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SCIN130 - Introduction to Biology with Lab
Annotated Bibliography
Name:
Course Number: SCIN130
Presentation Topic: Lynx's
Source #1
Citation
(in APA format)
Williams, G. C. (2018). Adaptation and natural selection: A
critique of some current evolutionary thought (Vol. 61).
Princeton university press.
Summary
The author critique some current evolutionary ideas and
clarifies certain issues in the study of adaptation. Additionally,
the author clarifies the fundamental evolutionary processes. The
author covers natural selection, adaptation, and progress
explicitly making the book relevant to understand the concepts
of evolution.
Evaluation
The source is a book accessible from the internet in pdf format (
https://brandvainlab.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/williams-
1966.pdf ). The book is directed to advanced students and
biologists. The book credibility is unquestionable having been
written by a forthcoming biologist. The author has covered the
subject in details with comprehensible terminologies.
Source #2
Citation
(in APA format)
Lenski, R. E. (2017). What is adaptation by natural selection?
Perspectives of an experimental microbiologist. PLoS genetics,
13(4), e1006668.
Summary
First, the author of the article acknowledges that ever since
Darwin, natural selection has led to adaptive changes in
microbial populations. The article simply offers perspectives of
experimental biologists to understand the current role of natural
selection The author, therefore, covers the subject from an
experimental point of view to generate fascinating answers.
Evaluation
The author is an experienced microbiologist and is aware of his
experiential research tactics and more importantly reflects on
these issues in the study. The source is a peer-reviewed journal.
Also, the author is forthcoming about his methods and
supplements his experiences with scholarly research on
evolution, adaptation, and genetics. The source is accessible all
in approved libraries websites.
Source #3
Citation
(in APA format)
McFadden, K. A., Huang, J., Chu, X., Jiang, G., Kaufman, A. J.,
Zhou, C. ... & Xiao, S. (2008). Pulsed oxidation and biological
evolution in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(9), 3197-3202
Summary
The journal attempts to understand the logic behind pulsed
oxidation as well as biological evolution. The article seems to
target scientists and advanced students in the field of science
and biology. To some extent, the content in the article is not
easily comprehensible by anyone. From a broader perspective,
the authors tested various evolution processes and created
connections between redox change and biological evolution.
Evaluation
The source is a peer-reviewed article. The information in the
article is reliable because it was supported by recognized
National Science Foundations, and Institutes of Technologies
from across the world. The article is easily accessible from the
various universities libraries portals.
American Public University SystemMay 2018
DO NOT COPY
Use this sample as a guide to help you format your outline.
SCIN130: Introduction to Biology with Lab - The Outline
Student Name and Section Number
Assignment 2 Outline: APUS oak (Americanus quercus)
I. Introduction
A. Common and scientific names
1. Common names: APUS oak tree, APUS oak.
2. Scientific Name: Americanus quercus (Arbor Day
Foundation, 2016).
B. Observed where?
1. This tree is commonly found in Charles Town, West Virginia
where I
currently reside.
2. I have observed this organism at the local park, growing
along
roadsides and in the yards of personal residences near my home.
3. The geographic range extends across northeastern North
America,
Canada and into West Virginia.
4. It can be found as far west and north as Idaho.
C. Why I chose this organism?
1. This tree makes a beautiful canopy.
2. It is considered an ornamental tree which people choose to
plant in
their residential yards for shade, aesthetics and longevity.
Choose a
species you
can observe
in person.
Include your
in-text
citations.
Use
alphanumeric
sequencing.
3. It is also a source of lumber since it is a hardwood and
sought after
due to its durability.
4. I moved to this location recently and wanted to learn more
about the
local flora.
5. I’m considering landscaping options so learning more about
the APUS
oak may help me to decide if this tree is a good choice to plant
in my
yard.
D. Image
Oak Leaf and Acorns
(Image credit: Pixabay, Acorn Oak Leaf, 2019)
II. Body
A. Physical Description
1. Leaves: 2-6” long, 5 to 11 lobes with interspersed sinuses.
2. Twigs: Red to white with rounded buds.
3. Fruit: 0.5 to 1” acorns which are green to dark brown and
bitter-
tasting.
