnel. This technique can also prove to be easy for inexperienced beginner clinicians without requiring special skills in
providing the patients with direct composite restorations
This document provides an introduction to guidelines published by the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) for managing traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). It summarizes that TDIs frequently occur in children and young adults, with luxation injuries and crown fractures being the most common types in primary and permanent teeth respectively. The guidelines aim to provide information for immediate care of TDIs and recognize that subsequent specialist treatment may be needed. They are based on an extensive literature review from 1996-2019 and expert consensus where evidence was limited. The guidelines emphasize the importance of proper diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up to achieve favorable outcomes for injured teeth.
Prevalence of traumatic dental injury in arab israeli communityAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Abstract: Traumatic dental injury (TDI) in school children has become a serious dental public health problem in developing and developed countries. Worldwide research clearly shows that the prevalence of TDI is increasing.
Objective: The purpose of this study is to clinical compare without use radiograph film in comparing between groups of boys and girls which complain of traumatic fracture of anterior permanent teeth in enamel and dentine reigns with or with out Pulp rom records of patients aged 9-12years.
Design: A descriptive cross-sectional survey in Arab Israeli schoolchildren between 2003-2015.
Subjects: A sample of 4262 ,Arab Israeli schoolchildren (2344(55%)) males and 1918(45%)) females) aged 9-12years ,were interviewed and examined between 2003-2015in different dental private clinics in Israel.
Results: Among the 4262 schoolchildren examined, 520(12,2%) had experienced traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). Males had experienced a significantly higher prevalence of trauma 340(8%) than females 180(4,2%) .
Conclusion: Overall traumatised permanent incisors were found to occur fairly
frequently with males having experienced significantly more TDIs than females. Theprevalence of TDIs in Arab Israeli schoolchildren was 12,2%; enamel fractures were the most frequently observed injury and falls were the leading cause of trauma.
Keywords: Permanent Teeth, School Children, Trauma,Arab Israeli(Arab48)
- Dental indices are used to assess oral health conditions like dental caries and periodontal disease. They have limitations as they only provide objective data and not a comprehensive picture.
- Indices are classified based on factors like whether the condition is reversible or irreversible, the causative factors, and the complexity of the assessment method.
- Common indices used for dental caries include the DMF Index, def Index, and Community Caries Index of Treatment Needs (CCITN). The DMF Index records decayed, missing, and filled teeth. The CCITN evaluates treatment needs based on the stage of the caries lesion.
- Dental caries results from an interaction between host factors, carious
This document provides information on adult orthodontics. It discusses the history of adult orthodontic treatment, reasons for the increased interest in adults seeking treatment, differences between adult and adolescent patients, limitations of treatment for adults, and objectives of adult orthodontic treatment. Treatment for adults focuses on aesthetics, function, stability and achieving Class I occlusion while considering biological and biomechanical factors like reduced growth potential and periodontal health.
This document discusses adult orthodontics and compares treatment of adult patients to adolescent patients. It notes that interest in orthodontic treatment for adults has increased due to factors like improved aesthetics from direct bonding and lingual appliances. Adult patients are generally divided into younger adults seeking comprehensive treatment and older adults prioritizing dental health. Treatment objectives, diagnosis, and planning require more customization for adults. Key differences from adolescents include no growth potential, more emphasis on symptoms over signs, and less adaptability.
Traumatic Dental Injuries to Permanent Anterior Teeth, Relation with Age and...Abu-Hussein Muhamad
This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of traumatic dental injuries among 9-12 year old Arab Israeli schoolchildren. A sample of 4,262 schoolchildren were clinically examined between 2012-2015. The overall prevalence of traumatic dental injuries was found to be 12.2%. Males experienced a significantly higher prevalence (8%) than females (4.2%). Enamel fractures were the most common type of injury. The prevalence of injuries was highest in 9 year olds and declined with increasing age. Males generally experienced more severe injuries than females. This cross-sectional study provides data on traumatic dental injuries among schoolchildren in the Arab Israeli community.
- Most orthodontists receive requests from patients for tooth whitening and the majority refer patients to another dental professional rather than administering whitening themselves.
- While many patients request whitening during orthodontic treatment, over 90% of orthodontists do not recommend it during treatment. They prefer waiting until 1-3 months after braces removal to whiten teeth.
- The top reasons for not recommending whitening during orthodontic treatment include concerns about the periodontium, pulp, and enamel, as well as the unpredictability of results under braces.
Traumatic dental injuries, incidence, classification, and treatment. This seminar is made to help establish the proper diagnosis and management of traumatic dental injuries based on evidence and international guidelines
This document discusses the adverse effects of orthodontic treatment. It begins by outlining some of the recognized benefits of orthodontic treatment, but notes it also carries potential risks that are dental, skeletal, medical, or psychological in nature. It then classifies the risks and complications of orthodontic treatment based on localization, severity, and the orthodontist's role. Specific potential adverse effects discussed in more detail include tissue damage, root resorption, pulp damage, soft tissue damage, risks for the temporomandibular joint, risks of orthognathic surgery, risks of treatment failure, systemic effects, relapse, and how to potentially reduce risks. The document stresses the importance of proper patient evaluation, training,
This document provides an overview and summary of various dental indices used to measure oral health conditions. It defines key indices like DMFT/DMFS for dental caries, deft for primary dentition, RCI for root caries, and OHI for oral hygiene. Properties of an ideal index and purposes/uses of indices are outlined. The document also discusses indices like Sic, SCI, and Nyvad's criteria which provide additional information beyond traditional indices. Limitations of various indices are noted.
