Seminar of 35 minutes focused on high-field ignition-capable stellarators, in particular i-ASTER device. However, a high-field small experimental non-ignition pi-ASTER stellarators and resistive-coil fusion power plants are cited. The outline of the seminar includes: Why a stellarator? Why high field for a experimental (ignition) device?. Some properties of high-field ignition-capable stellarators. Technical features of i-ASTER.v1. The future.
Presentation in Physics Meeting in CIEMAT about high-field stellarators 24-10...Vicent_Net
A short presentation given in the Physics Meeting in the National Fusion Laboratory, CIEMAT (Spain, EU) about high-field stellarators on 24-10-2018. The focus of the presentation are high-field stellarators though some information is given on the particular case of the ignition-capable i-ASTER stellarator.
2018, Seminar offered to ‘ENN Energy Research Institute’ researchers/engineer...Vicent_Net
Seminar of 50 minutes focused on certain features of stellarators, importance of high field for experimental and commercial fusion, and high-field ignition-capable stellarators, in particular i-ASTER stellarator. Also, a high-field small experimental non-ignition pi-ASTER stellarators and resistive-coil fusion power plants are cited. The outline of the seminar includes: Features of stellarators (complexity of coils, compactness, confinement, simplicity), Why a stellarator? Why high field for a experimental (ignition) device?. Some properties of high-field ignition-capable stellarators. Technical features of i-ASTER.v1. The future.
Seminar in MIT '19 USA, on ignition i-ASTER and UST_X seriesVicent_Net
The document summarizes a seminar given by Dr. Vicente Queral on 3D-printed fusion devices and high-field ignition stellarators. It discusses:
1) Past work on small stellarators UST-1 and UST-2 that validated new fabrication techniques like additive manufacturing and composite monolithic supports.
2) The ongoing UST-3 stellarator project using additive manufacturing and fiber-reinforced resin to achieve higher magnetic fields.
3) The proposed i-ASTER stellarator concept aimed at ignition at high magnetic fields of 9.8T, utilizing massive resistive coils, detachable half-periods, and advanced power handling systems to manage the intense heat and particle loads.
Presentation in IAEA RUSFD congress, 2014 Vicent_Net
3D printed modular stellarator UST_2 is being constructed in Spain to validate new construction methods for stellarators using 3D printing and modular design. UST_2 will be a small, 3-period quasi-isodynamic stellarator with a major radius of 0.26m and plasma volume of 10 litres. Its half-periods will be 3D printed and then filled with resin to form robust modular coils. Initial tests of 3D printed accuracy and coil winding have been successful. The goal is to demonstrate faster and lower-cost stellarator construction to facilitate future research and reactor designs.
Presentation in IAEA RUSFD vacuum vessel UST_2 12-10-2015Vicent_Net
Oral contribution to the IAEA meeting 'Research Using Small Fusion Devices' in Prague, 12-10-2015. The different methods researched and tested in order to produce a low cost contorted vacuum vessel for the UST_2 stellarator are reported .
Present. SOFE '17 China: Talk in SOFE Symp 2017 Prospects for stellarators b...Vicent_Net
Oral Contribution tittled 'Prospects for stellarators based on additive manufacturing' given in TOFE (27th IEEE Symposium On Fusion Engineering), Shanghai, China, 2017, organized by 'Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory' and the 'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE), USA.
The technologies, based on additive manufacturing (3D-printing), researched during the last years are summarised. Dimensional metrology studies of 3D-printed parts, 3Dformwork assays and, electrodeposition-electroplating studies for vacuum vessels are reported.The prospects for the appplication for the construction of certain fusion devices are discussed.
Seminar in IPP Max-Planck. Only questions phase. 16-10-2015Vicent_Net
The presentation gives an overview of the 3D-printed UST_2 stellarator. The fabrication methods used, the results and the current status are summarised.
Presentation in Physics Meeting in CIEMAT about high-field stellarators 24-10...Vicent_Net
A short presentation given in the Physics Meeting in the National Fusion Laboratory, CIEMAT (Spain, EU) about high-field stellarators on 24-10-2018. The focus of the presentation are high-field stellarators though some information is given on the particular case of the ignition-capable i-ASTER stellarator.
2018, Seminar offered to ‘ENN Energy Research Institute’ researchers/engineer...Vicent_Net
Seminar of 50 minutes focused on certain features of stellarators, importance of high field for experimental and commercial fusion, and high-field ignition-capable stellarators, in particular i-ASTER stellarator. Also, a high-field small experimental non-ignition pi-ASTER stellarators and resistive-coil fusion power plants are cited. The outline of the seminar includes: Features of stellarators (complexity of coils, compactness, confinement, simplicity), Why a stellarator? Why high field for a experimental (ignition) device?. Some properties of high-field ignition-capable stellarators. Technical features of i-ASTER.v1. The future.
Seminar in MIT '19 USA, on ignition i-ASTER and UST_X seriesVicent_Net
The document summarizes a seminar given by Dr. Vicente Queral on 3D-printed fusion devices and high-field ignition stellarators. It discusses:
1) Past work on small stellarators UST-1 and UST-2 that validated new fabrication techniques like additive manufacturing and composite monolithic supports.
2) The ongoing UST-3 stellarator project using additive manufacturing and fiber-reinforced resin to achieve higher magnetic fields.
3) The proposed i-ASTER stellarator concept aimed at ignition at high magnetic fields of 9.8T, utilizing massive resistive coils, detachable half-periods, and advanced power handling systems to manage the intense heat and particle loads.
Presentation in IAEA RUSFD congress, 2014 Vicent_Net
3D printed modular stellarator UST_2 is being constructed in Spain to validate new construction methods for stellarators using 3D printing and modular design. UST_2 will be a small, 3-period quasi-isodynamic stellarator with a major radius of 0.26m and plasma volume of 10 litres. Its half-periods will be 3D printed and then filled with resin to form robust modular coils. Initial tests of 3D printed accuracy and coil winding have been successful. The goal is to demonstrate faster and lower-cost stellarator construction to facilitate future research and reactor designs.
