The document summarizes key factors that led to the rise and fall of Venice as a major trading hub between the 5th and 9th centuries. It discusses how Venice emerged as a trading center amid the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Key factors in Venice's rise included its strategic location, early settlers with trade skills, organized urban planning and government, and economic activities like trade. However, by the 15th century, Venice began to decline due to challenges such as the rise of other trade rivals, incapable leadership, and overdependence on mercenaries. Its trade monopoly and territories were threatened.
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bit.ly/gohbangrui
These slides introduce Chapter 3: Fall of Venice to the Secondary 4 students who are studying Social Studies for the Singapore current syllabus.
These slides are divided into 4 factors.
1. Foreign Threats [Slide 5]
2. Maritime Competition [Slide 21]
3. Political Challenges [Slide 32]
4. Social Challenges [Slide 48]
Any feedback is welcome.
The document summarizes the rise and decline of Venice between the 9th and 15th centuries. It describes how Venice rose to power through capable leadership, an exemplary political system, expanding trade networks, industrial development, and innovative business practices. However, Venice later declined due to growing foreign threats like the Ottoman Empire, increased maritime competition from discoveries of new trade routes, political challenges in mainland territories, and social challenges draining resources.
The document discusses the rise and fall of Venice as a great city-state. It describes how Venice rose to power from the 9th to 15th centuries due to its strong navy, monopolization of trade, and capable leadership. However, Venice then declined due to external factors like wars with the Ottoman Empire and new trade routes, as well as internal problems like corruption and a complacent society. The document provides historical context on Venice's political, economic, and social factors that contributed to both its rise as a major power and its eventual fall.
The document discusses multiple factors that contributed to the decline of Venice:
1) Foreign threats from involvement in mainland conflicts, the Ottoman Empire, and the League of Cambrai weakened Venice militarily and economically.
2) Increased maritime competition as new sea routes were discovered and other nations began direct trade with Asia challenged Venice's trade monopoly.
3) Political challenges including incapable leaders, corruption, and overreliance on mercenaries undermined Venice's governance.
4) Social changes such as Venetian nobles pursuing leisure over affairs of state further hastened Venice's decline.
Capable leaders like Doge Orseolo and Dandolo helped Venice establish control over trade routes and defeat rivals like Constantinople, strengthening Venice politically and economically. Venetian merchants expanded trade through exploration, innovations like navigational charts, and establishing trading posts abroad. This increased wealth and attracted craftsmen and foreign traders. Arsenal shipbuilding boosted maritime industries. Accounting methods like double-entry bookkeeping improved trade efficiency, further growing the economy. Overall, strong leadership, expanded trade networks, industrial development, and innovative practices contributed to Venice's rise as a powerful maritime empire between the 9th-15th centuries.
Subscribe to my education channel.
bit.ly/gohbangrui
These slides introduce Chapter 3: Rise of Venice to the Secondary 4 students who are studying Social Studies for the Singapore current syllabus.
These slides are divided into 3 areas.
1. Background [Slide 3]
2. Factors leading to the Rise of Venice between 9th and 15th centuries [Slide 16]
3. Venice at its Peak of Development [Slide 58]
Any feedback is welcome.
Venice, Italy is a city comprised of small islands separated by canals. It has a rich history as a powerful maritime republic dating back to the 10th century BC. By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in Europe with a vast trading empire dominating Mediterranean commerce. The city-state was governed by a complex oligarchical system led by the Doge, the chief executive who usually held the position for life. Venice became a major center of art and printing during the medieval and Renaissance periods, establishing itself as the printing capital of the world by the 15th century.
The decline of Venice was due to several economic, political and military challenges. Economically, the discovery of new trade routes to Asia bypassed Venice's role as a middleman, reducing its lucrative trade monopoly. Militarily, the constant wars with the Ottoman Empire drained Venice's resources and disrupted its naval trade. Politically, an outdated government system led to incompetent leadership decisions that hurt Venetian defenses and alliances. Over-reliance on expensive mercenary forces also undermined Venice's security and finances over time. These various challenges eroded Venice's power on the seas and in international affairs.
Subscribe to my education channel.
bit.ly/gohbangrui
These slides introduce Chapter 3: Fall of Venice to the Secondary 4 students who are studying Social Studies for the Singapore current syllabus.
These slides are divided into 4 factors.
1. Foreign Threats [Slide 5]
2. Maritime Competition [Slide 21]
3. Political Challenges [Slide 32]
4. Social Challenges [Slide 48]
Any feedback is welcome.
The document summarizes the rise and decline of Venice between the 9th and 15th centuries. It describes how Venice rose to power through capable leadership, an exemplary political system, expanding trade networks, industrial development, and innovative business practices. However, Venice later declined due to growing foreign threats like the Ottoman Empire, increased maritime competition from discoveries of new trade routes, political challenges in mainland territories, and social challenges draining resources.
The document discusses the rise and fall of Venice as a great city-state. It describes how Venice rose to power from the 9th to 15th centuries due to its strong navy, monopolization of trade, and capable leadership. However, Venice then declined due to external factors like wars with the Ottoman Empire and new trade routes, as well as internal problems like corruption and a complacent society. The document provides historical context on Venice's political, economic, and social factors that contributed to both its rise as a major power and its eventual fall.
The document discusses multiple factors that contributed to the decline of Venice:
1) Foreign threats from involvement in mainland conflicts, the Ottoman Empire, and the League of Cambrai weakened Venice militarily and economically.
2) Increased maritime competition as new sea routes were discovered and other nations began direct trade with Asia challenged Venice's trade monopoly.
3) Political challenges including incapable leaders, corruption, and overreliance on mercenaries undermined Venice's governance.
4) Social changes such as Venetian nobles pursuing leisure over affairs of state further hastened Venice's decline.
Capable leaders like Doge Orseolo and Dandolo helped Venice establish control over trade routes and defeat rivals like Constantinople, strengthening Venice politically and economically. Venetian merchants expanded trade through exploration, innovations like navigational charts, and establishing trading posts abroad. This increased wealth and attracted craftsmen and foreign traders. Arsenal shipbuilding boosted maritime industries. Accounting methods like double-entry bookkeeping improved trade efficiency, further growing the economy. Overall, strong leadership, expanded trade networks, industrial development, and innovative practices contributed to Venice's rise as a powerful maritime empire between the 9th-15th centuries.
Subscribe to my education channel.
bit.ly/gohbangrui
These slides introduce Chapter 3: Rise of Venice to the Secondary 4 students who are studying Social Studies for the Singapore current syllabus.
These slides are divided into 3 areas.
1. Background [Slide 3]
2. Factors leading to the Rise of Venice between 9th and 15th centuries [Slide 16]
3. Venice at its Peak of Development [Slide 58]
Any feedback is welcome.
Venice, Italy is a city comprised of small islands separated by canals. It has a rich history as a powerful maritime republic dating back to the 10th century BC. By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in Europe with a vast trading empire dominating Mediterranean commerce. The city-state was governed by a complex oligarchical system led by the Doge, the chief executive who usually held the position for life. Venice became a major center of art and printing during the medieval and Renaissance periods, establishing itself as the printing capital of the world by the 15th century.
The decline of Venice was due to several economic, political and military challenges. Economically, the discovery of new trade routes to Asia bypassed Venice's role as a middleman, reducing its lucrative trade monopoly. Militarily, the constant wars with the Ottoman Empire drained Venice's resources and disrupted its naval trade. Politically, an outdated government system led to incompetent leadership decisions that hurt Venetian defenses and alliances. Over-reliance on expensive mercenary forces also undermined Venice's security and finances over time. These various challenges eroded Venice's power on the seas and in international affairs.
The document discusses how trade expanded during the Renaissance period due to the Crusades. The Crusades reestablished trade between Venice and other Italian cities with the East. They also exposed Europeans to new ideas from Muslim civilizations and brought back valuable goods from the East. This increased demand for trade. The Italian city-states like Venice, Genoa, and Florence became major trading hubs due to their geography, climate, independent governments, and social structures that supported business and trade. They competed for control of trade routes in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
Modern Finance and Ancient Finance Masters - A brief history of financial cen...Olivier Coispeau
This document provides a summary of the book "Finance Masters" which traces the history of international financial centers over the past 1000 years. It discusses the early financial hubs that emerged in medieval Europe like the fairs of St. Giles in England and the fairs of Champaign in France in the 11th-12th centuries. It then covers the rise of cities like Florence, Venice, Antwerp, Genoa, Amsterdam, London, and New York as financial centers between the 11th-19th centuries as trade and dominance shifted between countries. The document concludes by looking at how technology and the emergence of new financial hubs in Asia and Africa may shape the future of international finance.