4. Bark: Young trees will have a dark colored bark.
a. as tree ages, bark may tinge red.
Make sure to
title and cite the
source of the
image you use.
b. fully mature tree will develop bark fissures (20-20 Site,
2012).
5. Flowers: Female and male flowers form on separate branches
a. female 3-lobed stigma forms on the oak twig.
b. male catkins or aments, form as yellow, sting-like structures
(Oak Flowers, n.d.).
6. Size: Can reach up to 100 feet in height with a canopy of
150 feet in
diameter.
B. Life Cycle and Reproduction
1. Life Cycle
a. Follows the life cycle of a hardwood tree.
b. The acorn prefers cold, wet conditions for germination.
1) optimum temperature is 34º F for 90% acorn
germination.
c. The seedling can grow in shade but grows best in full sun.
d. The sapling stage exhibits steady growth until full canopy is
achieved (Godman and Mattson, 1980).
e. Sexual maturity arrives when the ability to produce flowers
occurs at approximately 25 years.
f. Can live between 200 to 400 years.
2. Reproduction
a. Flowers bloom between March to May.
b. Trees are monoecious.
Use credible
and scholarly
sources to
support your
outline.
1) The female and male flowers are present on the
same tree but located on different parts of branches.
c. Pollination of the female flowers occurs primarily by wind.
3. Acorns mature late in summer and fall from trees (Oak
Flowers, n.d.).
C. The leaf structure and function
1. Anatomy
a. The leaves may have from 5 to 11 lobes.
b. Leaves have a primary midrib and radial veins.
c. The base of the leaf (margin) follows up to the first lobe
interspersed with sinuses.
d. The petiole attaches the leaf to the branch.
e. APUS oak leaves attach alternate on branches.
2. Physiology
a. Leaves function to produce food for the tree.
b. Leaves convert energy from sunlight into complex
molecules via photosynthesis.
c. Chlorophyll present in leaves captures photons.
d. A series of reactions inside plant cell chloroplasts produces
water, oxygen and carbohydrates (Bassow and Bazzaz,
1998).
D. Energy Ecology
1. Photosynthesis
Think about how
your organism
obtains its
energy.
Address the
anatomy and
physiology.
a. APUS oak is a primary producer.
b. It obtains its energy via photosynthesis.
c. Chloroplasts inside plant cell leaves conduct photosynthesis
to produce carbohydrates, a form of stored energy.
2. APUS oak circulates nutrients via the conductive xylem and
phloem.
a. The xylem conducts water upwards from the roots.
3. The phloem uses turgor pressure to transport sugar
molecules to plant
tissues (Archer & Barber, 2004; Photosynthesis, 2018).
E. Habitat
1. Abiotic
a. The natural environment of the APUS oak is outdoors in
temperate climates.
b. Additional abiotic factors include:
1) Well drained soils.
2) Sandy loam and nutrient rich.
3) Full-sun.
4) Stable, neutral pH.
2. Biotic
a. Some common pests of the APUS oak include defoliators,
caterpillars and oakworms.
b. Major leaf diseases are the result of fungi.
1) Oak Mildew can cause significant damage.
2) Occurs in high humidity conditions.
Address the
abiotic and biotic
factors of your
organism’s
habitat.
3) Generally, oak mildew is not an issue in healthy oak
trees (Imperial College, 2016).
III. Conclusions
A. The APUS oak tree (Americanus quercus) is commonly
found in Charles Town,
WV but can also be found across much of North American and
into Canada.
B. APUS oak is a hardwood tree that matures in 25 years, can
grow 100 feet tall and
live for hundreds of years.
C. The leaves of the APUS oak tree are multi-lobed, attach
alternate to branches and
as primary producers, conduct photosynthesis.
D. Acorns are produced in the late fall from mature APUS oak
trees that flower
between March to May that are primarily wind pollinated.
E. The APUS oak tree leaves conduct photosynthesis which
produces the trees
energy.
F. The APUS oak tree prefers a temperate climate, sandy loam,
neutral pH and well-
drained soil for optimal growth and health.
G. The APUS oak tree is one of the largest trees, a hardwood
and can live hundreds
of years which make it a unique organism.
Ensure that all
internal citation
references are listed
on the Reference
page, and vice versa.
