Dear students i am just trying to explain the equipment and supply of material in hospital easy way. Its really helpful for studding and those who are studding to hospital supply.
Inventory control in hospital (control of dated or perishable inventory )Ravish Yadav
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Dear students i am just trying to explain the equipment and supply of material in hospital easy way. Its really helpful for studding and those who are studding to hospital supply.
Inventory control in hospital (control of dated or perishable inventory )Ravish Yadav
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Goods Order Inventory System Pro is an advanced and highly sophisticated software, which is being utilized as a hospital inventory management system by many leading hospitals and clinics, running at various corners of the world. This inventory software packs many brilliant features, which makes it the best online inventory software.
SIM Unit 4
Store management :
Materials handling,
Flow of goods/FIFO,
Computerization of inventory transactions
Security of stores,
Stocking and technical impacts-
shelf life,
wastage,
pilferage
here you can find depth content of material management n the field of nursing ..
it deals with the scientific process that shows the planning organizing buying, storing, maintenance of the materials
Subject: Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management
Full Marks - 50
1. Personnel Management:
a) Definition, scope, importance, behavioral science and personnel management.
b) Motivation, moral and job satisfaction.
c) Education, training, management development and performance evaluation.
d) Means of achieving harmonious industrial relation collective bargaining, joint consultation worker council, arbitration, and industrial democracy.
2. Production Management: Definition, scope, importance and application of management, techniques and principles to production management, production planning and quality control.
3. Materials Management:
a) Purchasing: Formulating effective buying policies, determination of needs and desires of patrons, selecting the sources of supply, determination the terms of purchase, receiving, marketing and stocking goods.
b) Inventory control: Methods of inventory control, selection of optimum method, effect of inventory control.
4. Risks Management
5. Pharmaceutical Marketing:
a) Promotion: Objectives, classification, developing a promotional plan, promotion strategy, budget and executing the program. Steps of implantation of advertising, types (display, direct mail, etc.) and preparation of advertisement. Personal selling and evaluation of promotion (general and specialized method).
b) Pricing: General consideration, pricing method, prescription pricing and professional fees.
c) Channel of distribution
d) Forecasing of sales
5. Management of Community Pharmacy and Governmental Pharmacy.
Material management in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
Material management is a methodical technique that includes planning strategies, systemizing and regulating the flow of material from procurement till the point of disembarkation.
It is the process of coordination and controlling the activities in an organization. It includes the responsibility of purchasing the materials, their scheduling from supply or from other internal sources, their handling, storage and movement through the organization, and their delivery.
THIS PPT HELP STUDENT FOR THE JAVA BASED MINIPROJECT AND ALSO HELP TO PEOPLE WHO HAD A STORE OF GROCERY AND HELP TO MANAGED THEIR STORE THROUGH REFFER OF PPT
Part of the induction course for students undertaking diploma and degree in environmental lab science, public health, Analytical Chemistry, Applied Biology, Medical Lab Sciences and Food Technology.
Goods Order Inventory System Pro is an advanced and highly sophisticated software, which is being utilized as a hospital inventory management system by many leading hospitals and clinics, running at various corners of the world. This inventory software packs many brilliant features, which makes it the best online inventory software.
SIM Unit 4
Store management :
Materials handling,
Flow of goods/FIFO,
Computerization of inventory transactions
Security of stores,
Stocking and technical impacts-
shelf life,
wastage,
pilferage
here you can find depth content of material management n the field of nursing ..
it deals with the scientific process that shows the planning organizing buying, storing, maintenance of the materials
Subject: Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management
Full Marks - 50
1. Personnel Management:
a) Definition, scope, importance, behavioral science and personnel management.
b) Motivation, moral and job satisfaction.
c) Education, training, management development and performance evaluation.
d) Means of achieving harmonious industrial relation collective bargaining, joint consultation worker council, arbitration, and industrial democracy.
2. Production Management: Definition, scope, importance and application of management, techniques and principles to production management, production planning and quality control.
3. Materials Management:
a) Purchasing: Formulating effective buying policies, determination of needs and desires of patrons, selecting the sources of supply, determination the terms of purchase, receiving, marketing and stocking goods.
b) Inventory control: Methods of inventory control, selection of optimum method, effect of inventory control.