Venice is a city located in northeastern Italy built on 118 small islands in a lagoon along the Adriatic Sea. It developed from the 6th century as refugees fled invasions, and became a powerful maritime republic during the Middle Ages and Renaissance due to its strategic location for trade. The city is renowned for its architecture, art, and system of canals in place of roads.
1. Several Italian city-states like Venice, Genoa, Milan, and Florence grew extremely wealthy through overseas trade in the 12th-15th centuries, fueling economic growth and patronage of the arts.
2. Many northern Italian cities established communes ruled by merchant oligarchies, though the common people sought more political power through popular uprisings.
3. By the 15th century, Italy was dominated by several powerful states including Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and Naples, who worked to maintain a balance of power to prevent any one from gaining complete control. However, the failure to unify made Italy vulnerable to foreign invasion and conquest.
English task description about venice cityAdli Bahrun
Venice is a famous city in Italy that has gained popularity because it is rich in history and offers many attractions for visitors. It was established over 2000 years ago when people fled Roman cities due to barbarian invasions. By 800-1100 AD, Venice became more centralized and developed into a city-state that traded freely. As it grew, Venice became a prominent player in sea trade, facing threats from pirates who disrupted shipments. To address this, Venice moved its operations to the eastern shores. Canals define the city and provide its main transportation. Visiting Venice offers a rich experience of history and culture through floating in its canals.
The 5th and 4th centuries BC in Greece saw the development of political and religious associations between city-states, including bilateral agreements, alliances, and federations. This era was defined by four major events - the Ionian Revolution, the Persian Wars, the Golden Age of Athens, and the Peloponnesian War. The economy was based primarily on agriculture, though Athens emerged as a center for domestic and international trade, with merchants and bankers facilitating the movement of capital and goods. Athenian democracy included salaries for public officials and clergy.
Diego Ravalico is an Italian photographer born in 1959 in Trieste, Italy. He developed a love for photography in his teenage years and had his first publication at a national level in 1987. His artistic photos of Venice were tremendously successful and helped transform photography into his full-time career. Ravalico's photos have been displayed in galleries in Paris and Trieste.
Tallinn has a long history as a trade hub dating back to the 8th century BC due to its strategic geographical placement on the Baltic Sea. As a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th century, Tallinn developed ports and guilds that helped defend the city and promote trade. Today, Tallinn remains an important center of trade and economy for Estonia through its airport, harbors, and information technology industry.
The document discusses a circle of translators in early 19th century Damietta, Egypt who translated Enlightenment works from Greek into Arabic. They worked out of the household of the wealthy Syrian Christian merchant Basili Fakhr. The circle translated scientific, fictional, and historical works. The document examines the translations produced, influences on the project like the Modern Greek Enlightenment, and compares it to similar translation efforts in Constantinople. It analyzes the diffusion of the translations and their influence on readers, assessing the significance of the Damietta Circle for literary and cultural history in the Arab world.
Nation-States, Arrival Cities, and Charter CitiesGregRehmke
From city-states of the Ancient Greeks to Venice, Genoa, and he Hanseatic League cities and medieval monasteries: enterprises and expanding trade across Europe came with social norms.Trade by sea and overland required private property, contracts, and entrepreneurship. Trade as a discovery process encouraging technology, innovation, and the flow of ideas. Lessons from economic development of Europe can be applied to developing world today.
Cleopatra expanded control of Ptolemaic Egypt through alliances with Roman leaders Caesar and Mark Antony. Antony granted Cleopatra territories including Phoenicia, Coele Syria, Cyprus, parts of Cilicia, Judea, and Arabia in 37 BC to secure the eastern provinces. However, Antony holding a triumph in Alexandria with Cleopatra rather than Rome, and declaring her son Caesarion the legitimate heir of Caesar, greatly offended Octavian and increased tensions between the two Roman leaders.
We discuss the historical development of financial instruments, trading and the capital market from a South African point of view. We look at sovereign defaults, financial crises throughout history and also derivatives trading.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Italian Renaissance, including the focus on secular themes and individualism by humanist intellectuals, as well as the class system and forms of government in city-states. City-states were often ruled by wealthy families and faced conflicts between classes, sometimes leading to a single ruler taking power. Italy during this period was not a unified entity, as independent and sometimes warring city-states each ruled their own territories. Key city-states discussed include Florence, ruled by the Medici family, and Venice, an important trade link, while Rome was home to the powerful Pope.
Early international trade dates back to Phoenician and Greek merchants before Christ. The Roman Empire facilitated trade through development of laws, markets, and communication infrastructure. In the 17th-18th centuries, European powers established trading companies and pursued mercantilism. The 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raised US import duties and contributed to the worldwide Great Depression. Over the 20th century, two World Wars disrupted global trade but new institutions like the IMF, World Bank and GATT/WTO promoted trade liberalization and globalization.
Unit 1, section 1 - The Fall of Rome and the Germanic PeoplesJaimeAlonsoEdu
The Roman Empire declined due to political and military weaknesses in the 3rd-5th centuries. Germanic peoples migrated into Roman territory due to demographic pressures and the military strength of these tribes. By 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire had fallen and was replaced by kingdoms of the Germanic peoples like the Franks, Visigoths, and Ostrogoths. The Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople, continued until 1453 as the Byzantine Empire.
The French Court served important political, social, and cultural functions. Politically, it was where the King and nobles made decisions and formed councils. Socially, it attracted people seeking advancement in their careers and status. Culturally, the court promoted innovation as nobles introduced new ideas from their travels abroad and patrons like Charles VIII employed artists like Leonardo Da Vinci. However, attendance at the lavish court was also a financial burden for nobles.
The document discusses how trade expanded in Europe during the Renaissance period. It provides context on the Crusades, which reestablished trade between Europe and the East. The Crusades exposed Europeans to new goods and ideas from Muslim civilizations. This increased demand for Eastern goods and spurred more trade routes. The Italian city-states like Venice, Genoa, and Florence became major trading hubs due to their geography, climate, independent governments, and social structures that supported business and commerce. They competed for control of trade in the Mediterranean.
This document summarizes Indian Ocean trade between 1450-1750 CE. It discusses how the Dutch East India Company governor Jan Pieterzoen Coen stated that trade in Asia could only be maintained through war and weapons paid for by trade profits. It provides examples of shipwrecks containing goods like pepper, cloves, nutmeg, and porcelain being traded between Asia and Europe, with the Dutch East India Company ordering over 3 million porcelain pieces from China between 1600-1650.
The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe that originally came from Scandinavia and worked as mercenaries for the Roman Empire. After sacking Rome in 410, they were given the province of Gaul by the Roman emperor. They established their capital in Toulouse and eventually conquered most of Hispania as well. In 507, the Franks defeated the Visigoths, forcing them to retreat to Hispania where they established their kingdom in Toledo. This Visigothic Kingdom was eventually destroyed by the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.
The Ottoman Empire rose to power by capturing Constantinople and conquering the Byzantine Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century. It strengthened itself by spending a lot on its army and government, but this also became a weakness in the 18th century when trade declined and taxes increased, oppressing citizens. The Ottoman Empire fell as its exterior trade became very poor and citizens felt overtaxed. The Mughal Empire also rose to power through military strength funded by heavy spending on its army and government in the 16th century. However, it weakened as the British and French conquered India and took control of tax collection, and the Mughals were unable to advance their military against European forces.
The document provides an overview of the end of the Cold War and the decline of communism. It discusses factors like Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union, growing nationalism in Soviet republics, and the loss of Communist Party authority. It also examines how Gorbachev's policies contributed to the fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe and the ultimate dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Bmc english language_composition(n_level)Adrian Peeris
This document provides guidance on writing a descriptive essay. It discusses the structure of a descriptive essay including using the five senses of sight, sound, smell, touch and taste. Descriptive details should be organized logically and use transitional words. A good conclusion should give a sense of resolution. The document then provides examples of incorporating sight and sound into a description and asks students to practice writing a full descriptive essay based on a photo.