Presentation in IAEA RUSFD vacuum vessel UST_2 12-10-2015Vicent_Net
Oral contribution to the IAEA meeting 'Research Using Small Fusion Devices' in Prague, 12-10-2015. The different methods researched and tested in order to produce a low cost contorted vacuum vessel for the UST_2 stellarator are reported .
Present. SOFE '17 China: Talk in SOFE Symp 2017 Prospects for stellarators b...Vicent_Net
Oral Contribution tittled 'Prospects for stellarators based on additive manufacturing' given in TOFE (27th IEEE Symposium On Fusion Engineering), Shanghai, China, 2017, organized by 'Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory' and the 'Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE), USA.
The technologies, based on additive manufacturing (3D-printing), researched during the last years are summarised. Dimensional metrology studies of 3D-printed parts, 3Dformwork assays and, electrodeposition-electroplating studies for vacuum vessels are reported.The prospects for the appplication for the construction of certain fusion devices are discussed.
Seminar in IPP Max-Planck. Only questions phase. 16-10-2015Vicent_Net
The presentation gives an overview of the 3D-printed UST_2 stellarator. The fabrication methods used, the results and the current status are summarised.
637131main radiation shielding symposium_r1Clifford Stone
This document proposes using high temperature superconducting coils to provide active radiation shielding for spacecraft. Several coil configurations are analyzed for their shielding effectiveness and magnetic fields generated. The optimal configuration appears to be an array of 6 expandable solenoid coils surrounding the habitat with a compensation coil to reduce fields inside. Mass estimates indicate the shielding system could weigh around 45 tons. Further analysis of thermal systems, risks, and Monte Carlo simulations are needed to fully evaluate the concept.
Seminar presentation on nuclear batteriesPratik Patil
This seminar presentation discusses nuclear batteries as a portable energy source. It covers why nuclear batteries are needed due to limitations of chemical batteries and other power sources. The presentation provides a brief history of nuclear batteries and defines key terms. It describes the energy production mechanisms of betavoltaics and direct charging generators. The presentation discusses considerations for nuclear fuel selection and applications of nuclear batteries in space, medical, mobile and underwater uses. It outlines advantages such as long lifespan and reduced waste, as well as challenges including high production costs and regulatory issues.
This document discusses supercapacitors. It begins with an introduction to capacitors and defines supercapacitors as electrochemical capacitors that have a high energy density compared to common capacitors. The document then covers the basic design of supercapacitors, including their construction with carbon-coated metal foils as electrodes separated by an ion-permeable membrane. Applications discussed include use in automotive startups, backup power systems, and wind turbines. Advantages listed are high energy storage, wide temperature range, fast charging, and long lifecycles, while disadvantages include low voltages requiring series connections and high costs.
A 2D MODELLING OF THERMAL HEAT SINK FOR IMPATT AT HIGH POWER MMW FREQUENCYcscpconf
A very useful method of formulating the Total Thermal Resistance of ordinary mesa structure of DDR IMPATT diode oscillators are presented in this paper. The main aim of this paper is to provide a 2D model for Si and SiC based IMPATT having different heat sinks (Type IIA diamond and copper) at high power MMW frequency and study the characteristics of Total thermal resistance versus diode diameter for both the devices. Calculations of Total thermal resistances associated with different DDR IMPATT diodes with different base materials
operating at 94 GHz (W-Band) are included in this paper using the author’s developed formulation for both type-IIA diamond and copper semi-infinite heat sinks separately. Heat
Sinks are designed using both type-IIA diamond and copper for all those diodes to operate near 500 K (which is well below the burn-out temperatures of all those base materials) for CW
steady state operation. Results are provided in the form of necessary graphs and tables.
Super Capacitor by NITIN GUPTA
NITIN GUPTA,CEO/FOUNDER/OWNER at "TECH POINT"
Here's Channel Link
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE Our channel TECH POINT ..
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER:https://twitter.com/Nitin_TECHPOINT
Follow us on Facebook:https://www.facebook.com/NitinGupta1054.Official.PSIT
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SUBSCRIBE Our channel:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj3XVydYG3oPVJeZscU4NIg?sub_confirmation=1
Development of high temperature magnetic bearingsjinfangliu
The document discusses a NASA/Electron Energy Corporation (EEC) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project to develop high temperature permanent magnet biased magnetic bearings and motors. The project aims to utilize EEC's patented SmCo magnets that can operate up to 550°C to develop a technology demonstrator operating at 540°C, including a motor and radial/thrust magnetic bearings. Bench tests of a designed radial bearing show it can produce over 2800N of force at 500°C, around 86% of room temperature performance. A solid model and test apparatus are presented, demonstrating progress toward the project goals.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on nuclear batteries as a portable energy source. It discusses why nuclear batteries are needed as an alternative to chemical batteries and solar cells. It then covers the historical developments of nuclear batteries, how they generate electricity through beta particle absorption, and considerations for nuclear battery fuels. Applications discussed include use in space, medical devices, mobile electronics, and automobiles. Advantages are the long lifespan and high energy density, while disadvantages include high initial costs and regulatory issues. The conclusion is that nuclear batteries could be important power sources for small, compact future devices.
This document summarizes a presentation on increasing the energy, power, and efficiency of ultracapacitors. It describes the need for energy storage and harvesting applications without batteries. It also discusses challenges with batteries and opportunities for ultracapacitors. The presentation explores approaches to reducing ultracapacitor inner resistance and increasing energy density through hybrid electrode designs.
IRJET- A Modern Lightning System for Power Saving ApplicationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a modern lightning system using thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for power saving applications. It discusses using TEGs to convert waste heat from motors and transformers into electricity to power street lamps. TEGs directly convert heat into electrical energy via the Seebeck effect. The system would involve collecting industrial waste heat via TEG plates, using the generated electricity to charge batteries, and powering street lamps with the stored battery energy. The document reviews common TEG materials like bismuth telluride and discusses advantages like reduced emissions and increased engine efficiency from recovering exhaust heat.
1) The document describes the design of a Tesla coil, which is a resonant transformer that produces high voltages in the tens to hundreds of kilovolts range.
2) It provides details on the components of a Tesla coil, including a neon sign transformer, capacitor, spark gap, and primary and secondary coils. Calculations are shown for determining the required capacitor size.
