1) The document examines S&T and university-industry-government relations in rapid catch-up countries like Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. 2) It finds that unlike in Latin America, universities in East Asia have closer links to industry and government, with more collaborative research that is applicable to industrial innovation. 3) The Korean case study shows disciplinary changes over time in the scientific activities of universities, industry, and government, with increasing coordination across sectors.

1. S&T and U-I-G relations in rapid Asian
catch-up countries
27th
Aug. 2010
4S conference, Japan
Kwon, Ki-Seok & So, Min-Ho

2. 2
Contents
IntroductionⅠ
S&T and U-I-G relations in Catch-up countriesⅡ
Korean CaseⅢ
Ongoing Research: comparing 4 countriesIV
Summary and ConclusionV

3. 3
Ⅰ. Introduction

4. Background
4
 Awareness of the importance of scientific knowledge for technological
innovation is increasing both for policy practitioners and academics.
 Despite some recent attention to the relationship between public science
and industrial innovation in developing countries (Nelson, 2004;
Mazzoleni, 2003; Albuquerque, 2001; Pavitt, 2001, 1998), the topic is still
relatively unexplored.
 In particular, the evolution of U-I-G relations has rarely been explored
in the context of the catch-up countries’ national innovation system.

5. 5
II. S&T and U-I-G relations in catch-up countries

6. 6
S&T in developing countries
Science in developing countries
- Weak linkages between public research organisations and industry (Crane, 1977;
Waissbluth et al., 1988; Sutz, 2000; Intarakumnerd et al., 2002) . Isolated from local
needs (e.g. Goontatilake, 1984; Shrum & Shenhav, 1995), and linked to ‘scientific
core’ (Shrum & Shenhav, 1995)
- Latin American universities have continued to focus on basic research which is not
directly applicable to industrial innovation (Thomas, 1999)
Due to insufficient provision of scientists and research environments
as well as mismatched demand from industry, economic contribution
of science in developing countries is quite limited

7. 7
S&T in rapid catch-up countries
 Scientific research and economic contribution in catch-up
countries
- Inverted model is proposed, but undervalues the role of scientific research in catch-
up (Kim, 2000; Pack, 2000).
- A certain level of scientific capacity (‘ Focusing device’) is a ‘precondition’ for
industrial and technological development (Albuquerque, 2001)
- Bernardes & Albuquerque (2003) propose interaction model in stead of inverted
model. Close links between national science, national technology and national
economy (Pavitt, 1998 & 2001) Lattimore and Ravesz (1996) categorize Korea,
Taiwan, Singapore and India as ‘an industry-based country’ in terms of the patterns
of comparative advantage in publications . Empirically, catch up countries such as
Korea and Taiwan show simultaneous increase in both publishing and patenting,
while Brazil shows increase only in publishing (Bernardes & Albuquerque, 2003)

8. 8
S&T and U-I-G relations in rapid catch-up countries
Country
Change in share of
world publications
Change in share of
US patents
Publications per
million population
1993/1982 2006/1995 1993/1983 2006/1995 1980–1984
2002-
2006
Taiwan 5.97 1.79 12.81 2.43 23.3 2745
Korea 5.45 3.46 29.79 2.96 8.0 1786
Singapore 3.53 2.32 3.20 13.5 71.6 5089
Hong
Kong
2.37 - 2.42 - 45.9 -
India 0.83 1.14 2.45 7.0 18.1 90
Source: Kwon(2010) partly based on Nelson (2004)

9. 9
Two universities’ paths in developing countries
Source: revised from Etzkowitz (2003), p.318.
East Asia
Latin America ?
 Policy harmonization by the governments’ intervention
 Disciplinary coherence between the three actors (i.e. U,I &G)

10. 10
Disciplinary Specialisation and Quality variance
Degree of specialisation and quality variance of SCI publications in selected countries (1990-2001)
Source: Yun and Ahn (2002), The characteristics of structure and science activity in Korea: an analysis by SCI
Specialisation Quality Variance
Korea
China
Taiwan
Ireland
Japan
Netherlands
Australia
UK
Finland
Germany
France
Swiss
Canada
US
US
Canada
Swiss
France
Germany
Finland
UK
Australia
Netherlands
Japan
Ireland
China
Korea
Taiwan

11. 11
Specialisation and Quality variance
Degree of specialisation and quality variance of SCI publications in selected countries (2001-2005)
Source: authors, based on ISI database

12. 12
III. Korean Case

13. 13
Three actors’ scientific activities across disciplines
World shares of Korean SCI publications and their citations (2001-2005)

14. 14
Change of scientific activities
Change of world share of Korean universities’ publications by period

15. 15
IV. Ongoing Research : 4 Countries’ Cases

16. 16
Disciplinary change of technological activities
Korea Taiwan
Singapore
Hong Kong

17. 17
Disciplinary changes of scientific activities

18. 18
V. Summary and Conclusion

19. 19
Summary and Further Studies
 Exploring the U-I-G relations through disciplinary match between
scientific research and technological activities in catch-up countries
 Enhance indicators to measure the linkage between U, I & G
and between science and technology (e.g. patents citing papers)
 Corroboration of quantitative results based on
qualitative investigation on U-I-G policy in difference countries