Sem 01, week-02 cbl
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A 28-year-old pregnant woman is experiencing fatigue, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, leg cramps, and a desire to eat ice. Her physician finds she has an increased heart rate, low blood pressure, pallor, and pale gums/nails. Blood tests reveal anemia with low red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit and iron levels. The patient is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia likely caused by blood loss during her pregnancy. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation to replenish her iron stores.
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Sem 01, week-07 cbl
A 13-year-old girl presented with irregular menstrual cycles occurring every 5-6 weeks and bleeding for 10-15 days. Her mother was concerned. On examination, the girl's secondary sexual characteristics were well developed and her menarche was 6 months prior. Her blood tests showed abnormal hormone levels, including low estrogen and LH. The document asks questions about the potential causes of her condition, appropriate additional tests, and treatment options.
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Sem 01, week-03 cbl
A 22-year-old HIV-positive man presented to the emergency room with severe right forearm pain. On examination, he had a fever and his right forearm was red, swollen, painful, and warmer than the left. He had a history of intravenous drug use and needle marks on his forearm. His blood tests showed an elevated white blood cell count, consistent with an acute inflammatory process like cellulitis.
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Sem 01, week-07 cbl
A 13-year-old girl presented with irregular menstrual cycles occurring every 5-6 weeks and bleeding for 10-15 days. Her mother was concerned. On examination, the girl's secondary sexual characteristics were well developed and her menarche was 6 months prior. Her blood tests showed abnormal hormone levels, including low estrogen and LH. The document asks questions about the potential causes of her condition, appropriate additional tests, and treatment options.
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- It also summarizes the ELAIN randomized clinical trial which found that initiating RRT earlier in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (within 8 hours of meeting criteria) reduced 90-day mortality compared to delayed initiation (within 12 hours of meeting worse criteria).
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PPT.THESIS_PROTOCOL.pptx
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The document provides information about examining the thyroid gland, including:
1) The anatomy, physiology, common conditions like goiter, and presenting complaints are outlined.
2) The examination involves inspection of the neck, hands, eyes, and face, as well as palpation of the thyroid gland and lymph nodes, percussion of the sternum, and auscultation of the thyroid.
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Abstract—Cataract is the main cause of blinding and Diabetes Mallitus (DM) is the one of major cause of early cataract. Patents of DM has poor So this study is aimed to assess the corneal endothelial cell count in patients of DM (Type 2)after phecoemulsification and intra-ocular lens implantation. This study was conducted on 66 patients of cataract, out of which 33 patients with and 33 without DM (Type 2). Both groups underwent pre operative investigation and ophthalmological assessment and then undergo phacoemulsification done by same surgeon. After phacoemulsification all cases were followed up on 1st day ,1st week,1 month and 3 months and Uncorrected visual acquity (UCVA), Best corrected visual acquity (BCVA),corneal thickness, endothelial cell count and morphometric analysis were recorded. Both groups parameters were compared with unpaired 't' test. At the end of 3 months it was found that the mean endothelial cell loss in Group A(Diabetic) was 6.9% ± 0.6 and in Group B (control) was 2.4% ± 0.3 suggesting that the corneal endothelium in diabetic patients is under metabolic stress, and weaker against mechanical loads, such as phacoemulsification, than that in non-diabetic subjects. Despite good glycemic control and no corneal abnormalities before surgery. Endothelium in diabetic subjects is more vulnerable to surgical trauma and has a lower capability in the process of repair. These findings should be considered when planning cataract surgery in patients with diabetes.Glimepiride
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A 60-year-old female with diabetes and hypertension presented with altered mental status and fever for 3 days. On examination, she had a high heart rate, low blood pressure, high respiratory rate, and high blood glucose. Initial lab work showed high lactate, low platelets, and signs of infection on urine and blood tests. This patient is showing signs of sepsis such as altered mental status, hypotension, and elevated lactate. The initial response should be rapid fluid resuscitation with crystalloids, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and vasopressors if needed to maintain blood pressure. Close monitoring and treatment based on sepsis guidelines is needed in the first critical hours to prevent further organ dysfunction.
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This document discusses diabetes and kidney disease. It notes that diabetes is a worldwide epidemic that is increasing prevalence, especially in India. Diabetes is now the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease globally. Up to 40% of patients with diabetes will develop some form of kidney damage. The natural history of diabetic nephropathy is described, from early microalbuminuria to later macroalbuminuria and declining kidney function. Treatment focuses on glycemic control, blood pressure control, and blocking the renin-angiotensin system to slow disease progression. However, reductions in progression have been modest with current therapies.
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Bones, muscles, glands, and even the brain can function without immediate danger if they fail, but the kidneys are critical. If kidney function fails, the functions of bones, muscles, and the brain cannot be maintained. The timing of starting dialysis for patients with chronic kidney disease is an important decision with implications for patients' lives and costs. Guidelines recommend considering starting dialysis when the weekly kidney clearance of urea falls below 2.0, unless the patient's weight is stable and they lack symptoms of kidney failure.
