Singapore has developed several practices to manage peace and security with limited resources: 1) It implements a citizen armed force called National Service where able-bodied men serve in the army and afterwards continue to serve as operationally ready reservists for 10 years. 2) It builds up its own defense industry through agencies like DSTA to develop cost-effective technologies and enable the SAF to be self-reliant. 3) It practices the concept of "Total Defence" which involves defending the country through military, civil, economic, social, psychological means and gaining the support of citizens.

1. SOCIAL STUDIES - SEC 3
CHAPTER 6: MANAGING PEACE AND SECURITY
Practices of Deterrence
Factor Explanation Elaboration
Citizen Armed Force 1. Singapore could not afford a 5. Through it, Singaporeans
professional army in 1965. learn to defend the
country and build strong
2. The population of less that 2 million
bonds with one another.
was needed in the economic workforce.
3. As a result, the government decided to
enlist able-bodied men into the army.
4. Upon completion, these men will
continue to serve as Operationally
Ready NS men for another 10 years.
Singapore’s Defence 1. Singapore builds up its own defence 5. Improves the capability
Industry industry to enable SAF to be self- and effectiveness of the
reliant in defence equipments. SAF.
2. Defence Science and Technology 6. It has enabled Singapore to
Agency (DSTA) was set up to provide develop a powerful
cost-effective and modern defence force.
technology to the SAF.
7. Hence, it has the ability to
3. It also conducts defence-related deter potential enemies.
research and development activities
with other countries.
Total Defence 1. Introduced to make Singaporeans 6. Thus, potential aggressors
involved in defence efforts. will think twice about
attacking Singapore if they
Civil Defence
know they face the nation,
2. Knowing what to do in emergencies. and not just armed forces.
Economic Defence
3. Ensure economic stability.
Social Defence
4. Working together in harmony.
Psychological Defence
5. Having the will to overcome challenges.
Multi-Agency 1. The National Security Coordination 3. This integrated security
Coordination With Secretariat (NSCS) was set up to approach is to prevent,
Other Countries coordinate the work of the various protect and respond to
government agencies. any security threats faced.
2. This networking and coordination
strengthens and enhance national
security.
Military Cooperation 1. Singapore actively fosters friendly ties.
With Other Countries
2. This is conducted through bilateral and
multilateral military agreements and
joint military exercises.
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