4. Risks Management
5. Pharmaceutical Marketing:
a) Promotion: Objectives, classification, developing a promotional plan, promotion strategy, budget and executing the program. Steps of implantation of advertising, types (display, direct mail, etc.) and preparation of advertisement. Personal selling and evaluation of promotion (general and specialized method).
b) Pricing: General consideration, pricing method, prescription pricing and professional fees.
c) Channel of distribution
d) Forecasing of sales
5. Management of Community Pharmacy and Governmental Pharmacy.
Material management in hospital and community servicesKULDEEP VYAS
Material management is a methodical technique that includes planning strategies, systemizing and regulating the flow of material from procurement till the point of disembarkation.
It is the process of coordination and controlling the activities in an organization. It includes the responsibility of purchasing the materials, their scheduling from supply or from other internal sources, their handling, storage and movement through the organization, and their delivery.
THIS PPT HELP STUDENT FOR THE JAVA BASED MINIPROJECT AND ALSO HELP TO PEOPLE WHO HAD A STORE OF GROCERY AND HELP TO MANAGED THEIR STORE THROUGH REFFER OF PPT
Part of the induction course for students undertaking diploma and degree in environmental lab science, public health, Analytical Chemistry, Applied Biology, Medical Lab Sciences and Food Technology.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
2. 2Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Outline
• Introduction
• Need for materials management
• Components of materials management
• Details of Inventory management
• Managing equipment
• Managing drugs
3. 3Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Outline
• Introduction
• Need for materials management
• Components of materials management
• Details of Inventory management
• Managing equipment
• Managing drugs
4. 4Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Introduction
• Objective of ‘Materials Management’
– To establish and operate
• an efficient and effective system
• that ensures supply of required quantity and quality of
materials
• when and where it is needed
• A neglected area in health field – esp. public
services
5. 5Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Outline
• Introduction
• Need for materials management
• Components of materials management
• Details of Inventory management
• Managing equipment
• Managing drugs
6. 6Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Need for materials management - 1
• Financial benefit
– Materials make upto 40% of total expense in
health centres
– Effective management can release funds for other
purposes
• Better availability of materials
– Adequate supply of right material at the right place
whenever required
– Avoid out-of-stock situations
7. 7Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Need for materials management - 2
• Complexity in health sector
– Technical, non-technical, consumable and non-consumable
items peculiar to health sector
• Cold chain
– Vaccines to be maintained in cold chain from the point of
manufacture to point of use
• Contraceptive supply
– High priority, must be available at all times throughout the
country
• Scope for improvement
– Cost-effectiveness mostly ignored in public sector
8. 8Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Outline
• Introduction
• Need for materials management
• Components of materials management
• Details of Inventory management
• Managing equipment
• Managing drugs
9. 9Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Components of Material Management
in Health Services
• Identification of items
• Estimating demand
• Purchase and procurement
• Inspection and quality control
• Storage
• Inventory control
• Issue procedure
• Maintenance, repair, condemnation
• Information system
10. 10Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Components of Material Management
in Health Services
• Identification of items
• Estimating demand
• Purchase and procurement
• Inspection and quality control
• Storage
• Inventory control
• Issue procedure
• Maintenance, repair, condemnation
• Information system
11. 11Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Identification of items
• Large number of aggressively marketed drugs
under proprietary names
• A hospital committee – to decide the list of
drugs to be purchased (based on prevalent
morbidities and funds)
• Prefer cheap & safe generic drugs to costly
proprietary drugs
12. 12Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Components of Material Management
in Health Services
• Identification of items
• Estimating demand
• Purchase and procurement
• Inspection and quality control
• Storage
• Inventory control
• Issue procedure
• Maintenance, repair, condemnation
• Information system
13. 13Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Estimating demand - 1
• From previous trends – monthly, quarterly or
annual requirements can be estimated
• Unusual occurrences (epidemics) sh. be taken
into account
• Eg. Estimating vaccine requirement in PHC
14. 14Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Estimating demand - 2
• Estimating vaccine requirement
– No. of beneficiaries, No. of doses of each vaccine,
Wastage factor, No. of sessions
– E.g. Requirement of TT for pregnant women
• A HSC with 5000 population and birth rate of 30/1000
• 150 births with 10% pregnancy wastage = 165
• Total TT doses 165 X 2 = 330 doses
– E.g. For children
• Birth rate, IMR, no. of infants alive at one yr. of age
• Wastage factor for DPT, OPV = 1.33, BCG, Measles = 1.33
for 5 dose vial, 2 for 10 dose vial
• No. of doses divided by no. of doses per vial will give the no.
