Schaefer framing theory and methods overview and open questions
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An Overview over Framing Theories and Methods as they are Used in Communications Sciences. Examples stem from Research on Climate Change Communication, as the presentation was held at the workshop "International Analyses of Climate Change Communication" at the University of Hamburg.
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Schaefer framing theory and methods overview and open questions
- 1. @mss7676, mike.schaefer@zmaw.de, www.klimacampus.de/mccc.html Analysing Framing in Comparative Studies on Climate Change Communication Mike S. Schäfer Dept. of Communications / KlimaCampus, U Hamburg
- 3. What is Framing? Thomas König Robert Entman
- 4. What is Framing? (Scheufele 1999)
- 5. Types of Frames Formal: e.g. episodic vs. thematic (Iyengar) Topical: either „generic“ frames (or ‚master frames‘) which are not issue specific (e.g. consequences, responsibility, conflict, human interest, morality; cf. Semetko & Valkenburg 2000) or issue specific frames
- 6. Types of Frame-Analyses (Matthes 2007) Qualitative: inductive frame construction, close description, small no. of cases, often topical and issue specific frames Manual holistic: a priori frame definition used in standardized content analysis, sometimes based on qual. pre-study, large(r) samples, broad range of frame types Manual reductionist: a priori definition of frame elements which are used in standardized content analysis, statistical (re)construction of frames Computer-Assisted: „frame mapping“ = identifying frames by searching for specific word combinations in texts
- 7. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass. Formal Fr. Topical Frames: Generic Dirikx/Gelders 2010 Painter Brüggemann/ Engesser Topical Frames: Issue Specific Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/ Engesser Brüggemann/ Engesser Adam et al. Ivanova Wessler et al. Nerlich (?)
- 8. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass. Formal Fr. Topical Frames: Generic Dirikx/Gelders 2010 Painter Brüggemann/ Engesser Topical Frames: Issue Specific Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/ Engesser Brüggemann/ Engesser Adam et al. Ivanova Wessler et al. Nerlich (?)
- 9. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
- 10. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
- 11. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
- 12. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
- 13. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass. Formal Fr. Topical Frames: Generic Dirikx/Gelders 2010 Painter Brüggemann/ Engesser Topical Frames: Issue Specific Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/ Engesser Brüggemann/ Engesser Adam et al. Ivanova Wessler et al. Nerlich (?)
- 14. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
- 15. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
- 16. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
- 17. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
- 18. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
- 19. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication
- 20. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass. Formal Fr. Topical Frames: Generic Dirikx/Gelders 2010 Painter Brüggemann/ Engesser Topical Frames: Issue Specific Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/ Engesser Brüggemann/ Engesser Adam et al. Ivanova Wessler et al. Nerlich (?)
- 21. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass. Formal Fr. Topical Frames: Generic Dirikx/Gelders 2010 Painter Brüggemann/ Engesser Topical Frames: Issue Specific Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/ Engesser Brüggemann/ Engesser Adam et al. Ivanova Wessler et al. Nerlich (?)
- 22. Michael Brüggemann, Sven Engesser
- 23. Michael Brüggemann, Sven Engesser
- 24. Michael Brüggemann, Sven Engesser
- 25. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass. Formal Fr. Topical Frames: Generic Dirikx/Gelders 2010 Painter Brüggemann/ Engesser Topical Frames: Issue Specific Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/ Engesser Brüggemann/ Engesser Adam et al. Ivanova Wessler et al. Nerlich (?)
- 26. James Painter
- 27. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass. Formal Fr. Topical Frames: Generic Dirikx/Gelders 2010 Painter Brüggemann/ Engesser Topical Frames: Issue Specific Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/ Engesser Brüggemann/ Engesser Adam et al. Ivanova Wessler et al. Nerlich (?)
- 29. Frame-Analyses in Studies on CC Communication Qualitative FA Manual Holistic Manual Reduct. Computer Ass. Formal Fr. Topical Frames: Generic Dirikx/Gelders 2010 Painter Brüggemann/ Engesser Topical Frames: Issue Specific Olausson 2009 Brüggemann/ Engesser Brüggemann/ Engesser Adam et al. Ivanova Wessler et al. Nerlich (?)
- 30. An (Incomprehensive!) List of Questions • (What) Can we Learn from Another? Can we develop Best Practice Models (at least within the table‘s cells)? • Is something missing from the analyses? (e.g. moral evaluation) • What level of standardization/domestic adaptation did you use, w/ what experience? • Apart from generic and issue specific frames: Are there country specific frames? • (How) Can we deal with changing frames over time? • What do frames stand for in our analyses, why do we analyze them, what do we learn from them? What does this mean for our analyses? • What about other kinds of frames: visual framing, emotional framing, …?
- 31. @mss7676, mike.schaefer@zmaw.de, www.klimacampus.de/mccc.html Thanks for your Attention! mike.schaefer@zmaw.de, @mss7676 www.klimacampus.de/mccc.html
Editor's Notes
- Brüggemann/Engesser on „framing CC“: Framing crucial code existence and dominance of generic frames (risk/disaster, conflict/strategy, progress, economic, morality …) plus issue-specific frames (holistic, such as technological optimism) plus frame-elements
- Painter: holistic generic frames „uncertainty“, risk, opportunity
- Adam, Häussler et al.: framing online/offline, Entman dimensions, comparing CC and food safety, non holistic, detailed coding of issue specific frame elements in Entmans general frame dimension (ähnlich: Ivanova; Wessler et al.; and O‘Neill on visual)