Assessment of correlation of periodontitis in teeth adjacent to implant and p...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Aims: The present study was conducted to determine correlation between peri‑implantitis and periodontitis in adjacent teeth. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 58 patients with 84 dental implants. They were divided into two groups, group I (50) was with peri‑implantitis and group II (34) was without it. In all patients, probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) was calculated around implant, adjacent to implant and on contralateral side. Obtained data were statistically analyzed using statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp with one‑way analysis of variance. Results: Males were 30 with 52 dental implants and females were 28 with 32 dental implants. CAL was 5.82 ± 0.52 in group I and 3.62 ± 0.63 in group II (P = 0.001) around implants. PD was 4.28 ± 1.26 in group I and 2.20 ± 0.52
in group II around adjacent teeth (P = 0.002). PD around contralateral teeth was significant (P = 0.05) in group I (3.18 ± 1.01) and group II (2.71 ± 0.73). Conclusion: Periodontitis has negative effect on implant success. Teeth adjacent to dental implant plays an important role in deciding the success or failure of implant. Maintenance of periodontal health is of paramount importance for successful implant therapy.
This document discusses dental indices used to assess oral health conditions. It describes several limitations of index systems and classifications of indices. Indices can be classified based on whether the disease is reversible or irreversible, the causative factors, or the assessment method. Common indices for dental caries include the Prevalence Index, DMF Index, def Index, and DMF-S Index. The DMF Index is the most commonly used index to measure dental caries experience by counting the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth. The def Index is similar but used for the primary dentition. Indices provide data for epidemiological studies, research, and oral health planning.
Background: Traumatic dental injuries are common in children, and they are often associated with facial fractures in road traffic accidents. Boys sustain dental trauma almost twice as much as girls. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of traumatic dental injury among 8-12 years old Sudanese children. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional school based study for 813 school children (395 boys and 418 girls) 8-12 years old were selected from private and public primary schools for assessment of traumatic dental injuries according to Ellis classification and the causes of trauma were studied. Data was collected by visual examination and no radiographs were taken. Chi-square test was used to test association between the different variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: High prevalence (27.9%) of traumatic dental injuries was observed in this study. Boys and girls were more or less equally affected (48.6%, 51.4%) respectively. Falling was the most common cause (14.1%) while the least common one was road traffic accidents (0.6%). Tooth fracture was the most frequent type of tooth injury reported in the current study (13.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence, type and most common causal factors of traumatic injuries to the maxillary anterior teeth in Sudanese schoolchildren 8-12years old was approximately the same as that found in other countries.
This document proposes a new classification system for tooth fractures based on treatment need. It begins with an introduction discussing the importance of accurate classification for diagnosis and treatment planning of tooth injuries. It then reviews existing classification systems and their limitations in addressing vertical tooth fractures. The proposed new classification system aims to be comprehensive in classifying both horizontal and vertical fractures in primary and permanent teeth based on fracture location and treatment considerations. It describes the new system which includes 4 main types of fractures classified further based on location, involvement of crown or root, and other details. The document concludes with a discussion of treatment options for different fracture types based on extent of remaining tooth structure and new adhesive techniques.
dental indices and indices of dental caries assessment
decayed missing filled index, root caries index, caries severity classification scale, uses and properties of an ideal index
Interdisciplinary Seminars and First-Aid Textbook on Dental Trauma for Medica...Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
Interdisciplinary Seminars and First-Aid Textbook on Dental Trauma for Medical Students and Practitioners
Cecilia Young*
Independent Researcher, Hong Kong
*Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young, Independent Researcher, Hong Kong.
Received: May 29, 2018 ; Published: June 21, 2018
CRITICAL EVALUATION OF DENTAL CARIES INDICES.pptxDrLasya
INDEX definition:
An Index can be defined as a numerical value describing the relative status of a population on a graduated scale with definite upper and lower limits, which is designed to permit and facilitate comparison with other populations classified by the same criteria and methods.
- Russell A. L
Ideal requisites of an index:
Clarity, simplicity, objectivity
Validity
Reliability
Quantifiability
Sensitivity
Acceptability
CLASSIFICATION OF INDICES
1) Direction in which the scores can fluctuate
a) Reversible – Measures conditions that can increase/ decrease on subsequent examinations
Eg: Loe and Silness Gingival Index
b) Irreversible – Measures conditions whose scores will not decrease on subsequent examinations
Eg: DMFT Index
2) The extent to which areas of oral cavity are measured
a) Full Mouth Index - Measures the patients’ entire periodontium or dentition.
Eg: Russell’s Periodontal Index
b) Simplified Index - Measures only a representative sample of the dental apparatus.
