This document summarizes research on climate change communication in the media. It discusses that the research field has expanded over time and diversified to analyze different countries, media types, and issues. However, television remains understudied. Past research found that media coverage of climate change has increased globally and is triggered more by political events than climate/weather events. Coverage has also shifted from a focus on science to more societal and policy issues over time. However, differences remain between countries in topics like the portrayal of skepticism. Future research opportunities include further examining newer media, entertainment coverage, visuals, audience reception, and conducting more international comparative analyses.
Agenda Setting theory, a subsidy of Communication theory. This will enable you to get full understanding of the agenda concept.
For assistance, please refer to the document:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CN9gew453uO9dYQR0EWsO8qwNOaJPJGr/view?usp=sharing
Agenda Setting theory, a subsidy of Communication theory. This will enable you to get full understanding of the agenda concept.
For assistance, please refer to the document:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1CN9gew453uO9dYQR0EWsO8qwNOaJPJGr/view?usp=sharing
Frank Bien, CEO of Looker - along with Amazon, Google and other data disrupters - discuss how innovators are deeply integrating analytics into every aspect of their businesses, from mobile to warehouse to cloud.
Frank shares Looker’s vision for the future of business intelligence and data analytics and reveal pivotal product and partnership updates.
This webinar covers Looker 4, including:
- New LookML with a refreshed syntax and full-featured Integrated Development Environment that offers contextual help as you work.
- Content Discovery, which makes it easier to curate, find, and share data across your entire company.
- New Exploration tools, like the ability to fill in missing dimension values when graphing data.
- The Strengthened Platform, with our versioned, stable API and the ability to trigger actions in other tools directly from Looker.
BDC903- News and Current Affairs Theory
Beyond Chomsky
Specialized Class vs. Bewildered Herd
Hegelian Dialectic, Ignorance and Fear as Control
Love, RTA= Bring Good back into the world (media)
In this lecture, I introduce several common cognitive biases and logical fallacies, explain how to identify fake news, and suggest steps that can be taken to enhance one's ability to be a smart consumer of news.
Handling fake news and eyewitness mediaAlastair Reid
How to debunk hoaxes effectively, deal with graphic images and understand copyright on social media – as presented at the 2016 Online News Association annual conference
Psychological and Spiritual Impacts of Climate ChangePanu Pihkala
Presentation at the European Christian Environmental Network Assembly in Helsinki, 12.6.2016. It deals with the challenge of eco-anxiety and environment-related depression especially from the point of view of Christian churches.
I was recently asked to put together a presentation on the fake news phenomenon for discussions with leading journalists and media institutions in a developing country, with extremely poor media literacy but strong growth around social media use, on how to both identify misleading content and also stem its flow, reach and influence.
Download the full presentation as a PowerPoint (with embedded videos) or as an Apple Keynote file, here - https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxbk4wYolphwcVk4bV85aEFtYXc
Mass communication: A critical, social scientific and cultural approachDr. Aitza Haddad Nuñez
Chapter 1: Mass Communication: A Critical Approach Chapter 15: Social Scientific and Cultural Approaches to Media ResearchCampbell, R., et al. (2011). Media Essentials: A Brief Introduction. Bedford/St.Martin’s. p.3-29, p.420-443
Frank Bien, CEO of Looker - along with Amazon, Google and other data disrupters - discuss how innovators are deeply integrating analytics into every aspect of their businesses, from mobile to warehouse to cloud.
Frank shares Looker’s vision for the future of business intelligence and data analytics and reveal pivotal product and partnership updates.
This webinar covers Looker 4, including:
- New LookML with a refreshed syntax and full-featured Integrated Development Environment that offers contextual help as you work.
- Content Discovery, which makes it easier to curate, find, and share data across your entire company.
- New Exploration tools, like the ability to fill in missing dimension values when graphing data.
- The Strengthened Platform, with our versioned, stable API and the ability to trigger actions in other tools directly from Looker.
BDC903- News and Current Affairs Theory
Beyond Chomsky
Specialized Class vs. Bewildered Herd
Hegelian Dialectic, Ignorance and Fear as Control
Love, RTA= Bring Good back into the world (media)
In this lecture, I introduce several common cognitive biases and logical fallacies, explain how to identify fake news, and suggest steps that can be taken to enhance one's ability to be a smart consumer of news.