of ampoules/vials required
15. 15Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Estimating demand - 3
• Estimating IFA requirement
– No. of pregnant mothers = 165
– No. of tablets required = 16500
– 50% of women will be anaemic and require extra
100 tablets
– So total required will be = 16500 + 8250
• Similarly requirement for IFA (paed), ORS,
Septran can be calculated
16. 16Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Components of Material Management
in Health Services
• Identification of items
• Estimating demand
• Purchase and procurement
• Inspection and quality control
• Storage
• Inventory control
• Issue procedure
• Maintenance, repair, condemnation
• Information system
17. 17Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Purchase and procurement
• Objective – maximum value for rupee spent and have
minimum of delay
• Centralised
Ordering in bulk makes negotiating easy and reduces cost,
eliminate middleman, quality control
Disadvantages – delay in supply, consumer dissatisfaction
• Decentralised
Peripheral units buy their own supplies, avoids delay,
consumer satisfied, flexibility,
Disadvantages – office work increases, lack of interest or
expertise
18. 18Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Procurement in PHC
• Indenting from District level/CMO
• Action plan form (form 2)
• Supplies are received quarterly, but earlier
replenishment can be requested
19. 19Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Components of Material Management
in Health Services
• Identification of items
• Estimating demand
• Purchase and procurement
• Inspection and quality control
• Storage
• Inventory control
• Issue procedure
• Maintenance, repair, condemnation
• Information system
20. 20Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Inspection and quality control
• ISI or ISO standards of the items should be
looked for before purchasing
• Once the goods are received it must be
checked for quality and quantity
21. 21Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Components of Material Management
in Health Services
• Identification of items
• Estimating demand
• Purchase and procurement
• Inspection and quality control
• Storage
• Inventory control
• Issue procedure
• Maintenance, repair, condemnation
• Information system
22. 22Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Storage
• Separate for medical and non-medical items
• Adequate facilities – light, ventilation,
cupboards, shelves/racks, refrigerators
• Narcotics and dangerous drugs in locked
cupboard
• Storage free from vermin
23. 23Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Components of Material Management
in Health Services
• Identification of items
• Estimating demand
• Purchase and procurement
• Inspection and quality control
• Storage
• Inventory control
• Issue procedure
• Maintenance, repair, condemnation
• Information system
24. 24Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Inventory control
• Inventory
– A complete list of items such as goods in stock,
drugs, equipment
• It is method of maintaining stock of items
– At a level at which purchasing and stocking costs
are the lowest possible
– Without interference with supply
25. 25Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Components of Material Management
in Health Services
• Identification of items
• Estimating demand
• Purchase and procurement
• Inspection and quality control
• Storage
• Inventory control
• Issue procedure
• Maintenance, repair, condemnation
• Information system
26. 26Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Issue procedure - 1
• A procedure that saves time, reduces paperwork and
prevents duplication
• Written indent for issues to various depts., special rules for
dangerous and costly drugs
• First In First Out principle
– Keeping older stock in the front and newer stock at the back
• Push or allocation system
– Decision making at the top level
• Pull or requisition system
– Peripheral outlets draws stock from central stores
• Mixed system
27. 27Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Issue procedure - 2
• Maintain Stock Register
• The pharmacist or the user sh. be asked to maintain a
separate register for entering daily usage of each item
• At the end of each month the balance sh. be checked
physically
28. 28Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Components of Material Management
in Health Services
• Identification of items
• Estimating demand
• Purchase and procurement
• Inspection and quality control
• Storage
• Inventory control
• Issue procedure
• Maintenance, repair, condemnation
• Information system
29. 29Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Maintenance, repair & condemnation
• Vehicles – keeping maximum proportion of
vehicles roadworthy
• Expensive equipment require proper maintenance,
convince staff for proper cleaning inspection and
reporting about equipment
• Condemnation committee formed for worn out
objects
30. 30Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Components of Material Management
in Health Services
• Identification of items
• Estimating demand
• Purchase and procurement
• Inspection and quality control
• Storage
• Inventory control
• Issue procedure
• Maintenance, repair, condemnation
• Information system
31. 31Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Information system
• Meticulous record keeping is absolutely
essential to justify actions
• A BIN CARD – it is a record of receipt, issue
and stock in hand – maintained for each item
separately