Eg: Greene & Vermillion’s Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S)
3) The entity they measure
a) Disease Index - ‘D’ portion of the DMFT
b) Symptom Index – Indices measuring gingival/ sulcular bleeding
c) Treatment Index - ‘F’ portion of the DMFT
4) The special categories
a) Simple Index - Measures the presence or absence of a condition.
Eg: Silness and Loe Plaque Index
b) Cumulative Index - Measures all the evidence of a condition, past and present.
Eg: DMFT Index for dental caries
INDICES FOR ASSESSING DENTAL CARIES
1. Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index
2. Decayed, Missing, Filled Surfaces (DMFS) Index
3. Modified DMFT Index
4. Caries indices for primary dentition:
a. def index
b. dmf index
c. df index
d. Simplified index for dental caries experience
e. Dental Caries Severity Index for primary tooth (CSI)
5. Root caries index
6. Caries Severity Index
7. Dental Caries Severity Classification Scale (D1-D3)
8. Czechoslovakian caries Index
9. Stone’s Index
10. Caries susceptibility Index
11. D-M-F- surface percentage Index
12. Restorative Index
13. Moller’s Index
14. WHO Index for caries
15. Functional measure index
16. T- Health index (Tissue Health Index)
17. Dental health index
Recent Developments on Caries Indices:
1. Nyvad’s criteria
2. Significant Caries (SiC) Index
3. Specific Caries Index
4. ICDAS II
5. PUFA
6. Caries assessment spectrum and treatment (CAST) index
7. FDI World Dental Federation Caries Matrix
Different criteria for diagnosing pit and fissure caries:
1. Anglo-Saxon system (Liberal)
2. European system (Conservative)
SIGNIFICANT CARIES INDEX (SiC Index):
• Introduced in 2000 by Bratthall D, to identify group of individuals with the highest caries scores among population
Procedure:
Individuals are scored according to their DMFT values.
SiC Index is the mean DMFT of one third of the population with the highest caries scores is selected
The index is used as a complement to the mean DMFT
This document discusses adult orthodontics, including:
- The history of adult orthodontics dating back to 1880.
- Reasons for the increased interest in adult orthodontics, such as improved appliance techniques and patient awareness.
- Differences between treating adult vs. adolescent patients, including that adults have no growth potential and require more collaboration with other specialists.
- Types of adult orthodontic patients and treatments, including adjunctive treatment to facilitate restorations by positioning teeth.
- Goals and procedures for adjunctive treatment focus on improving periodontal health and crown-root ratios by uprighting teeth.
Failures in FPDs and its management is very well described in this seminar and done according to the main books.
Described under classification of biologic, mechanical, aesthetics, Psychogenic, Maintenances Failures
Review of literature is also given in this presentation
Prevalence,riskfactors and treatment needs of traumatic dental injuries to an...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
The document summarizes a study that assessed the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) to permanent anterior teeth among 6-15 year old schoolchildren in Bhopal, India. The study found an overall TDI prevalence of 8.6%. Boys had a higher prevalence than girls at a ratio of 2.22:1. Falls at home were the most common cause, and overjet greater than 5.5 mm and inadequate lip coverage were significant risk factors. Most fractured cases occurred with Class I malocclusion. While TDIs were common, many injuries went untreated.
This document provides an overview of various indices used to measure dental caries. It discusses the DMF Index and DMFS Index, which are the most commonly used indices. The DMF Index measures lifetime caries experience by counting the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth, while the DMFS Index provides a more detailed measure by counting tooth surfaces. The document also describes several other indices, such as the Significant Caries Index, Caries Severity Index, and indices used specifically for primary or permanent dentition. It provides details on the criteria and methodology for calculating each index.
A Cross Sectional Study of Musculoskeletal Problems Among Dentists in Pondich...QUESTJOURNAL
Purpose: This questionnaire based study was aimed at identifying common occupational hazards affecting dentists in Pondicherry which may help to make dentists aware and to take adequate precautions in their practice to prolong the service imparted to patients as well as improve the overall well being of the dental professionals The prevalence of work related musculoskeletal problems among dentists in Pondicherry was evaluated with this study. Methods: A pretested and validated questionnaire was used to collect details from practising dentists in Pondicherry .272 dentists responded to the questionnaire. Results: The data obtained was statistically analysed with SPSS Version 20 for calculating proportion and mean.84.9% (n=272) of respondents had some kind of musculoskeletal problem affecting different parts of the body.52.2% had low back pain and 50% had neck pain. Conclusion: The dental professionals are regularly exposed to various health hazards in their day to day practice. Chronic musculoskeletal disease is one of the common ailments affecting majority of dentists It is important for the dentists to be aware of the work related factors affecting their health and take adequate precautions or modifications in their working environment
Pulpectomy is the procedure of extirpating the diseased pulp associated with microorganism and debris from the canal and obturating with an antibacterial resorbable filling material and it is indicated when the inflammation of the pulpal tissue involves the radicular pulp or when nonvital tooth is diagnosed.
Obturating the canal creates a fluid tight seal along the length of the root from the coronal opening to the apical system and eliminating all portals of entry between the periodontium and the root canal system.
- Most orthodontists receive requests from patients for tooth whitening and the majority refer patients to another dental professional rather than administering whitening themselves.