3) Applications of Tesla coils include spark gap radio transmitters, induction and dielectric heating devices, medical X-ray machines, ozone generators, and particle accelerators. The goal of the project was to build a coil capable of wirelessly transmitting electricity and illuminating high voltage concepts.
Chemical batteries require frequent replacements and are bulky.
Fuel and Solar cells are expensive and requires sunlight respectively.
Need for compact, reliable, light weight and long life power supplies.
Nuclear batteries have lifespan upto decades and nearly 200 times more efficient.
Do not rely on nuclear reaction so, no radioactive wastes.
Uses emissions from radioactive isotope to generate electricity.
Can be used in inaccessible and extreme conditions.
The document discusses nuclear batteries, which generate electricity through radioactive decay rather than a chain reaction. It describes how beta and alpha particle emissions are captured to generate current, with applications including space technology, underwater devices, pacemakers, and electric vehicles. Nuclear batteries have the advantages of very long lifespans from decades to over 10 years compared to other battery types.
This document proposes and analyzes concepts for spacecraft propulsion and power systems using positrons. It discusses two concepts - a solid-core engine where positrons heat propellant channels, and a gas-core engine where positrons heat a gaseous propellant. Thermal and fluid modeling of both concepts shows performance comparable to nuclear thermal rockets. A gas-core design could exceed 1000 seconds specific impulse needed for fast Mars missions. The document also discusses using positrons in a closed Brayton cycle system for spacecraft power.
Analysis and design consideration of mean temperature differentialgargashrut91
This document presents the analysis and design considerations for a mean temperature differential Stirling engine intended for solar applications. The engine is designed to operate with a temperature difference of 300°C, assuming a constant heat source of 320°C from a solar dish concentrator and a 20°C heat sink. The mathematical model accounts for various losses in the engine, including pressure drops and heat transfer losses in the heat exchangers, internal conduction losses, external conduction losses through the regenerator, and shuttle heat transfer losses from the displacer movement. The model is used to optimize design parameters like swept volume and dead volume to maximize power output for a given operating frequency and temperature difference.
This document provides an overview of ultracapacitor technology, including:
- A brief history of ultracapacitor development from the 1950s to present day.
- An explanation of the electrical double layer principle that ultracapacitors use to store charge.
- Descriptions of common ultracapacitor materials like activated carbon and new materials being researched.
- The advantages of ultracapacitors like long lifespan and high power density compared to limitations like lower energy density than batteries.
- Examples of applications like backup power systems, hybrid vehicles, and portable electronics.
Light Triggering Thyristor for HVDC and other ApplicationsIDES Editor
High-power thyristors with direct light –triggering
and integrated protection functions can be utilized
advantageously for applications in which several thyristors are
connected in series. This applies in particular to High-Voltage
DC (HVDC) transmission, Static Var Compensation (SVC),
converters for medium voltage drives, and also to certain pulse
power applications. Recent progress in both device innovations
and optimization of some application systems is reviewed in
this article.
This document discusses waste heat recovery using thermoelectric generators. It begins by introducing the Seebeck effect which allows heat to be directly converted to electricity via a temperature gradient across conductors. The key factors for good thermoelectric materials - high Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity - are discussed. Lead telluride is identified as a suitable high performance material for recovering waste heat between 200-600°C. A thermoelectric couple model is analyzed using ANSYS software, showing a voltage of 0.074806V, current of 19.083A and power of 1.4275W can be generated. The summary concludes the analysis demonstrates the potential of thermoelectric generation to recover low grade waste heat as
This document summarizes a senior thesis on normally-off GaN HEMTs. It introduces GaN as a promising material for power transistors due to its large bandgap, breakdown field, and thermal conductivity compared to silicon. However, conventional GaN HEMTs are normally-on, meaning the channel conducts without a gate bias, which poses safety and power consumption issues. The thesis explores using a p-type GaN gate to deplete the channel and achieve a normally-off characteristic. TCAD simulations were performed to model the pGaN gate HEMT structure and analyze its normally-off behavior and limitations. The goal was to determine if the pGaN gate method is the most promising approach for creating normally-off GaN H
This document discusses normally-off GaN HEMTs and proposes simulating a pGaN gate HEMT structure using Synopsys TCAD software. It provides background on the development of transistors, noting GaN's potential advantages over silicon in power devices due to its larger bandgap, higher breakdown field, and higher thermal conductivity. Currently, GaN HEMTs are normally-on, which is undesirable for safety reasons. The document reviews different methods proposed to achieve normally-off operation and identifies the pGaN gate method as promising due to providing an acceptable threshold voltage and gate swing. It proposes simulating a pGaN gate HEMT using a Si substrate, AlN nucleation layer, GaN:C buffer layers,
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
More Related Content
Similar to 2018, Seminar in Univ. Carlos III of Madrid about high-field ignition stellarators and i-ASTER, 19-11-2018
637131main radiation shielding symposium_r1Clifford Stone
This document proposes using high temperature superconducting coils to provide active radiation shielding for spacecraft. Several coil configurations are analyzed for their shielding effectiveness and magnetic fields generated. The optimal configuration appears to be an array of 6 expandable solenoid coils surrounding the habitat with a compensation coil to reduce fields inside. Mass estimates indicate the shielding system could weigh around 45 tons. Further analysis of thermal systems, risks, and Monte Carlo simulations are needed to fully evaluate the concept.
Seminar presentation on nuclear batteriesPratik Patil
This seminar presentation discusses nuclear batteries as a portable energy source. It covers why nuclear batteries are needed due to limitations of chemical batteries and other power sources. The presentation provides a brief history of nuclear batteries and defines key terms. It describes the energy production mechanisms of betavoltaics and direct charging generators. The presentation discusses considerations for nuclear fuel selection and applications of nuclear batteries in space, medical, mobile and underwater uses. It outlines advantages such as long lifespan and reduced waste, as well as challenges including high production costs and regulatory issues.
This document discusses supercapacitors. It begins with an introduction to capacitors and defines supercapacitors as electrochemical capacitors that have a high energy density compared to common capacitors. The document then covers the basic design of supercapacitors, including their construction with carbon-coated metal foils as electrodes separated by an ion-permeable membrane. Applications discussed include use in automotive startups, backup power systems, and wind turbines. Advantages listed are high energy storage, wide temperature range, fast charging, and long lifecycles, while disadvantages include low voltages requiring series connections and high costs.