Handling fake news and eyewitness mediaAlastair Reid
How to debunk hoaxes effectively, deal with graphic images and understand copyright on social media – as presented at the 2016 Online News Association annual conference
Psychological and Spiritual Impacts of Climate ChangePanu Pihkala
Presentation at the European Christian Environmental Network Assembly in Helsinki, 12.6.2016. It deals with the challenge of eco-anxiety and environment-related depression especially from the point of view of Christian churches.
I was recently asked to put together a presentation on the fake news phenomenon for discussions with leading journalists and media institutions in a developing country, with extremely poor media literacy but strong growth around social media use, on how to both identify misleading content and also stem its flow, reach and influence.
Download the full presentation as a PowerPoint (with embedded videos) or as an Apple Keynote file, here - https://drive.google.com/open?id=0Bxbk4wYolphwcVk4bV85aEFtYXc
Mass communication: A critical, social scientific and cultural approachDr. Aitza Haddad Nuñez
Chapter 1: Mass Communication: A Critical Approach Chapter 15: Social Scientific and Cultural Approaches to Media ResearchCampbell, R., et al. (2011). Media Essentials: A Brief Introduction. Bedford/St.Martin’s. p.3-29, p.420-443
Loosen: The Journalism/Audience-Relationship as a Communicative Figuration I...jpub 2.0
Wiebke Loosen: The Journalism/Audience-‐Rela5onship as a Communicaitve Figuration. Presentation at the International Communication Association's 65th annual conference, May 22nd 2015, San Juan
@ WLoosen
Role of Media for Boosting the Morale of Audience during COVID 19 Pandemic A ...ijtsrd
Mass media is considered as a powerful force on shaping and presenting the world to the masses. The role of media in the times of crisis and how effectively public health communication is carried out by media is also studied here. The study brings out the relevance of media analysis during the time of pandemic and its effectiveness in communicating the information on pandemic to the masses. The study also aims to understand the role of opinion leader done by media during pandemic using survey method with structured questionnaire. The study has clearly shown justice to find out the role of media in promoting unity in pandemic times and also monitored media role of dissemination of true information to the masses. The study also focussed on effectiveness of crisis management by media during pandemic. Dr. Saranya Thaloor "Role of Media for Boosting the Morale of Audience during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Critical Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31373.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/journalism/31373/role-of-media-for-boosting-the-morale-of-audience-during-covid19-pandemic-a-critical-study/dr-saranya-thaloor
The Future of Science Communication? Perspectives from SciComm ResearchMike Schäfer
Keynote by Mike S. Schäfer at the "Future of Science Communication" Conference, June 24, 2021, organized by ALLEA - All European Academies and Wissenschaft im Dialog
Understanding and Implementing Innovation in News Media and JournalismDamian Radcliffe
It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a media company in possession of a good fortune (an audience, brand recognition and decent revenues), must (still) be in want of innovation.
The pace of change in our industry means that even the biggest, most successful, companies need to continually innovate, refresh and reinvent what they do and how they do it. Those who don’t risk being left behind, overtaken by digital upstarts, or blown away by more established players with deeper pockets and a longer transformational runway.
I asked 10 experts — leading media practitioners, researchers and scholars around the world — for their insights around what constitutes innovation, the barriers to implementing it, and how to overcome these roadblocks.
--
This report is based on a series of in-depth email interviews with ten leading media practitioners, researchers and scholars around the world.
It would not have been possible without the thoughtful and insightful contributions provided by Federica Cherubini, Professor Lucy Kueng, Joon-Nie Lau, Nic Newman, Rishad Patel, Professor Devadas Rajaram, Thomas Seymat, Professor Jane Singer, Patricia Torres-Burd and Dr. Gillian Youngs.
The report was produced as part of the Journalism Breakthroughs project, The Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS); a research center for the study of media, communication, and information policy and its impact on society and practice.
