Science

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EARTH SCIENCE
LITHOSPHERE

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH
CRUST
UPPER MANTLE
LOWER MANTLE
OUTER CORE
INNER CORE

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CRUST
• Crust – 35 kilometres thick and is usually
composed of potassium, sodium, aluminum and
silicon for the continental crust & iron, silicon and
magnesium for the oceanic crust. It is the outer
layer of the earth.
• Mohorivic discontinuity – boundary between the
crust and the mantle which plays a significant
role in the movement of the tectonic plates.

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MANTLE
• Mantle – second layer of the earth. About
2,900km thick and is rich in lighter elements such
as oxygen, silicon, magnesium and iron.
• Asthenosphere may be found here.
• Gutenberg discontinuity – sharp boundary
between the Earth’s mantle and core

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CORE
• Outer Core – about 2,300km thick and consists of
mainly nickel and iron but in liquid form. Third
layer of the earth.
• Inner Core – about 1,200km thick and consists of
mainly iron and nickel. It is a solid section of the
earth and is unattached to the mantle.

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ROCKS

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ROCK
• Naturally occurring solid material consisting of one
or more minerals.
• Types of rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary, and
Metamorphic

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IGNEOUS ROCKS
• Formed by the cooling and hardening of
molten materials called magma.
• Examples: Granite, Obsidian, Basalt

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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Deposited at bottoms of rivers, lakes and oceans
• Examples: Sandstone, Shale, Limestone

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METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Hardest kind of rocks produced by the hardening
of igneous and sedimentary rocks
• Examples: Marble, Slate, Quartzite