The document discusses how trade expanded during the Renaissance period due to the Crusades. The Crusades reestablished trade between Venice and other Italian cities with the East. They also exposed Europeans to new ideas from Muslim civilizations and brought back valuable goods from the East. This increased demand for trade. The Italian city-states like Venice, Genoa, and Florence became major trading hubs due to their geography, climate, independent governments, and social structures that supported business and trade. They competed for control of trade routes in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.
Modern Finance and Ancient Finance Masters - A brief history of financial cen...Olivier Coispeau
This document provides a summary of the book "Finance Masters" which traces the history of international financial centers over the past 1000 years. It discusses the early financial hubs that emerged in medieval Europe like the fairs of St. Giles in England and the fairs of Champaign in France in the 11th-12th centuries. It then covers the rise of cities like Florence, Venice, Antwerp, Genoa, Amsterdam, London, and New York as financial centers between the 11th-19th centuries as trade and dominance shifted between countries. The document concludes by looking at how technology and the emergence of new financial hubs in Asia and Africa may shape the future of international finance.
Venice is a city located in northeastern Italy built on 118 small islands in a lagoon along the Adriatic Sea. It developed from the 6th century as refugees fled invasions, and became a powerful maritime republic during the Middle Ages and Renaissance due to its strategic location for trade. The city is renowned for its architecture, art, and system of canals in place of roads.
1. Several Italian city-states like Venice, Genoa, Milan, and Florence grew extremely wealthy through overseas trade in the 12th-15th centuries, fueling economic growth and patronage of the arts.
2. Many northern Italian cities established communes ruled by merchant oligarchies, though the common people sought more political power through popular uprisings.
3. By the 15th century, Italy was dominated by several powerful states including Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and Naples, who worked to maintain a balance of power to prevent any one from gaining complete control. However, the failure to unify made Italy vulnerable to foreign invasion and conquest.
English task description about venice cityAdli Bahrun
Venice is a famous city in Italy that has gained popularity because it is rich in history and offers many attractions for visitors. It was established over 2000 years ago when people fled Roman cities due to barbarian invasions. By 800-1100 AD, Venice became more centralized and developed into a city-state that traded freely. As it grew, Venice became a prominent player in sea trade, facing threats from pirates who disrupted shipments. To address this, Venice moved its operations to the eastern shores. Canals define the city and provide its main transportation. Visiting Venice offers a rich experience of history and culture through floating in its canals.
The 5th and 4th centuries BC in Greece saw the development of political and religious associations between city-states, including bilateral agreements, alliances, and federations. This era was defined by four major events - the Ionian Revolution, the Persian Wars, the Golden Age of Athens, and the Peloponnesian War. The economy was based primarily on agriculture, though Athens emerged as a center for domestic and international trade, with merchants and bankers facilitating the movement of capital and goods. Athenian democracy included salaries for public officials and clergy.
Diego Ravalico is an Italian photographer born in 1959 in Trieste, Italy. He developed a love for photography in his teenage years and had his first publication at a national level in 1987. His artistic photos of Venice were tremendously successful and helped transform photography into his full-time career. Ravalico's photos have been displayed in galleries in Paris and Trieste.
Tallinn has a long history as a trade hub dating back to the 8th century BC due to its strategic geographical placement on the Baltic Sea. As a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th century, Tallinn developed ports and guilds that helped defend the city and promote trade. Today, Tallinn remains an important center of trade and economy for Estonia through its airport, harbors, and information technology industry.
The document discusses a circle of translators in early 19th century Damietta, Egypt who translated Enlightenment works from Greek into Arabic. They worked out of the household of the wealthy Syrian Christian merchant Basili Fakhr. The circle translated scientific, fictional, and historical works. The document examines the translations produced, influences on the project like the Modern Greek Enlightenment, and compares it to similar translation efforts in Constantinople. It analyzes the diffusion of the translations and their influence on readers, assessing the significance of the Damietta Circle for literary and cultural history in the Arab world.
Nation-States, Arrival Cities, and Charter CitiesGregRehmke
From city-states of the Ancient Greeks to Venice, Genoa, and he Hanseatic League cities and medieval monasteries: enterprises and expanding trade across Europe came with social norms.Trade by sea and overland required private property, contracts, and entrepreneurship. Trade as a discovery process encouraging technology, innovation, and the flow of ideas. Lessons from economic development of Europe can be applied to developing world today.
Cleopatra expanded control of Ptolemaic Egypt through alliances with Roman leaders Caesar and Mark Antony. Antony granted Cleopatra territories including Phoenicia, Coele Syria, Cyprus, parts of Cilicia, Judea, and Arabia in 37 BC to secure the eastern provinces. However, Antony holding a triumph in Alexandria with Cleopatra rather than Rome, and declaring her son Caesarion the legitimate heir of Caesar, greatly offended Octavian and increased tensions between the two Roman leaders.
We discuss the historical development of financial instruments, trading and the capital market from a South African point of view. We look at sovereign defaults, financial crises throughout history and also derivatives trading.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Italian Renaissance, including the focus on secular themes and individualism by humanist intellectuals, as well as the class system and forms of government in city-states. City-states were often ruled by wealthy families and faced conflicts between classes, sometimes leading to a single ruler taking power. Italy during this period was not a unified entity, as independent and sometimes warring city-states each ruled their own territories. Key city-states discussed include Florence, ruled by the Medici family, and Venice, an important trade link, while Rome was home to the powerful Pope.
Early international trade dates back to Phoenician and Greek merchants before Christ. The Roman Empire facilitated trade through development of laws, markets, and communication infrastructure. In the 17th-18th centuries, European powers established trading companies and pursued mercantilism. The 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act raised US import duties and contributed to the worldwide Great Depression. Over the 20th century, two World Wars disrupted global trade but new institutions like the IMF, World Bank and GATT/WTO promoted trade liberalization and globalization.
Unit 1, section 1 - The Fall of Rome and the Germanic PeoplesJaimeAlonsoEdu
The Roman Empire declined due to political and military weaknesses in the 3rd-5th centuries. Germanic peoples migrated into Roman territory due to demographic pressures and the military strength of these tribes. By 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire had fallen and was replaced by kingdoms of the Germanic peoples like the Franks, Visigoths, and Ostrogoths. The Eastern Roman Empire, centered in Constantinople, continued until 1453 as the Byzantine Empire.
The French Court served important political, social, and cultural functions. Politically, it was where the King and nobles made decisions and formed councils. Socially, it attracted people seeking advancement in their careers and status. Culturally, the court promoted innovation as nobles introduced new ideas from their travels abroad and patrons like Charles VIII employed artists like Leonardo Da Vinci. However, attendance at the lavish court was also a financial burden for nobles.
The document discusses how trade expanded in Europe during the Renaissance period. It provides context on the Crusades, which reestablished trade between Europe and the East. The Crusades exposed Europeans to new goods and ideas from Muslim civilizations. This increased demand for Eastern goods and spurred more trade routes. The Italian city-states like Venice, Genoa, and Florence became major trading hubs due to their geography, climate, independent governments, and social structures that supported business and commerce. They competed for control of trade in the Mediterranean.
This document summarizes Indian Ocean trade between 1450-1750 CE. It discusses how the Dutch East India Company governor Jan Pieterzoen Coen stated that trade in Asia could only be maintained through war and weapons paid for by trade profits. It provides examples of shipwrecks containing goods like pepper, cloves, nutmeg, and porcelain being traded between Asia and Europe, with the Dutch East India Company ordering over 3 million porcelain pieces from China between 1600-1650.
The Visigoths were a Germanic tribe that originally came from Scandinavia and worked as mercenaries for the Roman Empire. After sacking Rome in 410, they were given the province of Gaul by the Roman emperor. They established their capital in Toulouse and eventually conquered most of Hispania as well. In 507, the Franks defeated the Visigoths, forcing them to retreat to Hispania where they established their kingdom in Toledo. This Visigothic Kingdom was eventually destroyed by the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.