A 2D MODELLING OF THERMAL HEAT SINK FOR IMPATT AT HIGH POWER MMW FREQUENCYcscpconf
A very useful method of formulating the Total Thermal Resistance of ordinary mesa structure of DDR IMPATT diode oscillators are presented in this paper. The main aim of this paper is to provide a 2D model for Si and SiC based IMPATT having different heat sinks (Type IIA diamond and copper) at high power MMW frequency and study the characteristics of Total thermal resistance versus diode diameter for both the devices. Calculations of Total thermal resistances associated with different DDR IMPATT diodes with different base materials
operating at 94 GHz (W-Band) are included in this paper using the author’s developed formulation for both type-IIA diamond and copper semi-infinite heat sinks separately. Heat
Sinks are designed using both type-IIA diamond and copper for all those diodes to operate near 500 K (which is well below the burn-out temperatures of all those base materials) for CW
steady state operation. Results are provided in the form of necessary graphs and tables.
Super Capacitor by NITIN GUPTA
NITIN GUPTA,CEO/FOUNDER/OWNER at "TECH POINT"
Here's Channel Link
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE Our channel TECH POINT ..
FOLLOW US ON TWITTER:https://twitter.com/Nitin_TECHPOINT
Follow us on Facebook:https://www.facebook.com/NitinGupta1054.Official.PSIT
Follow us on Instagram:https://www.instagram.com/nitingupta_official
SUBSCRIBE Our channel:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj3XVydYG3oPVJeZscU4NIg?sub_confirmation=1
Development of high temperature magnetic bearingsjinfangliu
The document discusses a NASA/Electron Energy Corporation (EEC) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project to develop high temperature permanent magnet biased magnetic bearings and motors. The project aims to utilize EEC's patented SmCo magnets that can operate up to 550°C to develop a technology demonstrator operating at 540°C, including a motor and radial/thrust magnetic bearings. Bench tests of a designed radial bearing show it can produce over 2800N of force at 500°C, around 86% of room temperature performance. A solid model and test apparatus are presented, demonstrating progress toward the project goals.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on nuclear batteries as a portable energy source. It discusses why nuclear batteries are needed as an alternative to chemical batteries and solar cells. It then covers the historical developments of nuclear batteries, how they generate electricity through beta particle absorption, and considerations for nuclear battery fuels. Applications discussed include use in space, medical devices, mobile electronics, and automobiles. Advantages are the long lifespan and high energy density, while disadvantages include high initial costs and regulatory issues. The conclusion is that nuclear batteries could be important power sources for small, compact future devices.
This document summarizes a presentation on increasing the energy, power, and efficiency of ultracapacitors. It describes the need for energy storage and harvesting applications without batteries. It also discusses challenges with batteries and opportunities for ultracapacitors. The presentation explores approaches to reducing ultracapacitor inner resistance and increasing energy density through hybrid electrode designs.
IRJET- A Modern Lightning System for Power Saving ApplicationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a modern lightning system using thermoelectric generators (TEGs) for power saving applications. It discusses using TEGs to convert waste heat from motors and transformers into electricity to power street lamps. TEGs directly convert heat into electrical energy via the Seebeck effect. The system would involve collecting industrial waste heat via TEG plates, using the generated electricity to charge batteries, and powering street lamps with the stored battery energy. The document reviews common TEG materials like bismuth telluride and discusses advantages like reduced emissions and increased engine efficiency from recovering exhaust heat.
1) The document describes the design of a Tesla coil, which is a resonant transformer that produces high voltages in the tens to hundreds of kilovolts range.
2) It provides details on the components of a Tesla coil, including a neon sign transformer, capacitor, spark gap, and primary and secondary coils. Calculations are shown for determining the required capacitor size.
3) Applications of Tesla coils include spark gap radio transmitters, induction and dielectric heating devices, medical X-ray machines, ozone generators, and particle accelerators. The goal of the project was to build a coil capable of wirelessly transmitting electricity and illuminating high voltage concepts.
Chemical batteries require frequent replacements and are bulky.
Fuel and Solar cells are expensive and requires sunlight respectively.
Need for compact, reliable, light weight and long life power supplies.
Nuclear batteries have lifespan upto decades and nearly 200 times more efficient.
Do not rely on nuclear reaction so, no radioactive wastes.
Uses emissions from radioactive isotope to generate electricity.
Can be used in inaccessible and extreme conditions.
The document discusses nuclear batteries, which generate electricity through radioactive decay rather than a chain reaction. It describes how beta and alpha particle emissions are captured to generate current, with applications including space technology, underwater devices, pacemakers, and electric vehicles. Nuclear batteries have the advantages of very long lifespans from decades to over 10 years compared to other battery types.
This document proposes and analyzes concepts for spacecraft propulsion and power systems using positrons. It discusses two concepts - a solid-core engine where positrons heat propellant channels, and a gas-core engine where positrons heat a gaseous propellant. Thermal and fluid modeling of both concepts shows performance comparable to nuclear thermal rockets. A gas-core design could exceed 1000 seconds specific impulse needed for fast Mars missions. The document also discusses using positrons in a closed Brayton cycle system for spacecraft power.
Analysis and design consideration of mean temperature differentialgargashrut91
This document presents the analysis and design considerations for a mean temperature differential Stirling engine intended for solar applications. The engine is designed to operate with a temperature difference of 300°C, assuming a constant heat source of 320°C from a solar dish concentrator and a 20°C heat sink. The mathematical model accounts for various losses in the engine, including pressure drops and heat transfer losses in the heat exchangers, internal conduction losses, external conduction losses through the regenerator, and shuttle heat transfer losses from the displacer movement. The model is used to optimize design parameters like swept volume and dead volume to maximize power output for a given operating frequency and temperature difference.
This document provides an overview of ultracapacitor technology, including:
- A brief history of ultracapacitor development from the 1950s to present day.
- An explanation of the electrical double layer principle that ultracapacitors use to store charge.
- Descriptions of common ultracapacitor materials like activated carbon and new materials being researched.