- While many patients request whitening during orthodontic treatment, over 90% of orthodontists do not recommend it during treatment. They prefer waiting until 1-3 months after braces removal to whiten teeth.
- The top reasons for not recommending whitening during orthodontic treatment include concerns about the periodontium, pulp, and enamel, as well as the unpredictability of results under braces.
Traumatic dental injuries, incidence, classification, and treatment. This seminar is made to help establish the proper diagnosis and management of traumatic dental injuries based on evidence and international guidelines
This document discusses the adverse effects of orthodontic treatment. It begins by outlining some of the recognized benefits of orthodontic treatment, but notes it also carries potential risks that are dental, skeletal, medical, or psychological in nature. It then classifies the risks and complications of orthodontic treatment based on localization, severity, and the orthodontist's role. Specific potential adverse effects discussed in more detail include tissue damage, root resorption, pulp damage, soft tissue damage, risks for the temporomandibular joint, risks of orthognathic surgery, risks of treatment failure, systemic effects, relapse, and how to potentially reduce risks. The document stresses the importance of proper patient evaluation, training,
This document provides an overview and summary of various dental indices used to measure oral health conditions. It defines key indices like DMFT/DMFS for dental caries, deft for primary dentition, RCI for root caries, and OHI for oral hygiene. Properties of an ideal index and purposes/uses of indices are outlined. The document also discusses indices like Sic, SCI, and Nyvad's criteria which provide additional information beyond traditional indices. Limitations of various indices are noted.
Assessment of correlation of periodontitis in teeth adjacent to implant and p...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
Aims: The present study was conducted to determine correlation between peri‑implantitis and periodontitis in adjacent teeth. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 58 patients with 84 dental implants. They were divided into two groups, group I (50) was with peri‑implantitis and group II (34) was without it. In all patients, probing depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) was calculated around implant, adjacent to implant and on contralateral side. Obtained data were statistically analyzed using statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp with one‑way analysis of variance. Results: Males were 30 with 52 dental implants and females were 28 with 32 dental implants. CAL was 5.82 ± 0.52 in group I and 3.62 ± 0.63 in group II (P = 0.001) around implants. PD was 4.28 ± 1.26 in group I and 2.20 ± 0.52
in group II around adjacent teeth (P = 0.002). PD around contralateral teeth was significant (P = 0.05) in group I (3.18 ± 1.01) and group II (2.71 ± 0.73). Conclusion: Periodontitis has negative effect on implant success. Teeth adjacent to dental implant plays an important role in deciding the success or failure of implant. Maintenance of periodontal health is of paramount importance for successful implant therapy.
This document discusses dental indices used to assess oral health conditions. It describes several limitations of index systems and classifications of indices. Indices can be classified based on whether the disease is reversible or irreversible, the causative factors, or the assessment method. Common indices for dental caries include the Prevalence Index, DMF Index, def Index, and DMF-S Index. The DMF Index is the most commonly used index to measure dental caries experience by counting the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth. The def Index is similar but used for the primary dentition. Indices provide data for epidemiological studies, research, and oral health planning.
Background: Traumatic dental injuries are common in children, and they are often associated with facial fractures in road traffic accidents. Boys sustain dental trauma almost twice as much as girls. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of traumatic dental injury among 8-12 years old Sudanese children. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional school based study for 813 school children (395 boys and 418 girls) 8-12 years old were selected from private and public primary schools for assessment of traumatic dental injuries according to Ellis classification and the causes of trauma were studied. Data was collected by visual examination and no radiographs were taken. Chi-square test was used to test association between the different variables. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: High prevalence (27.9%) of traumatic dental injuries was observed in this study. Boys and girls were more or less equally affected (48.6%, 51.4%) respectively. Falling was the most common cause (14.1%) while the least common one was road traffic accidents (0.6%). Tooth fracture was the most frequent type of tooth injury reported in the current study (13.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence, type and most common causal factors of traumatic injuries to the maxillary anterior teeth in Sudanese schoolchildren 8-12years old was approximately the same as that found in other countries.
This document proposes a new classification system for tooth fractures based on treatment need. It begins with an introduction discussing the importance of accurate classification for diagnosis and treatment planning of tooth injuries. It then reviews existing classification systems and their limitations in addressing vertical tooth fractures. The proposed new classification system aims to be comprehensive in classifying both horizontal and vertical fractures in primary and permanent teeth based on fracture location and treatment considerations. It describes the new system which includes 4 main types of fractures classified further based on location, involvement of crown or root, and other details. The document concludes with a discussion of treatment options for different fracture types based on extent of remaining tooth structure and new adhesive techniques.
dental indices and indices of dental caries assessment
decayed missing filled index, root caries index, caries severity classification scale, uses and properties of an ideal index
Interdisciplinary Seminars and First-Aid Textbook on Dental Trauma for Medica...Cecilia Young 楊幽幽
Interdisciplinary Seminars and First-Aid Textbook on Dental Trauma for Medical Students and Practitioners
Cecilia Young*
Independent Researcher, Hong Kong
*Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young, Independent Researcher, Hong Kong.