Check your
spelling,
grammar, and
punctuation.
References
20-20 Site. (2012). See It Clearly. Oak Tree. Retrieved from:
http://www.2020site.org/trees/oak-
tree.html
Arbor Day Foundation. (2016). Oak Trees- There’s an Oak Tree
Where You Live. The Oak Tree
Family. Types of Oak Trees. Retrieved from:
https://shop.arborday.org/content.aspx?page=tree-oak
Archer, M., & Barber, J. (2004). Molecular to global
photosynthesis. River Edge, NJ: Imperial
College Press.
Bassow, S.L., and Bazzaz, F.A. (1998). “How Environmental
Conditions Affect Canopy Leaf-
Level Photosynthesis in Four Deciduous Tree Species.” Ecology
79.8 (1998): 2660–
2675. Web.
Common Trees of Pennsylvania. (n.d.). Department of
Conservation and Natural Resources
Bureau of Forestry. Retrieved from:
http://www.docs.dcnr.pa.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/docu
ment/dcnr_20029752.pdf
Godman, R. M. and Mattson, G.A. (1980). Low Temperatures
Optimum For Field Germination
of Northern Red Oak. USDA. Tree Planters Notes. [pdf].
Retrieved from: https://rnfr.net
Imperial College. (2016). Oak Pests and Disease. Oak Mildew.
Retrieved from:
https://www.opalexplorenature.org/oak-pests-diseases#/0
Use a minimum of
five credible and
scholarly references
and list in APA
format.
Oak Flowers. (n.d.). Backyard Nature Home. Oak Flowers.
Retrieved from:
http://backyardnature.net/fl_bloak.htm
Photosynthesis and Respiration. (2018). University of
California. Retrieved from:
http://fruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/generaltopics/Tree_Gro
wth_Structure/Photosynth
esis_Respiration/
Pixabay. (2019). Acorn Oak Leaf, Image File. Retrieved from:
https://pixabay.com/en/acorn-
oak-tree-fruit-nature-3632517/
http://fruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/generaltopics/Tree_Gro
wth_Structure/Photosynthesis_Respiration/
http://fruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/generaltopics/Tree_Gro
wth_Structure/Photosynthesis_Respiration/

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SCIN130 - Introduction to Biology with LabAnnotated Bibliog.docx

  • 1. SCIN130 - Introduction to Biology with Lab Annotated Bibliography Name: Course Number: SCIN130 Presentation Topic: Lynx's Source #1 Citation (in APA format) Williams, G. C. (2018). Adaptation and natural selection: A critique of some current evolutionary thought (Vol. 61). Princeton university press. Summary The author critique some current evolutionary ideas and clarifies certain issues in the study of adaptation. Additionally, the author clarifies the fundamental evolutionary processes. The
  • 2. author covers natural selection, adaptation, and progress explicitly making the book relevant to understand the concepts of evolution. Evaluation The source is a book accessible from the internet in pdf format ( https://brandvainlab.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/williams- 1966.pdf ). The book is directed to advanced students and biologists. The book credibility is unquestionable having been written by a forthcoming biologist. The author has covered the subject in details with comprehensible terminologies. Source #2 Citation (in APA format) Lenski, R. E. (2017). What is adaptation by natural selection? Perspectives of an experimental microbiologist. PLoS genetics, 13(4), e1006668. Summary
  • 3. First, the author of the article acknowledges that ever since Darwin, natural selection has led to adaptive changes in microbial populations. The article simply offers perspectives of experimental biologists to understand the current role of natural selection The author, therefore, covers the subject from an experimental point of view to generate fascinating answers. Evaluation The author is an experienced microbiologist and is aware of his experiential research tactics and more importantly reflects on these issues in the study. The source is a peer-reviewed journal. Also, the author is forthcoming about his methods and supplements his experiences with scholarly research on evolution, adaptation, and genetics. The source is accessible all in approved libraries websites. Source #3 Citation
  • 4. (in APA format) McFadden, K. A., Huang, J., Chu, X., Jiang, G., Kaufman, A. J., Zhou, C. ... & Xiao, S. (2008). Pulsed oxidation and biological evolution in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(9), 3197-3202 Summary The journal attempts to understand the logic behind pulsed oxidation as well as biological evolution. The article seems to target scientists and advanced students in the field of science and biology. To some extent, the content in the article is not easily comprehensible by anyone. From a broader perspective, the authors tested various evolution processes and created connections between redox change and biological evolution. Evaluation The source is a peer-reviewed article. The information in the article is reliable because it was supported by recognized