• Stock verification regularly to ascertain
physical quantity
32. 32Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Outline
• Introduction
• Need for materials management
• Components of materials management
• Details of Inventory management
• Managing equipment
• Managing drugs
33. 33Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Inventory management - 1
• It is method of maintaining stock of items
– At a level at which purchasing and stocking costs are the
lowest possible
– Without interference with supply
• There should be a balance in stocking
– If large quantities of drugs are purchased there will be no problem of
supply and out-of-stock situation
– But maintaining large amount of items is like storing money which
could have been used for other useful purpose
– A large stock will require space and staff to manage it
– Pilferage, loss, expiry, better and newer cheaper alternatives
– The yearly carrying cost of inventory is about 25%
34. 34Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Inventory management - 2
• Managing inventory in a systematic way avoiding over or
under stocking is a scientific process
• General principal
– Fast moving items which have large consumption must be
ordered frequently while maintaining a safety buffer stock
– Items which have small consumption must be ordered
frequently with a large buffer stock
• Some techniques
– ABC analysis
– VED analysis
– SDE analysis
– FSN analysis
35. 35Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
ABC Analysis - 1
• Divides inventory into three classes based
on annual cost
Class A - high annual cost
Class B - medium annual cost
Class C - low annual cost
• Category A drugs should get high priority
because they account for bulk of
expenditure, their consumption, purchase
must be critically watched
36. 36Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Item
Stock
Number
Percent of
Number of
Items
Annual
Volume
(units) x
Unit
Cost =
Annual
cost
Percent of
Annual
cost Class
Item1 20% 1,000 $ 90.00 $ 90,000 38.8% A
Item2 500 154.00 77,000 33.2% A
Item3 1,550 17.00 26,350 11.3% B
Item4 30% 350 42.86 15,001 6.4% 23% B
Item5 1,000 12.50 12,500 5.4% B
Item6 600 $ 14.17 $ 8,502 3.7% C
Item7 2,000 .60 1,200 .5% C
Item8 50% 100 8.50 850 .4% 5% C
Item9 1,200 .42 504 .2% C
Item10 250 .60 150 .1% C
ABC Analysis - 2
72%
37. 37Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Percentofannualcost ABC Analysis - 3
A Items
80 –
70 –
60 –
50 –
40 –
30 –
20 –
10 –
B Items
C Items
0 – | | | | | | | | | |
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percent of inventory items
38. 38Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
ABC Analysis - 4
Criteria other than annual cost may also
be used
Delivery problems
Quality problems
High unit cost
39. 39Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
VED analysis
• Vital (10%) - life saving drugs, no alternatives,
can’t afford to have out-of-stock
• Essential (40%) - absence can be tolerated for
short stretches and alternatives are available
• Desirable (50%) – absence can be tolerated for
longer periods
40. 40Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Combined ABC and VED
V E D
A AV AE AD Category I – 15%
B BV BE BD Category II – 40%
C CV CE CD Category III – 45%
• Cat I – continuously monitored, keep minimum safety stock to
reduce carrying cost
• Cat II – mid level managers, low priority, moderate control
• Cat III – low level managers, high buffer stocks, lower priority
41. 41Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
SDE analysis
• Scarce – imported, frequently in short supply
• Difficult – difficult to obtain in quantity or quality
• Easy – easily available
FSN analysis
• Fast moving – large consumption
• Slow moving – small consumption
• Non-moving – obsolete drugs, lockup space and funds and
usually condemned due to expiry
42. 42Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Methods of ordering
• Two bin system
• Cyclic system
• Economic order level
43. 43Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Two bin system
• New order is placed when stocks reach a predetermined
level for which following information is required
Lead time – the interval between placing order and receiving
supply, may vary from item to item
Buffer stock – stock maintained as insurance against variations
in consumption
In RCH, for very crucial items recommended buffer is 10% and 5% for
rest of the items
Reorder level – the level at which new order is placed, equals the
amount that will be consumed in the lead time plus buffer stock
44. 44Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Cyclic system
• Various items are checked with certain
periodicity called review period
– Find out consumption, balance in hand
– The period between orders is fixed
• The quantity ordered depends upon lead time
– It the lead time is less than the review period, the
amount ordered will be the difference between
maximum stock and stock in hand
45. 45Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
d =
Reorder Points
The reorder point (ROP) tells when to order
ROP =
Demand
per day
= d x L
Lead time for a new
order in days
D
Number of working days in a year
46. 46Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Inventorylevel(units)
Reorder Point Curve
Q*
Slope = units/day = d
ROP
(units)
Lead time = L
Time (days)
47. 47Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Reorder Point Example
Demand = 8,000 tablets per year
250 working day year
Lead time for orders is 3 working days
D
d = Number of working days in a year