Received: May 29, 2018 ; Published: June 21, 2018
CRITICAL EVALUATION OF DENTAL CARIES INDICES.pptxDrLasya
INDEX definition:
An Index can be defined as a numerical value describing the relative status of a population on a graduated scale with definite upper and lower limits, which is designed to permit and facilitate comparison with other populations classified by the same criteria and methods.
- Russell A. L
Ideal requisites of an index:
Clarity, simplicity, objectivity
Validity
Reliability
Quantifiability
Sensitivity
Acceptability
CLASSIFICATION OF INDICES
1) Direction in which the scores can fluctuate
a) Reversible – Measures conditions that can increase/ decrease on subsequent examinations
Eg: Loe and Silness Gingival Index
b) Irreversible – Measures conditions whose scores will not decrease on subsequent examinations
Eg: DMFT Index
2) The extent to which areas of oral cavity are measured
a) Full Mouth Index - Measures the patients’ entire periodontium or dentition.
Eg: Russell’s Periodontal Index
b) Simplified Index - Measures only a representative sample of the dental apparatus.
Eg: Greene & Vermillion’s Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S)
3) The entity they measure
a) Disease Index - ‘D’ portion of the DMFT
b) Symptom Index – Indices measuring gingival/ sulcular bleeding
c) Treatment Index - ‘F’ portion of the DMFT
4) The special categories
a) Simple Index - Measures the presence or absence of a condition.
Eg: Silness and Loe Plaque Index
b) Cumulative Index - Measures all the evidence of a condition, past and present.
Eg: DMFT Index for dental caries
INDICES FOR ASSESSING DENTAL CARIES
1. Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) Index
2. Decayed, Missing, Filled Surfaces (DMFS) Index
3. Modified DMFT Index
4. Caries indices for primary dentition:
a. def index
b. dmf index
c. df index
d. Simplified index for dental caries experience
e. Dental Caries Severity Index for primary tooth (CSI)
5. Root caries index
6. Caries Severity Index
7. Dental Caries Severity Classification Scale (D1-D3)
8. Czechoslovakian caries Index
9. Stone’s Index
10. Caries susceptibility Index
11. D-M-F- surface percentage Index
12. Restorative Index
13. Moller’s Index
14. WHO Index for caries
15. Functional measure index
16. T- Health index (Tissue Health Index)
17. Dental health index
Recent Developments on Caries Indices:
1. Nyvad’s criteria
2. Significant Caries (SiC) Index
3. Specific Caries Index
4. ICDAS II
5. PUFA
6. Caries assessment spectrum and treatment (CAST) index
7. FDI World Dental Federation Caries Matrix
Different criteria for diagnosing pit and fissure caries:
1. Anglo-Saxon system (Liberal)
2. European system (Conservative)
SIGNIFICANT CARIES INDEX (SiC Index):
• Introduced in 2000 by Bratthall D, to identify group of individuals with the highest caries scores among population
Procedure:
Individuals are scored according to their DMFT values.
SiC Index is the mean DMFT of one third of the population with the highest caries scores is selected
The index is used as a complement to the mean DMFT
This document discusses adult orthodontics, including:
- The history of adult orthodontics dating back to 1880.
- Reasons for the increased interest in adult orthodontics, such as improved appliance techniques and patient awareness.
- Differences between treating adult vs. adolescent patients, including that adults have no growth potential and require more collaboration with other specialists.
- Types of adult orthodontic patients and treatments, including adjunctive treatment to facilitate restorations by positioning teeth.
- Goals and procedures for adjunctive treatment focus on improving periodontal health and crown-root ratios by uprighting teeth.
Failures in FPDs and its management is very well described in this seminar and done according to the main books.
Described under classification of biologic, mechanical, aesthetics, Psychogenic, Maintenances Failures
Review of literature is also given in this presentation
Prevalence,riskfactors and treatment needs of traumatic dental injuries to an...Dr. Anuj S Parihar
The document summarizes a study that assessed the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) to permanent anterior teeth among 6-15 year old schoolchildren in Bhopal, India. The study found an overall TDI prevalence of 8.6%. Boys had a higher prevalence than girls at a ratio of 2.22:1. Falls at home were the most common cause, and overjet greater than 5.5 mm and inadequate lip coverage were significant risk factors. Most fractured cases occurred with Class I malocclusion. While TDIs were common, many injuries went untreated.
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
2. INTRODUCTION
• Traumatic dental injuries (TDI) are common in both the primary and permanent dentitions.
• In addition to damaging the teeth and supporting structures, injuries to extra-oral and intra-
oral soft tissues can occur.
• Dentists often focus on dental injuries, and trauma to the extra-oral and intra-oral soft
tissues may not be documented in detail.
3. • Frequently the only records of the soft tissue injury (STI) at the time of dental trauma are
photographs.
• The current IADT Guidelines emphasize the need for the excellent recording of all injuries
and they highlight the value of clinical photography for documentation.
• However, the recording and management of STI associated with TDI are beyond the scope
of the IADT guidelines at present.
4. • Soft tissue injuries are described as abrasion, laceration, contusion, or avulsion, both extra-orally
and intra-orally(Table 1).