- The advantages of ultracapacitors like long lifespan and high power density compared to limitations like lower energy density than batteries.
- Examples of applications like backup power systems, hybrid vehicles, and portable electronics.
Light Triggering Thyristor for HVDC and other ApplicationsIDES Editor
High-power thyristors with direct light –triggering
and integrated protection functions can be utilized
advantageously for applications in which several thyristors are
connected in series. This applies in particular to High-Voltage
DC (HVDC) transmission, Static Var Compensation (SVC),
converters for medium voltage drives, and also to certain pulse
power applications. Recent progress in both device innovations
and optimization of some application systems is reviewed in
this article.
This document discusses waste heat recovery using thermoelectric generators. It begins by introducing the Seebeck effect which allows heat to be directly converted to electricity via a temperature gradient across conductors. The key factors for good thermoelectric materials - high Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity - are discussed. Lead telluride is identified as a suitable high performance material for recovering waste heat between 200-600°C. A thermoelectric couple model is analyzed using ANSYS software, showing a voltage of 0.074806V, current of 19.083A and power of 1.4275W can be generated. The summary concludes the analysis demonstrates the potential of thermoelectric generation to recover low grade waste heat as
This document summarizes a senior thesis on normally-off GaN HEMTs. It introduces GaN as a promising material for power transistors due to its large bandgap, breakdown field, and thermal conductivity compared to silicon. However, conventional GaN HEMTs are normally-on, meaning the channel conducts without a gate bias, which poses safety and power consumption issues. The thesis explores using a p-type GaN gate to deplete the channel and achieve a normally-off characteristic. TCAD simulations were performed to model the pGaN gate HEMT structure and analyze its normally-off behavior and limitations. The goal was to determine if the pGaN gate method is the most promising approach for creating normally-off GaN H
This document discusses normally-off GaN HEMTs and proposes simulating a pGaN gate HEMT structure using Synopsys TCAD software. It provides background on the development of transistors, noting GaN's potential advantages over silicon in power devices due to its larger bandgap, higher breakdown field, and higher thermal conductivity. Currently, GaN HEMTs are normally-on, which is undesirable for safety reasons. The document reviews different methods proposed to achieve normally-off operation and identifies the pGaN gate method as promising due to providing an acceptable threshold voltage and gate swing. It proposes simulating a pGaN gate HEMT using a Si substrate, AlN nucleation layer, GaN:C buffer layers,
Similar to 2018, Seminar in Univ. Carlos III of Madrid about high-field ignition stellarators and i-ASTER, 19-11-2018 (20)
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
2018, Seminar in Univ. Carlos III of Madrid about high-field ignition stellarators and i-ASTER, 19-11-2018
1. 1
High-field ignition stellarators.
A path to fusion energy?
Vicente Queral
National Fusion Laboratory, CIEMAT, Spain
Seminar offered in University Carlos III of Madrid
Madrid, Spain
19 November 2018
2. 2
● Background (cost, solutions, importance of size)
● Why a stellarator? Why high field for a
experimental (ignition) device?
● Some properties of high-field ignition-capable
stellarators
● Technical features of i-ASTER.v1
● The future
Outline
3. 3
Background
Seminar offered under grant ENE2015-64981-R,
project ‘Study of Additive Manufacturing for the
application to high performance fusion devices of
stellarator type’, funded by the Spanish ‘Ministry of
Economy and Competitiveness’ and ‘FEDER EU’.
• The presentation focusses on the matters in the
paper titled “Initial exploration of high-field
pulsed stellarator approach to ignition
experiments”, V. Queral, F.A. Volpe, D. Spong, S.
Cabrera, and F. Tabarés, Journal of Fusion Energy
1-17 (2018) DOI 10.1007/s10894-018-0199-5
• However, additional matters are included in the
presentation.
4. 4
Problem Previous solutionsBackground
High cost of a (first) fusion
plant or experiment due to:
- First-of-a-kind (FOAK) (there are
examples of cost escalation)
- No typical cost improvements
(no standardization, no large series,…)
- Large and indivisible (few
suppliers~delays~cost escalation)
- Complex (poor management of
complexity results in cost scalation,
sequential~interruptions, exponential
cost?)
-No solution for
FOAK
-Difficult
solution for
cost improv.
- Smaller,
‘detachable’
(ARIES-CS, ARC)
- Simplification
(e.g. AP1000
fission plant,
stellarators)
5. 5
Importance of size
Figure reproduced
from [Bro 17]
- The fusion reactor cells (QAS, K-DEMO, ST) are about an
order of magnitude larger than in a PWR fission plant.
- Large size → huge hot cells for maintenance/storage
and large RHE → High cost
Comparison of size
of buildings
AMF, full of
RHE and
comp. under
radiation
Smaller
Order of magnitude of total AMF cost in
relation to past real hot cells ~ 15000 M€
6. 6
What means high-field?
The term ‘high-field’ means different magnitude
depending on the type of device, the size of the
device, and the preceding real devices. Note Pfus
∝~ β2 B4 V
- For experimental stellarators of the size of W7-X
or larger, high field might be considered in the
range of B ~ 5–10-(15?) T.
- In the other extreme, high field might be deemed
as B ~ 1–2 T for a small table-top stellarator,
since current table-top stellarators reach B ~ 0.3–0.5 T and
fast coil heating.
- For power plants B~7–10T may be a reasonable
high-field for common hE and β.
7. 7
Two types of high-field devices/cases
1. Commercial
power plants
2. Experimental
devices
Not studied in the paper. Study
expected in the future.
In paper only studied DT exp.
devices capable of plasma
ignition, i-ASTER, i≡ignition.
Reason: To have an important
aim, much simpler than power
plants, (high ratio cost/impact?)