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This document discusses the pathology of diabetes and its complications. It covers the etiology and pathogenesis of types 1 and 2 diabetes and common complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. It also discusses acute metabolic complications of diabetes like ketoacidosis and coma. Several case studies are presented examining specific pathologies found in patients with diabetes, such as nodular glomerulosclerosis and renal papillary necrosis.
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Thanks
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PPT.THESIS_PROTOCOL.pptx
This document outlines a thesis protocol on examining the relationship between serum uric acid level and microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus. The candidate is Dr. Sachinkumar Pandey from Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital in Pune, India. The study will examine 139 type 2 diabetes patients to determine if increased serum uric acid levels are associated with chronic complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and dyslipidemia. Laboratory tests, medical history, and clinical examinations will be used to analyze the relationship between hyperuricemia and microvascular and macrovascular complication risk. Statistical analysis will then be performed on the collected data.
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A 41-year-old female presented with difficulty reading small prints and using her cellphone for 6 months. She was diagnosed with hyperopic presbyopia but returned with worsening vision. Her blood sugar was found to be elevated, diagnosing her with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes can cause refractive changes, cataracts, and retinopathy due to physiological changes in the eye. A full ocular examination is important for managing diabetic patients.
When to initiate RRT in patients with AKI - Does timing matter?
When to initiate RRT in patients with AKI remains an area of debate due to lack of consensus on the optimal timing. The document reviews evidence on using various biochemical parameters and clinical indicators to guide RRT initiation. Studies have shown conflicting results for triggers like serum creatinine, urea, and oliguria. Earlier initiation of RRT may improve outcomes by preventing fluid overload, though high-quality randomized trials are still needed to definitively establish best practices. The cause of AKI and individual patient factors are also important considerations in determining optimal timing.
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2) The examination involves inspection of the neck, hands, eyes, and face, as well as palpation of the thyroid gland and lymph nodes, percussion of the sternum, and auscultation of the thyroid.
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This document provides an overview of the roles of vitamins and minerals in biochemical functions. It discusses the classifications of vitamins as water-soluble or fat-soluble, the functions of minerals as cofactors with enzymes, and the roles of vitamins like B and C and fat-soluble vitamins in different metabolic processes. The learning objectives also mention identifying major nutritional disorders related to vitamins and minerals.
41 objectives fm - nutrition
This document provides an introduction to biochemical aspects of diet and nutrition. It outlines learning objectives to study, understand and elaborate on the chemistry, functions and importance of nutrients; metabolic and physiological responses of the body to diet; diseases due to nutritional deficiency; and prevention and management of diseases due to nutritional deficiency.
40 objectives fm - nucleic acids
This document outlines the lecture objectives for a module on nucleic acids. It aims to teach students about the structure and types of nucleotides, the differences between purines and pyrimidines, and the most abundant nucleotides in nucleic acids. Additionally, it covers the chemistry of DNA and RNA, including defining nucleic acids, discussing their structures and the difference between DNA and RNA, and explaining how the central dogma relates to the living state.
39 objectives fm - genetics
This document outlines the learning objectives for a lecture series on genetics and related topics. It covers 7 main sections: 1) Replication of DNA, 2) DNA Damage and Repair, 3) Transcription, 4) Post Transcriptional Modification, 5) Translation & Post Translation Modification, 6) Control of Gene Expression, and 7) Recombinant DNA Technology. The objectives describe key concepts students should understand in each area, such as how DNA is replicated, the causes and consequences of DNA damage, the process of transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, translation and protein synthesis, gene regulation, and applications of recombinant DNA technology.
38 objectives fm - cell membrane
This lecture aims to teach students about the structure and components of cell membranes. It will cover the fluid mosaic structure of membranes and describe the different types of membrane lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Students will learn the functions of cell membranes and why phospholipids are well-suited for membrane structure. Finally, the lecture will provide fundamentals of membrane transport.
37 objectives fm - aa
This document outlines the lecture objectives for a foundation module on amino acids and peptides. The objectives include defining amino acids, classifying them by nutrition, R group, and solubility. It also covers explaining peptide bond formation, justifying the directionality of peptide bonds, defining peptides, enumerating biologically important peptides, and explaining their functions.
36 objectives b12-folic
This lecture objectives document outlines that students will be able to describe the chemical nature, dietary sources, recommended daily amounts, absorption, biochemical roles, and deficiency states of Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid. Students will also be able to differentiate between Pernicious anaemia caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency versus megaloblastic anaemia caused by a folate deficiency.
33 lec aminoacid peptide biological importance
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and peptides. They contain non-polar, polar, and charged R groups. Peptides are formed through condensation reactions between amino acids, linking them through peptide bonds. There are four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The secondary structure involves folding into alpha helices or beta sheets. The alpha helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between residues four places apart in the sequence. Tertiary structure describes the three-dimensional folding of the polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure involves the interaction of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein.