  • 5. National Science Foundations, and Institutes of Technologies from across the world. The article is easily accessible from the various universities libraries portals. American Public University SystemMay 2018 DO NOT COPY Use this sample as a guide to help you format your outline. SCIN130: Introduction to Biology with Lab - The Outline Student Name and Section Number Assignment 2 Outline: APUS oak (Americanus quercus) I. Introduction A. Common and scientific names 1. Common names: APUS oak tree, APUS oak. 2. Scientific Name: Americanus quercus (Arbor Day Foundation, 2016). B. Observed where? 1. This tree is commonly found in Charles Town, West Virginia where I currently reside. 2. I have observed this organism at the local park, growing
  • 6. along roadsides and in the yards of personal residences near my home. 3. The geographic range extends across northeastern North America, Canada and into West Virginia. 4. It can be found as far west and north as Idaho. C. Why I chose this organism? 1. This tree makes a beautiful canopy. 2. It is considered an ornamental tree which people choose to plant in their residential yards for shade, aesthetics and longevity. Choose a species you can observe in person. Include your in-text citations. Use
  • 7. alphanumeric sequencing. 3. It is also a source of lumber since it is a hardwood and sought after due to its durability. 4. I moved to this location recently and wanted to learn more about the local flora. 5. I’m considering landscaping options so learning more about the APUS oak may help me to decide if this tree is a good choice to plant in my yard. D. Image Oak Leaf and Acorns (Image credit: Pixabay, Acorn Oak Leaf, 2019) II. Body A. Physical Description 1. Leaves: 2-6” long, 5 to 11 lobes with interspersed sinuses.
  • 8. 2. Twigs: Red to white with rounded buds. 3. Fruit: 0.5 to 1” acorns which are green to dark brown and bitter- tasting. 4. Bark: Young trees will have a dark colored bark. a. as tree ages, bark may tinge red. Make sure to title and cite the source of the image you use. b. fully mature tree will develop bark fissures (20-20 Site, 2012). 5. Flowers: Female and male flowers form on separate branches a. female 3-lobed stigma forms on the oak twig. b. male catkins or aments, form as yellow, sting-like structures (Oak Flowers, n.d.). 6. Size: Can reach up to 100 feet in height with a canopy of 150 feet in
  • 9. diameter. B. Life Cycle and Reproduction 1. Life Cycle a. Follows the life cycle of a hardwood tree. b. The acorn prefers cold, wet conditions for germination. 1) optimum temperature is 34º F for 90% acorn germination. c. The seedling can grow in shade but grows best in full sun. d. The sapling stage exhibits steady growth until full canopy is achieved (Godman and Mattson, 1980). e. Sexual maturity arrives when the ability to produce flowers occurs at approximately 25 years. f. Can live between 200 to 400 years. 2. Reproduction a. Flowers bloom between March to May. b. Trees are monoecious. Use credible and scholarly
  • 10. sources to support your outline. 1) The female and male flowers are present on the same tree but located on different parts of branches. c. Pollination of the female flowers occurs primarily by wind. 3. Acorns mature late in summer and fall from trees (Oak Flowers, n.d.). C. The leaf structure and function 1. Anatomy a. The leaves may have from 5 to 11 lobes. b. Leaves have a primary midrib and radial veins. c. The base of the leaf (margin) follows up to the first lobe interspersed with sinuses. d. The petiole attaches the leaf to the branch. e. APUS oak leaves attach alternate on branches. 2. Physiology
  • 11. a. Leaves function to produce food for the tree. b. Leaves convert energy from sunlight into complex molecules via photosynthesis. c. Chlorophyll present in leaves captures photons. d. A series of reactions inside plant cell chloroplasts produces water, oxygen and carbohydrates (Bassow and Bazzaz, 1998). D. Energy Ecology 1. Photosynthesis Think about how your organism obtains its energy. Address the anatomy and physiology. a. APUS oak is a primary producer. b. It obtains its energy via photosynthesis.