The Ottoman Empire rose to power by capturing Constantinople and conquering the Byzantine Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century. It strengthened itself by spending a lot on its army and government, but this also became a weakness in the 18th century when trade declined and taxes increased, oppressing citizens. The Ottoman Empire fell as its exterior trade became very poor and citizens felt overtaxed. The Mughal Empire also rose to power through military strength funded by heavy spending on its army and government in the 16th century. However, it weakened as the British and French conquered India and took control of tax collection, and the Mughals were unable to advance their military against European forces.
The document provides an overview of the end of the Cold War and the decline of communism. It discusses factors like Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union, growing nationalism in Soviet republics, and the loss of Communist Party authority. It also examines how Gorbachev's policies contributed to the fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe and the ultimate dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Bmc english language_composition(n_level)Adrian Peeris
This document provides guidance on writing a descriptive essay. It discusses the structure of a descriptive essay including using the five senses of sight, sound, smell, touch and taste. Descriptive details should be organized logically and use transitional words. A good conclusion should give a sense of resolution. The document then provides examples of incorporating sight and sound into a description and asks students to practice writing a full descriptive essay based on a photo.
The document describes a man's experience stowing away on an aircraft leaving Cuba in order to escape harsh conditions. It discusses how he and his family struggled with living in cramped conditions and lack of freedom and opportunity in Cuba. The man planned with others to stow away on a plane at the airport, and he brought ropes, rubber-soled shoes, and cotton to secure himself to the aircraft during takeoff and prevent deafness from the engines. He pulled himself into the wheel area as the plane took off, but passed out from dizziness during descent, awakening in Madrid, Spain having successfully fled Cuba.
Bmc cold war lect 4_cuban_missilecrisisAdrian Peeris
The Cuban Missile Crisis arose from the USSR secretly placing nuclear missiles in Cuba, which the US saw as a threat. After US aerial photos showed the missiles, President Kennedy imposed a naval blockade on Cuba. The crisis was resolved when Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles in exchange for the US agreeing not to invade Cuba and removing its missiles from Turkey. The crisis improved US-Soviet relations and led to increased cooperation to limit nuclear weapons proliferation, but weakened Khrushchev's position in the USSR.
Bmc chapter4(b) conflict in multi-ethnic societies_northern_irelandAdrian Peeris
The document summarizes the history of conflict in Northern Ireland between Catholics and Protestants. It began with England's conquest of Ireland in the 12th century and settlement of Protestant landowners, giving Protestants political control over Catholics. This led to tensions over unequal housing, employment opportunities, and voting rights that increased distrust between the groups. The conflict escalated in the late 20th century with the formation of paramilitary groups like the IRA and years of violence that cost over 3,500 lives. A peace agreement in 1998 granted self-government to Northern Ireland but tensions between the communities remain.
This document lists several landmarks and attractions in Venice, Italy, including Mama Leone, Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo, St Mark's Campanile, Ponte dei Sospiri (Bridge of Sighs), Teatro la Fenice (Phoenix), Rialto Bridge, and St Mark's Basilica. It was created by an unnamed person.
Venice, Italy is built on over 100 small islands in a lagoon in the Adriatic Sea. There are no roads or cars, just canals and boats as the primary modes of transportation. Some key facts about Venice include that there are over 400 bridges, some private, that connect the islands. The narrow streets were not planned efficiently since canals were used for transportation. Gondolas, made of eight types of wood, are iconic symbols of Venice. Carnivals and masks were also important traditions in the city's history.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses how the Cold War affected other parts of the world. It led to the division of Korea and China into communist and non-communist states. The US worked to rebuild Japan's economy to prevent the spread of communism. The Korean War broke out when North Korea invaded South Korea, drawing in US and Chinese forces in a bloody stalemate. Key impacts included millions of casualties in Korea and the formation of new US military alliances around the world.
Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990 for several reasons. Officially, Iraq claimed it invaded to free Kuwait from its ruling government at the request of revolutionaries. However, Saddam saw himself as the leader of the Arab world and wanted to punish Kuwait for refusing to support Iraq in its war with Iran. He also feared an uprising in Iraq due to his poor management of the economy after the Iran-Iraq war. Additionally, Saddam misread the US position and believed they would support Iraq or not respond strongly to an invasion of Kuwait. The primary reason, though, was Iraq's economic problems resulting from the costly Iran-Iraq war.
Singapore has developed several practices to manage peace and security with limited resources:
1) It implements a citizen armed force called National Service where able-bodied men serve in the army and afterwards continue to serve as operationally ready reservists for 10 years.
2) It builds up its own defense industry through agencies like DSTA to develop cost-effective technologies and enable the SAF to be self-reliant.
3) It practices the concept of "Total Defence" which involves defending the country through military, civil, economic, social, psychological means and gaining the support of citizens.
The document summarizes the key causes of the Gulf War, including the failure of economic sanctions against Iraq due to some countries potentially ignoring them for economic gain and sanctions needing time to take full effect. It also discusses the failure of diplomatic measures by the UN and Arab League to negotiate Iraq's withdrawal from Kuwait, as well as the fear that Iraq's dominance over global oil supplies could negatively impact the world economy and encourage further aggression.
Impact of Transnational Terrorism [Notes]Nicholas Teh
Transnational terrorism has significant economic, social, and political impacts. Economically, terrorist attacks impose huge costs on lives and property while damaging industries like airlines and tourism. Socially, terrorist acts threaten racial and religious harmony by creating suspicion and tension among groups. Politically, governments respond by tightening security controls at borders and on travelers, which can infringe on personal freedoms and damage relations with the public.
Causes of Iraq-Kuwait Conflict [Notes]Nicholas Teh
The document summarizes the key causes of conflict between Iraq and Kuwait in the late 1980s and early 1990s. There were three main factors: 1) A historical enmity dating back to Kuwait's independence from Britain in 1961; 2) Economic problems stemming from a drop in global oil prices in the 1980s that hurt Iraq's economy; and 3) Territorial disputes over oil fields and islands along the border which Iraq claimed were rightfully theirs. Taken together, these historical tensions, economic grievances, and border issues increased hostility between the two countries and ultimately led to Iraq invading and occupying Kuwait.
The document defines 14 common scientific quantities along with their standard international (SI) units. It provides the name of each quantity, its associated SI unit, and a brief definition or explanation of what is being measured or quantified. The quantities include common measures like weight, speed, density, and others related to mechanics, energy, electricity, and waves.
Causes of Northern Ireland Conflict [Notes]Nicholas Teh
The document summarizes the key causes of conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland:
1. Divided loyalties between the two groups, as Protestants identified as British while Catholics identified as Irish, created political and religious tensions.
2. Unequal allocation of public housing and employment opportunities favored Protestants and discriminated against Catholics, fueling resentment.
3. Lack of voting rights for Catholics, as the system benefited wealthier Protestants, further aggravated tensions over political representation.
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These slides introduce Chapter 5: Bonding Singapore to the Secondary 3 students who are studying Social Studies for the Singapore current syllabus.
These slides are divided into 4 areas.
1. Singapore - Who are we?
2. Why is it important to manage ethnic diversity?
3. What are the challenges of a multi-ethnic society?
4. How can ethnic diversity be managed?
Any feedback is welcome.
You can also watch the flipped video for the first three parts of the lesson using the below link.
bit.ly/bondingsingapore
Chapter 2 - Part 1 Sustaining Economic Development in a Globalising WorldGoh Bang Rui
This is the first part of the Sustaining Economic Development in a Globalising World (Chapter 2 of Social Studies Secondary 4 Syllabus), It introduces the concept of globalisation, the 3 key driving forces behind it and the impacts or consequences of globalisation.
1. What is Globalisation?
2. Key Driving Forces of Globalisation
- Advances in Communication
- Advances in Transportation
- Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
3. Impacts of Globalisation
- Economic
- Social
- Environmental
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The document provides a history of the New York Stock Exchange from its origins in medieval France and Venice through its modern form. Early stock markets emerged in France in the 1100s and Venice in the 1200s as brokers managed agricultural and trade debts. Investments in merchant voyages in the 1400s represented some of the first limited liability companies. The establishment of the East India Company in the 1600s introduced stocks that paid dividends from multiple voyages, establishing the first modern joint-stock company model. Coffee houses in the 1700s served as informal exchanges for trading East India Company stocks and other shares.