= 8,000/250 = 32 tablets
ROP = d x L
= 32 tablets per day x 3 days = 96 tablets
48. 48Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
On-handinventory
Q
Fixed period system
Target quantity (T)
Q4
2
Q1
P
Q3
P
P
Time
49. 49Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Inventorylevel
Variable demand with reorder point
Q
Reorder
point, R
0
LT LT
Time
51. 51Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Economic order quantity
• It is the order quantity that minimizes total
inventory holding costs and ordering costs
• EOQ is fixed for each item taking into account
– Annual requirement
– Cost of carrying inventory
– Cost ordering
• We want to determine
– the optimal number of units to order
– so that we minimize the total cost associated with the
purchase, delivery and storage of the product
52. 52Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Economic order quantity
• Variables needed to calculate EOQ = optimal
order quantity
Q = order quantity
D = annual demand quantity
S = fixed cost per order (typically cost of ordering and shipping and
handling. This is not the cost of goods)
H = annual holding cost per unit (carrying cost) (warehouse space,
refrigeration, insurance, etc. usually not related to the unit cost)
55. 54Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
EOQ Model - advantages
• The EOQ model is robust
• It works even if all parameters and
assumptions are not met
56. 55Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Outline
• Introduction
• Need for materials management
• Components of materials management
• Details of Inventory management
• Managing equipment
• Managing drugs
57. 56Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Managing equipment
• Four main procedures
Ordering -(obtaining from stores)
Storing -(recording, labelling, holding)
Issuing -(giving out, recording the issue and
balancing the stock, signed voucher)
Controlling/maintaining
58. 57Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Ordering equipment
• Making list
– A list of all required items, the exact quantity
• Balancing needs and resources
– Making a cost estimate
• Using a catalogue
• Completing order/requisition form
59. 58Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Storing equipment
• Equipment is stored in 2 places
– A main store where stocks are kept
– The place of use
• Receiving new items
– Noting in the stock register, the date, reference
number, invoice number, and quantity of items
• Keeping ledger balance after issue
60. 59Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Issuing equipment
• Ledger record
– The issue of items is noted and the balance is
entered
– Issue voucher is an official form with date,
quantity, department of use, recipient, and sign
61. 60Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Controlling/maintaining
• Convincing staff that equipment must be
cleaned, inspected and kept in good order,
defects must be reported immeddiately
• Inspection checklist and inspection schedule
• Detecting discrepancies and taking action
• Keeping accurate equipment records
62. 61Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Outline
• Introduction
• Need for materials management
• Components of materials management
• Details of Inventory management
• Managing equipment
• Managing drugs
63. 62Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Managing drugs - 1
• The objective of managing drugs is to use
drugs wisely and avoid wasting them
• Educate staff about use of drugs
– Notes on common drugs
– Correct doses
– Discuss wastage in staff meetings
– Lecture/discussion on common drugs
• Educate patients
64. 63Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Managing drugs - 2
• Preparing a standard drug list
– Selected from a list of essential drugs
– Depending upon common diseases in the hospital
– New drugs availability
– Budget
• Estimating requirement; ordering and stocking
65. 64Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Managing drugs - 3
• Stock-card system
– Sometimes used instead of a ledger
66. 65Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Managing drugs - 4
• Issuing and controlling use of drugs
• It helps in identifying when stocks need reordering,
checking usage against treatment, detecting discrepancies,
check usage in different depts.
• A/B or Double-shelf system
– when shelf A is used up
order is placed for new stock
– Part B will be used up by the
time the new order arrives
67. 66Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Managing drugs - 5
• Controlling life saving drugs
– Make a list of such drugs
– Place them together in one shelf
– Check frequently, Order new supply when
depleted to half
• Prepacking drugs
for outpatient
68. 67Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Eg. TNMSC Model
• TNMSC, the state government's drug
procurement agency, is considered
among the best centralized and
efficient public sector drug
procurement mechanism in the
country
• Primary objective - ensure ready
availability of all essential drugs and
medicines
• These improvements have helped
bring down the average cost of drugs
for inpatients in Tamil Nadu’s public
hospitals to Rs. 102, (3,268 Haryana,
2,166 Himachal Pradesh, 3,187
Rajasthan)
69. 68Rizwan S A CCM, AIIMS
Exercises
• You are the MOIC of PHC Chhainsa
1. Calculate the number of ORS packets required
for this year
2. Calculate the requirement of BCG and Measles
doses required for this quarter
3. Calculate the requirement of Paediatric Septran
tablets for this year