π-ASTER (pre-ignition
ASTER) was defined in the
[Unpublished large version of
paper].
i-ASTER special coils
8. 8
Main features
of i-ASTER &
π-ASTER
Element i-ASTER.v1
V 30 m3
B 9.8 T
R 3.8 m
a 0.63 m
A 6
Plasma surface 95 m2
n line 1.1 × 1021 m-3
T0 14.6 keV
Fusion power 1.4 GW
hE (ISS04) 1.5
<> 5%
E 0.4 s
Pulse length 2 s
Load on divertor targets (50%
improvement, factor 2 sweeping, 50%
radiation). Lithium divertors and walls
30 MW/m2
Average neutron wall load 12 MW/m2
Weight of the copper magnet ~ 1000 Ton
Power consumed in the resistive
copper coils
~ 750 MW
Relative thickness of monolithic
coil support Ψ
0.5
Ave. stress on coil support at S 240 MPa
ΔTmax copper coils~insulation,
only Ohmic (QIP3 ~ fc = 5)
100 K
i-ASTER
Only to better
understand next slides
Element π-ASTER.v1
V ~ 2 m3
B ~ 3.7 T
R 1.5 m
a 0.26 m
A 6
Pulse length ~ 2 s
π-ASTER
π-ASTER is only
tentatively defined as few
not definitive
parameters. To be
discussed and studied
10. 10
Why a stellarator?
It seems that a high-field ignition-capable
experimental device of stellarator type has never
been proposed (but a previous high-field reactor study FFHR2
exists, [Sag 08]). This encouraged a proposal based on
a stellarator.
For simplicity. Stellarators are ‘simple’ (operation,
control, power supplies…, not as an object of study) compared
with tokamaks, except for the geometrical
complexity. The later likely could be confronted by
Additive Manufacturing, see Refs [69-71 in paper].
11. 11
We aim at avoiding many elements by utilizing
stellarators. But geometric complexity of coils, VV, divertors,
supports is a DRAWBACK and has to be overcome.
Why a stellarator?
12. 12
Why high field for a experimental
(ignition) device?
- Smaller, lower cost: Case ignition: Estimated/
calculated lower cost of the reactor core. Lower cost of
buildings and RHE. Case π-ASTER: probably lower cost,
not estimated yet.
Order of magnitude of costs
expected for only the coils and
coil support structures. Valid for
copper coils and highly stressed
superconducting coils. Source of figure
[Unpublished large version of paper]
Cost (M€) ~= Kc 0.92 [ B2 / (2 0) ξ2 V 10-6 ]0.6
Currently Kc ~ 3 ; ξ ~ 2
Of coils+coil structures Based on [Gre 08]
π-ASTER & i-ASTER as starting point of
the high-field path to fusion energy
13. 13
- Investigate new high pressure plasma regimes. Thus,
it might find new advanced plasma regimes (as many
significant results emerged from Alcator program).
- Testing and optimizing high power extraction systems
(e.g. lithium-based), since high power density plasmas are
possible at high fields.
- Would complement the stellarator research line and
database in the high plasma pressure range and high
plasma pressure gradients.
- Advance technologies for the manufacturing of strong
(stellarator) magnets.
Why high field for a experimental (ignit) device?
π-ASTER & i-ASTER as starting point
14. 14
- Case ignition: Rapidly and at modest cost achieving
and understanding ignition, and studying alpha-
particle physics.
- High-field is related to DD (3He-catalised) plants, that
much reduce large hot cells and RHE, so such costs.
- (why, locally in Spain) Be pioneers in this, to try to
be leaders when the future high-field fusion power
plants arrive.
π-ASTER & i-ASTER as starting point
Why high field for a experimental (ignit) device?
15. 15
- Why to start with a high-field ignition
(experimental) device and not a high-field power
plant directly?
- Why IGNITOR and FIRE tokamaks are not built
yet? Might this imply high-field is not a
satisfactory path for ignition studies?
- Please, ask more awkward questions at the end
Extra tricky questions
Why high field for a experimental (ignit) device?
17. 17
(two) Physics properties of high-field ig. stell.
Note, for all cases : A = 6 , ι = 0.7, fd = plasma dilution
factor = 0.84
Minimum magnetic field
B0 for ignition for various
parameters
Line-averaged electron
density nL and Sudo
density limit nS
T0.ig = 14.6 keV
18. 18
Other properties of high-field ignition stell
Fusion power
generated for
combinations
of hE, βlim
Heat power load on
divertor targets
(improved divertors,
sweeping, Kd = 20,
50% radiated power
at edge
Von Mises stress in the
monolithic support structure
20. 20
i-ASTER mission
• i-ASTER aims at, rapidly and at modest cost,
achieving and understanding ignition, and
studying alpha-particle physics in ignited or near-
ignited plasmas in a small fusion device. This
physics will be only partially investigated in ITER.
• High power-density additional goal of testing
and optimizing power extraction systems (e.g.
lithium-based) and studying the plasma-wall
interaction.
• Indirectly, it would complement the stellarator
research line in the high plasma pressure range,
advance technologies for high field fusion devices
and for the manufacturing of strong stellarator
magnets.
21. 21
Massive resistive coils
Illustration of the concept of massive resistive coils of
variable cross-section in poloidal direction (variable-
width). One turn per coil depicted but several turns may be necessary.
• Variable cross-section coils important to reduce ~ 3-5
times the power required to try to avoid cryocooled
Cu coils (as in IGNITOR and FIRE).
• Still 750 MW of electric power needed to feed the
coils.
22. 22
Massive resistive coils
Future:
• New calculation methodologies for magnetic
surfaces are required (~ heat-ΔT-resistivity,
current paths), it represent a novel field of study
~ For a CIII student as master work?
• Stress in insulation is not calculated yet.
• No concept for feedthroughs yet.
23. 23
Detachable (half)periods
In power plants it is
also critical for coil
replacement and fast
blankets maintenance.
Concept of detachable
(half)periods. The depicted
large coils and interfaces are
only a reference to understand
the concept, not i-ASTER design.
Detachable periods in
i-ASTER as validation
of the concept.
Dispensable in π-ASTER &
i-ASTER.
Issues:
- Accurate positioning.
- Interfaces, flanges.
- Closure of rad-materials
during movement.
Detachable (half)periods also
studied in Ref. [Wan 05]
DetachableARC,butequatorialsplit…
24. 24
Liquid lithium CPS and other advanced Li
CPS : Capillary Porous System
Power on divertor target critical for i-ASTER,
and for competitive fusion plants [Abd 99] ~ plant
size ~ hot cell size and RHE size ~ …
First-wall almost
entirely covered with
low temperature liquid
lithium (low recycling of
particles)
Advantages:
• Increased plasma confinement.