• Despite these standardized categories, much of the literature on facial and dental trauma is
deficient in reporting STI, especially when the damage is not related to specific dental injuries.
5. • In addition, details such as the type, site, and extent of any injury are rarely documented.
• There is also variation in how the STI is reported in the literature.
• Much of the existing data on soft tissue injuries are based on retrospective reviews of
orofacial injuries presenting to an emergency center or by referral to a trauma center.
6. STUDY
DONE BY
PURPOSE OF STUDY FINDINGS OF STUDY
Soares et
al
Examined prevalence of STI in
Children
Prevalence rate-56.23%, but did not mention reason
for excluded studies- whether STI was absent or not
adequately reported
Rego et al Examined prevalence of STI in
children and adolescents
Facial STI was very prevalent and noted that only 5.6%
of children attending had an associated (unspecified)
dental trauma.
Sae- Lim et
al
Prevalence of STI in all age groups 45.3% of individuals presenting with a TDI had a
concomitant soft tissue injury
Ozgur et al
(2021)
Prevalence of STI in younger
children
High prevalence of STI-62.3%
Skaricic et
al (2016)
Prevalence of STI in younger
children
High prevalence of STI- 45.4%
Eyuboglu
et al
Prevalence of STI in broader age
group
21% of children (mean age 9.1 + 3.6 yrs) with dental
trauma also had STI and further that 50% of
traumatized primary teeth and 32% of permanent
teeth were related to a STI.
7. • Incomplete information within the literature highlights the need for the standardized
recording of oral hard and soft tissue injuries in both medical and dental urgent care
settings.
• Interestingly, individuals with an associated STI were more likely to attend emergency services
sooner than those who did not have an STI.
• Clinically, standardized registration of dental injuries is essential to overcome dental record
deficiencies and ideally should also include associated soft tissue injuries.
• There is a need for a rapid and straightforward method to record the entire injury in a format
compatible with electronic records.
8. • Clinicians dealing with traumatic dental injuries seek to be accurate in their diagnosis and
management of these injuries.
• Reliable and consistent data on TDI will facilitate the development of comparable
databases internationally.
• The merging of databases can allow a larger research base to enhance evidence in
traumatology in the future.
9. • The recently introduced Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index (EBDTI) records tooth-specific
dental injuries in detail.
• The encoded descriptions of the index allow concise storage of clinical information regarding
the entire dental injury, such as the type and extent of the injury and maturity of the root.
• This index only records specific tooth injuries without registering STI.
10. • This shortcoming was acknowledged in the previous paper pointing out that ST damage
reported is not necessarily related to an injured tooth/teeth; therefore, STI may only be recorded
on a whole patient basis.
• In addition to one or multiple traumatized teeth, any intra-oral soft tissues, lips, or skin injury
together or separately, should be recorded at the emergency visit.
11. • This paper extends the information recorded by EBDTI to include soft tissues, enabling the
diagnosis of the entire injury to be recorded in a code format using a modification of the index.
• Using a standardized index to record the entire dental and ST injuries would result in the
possibility of more robust data from various centers.
• It would improve the information available worldwide to advance dental traumatology science.
• The aim of the study was to extend the EBDTI index to record soft tissue injuries in dental
trauma patients in a concise format and to approve the face and content validity of this
version as the modified EBDTI (MEBDTI).
12. MATERIALS AND METHODS
• The recently developed EBDTI was assessed independently by a panel of 15 experienced dental
trauma experts worldwide.
• The face and content validation of the index was completed after two online rounds using the
RAND e-Delphi method and published, where the information on the expert panel and consensus
method was described in detail.
• The EBDTI contains all the essential clinical parameters following Andreasen's classification and
also associated injuries for each traumatized tooth (Figure 1).
13.
14. • During the first round of the validation process of EBDTI, some expert panel members
suggested the inclusion of soft tissue injuries.
• The majority of members felt strongly (53.3%), with 33.3% neutral, and only 13.4% did not
support the idea.
• Therefore, an extension of the index was developed and called the Modified Eden Baysal
Dental Trauma Index (MEBDTI).
• The RAND e-Delphi method was used to evaluate this modified version of the index with the
same group of experts.
15. A definition and two statements were sent to the expert panel. (Table 2)
16. • The panel members rated the statements on a 9-point Likert scale where 1 represented
”total disagreement”, and 9 indicated “total agreement”.
• The nine codes were then clustered as 1–3, 4–6, and 7–9, indicating “disagreement”, “in
doubt”, and “agreement”, respectively.
• A remark space was provided below each set of scores, offering each expert an opportunity
to explain their assessments.
• A statement was considered valid after reaching a 75% consensus among panel members
17. • A numerical code was suggested using zero to depict no soft tissue injury, 1–4 to record
extraoral injuries (e.g., skin and lip), and 5–8 to record intraoral injuries (e.g., gingiva,
frenulum, and palate) as illustrated in Figures 2 and 3.
• The MEBTDI records the soft tissue injuries on a patient basis in conjunction with the
information about the injured tooth or teeth and the alveolar process (Figure 2).
• Thus, it can be used for individuals of any age.
18.