28 vit k
Vitamin K exists in two naturally occurring forms, K1 and K2. It plays an essential role in blood clotting by allowing the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin through γ-carboxyglutamic acid residues on prothrombin that can bind calcium. Vitamin K is a cofactor for the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase, which mediates the carboxylation of glutamate to γ-carboxyglutamate in clotting factors and osteocalcin. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults but dangerous in newborns, while the drug warfarin is an antagonist that blocks the activation and recycling of vitamin K to inhibit coagulation and bone mineralization
27 thalassemias
This document provides an overview of enzymes. It states that enzymes are proteins with catalytic properties due to their ability to specifically activate biological reactions. It notes that enzymes are responsible for metabolic processes in living organisms.
26 porphyria
The document discusses enzymes and porphyrias. It begins by defining enzymes as proteins with catalytic properties. It then provides objectives about understanding heme structure, identifying rate-limiting steps and effects of drugs in heme biosynthesis. The rest of the document details heme synthesis, the pathway of porphyrin synthesis, different types of porphyrias caused by deficiencies in specific enzymes in this pathway, and their associated symptoms. It highlights that porphyrias can be acquired from lead toxicity or inherited congenital disorders.
25 objectives
This document outlines the topics and learning objectives for a series of lectures on the blood module and inflammation and neoplasia module. The lectures will cover the composition of plasma and plasma proteins, the structure and synthesis of heme, abnormalities in heme synthesis including porphyrias, iron metabolism, heme degradation, hyperbilirubinemia and jaundice, variants of hemoglobin and hemoglobinopathies, thalassemia syndrome, and vitamin K. The lectures aim to provide students with an understanding of the structure and function of components of blood, abnormalities in blood and their clinical significance.
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51 pharmacologylecture outlines week 07 blood module sem i mbbs 2013 14
51 pharmacologylecture outlines week 07 blood module sem i mbbs 2013 14
48 pharmacology lecture outlines week 06 blood module sem i mbbs 2013-14
48 pharmacology lecture outlines week 06 blood module sem i mbbs 2013-14
Sem 01, week-02 cbl
- 1. BLOOD MODULE, INFLAMMATION & NEOPLASIA MODULE TIME TABLE SEMESTER-I WEEK-02, (Batch – II, 2013) SMC CBL-01 (06-01-2013) 1 Clinical Case1 A 28-years-old professional lady, resident of Karachi , is in the first trimester of her first pregnancy. Though her pregnancy has been progressing uneventfully, recently she has noticed that she gets tired easily and is short of breath on even slight exertion. She also has experienced periods of light-headedness, though not to the point of fainting. Further she has noticed cramps in her legs, a desire to crunch on ice, and that her tongue has become sore. She is concerned so she makes an appointment to see her physician. On examination the physician finds that her heart rate is 120/ minute, BP is 100/ 56mmHg, she has pallor, pale gums and nail beds. Given her history and the findings on her physical exam, the physician orders some blood tests. The results are shown below: Table 1.Complete Blood count Red Blood Cell Count 3.5 million/mm3 Hemoglobin (Hb) 6.7 g/dl Hematocrit 23.3% Mean corpuscular volume ( MCV) 62fL Mean Corpuscular Hb Concentration (MCHC) 30g/dl Mean Corpuscular Hb (MCH) 19.0pg/cell White blood cell count (TLC) 5,300/mm³ Platelet count 5,50,000/ mm³ Reticulocyte count 1.4%
- 2. BLOOD MODULE, INFLAMMATION & NEOPLASIA MODULE TIME TABLE SEMESTER-I WEEK-02, (Batch – II, 2013) SMC CBL-01 (06-01-2013) 2 Normal Peripheral film Abnormal Peripheral Film
- 3. BLOOD MODULE, INFLAMMATION & NEOPLASIA MODULE TIME TABLE SEMESTER-I WEEK-02, (Batch – II, 2013) SMC CBL-01 (06-01-2013) 3 Question: Q1. What can be cause of her symptoms? Q2. What are the abnormalities present in this CBC report? Q3. What do you mean by MCV, MCH, MCHC ? Q4. Why the reticulocyte count was advised? Q5.What type of anemia is she suffering? Q6. What are the causes of this type of anemia? Q7. What could be the most probable cause in this patient? Q8.What further tests would you advice? Serum iron 20µgm/dL Serum TIBC 534 µgm/dL Serum ferritin 10ng/dL Q9. What contribution is dietary deficiency likely to make to this patients iron deficiency? Q10. What common mechanism can cause a woman aged 28 to become iron deficient? Q11. What other parts of the physical examination are important in trying to find the cause of iron deficiency? Q12. Which other disease mechanisms besides blood loss could lead to iron deficiency? Q13. What are the principles of treatment? Q14. How does the route of administration of iron influence the rate of Hb response?