• Higher plasma purity Zeff~1.3
• No erosion.
• Less hot spots ~ self-shielding.
• Low Z.
Drawbacks:
• Safety ~ fires.
• Difficult management
(possible oxidation,
reactive).
• Little developed.
25. 25
Liquid lithium CPS and other advanced Li
Concept of beams of high speed
(>100 m/s) Li droplets as in Ref.
[Wer 89]. Figure reproduced from [Wer
89]
One of the next advanced Li-based systems
required at divertor areas (~ 30MW/m2):
Concept of shower
jets as in Ref. [Sag
17]. Figure reproduced
from [Sag 17]
26. 26
Liquid lithium CPS and other advanced Li
Dry (tungsten or CFC)
divertor targets ~30
MW/m2 load may help,
but currently not
preferred due to
impurities, erosion,
radioactive powders.
One of the next advanced Li-based systems
required at divertor areas (~ 30MW/m2):
Photograph of a real jet droplet
curtain in the T-3M tokamak.
Figure reproduced from [Kar 89]
Concept of jet-drop
curtain. Figure
reproduced from [Mir 92]
27. 27
Pulse length, heating & diagnostics strategy
Pulse length:
• 5 E
• Low duty-cycle (~ 1000 pulses during a ~ 10 year
lifetime)
Plasma heating strategy:
• B = 9.8 T high frequency (275 GHz) even at first
harmonic.
• Slightly overdense plasma may require EBW
heating.
Diagnostics strategy :
• Fully integrated in small few ports.
• Initially for plasma operation and machine
protection. In a 2nd stage, study energetic particle
dynamics.
28. 28
Elements not cited in this presentation
• Calculation and geometry of island divertors.
Geometry and calculation of advanced Li
systems for divertor areas.
• Ports: number, size, location…
• Neutronics.
• Selection of best type of quasi-symmetry
and number of periods and aspect ratio.
• Cost of stellarator core and systems.
• Many details of each element.
Also, some of the next elements are not
studied in the paper
30. 30
How to build the monolithic structure?
Characteristics:
• Coils wound on (in grooves/
casings) an additively manufac-
tured part filled with short-fibre-
reinforced epoxy resin.
• Coils wound from the outside ~
simpler than from the inside as
in ARIES-CS.
• A layer of long-fibre-reinforced
epoxy resin generates the
toroidal monolithic support.
• Coils fabricated from water-jet
cut Cu sheets.
Additive manufacturing plus
fibre-reinforced resin
Additively manufactured
halfperiod of (scaled)
UST_3 stellarator
Toroidal
monolithic
support
Data beyond
[Que 18]
31. 31
• Built the first time: Variable
thickness in toroidal and
poloidal is designed, and cited
in [Wan 08] and [Que 18].
• Optimization of thickness not
produced, only approximate
thickness.
Additive manufacturing plus
fibre-reinforced resin
Lower field + centering
forces δ
intermediate thickness
Higher field + centering
forces δ larger
thickness
Higher field +
expanding forces δ
intermediate thickness
How to build the monolithic structure?Data beyond
[Que 18]
32. 32
Approximate electric
power consumed in
the resistive copper
coils for ε = 1 [Que 18]
Ratio between the electrical
power generated Pe (if a power
plant, Pe = Pfusion / 3 ) to the
electrical power consumed in
resistive coils for ε = 1
A (DEMO) power plant with Cu coils?
It has some advantages and drawbacks
This question is not answered in the accepted paper. It was
contemplated in a previous version.
Data beyond
[Que 18]
ε and other
terminology
Plot from [Unpublished large version of paper]
33. 33
A (DEMO) power plant with Cu coils?
Data beyond
[Que 18]
Advantages
• Plant faster to build.
• Higher coil accuracy at same
cost of superc. coils (SC).
• No cryo-isolated legs and
supports. No cryostat ~
maintenance. No Cryogenics.
• No cooldown period. Time≡$
• Cu easier to recycle than SC.
• Larger space for plasma ~
shielding thickness ~ A
stell ~ size.
Drawbacks
• Large recirculated
power (see plot).
• For a power plant ε=1
is rather large (~ coil
cooling pipes for
steady-state).
• Either high beta or
large size is
compulsory ~ [Woo
98] concept.
• Cu only for first(s)
plants. Low cost HTS
for long term.
It has some advantages and drawbacks
34. 34
Why high fields in future power plants
Already and in the future, human beings have to
replace fossil fuels and (if needed/possible/wanted)
increase energy consumption.
(Large) powerful high-field (say 20-50GWth , Pfus
∝~ β2 B4 V ) power plants may act as multifunctional
plants producing one or more of:
synthetic fuels, electricity, freshwater (irrigation,
tap water) by desalination, electrolytic metal
refining, heating (domestic and industrial).
And more speculative functions like elimination of
atmospheric CO2 , air-conditioning of full cities,
mining space trips. (related, read e.g. [She 00])
Much energy needed
35. 35
controlled
Chemical ignition
10000000
times more
powerful
[1] https://www.uv.es/jgpausas/he.htm. Origin A. Busetto from www.ibc.regione.emilia-romagna.it/paleo/index.htm and
www.kheper.net/evolution/ascentofman.html
controlled
Fusion ignition
We need modern energy for modern needs
[1]
38. 38
[Abd 99] Mohamed A. Abdou, The APEX Team, Exploring novel high power density concepts for
attractive fusion systems, Fusion Eng. Des. 45 (1999) 145–167.
[Bro 17] T. G. Brown, Three Confinement Systems—Spherical Tokamak, Standard Tokamak, and
Stellarator: A Comparison of Key Component Cost Elements, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
PLASMA SCIENCE, DOI 10.1109/TPS.2018.2832457 (2017).
[Gre 08] M.A. Green, B.P. Strauss, The Cost of Superconducting Magnets as a Function of
stored energy and…, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 18(2) (2008) 248–251.
[Kar 89] B.G. Karasev, I.V. Lavrentjev, A.F. Kolesnichenko, et al., Research and development of
liquid metal systems for a tokamak reactor, Fusion Eng. Des. 8 (1989) 283-288.