The document discusses the imperialism of European powers in Southeast Asia, India, and South America during the modern global history period. European countries colonized these regions to gain control of their abundant resources. In Southeast Asia, the Dutch East India Company began controlling Indonesian islands in the early 18th century for their oil and tin mines. They established a social hierarchy with the Dutch at the top and incorporated Indonesia into the Dutch East Indies territory. European imperialism had negative long-term impacts through exploitation of resources and assertion of social and political control over indigenous populations.
The document provides an overview of global commerce between 1450-1750, focusing on European and Asian trade, the silver trade, the Atlantic slave trade, and their impacts. It describes how Europeans initially sought to gain access to Asian spices and goods, leading Portugal to establish coastal fortresses and control half the spice trade. The Dutch and British later set up trading companies and monopolized cloves, nutmeg, and the Indian cotton and spice trades. The discovery of silver in the Americas linked Asia, Europe, and the Americas in a global trade network centered on China. Between 12-14 million Africans were captured and sold into the Atlantic slave trade to work plantations in the Americas, profoundly impacting societies on both sides of the Atlantic
The document summarizes the impact of European colonial expansion between the 15th and 18th centuries. It discusses how Europeans established global trade networks and brought much of the world under their economic domination. Key events included new maritime technologies enabling voyages to Asia, the establishment of trading posts and colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, and the creation of the first global economy with Europe at its core exploiting raw materials from the periphery. By the 18th century, large areas were drawn into the world trade system dominated by Western powers.
Venice is one of the few cities in the world that can truly be described as unique and its history deserves our attention. Under very adverse situation, surrounded by the invading enemies, they began to build their city in a desolated lagoon. It survives against all the odds, building on low lying marshy banks, amid the tidal waters and regularly flooding. From this beginning, they built one of the enduring systems of government lasting for over a thousand years. Their system imposes limited power on their rulers and allowed limited participation of citizen. This bought loyalty of the citizen to the state.
From the salt trade, Venice developed into a most prosperous commercial centre of Europe and a naval force, once the most powerful in the world. With the adoption of the factory system of production, some 300 years before the Industrial Revolution, they built one of the greatest naval power, with 3000 ships, dominated the Eastern Mediterranean.
During the 16C onward Venice was in decline, due to the discovery of new sea routes to the Orient and the discovery of the New World and the expanding Ottoman Empire. Venetian had to re-invent itself, as a city of pleasure and vice. Even today it still one of the world most desirable destination as a holiday retort.
The Venice Republic was finally ended by Napoleon. During its existence, Venice also made many artistic a achievements. Amongst them were Bellini(s), Giorgione, Titan, Tintoretto, Veronese, Canaletto, Guardi, Canova etc. In architecture, we have the Venetian Palazzo along the Grand Canal and the Estate Architecture of Palladio. In music we have the traditional barcarole tunes sung by gondoliers as well as the music of Vivaldi and Moneverdi. In literature we have the adventure of Marco Polo and Casanova.
I find the history of Venice very inspiring. In a small way it makes me think of Hong Kong which also becomes a world city from a barren island in the South of China and Hongkong had changes to cope with a changing world.
This document contains summaries of multiple paragraphs from texts about European expansion and the development of a global economy between the 15th-18th centuries. It discusses how technological advancements allowed for long-distance ocean voyages, enabling Portugal and Spain to explore and establish trade networks and colonies. It also summarizes how other European powers like the Dutch and British later established private companies to enter and compete in Asian and American trade, integrating more regions and populations into a growing global economic system dominated by Western Europe.
1. Europe sought to control and change the traditions of other cultures through colonization in order to globalize the world and benefit economically. They stole cultural values and traditions.
2. Initial European attempts at global trade were unsuccessful due to a lack of Asian trade routes. Technological advances like new ship designs and the compass enabled longer ocean voyages, allowing Portugal and Spain to lead exploration and establish colonies.
3. Europe established a new worldwide economy through global exchange of goods, creating colonies in the Americas and paving the way for further colonial expansion across Africa and Asia that incorporated regions into a Western-dominated global trade system. This system exploited native populations and established economic imbalances.
1. Europe sought to control and change the traditions of other cultures through colonization in order to globalize the world and benefit economically. They stole cultural values and traditions.
2. Initial European attempts at global trade were unsuccessful due to a lack of Asian trade routes. Technological advances like new ship designs and the compass enabled longer ocean voyages, allowing Portugal and Spain to lead exploration and establish colonies.
3. Europe established a new worldwide economy through global exchange of goods and the creation of colonies in the Americas and Asia, laying the foundation for dominance of world trade systems. Diseases devastated indigenous populations while new world crops supported growth in Europe and Asia.
This document discusses Venice's policy towards islands in the Ionian and Aegean seas between the 13th and 15th centuries. It argues that contrary to traditional views, Venice lacked the economic and military resources to create a maritime empire immediately after the Fourth Crusade in 1204. While Enrico Dandolo acquired several islands and territories for Venice through the 1204 partition agreement, he acted privately and not on behalf of Venice. Furthermore, most of these territories including the Ionian Islands, parts of the Peloponnese and islands in the Aegean, were not agriculturally or economically important at the time. The document argues that Venice only began systematically annexing islands to form its "Stato da Mar"
1) Monarchies grew stronger in the 12th century as kings were able to collect more taxes from improved economic conditions, create their own armies, and force feudal lords to obey them. They also restored the Roman legal system which centralized more power to kings.
2) Kings took power from nobles in cities by granting charters of liberties, gaining political support. Parliaments represented kings, nobles, clergy and city mayors but had little power and only met when summoned by kings.
3) Disputes over royal succession and unclear borders between kingdoms often led to conflicts like the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
Chapter 10 The reshaping of medieval europetcshistory
The document summarizes changes that occurred in medieval Europe during the late medieval period. Commerce and trade led to the growth of towns and cities, which weakened the feudal system and manorialism. A middle class formed out of merchants and businessmen. Kings were able to consolidate power by raising large armies, allowing them to assert power over popes and feudal nobility.
The document summarizes the globalization process that began with European colonial expansion between the 15th and 18th centuries. It describes how Europeans established overseas colonies and trading posts in Africa, Asia, and the Americas in order to control trade routes and extract raw materials. This allowed Western European nations to dominate the emerging global economic system and create a hierarchy with themselves at the top. The colonization efforts profoundly impacted local cultures and civilizations around the world and established patterns of inequality that still exist today.
Parrafos De Ideas Principales De Sociales[1]Richmond
1. In the 15th-19th centuries, Western European powers entered and dominated global trade by establishing maritime routes and colonizing lands in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
2. This created a new global economy and exchange of goods, diseases, plants, and animals between Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
3. Colonial powers established unequal economic relationships where colonies produced crops for European markets in exchange for manufactured goods, resulting in the growth of mercantilism and colonial dependency.
The document discusses the expansion of western civilization and global trade networks from the 15th century onward. It describes how technological developments like the compass and mapmaking enabled longer ocean voyages. Countries like Portugal sought to protect their commercial interests by establishing forts along trade routes. Explorers like Columbus and Magellan opened up sea routes connecting Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas, integrating these regions economically. Over time, private companies financed further exploration, expanding trade networks and introducing new crops and technologies around the world. Global trade increased interactions and exchanges between societies.
The document discusses the expansion of western civilization and global trade networks from the 15th century onward. It describes how technological developments like the compass and mapmaking enabled longer ocean voyages. Countries like Portugal sought to protect their commercial interests by establishing forts along trade routes. Explorers like Columbus and Magellan opened up sea routes connecting Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas, integrating these regions into a growing global economy. Over time, more areas and peoples around the world were incorporated into the expanding webs of trade, leading to profound cultural and economic changes on a global scale.
The document discusses the expansion of western civilization and global trade networks from the 15th century onward. It describes how technological developments like the compass and mapmaking enabled longer ocean voyages. Countries like Portugal sought to protect their commercial interests by establishing forts along trade routes. Explorers like Columbus and Magellan opened up sea routes connecting Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas, integrating these regions economically. Over time, private companies financed further exploration, expanding trade networks and introducing new crops and technologies around the world. Global trade ultimately connected continents and hemispheres into a single worldwide economic system.