  • 12. c. Chloroplasts inside plant cell leaves conduct photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates, a form of stored energy. 2. APUS oak circulates nutrients via the conductive xylem and phloem. a. The xylem conducts water upwards from the roots. 3. The phloem uses turgor pressure to transport sugar molecules to plant tissues (Archer & Barber, 2004; Photosynthesis, 2018). E. Habitat 1. Abiotic a. The natural environment of the APUS oak is outdoors in temperate climates. b. Additional abiotic factors include: 1) Well drained soils. 2) Sandy loam and nutrient rich. 3) Full-sun. 4) Stable, neutral pH. 2. Biotic a. Some common pests of the APUS oak include defoliators,
  • 13. caterpillars and oakworms. b. Major leaf diseases are the result of fungi. 1) Oak Mildew can cause significant damage. 2) Occurs in high humidity conditions. Address the abiotic and biotic factors of your organism’s habitat. 3) Generally, oak mildew is not an issue in healthy oak trees (Imperial College, 2016). III. Conclusions A. The APUS oak tree (Americanus quercus) is commonly found in Charles Town, WV but can also be found across much of North American and into Canada. B. APUS oak is a hardwood tree that matures in 25 years, can grow 100 feet tall and
  • 14. live for hundreds of years. C. The leaves of the APUS oak tree are multi-lobed, attach alternate to branches and as primary producers, conduct photosynthesis. D. Acorns are produced in the late fall from mature APUS oak trees that flower between March to May that are primarily wind pollinated. E. The APUS oak tree leaves conduct photosynthesis which produces the trees energy. F. The APUS oak tree prefers a temperate climate, sandy loam, neutral pH and well- drained soil for optimal growth and health. G. The APUS oak tree is one of the largest trees, a hardwood and can live hundreds of years which make it a unique organism. Ensure that all internal citation
  • 15. references are listed on the Reference page, and vice versa. Check your spelling, grammar, and punctuation. References 20-20 Site. (2012). See It Clearly. Oak Tree. Retrieved from: http://www.2020site.org/trees/oak- tree.html Arbor Day Foundation. (2016). Oak Trees- There’s an Oak Tree Where You Live. The Oak Tree Family. Types of Oak Trees. Retrieved from: https://shop.arborday.org/content.aspx?page=tree-oak Archer, M., & Barber, J. (2004). Molecular to global photosynthesis. River Edge, NJ: Imperial College Press.
  • 16. Bassow, S.L., and Bazzaz, F.A. (1998). “How Environmental Conditions Affect Canopy Leaf- Level Photosynthesis in Four Deciduous Tree Species.” Ecology 79.8 (1998): 2660– 2675. Web. Common Trees of Pennsylvania. (n.d.). Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Bureau of Forestry. Retrieved from: http://www.docs.dcnr.pa.gov/cs/groups/public/documents/docu ment/dcnr_20029752.pdf Godman, R. M. and Mattson, G.A. (1980). Low Temperatures Optimum For Field Germination of Northern Red Oak. USDA. Tree Planters Notes. [pdf]. Retrieved from: https://rnfr.net Imperial College. (2016). Oak Pests and Disease. Oak Mildew. Retrieved from: https://www.opalexplorenature.org/oak-pests-diseases#/0 Use a minimum of five credible and scholarly references and list in APA format.
  • 17. Oak Flowers. (n.d.). Backyard Nature Home. Oak Flowers. Retrieved from: http://backyardnature.net/fl_bloak.htm Photosynthesis and Respiration. (2018). University of California. Retrieved from: http://fruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/generaltopics/Tree_Gro wth_Structure/Photosynth esis_Respiration/ Pixabay. (2019). Acorn Oak Leaf, Image File. Retrieved from: https://pixabay.com/en/acorn- oak-tree-fruit-nature-3632517/ http://fruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/generaltopics/Tree_Gro wth_Structure/Photosynthesis_Respiration/ http://fruitandnuteducation.ucdavis.edu/generaltopics/Tree_Gro wth_Structure/Photosynthesis_Respiration/