19. Clinical cases illustrating the proposed possible soft tissue injuries
Soft tissue codes are used as superscripts in the Modified Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index - MEBDTI (*)
20. • The index generates a unique patient-specific digital code suitable for computer registration
with information about the dental and associated soft tissue injury or injuries.
• Training of personnel in the use of the index will be required.
• The application of the Modified Eden Baysal Dental Trauma index is demonstrated in several
clinical cases (Figures 4 to 8), highlighting the code generated for each injury.
• In addition, an online code generator is available for easy recording (https://disac
il.ege.edu.tr/tr-12572/ modif ied_eden_baysal_dental_ trauma_index_gener ator.html).
21. RESULTS
• The international expert panel, who rated the original index, also rated the modified version.
• Only one round was necessary to reach a consensus on two statements and the definition within
the panel. The response rate was 100%.
• Minimal wording corrections were suggested, and 86.7% agreement was obtained on the definition
of the modified index.
• The panel reached a consensus on the statements with 86.7% and 93.3% agreement, respectively.
22. DISCUSSION
• The location and extent of soft tissue injuries have rarely been reported within the dental
trauma literature, with most data obtained from a retrospective review of records.
• The reported prevalence of STI associated with trauma to the primary dentition ranges from
50–62.5%.
• The ranges reported in permanent teeth in children and adolescents were 32 −41% and 14.7%
in young adults.
23. • The use of retrospective studies and the lack of standardization in medical/dental records make
the estimation of the prevalence difficult.
• In some reports, swelling, a sign of injury, was used as a diagnostic category, complicating
comparison to other papers.
• It would be ideal if there were an agreement to use the four categories of soft tissue injuries
suggested in Andreasen's Classification (Table 1).
• There is an identified need for a standardized method for collecting and recording STIs
associated with traumatic dental injuries.
24. • For the first time, a new tool for recording soft tissue injuries associated with traumatic dental
injuries was proposed and validated for face and content by international experts in dental
traumatology using an online consensus methodology.
• The RAND e-Delphi consensus method has been recognized as a useful instrument to build
consensus among experts on various health topics with interactive rounds.
• In the present study, each member rated the statements anonymously and commented freely
without the influence of others.
• This proven research technique obtains subjective judgments of an expert group, and the
process was completed in a single round for the present proposal.
25. • This new tool records both hard and soft tissue injuries related to dental trauma in a single code using
an extension for the previously introduced index (EBDTI) that is in a format suitable for electronic
records.
• The ability to generate a multicenter database using the original index EBDTI was reported recently,
where four cities in Turkey collaborated to use web-based forms and the EBDTI in a prospective
study of traumatic dental injuries in children.
• Within six months, the database had detailed information on 252 patients with 280 traumatized teeth,
including 19 avulsed teeth and additional data on root maturity and/or accompanying injuries that help
in treatment planning.
• Thus, the generation of new standardized databases both nationally and internationally is now
possible.
26. • Using this extension of the EBTDI tool that records the entire injury should empower researchers
to further explore critical issues in healing after injuries to the face, mouth, and teeth.
• The Dental Trauma Guide, is an Internet-based knowledge platform consisting of 4,000 dental
trauma cases with long-term follow-up to guide the public and the professions on the best
treatment approach online. It has suggested the use of the recently introduced EBDTI to register
dental trauma cases on the site to facilitate comparison of data and outcomes worldwide.
• The use of MEBDTI will simplify recording of the entire injury on a whole patient basis.
• Furthermore, the validated extension of the index allows a simple, efficient, and clinical-friendly
method to record a total injury diagnosis, including the extra-oral and intra-oral soft tissues in
individuals of all ages in an emergency setting.
27. Case 1 : A four- year- old boy fell over a stone fence while playing. The injuries sustained were avulsion of
52, intrusion of 51 and 61, and subluxation of 62. He sustained extra- oral abrasions and lip contusion with
gingival and lip abrasions intra- orally.
[(51) 00Im- , (52) 00Am- , (61) 00Im- , (62) 00Sm- ]1,3,5
28. Case 2: This 5.5- year- old boy fell from a zipline onto a concrete container. He had a skin laceration on the
chin plus a laceration and contusion of the lower lip. Intra- orally, there was a gingival laceration, intrusion
of 52, 51, 61, and palatal luxation of 62. A soft tissue radiograph of the lower lip was taken to determine if
any tooth fragment/foreign body was embedded in the lip
[(51)00Im- , (52)00Im- , (61) 00Im- , (62) 00Lm- ].2,3,6,7
29. Case 3: An 11- year- old boy lost balance while tying his shoelaces and fell unprotected against the floor.
There was upper lip contusion with avulsion of 11 and uncomplicated crown fractures of 11 and 21
[(11) 20Am- , (21) 20Nm- ]3
30. Case 4: This 9- year- old boy fell from his bicycle and presented with extensive facial abrasions and upper
lip contusion. The dental injuries were concussion of 12, apical root fracture of 11, and uncomplicated
crown fracture of 21
[(11)01Nm- , (12)00Cm- , (21)20Nm- ]1
31. Case 5: This 16- year- old boy fell from his bicycle and presented with chin lacerations and upper and
lower lip abrasions. The dental injuries were uncomplicated crown fracture of 11, extrusion and
uncomplicated crown fracture of 21 and lateral luxation and uncomplicated crown fracture of 22
[(11)20Nm - , (21)20Em - , (22)20Lm - ]1,2
32. Advantages of using MEBDTI
1. The code generated is compatible with all computer systems and can be produced quickly with
the help of the online code generator and entered into any electronic medical record.