Similar to Sec4 express chapter3_the rise of venice_part i&ii.ppt(slideshare) (16)
Bmc english language_composition(situational writing)_recountsAdrian Peeris
This document provides a lesson on writing recounts. It defines recounts as narratives that describe events in chronological order. There are three types of recounts: factual, personal, and imaginative. Factual recounts objectively describe real events, personal recounts involve the writer's first-hand experiences, and imaginative recounts embellish real events with creative details. The document outlines the typical structure of recounts and seven key language features to employ, such as using time connectors, third-person perspective, and past tense verbs. Students are then instructed to write a 350-word factual recount based on provided information.
Bmc english language_composition(situational writing)_reflectionsAdrian Peeris
A new syllabus has been introduced for O and N level English Language candidates for the GCE Examinations. This new syllabus has expanded the scope of assessment to include text responses that assess a candidates ability to convey not only their points of view but also their emotions and feelings. This set of slides is designed to provide a form and structure to these candidates to help them craft written responses that help them capture their feelings about a given topic.
Bmc english language_composition(situational writing)(proposals)Adrian Peeris
I hope that O and N level students may find this set of slides accessible when they are revising the structure and content of proposals. Proposal writing is still an integral part of the English Language paper. It is also a skill that would stand one in good stead in the working world.
Globalization is defined as the increasing interconnectedness and integration of peoples and companies across the world. It has been driven by improvements in transportation, communication technologies, and the rise of transnational corporations operating in multiple countries. Specifically, developments like jet planes, container ships, fiber optic cables, the internet, and global companies have dramatically reduced the costs and barriers of moving people, goods, and information worldwide. This has connected economies and societies around the globe.
This document provides formats for students preparing for English language exams, including informal letters, formal letters, reports, speeches, and brochures/leaflets. The formats give guidelines on layout, structure, and required elements for each text type to help students practice and feel confident in their exam responses. Examples are included to illustrate the proper formatting for sender/recipient information, dates, titles, bodies, and other sections. It is hoped that using these templates for revision will assist students in their national exams.
The document discusses how the US tried to contain the spread of communism in Europe following World War 2 through policies like the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and NATO. The Truman Doctrine provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to prevent communist takeover. The Marshall Plan aimed to rebuild Western Europe's economies to reduce appeal of communism. NATO was a military alliance that defended Western Europe from Soviet attack. These policies helped check Soviet expansion but also heightened tensions between the US and USSR during the Cold War.
Bmc hist unit 2.2_rise of japanese_militaristsAdrian Peeris
Just as in Europe, Fascism began to spread its influence in the Asia Pacific region. With a foothold in Japan in the late 20s and 30s - Japan's militarists were able to slowly gain political power in a political system that was losing support due to mishandling of economic and social policies. The new politicians from the far Right had all the solutions as they planned the take over of the political system. Their ultimate goal - to see an Imperial Japan with an Empire that would match those of the Western powers. This lecture dwells into how this group of "ultras" slowly gained influence and power.
Bmc hist unit3.1_(outbreak of war in europe)Adrian Peeris
The war in Europe was a major turning point in 20th Century history. This lecture presentation makes use of existing material on the causes of the war and also helps students analyse some of the considerations that British and French leaders were looking at carefully and which ultimately led them down towards conflict with Hitler.
The document discusses reactions to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the impacts of the Iraq-Kuwait War, and the effectiveness of UN efforts to resolve the conflict. There was fear of Iraqi dominance in the region following the invasion. The UN Security Council condemned Iraq's actions and imposed sanctions in an attempt to force withdrawal from Kuwait. Ultimately, the use of force by a US-led coalition was necessary to expel Iraqi forces, restoring Kuwaiti sovereignty. The war had severe impacts on Kuwait, Iraq, the region, and the international community. While the UN-backed coalition restored Kuwait, the UN itself has limited means to directly enforce peace and stability.
This document provides information on the causes of the war in the Asia-Pacific region. It discusses Japan's desire for an empire to match its industrial power, its justification of war through slogans like "Asia for Asians." It also examines Japan's aggression in Manchuria and China, the League of Nations' weak response, increasing tensions with the U.S. due to its support for China and embargo on Japan, and how the war in Europe left Western colonies vulnerable. Key events that triggered the war included changes in U.S. foreign policy, the war distracting Western powers, and Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.
The formal letter is an important writing task assigned to candidates of the O and N Level English Language examinations. Knowledge of how to craft such letters is also an important life skill for anyone who has to address an issue or matter respectfully and/or authoritatively. The slides in this presentation are aimed at introducing students and interested persons to the structure, language features and format of formal letters as they are currently conceived. It is my hope that these groups of individuals may find the lecture helpful in guiding them in drafting such formal correspondence for the exams or in real life.
Three key methods Singapore uses to deter aggressors are:
1. A citizen armed force through compulsory national service.
2. Developing a 3rd Generation armed forces through research and technology.
3. Building a domestic defense industry for self-reliance.
While deterrence is important, diplomacy is also needed to peacefully resolve conflicts and maintain important relationships that support Singapore's security. Singapore practices diplomacy through bilateral relations, regional associations like ASEAN, and international cooperation.
The document discusses the challenges of managing a multi-ethnic society like Singapore and how Singapore addresses these challenges. The key challenges are: 1) managing different perceptions between racial groups, 2) managing perceptions between religious groups, and 3) threats from external forces like terrorism. Singapore promotes multi-racialism, builds a common national identity through practices like bilingualism, safeguards minority rights through representation and self-help groups, and develops common spaces through public housing and national service.
This document provides information about writing informal letters, including their format, language usage, and key features. It discusses the use of transitional words to link ideas smoothly and conversational markers to create a friendly tone. Examples are given of both, including "and", "but", and "so" as transitional words and "you'll never believe...", "guess what?", and "I suppose..." as conversational markers. The document also contains writing tasks to have students practice using these elements in an informal letter.
This document provides guidance on crafting effective speeches. It discusses the purpose and formats of different types of speeches, including informal speeches for everyday occasions and formal speeches intended to motivate or inspire audiences. The document outlines the typical parts of a speech, including greetings, an introduction establishing the speaker and purpose, the main content and message, and a conclusion emphasizing the speaker's desired takeaway. It also includes examples of speeches in different contexts and prompts for analyzing speech elements like tone, word choice, and literary devices.
The document provides information about source-based questions (SBQs) and the skills needed to answer them, including inference, comparison, reliability, usefulness, and inference with purpose. It discusses the basic skills of making inferences from sources, such as locating meaning behind words and expressing meanings in own words. It provides examples of how to answer different types of SBQs, including inference questions using a three-step process of infer, support, explain; comparison questions focusing on similarities and differences; reliability questions checking if a source is trustworthy; and usefulness questions evaluating how useful a source is. The document is an instructional guide for students on the various source-based question skills and formats tested in exams.
The document discusses several causes of international conflicts between nations:
1) Competing claims over territory can lead countries to war, as seen in the Sino-Indian war over disputed border regions.
2) Scarce resources can also cause conflicts, like the "Cod War" between Iceland and Britain over fishing rights.
3) Ideological differences divided Korea after World War 2, leading to the Korean War as North and South Korea, backed by communist and democratic allies respectively, fought to control the Korean peninsula.
Bmc english language_composition(situationalwriting)_articles_slideshareAdrian Peeris
This document provides guidance on writing articles for the English Paper 1 examination in Singapore. It defines what an article is, identifies the typical approaches and format of articles. It notes that articles for this exam should be 180-250 words. The document discusses generating ideas in pairs, the general characteristics of articles, common subject matters, and a recap of key points. It then provides steps for planning and writing an article, including choosing a title, format, using interesting language, writing in paragraphs, and including linking words.
Good descriptive writing has several key traits: ideas, organization, word choice, sentence fluency, and editing. For ideas, a piece should have a specific focus, original perspective, and use experience and details rather than common knowledge. Organization uses references to the five senses in a logical sequence with transitional words and supporting details. Word choice creates vivid pictures through action verbs and concise language. Sentence fluency varies structure and length for easy reading. Editing ensures grammatical correctness. Descriptive writing should show experiences through imagery that engages the reader's senses rather than just telling about them.