[Mir 92] S.V. Mirnov, V.N. Demyanenko and E.V. Muravev, Liquid-metal tokamak divertors,
Journal of Nuclear Materials 45–49 (1992) 196-198.
[Nyg 16] R.E. Nygren, F.L. Tabarés, Liquid surfaces for fusion plasma facing components–A
critical review. Part I: Physics and PSI, Nuclear Materials and Energy 9 (2016) 6–21.
[Que 18] V. Queral, F.A. Volpe, D. Spong, S. Cabrera, and F. Tabarés, Initial exploration of high-
field pulsed stellarator approach to ignition experiments, Journal of Fusion Energy 1-17 (2018)
DOI 10.1007/s10894-018-0199-5.
[Sag 08] A. Sagara, O. Mitarai, T. Tanaka, S. Imagawa, Y. Kozaki, M. Kobayashi, T. Morisaki, et
al., Optimization activities on design studies of LHD-type reactor FFHR, Fusion Eng. Des. 83
(2008) 1690–1695.
[Sag 17] A. Sagara, J. Miyazawa, H. Tamura, T. Tanaka, T. Goto, N. Yanagi, et al., Two
conceptual designs of helical fusion reactor FFHR-d1 based on ITER technologies and
challenging ideas, Nucl. Fusion 57 (2017) 086046.
References
39. 39
[She 00] STUDY OF OPTIONS FOR THE DEPLOYMENT OF LARGE FUSION POWER
PLANTS, John Sheffield et al., 2000.
[Wan 05] X.R. Wang, et al., Maintenance approaches for ARIES-CS compact stellarator power
core, Fusion Sci. Tech. 47(4) (2005) 1074–1078.
[Wan 08] X. R. Wang, A. R. Raffray, L. Bromberg, J. H. Schultz, L. P. Ku, J. F. Lyon, et al., Aries-
CS magnet conductor and structure evaluation, Fusion Sci. Tech. 54 (2008) 818-837.
[Wer 89] K. A. Werley, ‘A high-speed beam of lithium droplets for collecting diverted energy and
particles in ITER’, Los Alamos N. L. report LA-UR--89-3268, 1989.
[Woo 98] Robert D. Woolley, Improved Magnetic Fusion Energy Economics Via Massive
Resistive Electromagnets, Report PPPL-3312, 1998.
[Unpublished large version of paper] This is a larger version of the paper Ref. [Que 18]. The
manuscript was not accepted in a fusion journal and it is not publically available.
ISS04 : International Stellarator Scaling 2004
ARC : Affordable, robust, compact
References
42. 42
“π-ASTER stellarator of high field (high for its size)
and V ~ 2 m3 , R = 1.5 m , a = 0.26 m, would be built
before i-ASTER. Initially it would be aimed essentially
at exploring lower cost and effective techniques to build
the next i-ASTER and at experimenting with the ABIL
divertor-wall concept. The magnetic field B is selected in
order to give a similar current density and increase of
temperature in the coils as i-ASTER for the same pulse
length. This results in B = 3.7 T. The proportion of all
the elements would be kept and scaled down. All the
other properties of i-ASTER defined in Sec. 9.1 and Sec.
9.2 would be kept except for the ignition condition,
tritium use and heating power”
π-ASTER
43. 43
Extra slides for discussion
Some data on
superconductive materials
and coils
45. 45
Fig.: YBCO critical current density
Jc (T, B) Ref. [Kyushu Univ., JP] , [Type of
manufacturing?]
SC properties
46. 46
YBCO properties
Fig.: YBCO critical current density
Jc (T, B) Ref. [Kyushu Univ., JP] , [Type of
manufacturing?]
Ic values range from 80 –110 Amps
at 77 K, self-field, in 4 mm width,
for the SuperpowerYBCO wire on
hand
48. 48
Extrapolation to future
Past data
Source of data [Sar 09]
Source of data [Flu 08]
Source of data [Sar 09]
Technology ‘S’ Curves
Source of data [Sar 09]]
Future cost of YBCO superconductor
YBCO :
Four-fold
cost
reduction in
the next 6
years
49. 49
Price SC in kAm for B and T
NiTi wire $1/kA/m. (4.2 K, 4 T) (2018 data, QUENCH
PROTECTION STUDIES OF MAGNESIUM..)
Nb3Sn around $8, (4.2K B?)(year 2000) [Gra 02].
The price of
coated [YBCO]
conductor (CC) as
of this date
[2012] about
$400/kAm [Mat
12] [T, B?]
year 2000?
50. 50
YBCO Magnets :
The new record -- 26.8 tesla -- was reached in late July at the
magnet lab’s High Field Test Facility
The world-record magnet’s test coil was wound by Schenectady,
N.Y.-based SuperPower
(www.superpower-inc.com) with a well-known, high-temperature
superconductor called yttrium barium
copper oxide, or YBCO.
High-field SC coils
51. 51
High-field SC coils
Stephen Bilenky
Successfully tested in 2017, this magnet is the world's
most powerful superconducting magnet — by a long shot.
Before this new magnet reached full field in December
2017, the world's strongest superconducting user magnet
had a field strength of 23.5 teslas. At 32 teslas, this new
record-holder is a whopping 8.5 teslas stronger than the
previous record – a giant leap in a technology that, since
the 1960s, has seen only baby steps of 0.5 to 1 tesla.
https://nationalmaglab.org/magnet-
development/magnet-science-
technology/magnet-projects/32-tesla-
scm
53. 53
[Flu 08] René Flükiger, “Implementing Agreement on High Temperature Superconductivity
(HTS)”, Presentation in FASI FASI-IEA NEET WORKSHOP, Moscow, 30-09-2008.
[Gra 02] Paul M. Grant and Thomas P. Sheahen, Cost Projections for High Temperature
Superconductors, arXiv:cond-mat/0202386 [cond-mat.supr-con], (2002).
[Mat 12] V. Matias and R. H. Hammond YBCO superconductor wire based on IBAD-textured
templates and RCE of YBCO: Process economics, Physics Procedia 36 ( 2012 ) 1440 – 1444.
[Sar 09] Dr. Philip Sargent, “Commercial superconductors, Cryogenics and Transformers”,
Diboride Conductors Ltd. ; 2009?
References