2. It can be captured within the emergency clinical setting and verified across multiple sites in an
epidemiological exercise.
3. Such data could provide essential information on the interrelationship between dental and soft
tissue injuries.
4. A systematic approach to data collection on the emergency visit improves useful data quality,
both for the clinician and in standardizing data collection for future prospective studies.
5. Adopting this extended version of EBTDI would encourage consistent data collection using
examination, radiographs, and photographs.
33. 6. Prospective studies using the MEBDTI will allow the true prevalence of STI associated with
TDI to be reported.
7. This could facilitate the creation of an expanded information platform and the potential
development of guidelines for STI management associated with dental injuries.
8. The widespread use of MEBDTI could allow for national databases to be developed as well as
integration of multiple databases internationally to generate robust evidence and allow
significant research questions in traumatology to be answered.
34. • The use of intra-oral photography to document the original injury and at review appointments is
highly recommended.
• It has become the standard of care in many institutions with patient consent.
• The 2020 IADT guidelines emphasize the importance of clinical photography and establishing
an accurate record of the injury.
• The photography of additional soft tissue involvement must now be encouraged and should
record all intra-oral and peri-oral injuries.
35. • The extra-oral image must include the area between the orbit and the chin (lower ⅔ facial height)
as a minimum.
• Photographs capture the extent and exact location of injuries, and subsequent duration and
success of healing, providing a permanent record of soft tissue damage and healing.
• These additional records will allow further investigation into any association between dental and
soft tissue injuries and the possible impact on the outcome of healing.
36. • The association between STI and dental injuries on the overall tooth survival following dental
trauma has not been reported.
• The use of the MEBDTI to record baseline whole patient injury and standardized records can
address this unknown association.
• The 2020 IADT guidelines emphasize the importance of hygiene in the immediate aftermath
of an oral injury to encourage a favorable healing response.
• Appropriate STI management at the emergency visit often requires cleaning the wound,
which usually heals quickly due to the rich vasculature in the oral area.
37. • It is anticipated that soft tissue injuries heal favorably with a return to normal appearance or
unfavorably with scar formation, recession, or loss of attachment.
• Contamination of a soft tissue wound has been identified as an unfavorable healing response.
• Approximation of the wound edges extra-orally or intra-orally increases the healing speed by
regaining ST integrity, maximizing healing with primary intention.
38. • It is accepted that delayed or inappropriate STI management may have a lasting esthetic effect
on the individual.
• There is a need for accurate baseline data and meticulous records following dental trauma due
to the variety of injuries and their complexity.
• It is recognized that the MEBDTI index does not identify the extent or severity of the STI and
cannot be used to propose any type of soft tissue management.
• However, the use of photographs and continued accurate clinical records may help to predict
the impact of STI on overall tooth survival following dental trauma.
39. • The MEBTDI is a powerful diagnostic tool that can be used clinically and for research data
collection to answer critical questions within dental trauma.
• For example, with accurate baseline documentation of soft tissue injuries, it will be possible to
gather data that may be included in future IADT dental trauma guidelines.
• In addition, a collaboration between various trauma clinics using MEBDTI for baseline records
will generate large databases that can be explored to improve data quality and answer crucial
questions.
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42. International Association of Dental Traumatology has recently
included Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index for recording dental
injuries in ‘Dental Trauma Guide’ which is an evidence based
treatment guide .
43. Who should use the index?
• The index can be used in routine clinical patient recordings as well as epidemiological
studies.
• The information obtained may be used in treatment planning by dental professionals and for
future health care planning by stakeholders and governments for the community
44. Important Considerations
• The index can be included on computer or as a form that can be filled manually.
• Training of the personal is necessary before collecting data on recording trauma cases in
dental clinics.
• A training program is necessary for the study team and inter and intra- examiner reliability
should be calculated.
45. • If one is uncertain about the codes to select, the severe code that will affect the treatment
plan should be chosen.
For example, if you are unsure about the location of the root fracture, since the fracture line
close to the gingival margin has a lower success rate and the patient will need an intense
treatment protocol with longer splinting time, it is advised to choose the severe code.
• If there is more than one code at the same digit, always record the most severe code that
will affect the treatment.
For example, if there is enamel fracture (code 1) on the mesial incisal edge of a permanent
first incisor and complicated crown-root fracture (code 5) on the distal part of the tooth, one
must record 5 as the first digit.
46. • Third digit that records the luxation injuries only include bodily movement of the tooth
in the socket, not the movement of the tooth fragment.
For example, extrusion of the broken tooth fragment is probable finding of the dislocation
and is not coded as the 3rd digit but if preferred the index has the potential to record that
data as well.
• But a study may plan to include luxation injuries related to root fragments and this should be
clearly stated in the study protocol.