Bmc hist unit 2_authoritarian_regimes_stalin&policies_slideshareAdrian Peeris
Here are the key differences between the sources as evidence of the results of collectivization:
- Source A presents a positive view of collectivization, stating that peasants eventually saw the benefits of collectivization such as receiving tractors and farm machines from new factories built by the government. It claims food production decreased initially but does not provide details on the human costs.
- Source B presents a very negative view, describing the horrific human costs of collectivization such as 10 million peasants being shot or sent to labor camps. It states collectivization was forced upon peasants and the rich farmers (kulaks) were targeted. It directly contradicts Source A by stating collectivization resulted in horrendous famines that killed millions.
- Source A is brief and avoids discussing the
2. Roman Empire was split into Eastern and
Western Empires.
◦ Roman empire was straining, due to internal strife.
◦ Empire was too large for it to be administered from Rome
effectively.
3. Political Instability
◦ The Western Empire declined due to repeated conflict
with tribes outside the empire.
◦ In 476 AD, the western empire collapsed and split into
smaller kingdoms and territories.
◦ Venice emerged during this time.
4. Factor 1: Geography
◦ Venice is located in Northern Italy.
◦ Consists of 120 small islands.
◦ Protected from Adriatic Sea by larger islands.
◦ Venice’s location contributed to its development as a
city-state and rise as a maritime empire.
5.
6. Factor 2: Early Settlers
◦ Many were refugees from Roman cities escaping raids from
Germanic tribes.
◦ Early settlers included men who had knowledge of crafts,
fishing and salt production.
◦ Small land areas meant could not live on agriculture.
◦ Heavily dependent on food from mainland.
7. Factor 3: Venetian Society.
◦ Venetians created urban planning to organize the way they
lived and worked.
◦ Venice divided into 6 districts. Each district further divided
into smaller administrative and social units.
◦ Social gatherings in the church square created
opportunities for poor and rich to interact.
◦ Why is this important?
8. Factor 4: Economic Activities
◦ Venice surrounded by sea, early Venetians took
advantage of the sea. (i.e. Salt harvesting and fishing).
◦ Traded salt and fish for grain from the hinterland.
Established trade agreements with communities living at
the river mouth to supply them with wood.
◦ They used wood to build ships and also to trade with
Egypt – obtained more expensive products. Gold, spice
and incense.
9. Factor 5: System of Government
◦ Vassal state but allowed to choose their own leader
through elections.
◦ Leader = Doge experienced and chosen from the ruling
families of Venice.
◦ Doge assisted by Ducal Council of two advisers.
◦ General Assembly – function was to elect the Doge.
Passed laws on essential issues such as housing and
trade.
10. What are the common factors between Singapore
and Venice?
◦ Select 4 common factors
Draw two columns and mark them Singapore and
Venice.
Divide Rows into Early history, Social Life,
Economy and System of government.
11. What were the reasons for Venice to become a
major trading hub in the 5th
to the 9th
Centuries?
Name four common factors between Singapore
and Venice
12. Piracy
◦ By the 10th
Century, the Byzantine Empire weakened and Arabs
from the Middle East and North Africa challenged its
dominance. Empire could no longer offer protection to Venice.
◦ Venetian navy was ineffective in defeating the pirates and
Venice had to resort to paying out “annual gifts” to guarantee
safe passage for Venetian ships in the Adriatic Sea.
◦ Ships travelled in convoys to avoid being attacked
◦
13. Maintaining diplomatic relations
◦ The Kingdoms in the Italian peninsula and the Byzantine
Empire were great rivals.
◦ As Venice needed friendly ties with both in order to thrive,
Venice maintained a delicate balancing act in having good
relations.
◦ Venice became very good at maintaining good relations
with rival powers and this continued as relations between
the countries and boundaries changed over the centuries
15. Retnasamy, Arasumani, Social Studies,
Secondary 4 & 5 – A Perfect Guide, Marshall-
Cavendish Education, Singapore: 2011
Seah, Josee, - Upper Secondary Social Studies
Skills Application for Source-Based case studies &
Structured Essay Questions, Wisemann
Publishing Pte. Ltd, Singapore: 2009
16. You have read that Venice grew out of the
desperate circumstances after the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire
Through hard work and resilience plus a little
ingenuity, early settlers of Venice were able to
transform it into a commercial capital.
Let’s journey to find out how this was able to take
place.
17. A more stable Europe
◦ After centuries of warfare more stable kingdoms began
to be established in this part of Europe.
◦ Steadier food production and even food surplus.
◦ Surplus food fuelled trade with other regions.
◦ Many cities became centres of trade and became
prosperous.
◦ Prosperity led to the rise of institutes of learning and
transformed many cities into centres of art and
architecture.
18. Decline and weakening of the Byzantine
Empire
◦ When the Byzantine Empire began to decline, Venice
made use of the opportunity to expand its influence in the
region.
◦ Venice acquired more trade and territories in the political
vacuum created by the weakening of the Empire
19. Leadership
◦ Several visionary leaders emerged in Venice at that time to
steer the country forward.
◦ Two leaders stand out in this area:
Doge Pietro II Orseolo – Established good relations with major
powers and used diplomatic skills to settle feuds between rival cities
and brought Dalmatian pirates under control – all this boosted trade
in Venice.
Doge Enrico Dandolo – used military skills to further weaken the
Byzantine Empire and eventually defeated them. Once Byzantines
defeated – Venice became the most powerful country in the region.
20. Good Governance
◦ Adapting to changing times: Venetians realised that the old style
of government that they started out with was out-dated and
could not meet the demands of a changing society.
◦ Up to 10th Century: Doge, Ducal Council, General Assembly.
◦ After 10th Century: Doge, Ducal Council, The Council of
Forty, The Senate, The Great Council and General Assembly
21. Good Governance (Cont’d)
◦ Creation of the Great Council
Allowed for greater participation of capable men in the governance
of Venice.
Stopped rivalry between leading families for top government posts
that would have caused the stability of Venice to be affected.
The Great Council gave an opportunity for capable men to
participate in decision-making in Venice
22. Good Governance (Cont’d)
◦ Specialization of Duties
Great Council could not handle the increasing administrative
work.
Several other government organizations were set up:
Council of Forty and The Senate.
Council of 40 – handled laws, finances and coinage
The Senate – took charge of foreign affairs, commerce,
operating the Venetian fleet.
23. Good Governance (Cont’d)
◦ Maintaining Checks and Balances
Council of Ten – formed in 14th
Century. Comprised Doge, six
Ducal Councillors and three heads
Formed to stop corruption and abuse of power
Ensured any plots against Venice was put down. Also ensured that
no one was above the law and even Doge could be investigated
and removed from power if found to be abusing power or was
corrupt
24. Preventing Concentration of Power
◦ To ensure that only the best were elected to powerful
positions – A Nominating Committee was formed.
◦ The Nominating Committee ensured:
The process of balloting was done fairly
no nominee could campaign for support
prevented rivalry bet. Candidates
candidates elected based on merit.
25. What were the key political factors that led to the
rise of Venice?
◦ Which one of these in your view was the most important?
◦ Introduction to essay writing….
26. Lesson 3: Trade, Industrial and Commercial
Developments that led to the rise of Venice
27. Attitude towards trade
◦ Diplomatic skills of the Venetians enabled them to obtain
favourable terms such as lower tax rates from the
countries they traded with.
◦ Enterprising – able to obtain highly sought after spices
from the East.
◦ Venetians constantly explored new trade routes by
travelling into uncharted waters in search of new goods
and markets.
28. Innovations in Maritime technology
◦ Venice was able to dominate trade with advanced
technology.
◦ The Venetians designed and built superior vessels to
meet their sailing needs.
◦ The first Venetian great galley was built in the 13th
Century. It was formidable enough to discourage pirates
from launching an attack on Venetian trading ships
29. Efficiency in managing voyages
◦ Voyages were more frequent as Venetian traders were
able to travel during winter.
◦ The Senate organized and monitored the schedule of
trade voyages. It grouped traders to travel in convoys as
it was more profitable to trade in larger quantities.
30. Overcoming trade competition
◦ Venice and Genoa had conflicts of political and
commercial interests.
◦ After a series of wars, Venice defeated Genoa and the
Venetians were able to control the Mediterranean Sea.
31. Trade monopoly
◦ After Venice defeated Genoa, it gained monopoly in the
Mediterranean region.
