This document provides an overview of semiconductors and their evolution and applications. It discusses how early electronics used inefficient vacuum tubes, which were replaced by diodes and transistors in the 1940s-1950s that could control electrical current flow. Integrated circuits with millions of transistors then emerged in the 1960s, making devices smaller and more reliable. The semiconductor industry is now a $298 billion industry led by companies like Intel, Samsung, and Toshiba. Semiconductors are crucial components in computers, networking, automobiles, gaming systems, and GPS technology. The future remains focused on developing smarter, faster, and less expensive semiconductors.

1. Semiconductors

2. Introduction to semiconductors:
Objective: To know what makes your electronic devices
work.
• Three types of electrical devices:
i. Conductors – allow easy electrical current flow
ii. Insulators – do not allow any current flow
iii. Semiconductors – control electrical current flow.
Introduction

3. • Early Electronics used Vacuum Tubes
i. Inefficient
ii. Limitations
• 1940’s – Diodes – Back-flow valves
• 1947 – Transistors – Control Valves and Switches
• 1965 – IC's (Integrated Circuits) – millions of Control
Valves or Switches
i. Small in size.
ii. Very Reliable
Evolution of Semiconductors

4. Semiconductors in Business
Semiconductor Industry
the aggregate collection of companies engaged in the Design and
Fabrication of Semiconductor devices
• Formed in 1960
• Currently a $298 Billion Industry

5. Semiconductors in Business
Top Five Semiconductor Companies
• Intel Corporation USA
• Samsung Electronics South Korea
• Toshiba Corporation Japan
• Texas Instruments Inc. USA
• Renesas Electronics Japan

6. Semiconductors in Business
Semiconductor Industry
• Smaller
• Faster
• Cheaper

7. Semiconductors in Business
Industry Drivers
• Threat of New Entrants: the billions of dollars investment needed reduces
greatly the number of new companies
• Power of Suppliers: many smaller chip makers more dependent a handful of
large foundries. IBM is largest U.S.-based foundry
• Power of Buyers: small number of large players means that buyers have little
bargaining power.
• Availability of Substitutes: creating company needs to recoup R&D costs.
Competitor reverse engineers and markets similar product for a fraction of the price.
• Competitive Rivalry: pressure to develop something better, faster and cheaper.

8. Semiconductors in Business
The Future
• Continued demand to be smarter, faster, and less expensive
• Industry will continue to grow, as semiconductor content increases
in a wide range of products.
• Industry Leaders are encouraged by the trend in the industrial and
automotive sectors.

9. Gaming Industry
History
• First generation gaming console was introduced in 1972.
• Programmable chips in 1976.
• Nintendo released the NES console in 1983
• Super FX chip was used in the Nintendo Snes console in 1990.
• Matrix Semiconductor signed a contract with Nintendo in 2002.

10. Gaming Industry
Advantages in Gaming Systems
• Better performance
• Longer life
• Uses less energy
• Connectivity
• Wireless capabilities

11. Gaming Industry
Current Stages
• AMD shipped its 50 millionth graphic processors to
Nintendo for the Wii systems in Feb 2009.
• IBM shipped over 50 million microprocessor to be placed
in the Wii systems in March 2009.
• Sony launches the PS3, slim version, using and advanced
45nm Cell processors in Sep 2009.

12. Gaming Industry
Future
• Sales number are increasing.
• High demand for gaming consoles.
• More advanced chips and processors for future consoles

13. Computer and Networking
• CPU or processor is the brain of computer
• First Apple computer: The Apple-1
i. Limited functions
ii. Large circuit boards and chips with limited computing power
iii. 6502 Microprocessor
iv. 8 bit processor
v. Clock speed between 1 to 2 MHz (today anywhere from 2 to 4
Ghz)
vi. Microprocessor memory or RAM: 8 KB
Earlier Microprocessor

14. Computer and Networking
• Today microprocessors are still base on the earlier processors
- Integrated circuit boards, RAM, CPU/microprocessor chips
• Major microprocessor brands are Intel and AMD
i. Intel- being used by majority of computer brand
ii. AMD- mostly used by homebuilt computer because it is
affordable and provide good performance
Today Microprocessor

15. Computer and Networking
• Computer functions are much more powerful than earlier
microprocessors
i. 64 bits processor
ii. clock speed from 2 to 4 GHz
iii. RAM from 1GB to 4GB expandable to 16 on some computer
Today Microprocessor (Continued)

16. Computer and Networking
• CPU will continue to improve its capabilities and power
• Possibly Nano Processor?
Future

17. Automobile Technology
• 1967 – BMW developed 1st breaker less ignition system.
• 1970- Cars developed with two electronic system, ignition and fuel injection
• 1979- Bosch introduces microprocessor in motor vehicle.
History

18. Automobile Technology
• Driver information system
i. Infotainment
ii. Telematics
• Safety
i. Airbags
ii. Electric stability program
iii. Collision avoidance and cruise control
Functions
• Body Electronics
i. Body control module
ii. Seat, door and window control
iii. Remote control
iv. Lighting control

19. Automobile Technology
• Chassis
i. Antilock breaking systems
ii. Electronic power steering
iii. Active suspension
• Power train control
i. Engine control
ii. Gasoline Management
iii. Fuel Injection
Functions

20. Automobile Technology
• It replaces heavy mechanical parts
• Increased demand for smaller cars
• It increase mileage
• Developing Asian countries have more demand for small cars
• Hybrid vehicle.
Future

21. Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Intended for military applications
• Developed by the US DOD in 1978 - NAVISTAR
• Available for civilian use in the 1980’s
• DOD imposed Selective Availability (SA)
• SA turned off in May 2000 - improved accuracy of civilian GPS
History

22. Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Satellite-based navigation system of 24 satellites
• Satellites last about 10 years
• Transmitter power is 50 watts or less
• Satellites are solar powered with a battery back-up
• Works in anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day
• No subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS
Operation

23. Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Newer GPS systems have Differential GPS (DGPS)
• DGPS accurate within 3 to 5 meters
DGPS

24. Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Pseudorandom Code - ID satellite code
• Ephemeris Data - operating status, current date and time, satellite
position
• Almanac Data - tells receiver where each satellite should be
GPS Signals - 3 different bits of information

25. Global Positioning System (GPS)
• Atmosphere delays
• Signal multipath
• Receiver clock errors
Signal Errors

26. • Use a grounding wrist-strap.
• Use a static mat.
• Use appropriate ESD storage containers.
Handling – ESD

27. • Any Questions?
• Thank You!!!
Conclusion