◦ Good strategic location and dominance of the navy
allowed Venice to provide a larger variety of goods and
reaped huge profits from goods such as spices and
sugar and diamonds
32. Trade related industry
◦ Benefitted the ship-building industry and all the
shipbuilders were centralised at a new location – the
Arsenal.
◦ The Arsenal was expanded to facilitate production and
eventually became the backbone of Venice’s maritime
industry and power.
33. Manufacturing industries
◦ With the increase in trade and wealth, the demand for
goods promoted the growth of manufacturing industries
such as the glassmaking and printing industries.
◦ With new industries, more jobs were created for the
people and Venice continued to prosper.
34. Double-entry bookkeeping
◦ A useful system to record business transactions.
◦ Standardised the credit and debit columns and entries
Giro-banking
◦ A system which used bank accounts to make or receive
payments for business transactions
35. Venice possessed territories along important trade
routes.
These territories were important because they
allowed the Venetian great galleys to replenish
their supplies without incurring more costs.
Venice’s success at controlling piracy enabled it to
consolidate its control over the Adriatic Sea region.
36. A cosmopolitan city
◦ Foreign traders were attracted to Venice because of the ease at
which they could conduct their commercial activities.
◦ Many of these traders settled down in Venice.
◦ There was a serious labour shortage in Venice.
◦ The Venetian government offered special incentives to attract
foreign talent:
E.g. Housing and citizenship to merchants and skilled craftsmen
from other parts of Europe to live in Venice.
37. Artistic achievements
◦ Venice was regarded as a centre of the arts in Europe as
great pieces of work were produced by many artists and
seen on public buildings in Venice.
◦ One famous form of art was the mosaic tiles which
decorated many of the buildings in Venice even to this
day.
38. Scientific and literary developments
◦ Venetians were exposed to ideas related to physics,
medicine and psychology.
◦ The pursuit of scientific knowledge led to new areas of
study such as astrology and astronomy.
39. What were the factors that led to the rise of
Venice?
Which one of these factors was most instrumental
in bringing about the rise of Venice?
41. Europe faced many challenges from the 15th
Century
onwards:
◦ There were many changes in economic, social and
political aspects of life.
◦ Many countries wanted their share of the trade and
territories and were willing to go to war to get what
they wanted.
Venice’s trade monopoly and prosperity was threatened
by these challenges. Venetians were complacent and
failed to respond to them.
42. Mainland Countries
◦ Venice was dependant on the mainland territories for food and
essential supplies.
◦ Venice had taken advantage of rivalries amongst the European
countries. Its support was not constant and depended on its own
interests. European countries started to distrust Venice.
◦ Danger from mainland = Venice increased size of military. Venice
population small = recruit more mercenaries.
◦ Frequent wars with mainland – traders and merchants could not use
overland routes safely…trade was effected.
43. The Rise of Ottoman Empire
◦ Ottomans expanded rapidly from Mid-East into Europe, replaced Genoa
as Venice’s greatest rival.
◦ Venice’s rivalry with Ottomans drained much of the countries resources
and prosperity.
◦ Ottomans gained territories in Adriatic – could launch more attacks on
Venice. Venice forced to re-fit trading vessels as naval ships – caused a
decline in trade.
◦ Venice fought several wars with Ottomans – these wars drained
Venice’s resources and seriously disrupted trade. Venice tried to play-
off the rivalry between Ottomans and European states. Earning great
contempt of the Europeans.
44. The League of Cambrai
◦ Venice’s influence, prosperity and insensitivity made it unpopular with
many European countries. They wanted to limit the power of Venice.
◦ Spain, Hungary and France formed a military alliance called the
League of Cambrai in 1508. Objective: conquer Venetian territories
and divide the control of these areas amongst them.
◦ Battle of Agnadello, Venice suffered a great defeat and many of
its territories fell to the countries of the League.
◦ Venice attempted to get these back…but these came at a high cost.
These wars drained Venice’s resources.
46. Discovery of new trade routes
◦ The 15th
Century was the age of exploration as Europeans set off
to discover new trade routes.
◦ In 1497, Vasco da Gama (Portuguese) discovered the trade
route to India via the Cape of Good Hope. Enabled Portuguese to
trade directly with communities in India.
◦ No longer a need to get spices from Venice. Venice monopoly of
spice vanished.
◦ Venice continued as a trade centre. Venetian manufactured
products such as glass continued to be profitable.
47. New Trade Rivals
◦ By the 17th
Century – Venice faced new trade rivals in the form of
Dutch Netherlands and Britain.
◦ The Dutch formed the Dutch East India Company and bypassed
Venice to get spices and other goods from the East. The British
East India company did the same.
◦ British and Dutch built far superior ships and bought goods in
greater quantities from the East.
◦ Venice imposed higher taxes on foreign traders. This caused
foreign traders to shun Venice as a port of call.
48. Incapable Leadership
◦ Venice’s success led to complacency. Venetian officials felt no need to
change the system of government that was established in the 12th
Century.
◦ Political power concentrated in the hands of a few noble families. By 16th
Century a small group of families dominated the government. These
families – more interested in preserving their own wealth.
◦ No proper checks on the powers of these families, corruption became
inevitable. Rotation of officers – worked well in the past because there
were many capable men in Venice – now did not work so well as, when
competent officers were rotated incompetent ones took their place.
E.g. Appointment of Nicolo Da Canal and Antonio Grimani as Captain-
Generals of the Navy, both proved incompetent. Venice lost many
navy battles
49. Corruption in the Government
◦ Wars with Ottomans and mainland states were costly.
Government suspended the salaries of civil servants. This led to
some taking bribes.
◦ As the higher positions in government were elected, many poorer
nobles sold their votes to richer ones contesting the same posts.
This resulted in corruption, as positions were bought and sold.
◦ Led to the entry of many rich but incompetent nobles into
important posts in government. These leaders were more
concerned with their own interests than with the interests of
Venice.
50. Over-dependence on Mercenaries
◦ In Europe at the time – common practice to hire mercenaries to
supplement armed forces.
◦ Venice more dependent, as country was small and dreaded plague
reduced the numbers of men who could join the armed forces.
◦ Venice employed mercenaries from all over Europe. These men could
not be expected to be loyal to Venice as they fought for whoever paid
them the most.
In 1619 some mercenaries plotted to kill the leading nobles of Venice and rob
their homes. This proved that they could not be trusted with the defence of
Venice.
51. The rich and powerful Venetians kept away from the poorer Venetians
and lived their own luxurious lifestyles.
All Venetians loved taking part in parties and the rich lavish
celebrations such as CarnevaleCarnevale which would last for six months.
The Venetians loved gambling and many rich Venetians lost their
fortunes in gambling halls (an early form of casinos)
With the Venetians living in their past glories and more interested in
living lavish and decadent (corrupt) lifestyles – they became less
interested in political and defence needs.
Not prepared to face external threats.
52. Venice failed to respond effectively to internal and
external changes.
In the 18th
Century – France growing power threatened
many European states. Under the leadership of
Napolean Bonaparte, the French swept across
Western Europe and moved into the Italian peninsula.
53. As news of the French army descending on Italian
states became more certain, a small number of
Venetian nobles supported the idea of fighting for
their survival.
However, at this period of time, Venice’s fortresses
and armed forces were outdated as compared to the
sophistication of the French army.
There were no capable nobles to organize and lead
an army to defeat Napoleon’s soldiers.
54. When Venice was approached by the Italian
states to join an alliance against France, it
rejected the invitation for fear of provoking France.
Meanwhile a small number of Venetians plotted to
overthrow the Venetian ruling government. They
were supported by French agents and with their
support, Napoleon advanced into Venice.
55. The venetian commanders who attempted to
defend the city-state soon discovered that they did
not have the means to defend themselves.
This was made worse by the other nobles’
absence of fighting spirit.
56. On 12th
May 1797, when Napoleon demanded for
Venice’s surrender, Doge Ludivico Manin
surrendered the city-state to Napoleon without a
single shot being fired.
That ended Venice’s sovereignty as an
independent city-state. A once-enviable maritime
empire was now reduced to a simple island state.
57. What were the Foreign Threats that caused the
decline of Venice?
What were the economic factors that accelerated
the decline?
How did political and social challenges cause the
decline of Venice?