Presentation of the "COVID19 Edition" of the Science Science Barometer (www.Wissenschaftsbarometer.ch) at the "FORS Swiss Covid-19 Data Symposium", March 23, 2021
By Mike S. Schäfer, Niels Mede, Julia Metag & Kira Klinger
Trends in the Science Communication Ecosystem & how the Pandemic Catalyzed ThemMike Schäfer
Talk in the Webinar "2021 Trends in Science Communication – and the role of the Covid-19 pandemic", organized by The Nordic Alliance for Communication & Management together with the European Association of Communication Directors
Between Demoncratization and Panda Bear Science: What Scientific Projects Suc...Mike Schäfer
Keynote tTalk by Mike S. Schäfer at the First Swiss Crowdfunding Science Festival - https://www.sciencecrowdfunding.ch - at Kunsthalle Zurich, Oct. 12, 2018
Eröffnungsvortrag von Prof. Dr. Mike S. Schäfer zu IPU Konferenz "Man soll nicht nicht kommunizieren: Kommunikation im Umwelt- und Nachhaltigkeitsbereich", Volkshaus Zürich, 28. Oktober 2016
Wissenschaftsbarometer Schweiz - Ergebnisse und PerspektivenMike Schäfer
Präsentiert werden erste Ergebnisse des Langzeit-Projektes Wissenschaftsbarometer Schweiz. In dieser Befragung, die aller 3 Jahre stattfindet, wird die Schweizer Bevölkerung nach ihren Meinungen und Einstellungen zu Wissenschaft und Forschung sowie zu ihren Informationsquellen zu diesen Themen gefragt.
Keynote "Wohin entwickelt sich die Wissenschaftskommunikation?"Mike Schäfer
Keynote von Mike S. Schäfer zur IBH-Tagung "Wissenschaftskommunikation":
http://www.unisg.ch/~/media/internet/content/dateien/unisg/hsgservices/hsgmediacorner/aktuell/2014/oktober/ibh-tagung-wissenschaftskommunikation-einladung.pdf?fl=de
Herausforderungen der WissenschaftskommunikationMike Schäfer
Keynote von Mike S. Schäfer zur Schweizer Nationalen Konferenz für Wissenschaftskommunikation ScienceComm14, veranstaltet von Science et Cite, 18.9.2014, Beromünster
Schaefer framing theory and methods overview and open questionsMike Schäfer
An Overview over Framing Theories and Methods as they are Used in Communications Sciences. Examples stem from Research on Climate Change Communication, as the presentation was held at the workshop "International Analyses of Climate Change Communication" at the University of Hamburg.
Ivanova & Schaefer - Frames in grossen MedienkorporaMike Schäfer
Folien zu unserem Vortrag "Zur Identifikation von Frames in großen Medien-Korpora. Ein methodischer Vorschlag und seine Exemplifikation anhand der Klimaberichterstattung" im Rahmen der DGuK-Jahrestagung 2013 in Mainz.
Abstract: Das Framing-Konzept gehört zum Kernbestand der Kommunikationswissenschaft. Es dient dazu, in (Medien-)Texten latente Bedeutungsstrukturen aufzudecken. Gängige Verfahren sind meist auf vorgegebene inhaltsanalytische Kategorien und/oder Interpretationen der Forscher angewiesen und bleiben bislang auf kleinere und mittelgroße Textkorpora beschränkt. Sie können daher die Möglichkeiten, die in der zunehmenden Verfügbarkeit elektronischer Volltextarchive oder des Internets als Datenquelle angelegt sind, nur begrenzt nutzen. Der hier präsentierte methodische Vorschlag soll ein erster Schritt auf dem Weg dahin sein, Frames auch in größeren Medien-Korpora identifizieren zu können. Mittels Faktorenanalysen arbeiten wir latente Bedeutungsstrukturen aus einem umfangreichen Printmedien-Korpus zu deutscher und US-Klimaberichterstattung heraus. Abschließend diskutieren wir Potenziale und Begrenzungen des Verfahrens.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Climate Change in the Media: Where have we been and where are we headed?
1. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media ResearchIPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Climate Change in the Media
Where have we been, and where should we be headed?
Prof. Dr. Mike S. Schäfer
University of Zurich – Dept. of Mass Communication & Media Research
eMail: m.schaefer@ipmz.uzh.ch – Twitter: @mss7676
www.ipmz.uzh.ch/Abteilungen/Wissenschaftskommunikation.html
2. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
2
What‘s the Plan?
Climate change in the media:
Why should we talk about this?
The Research Field:
Development, Foci, and Gaps
Where have we been?
Main research findings
Where should we be headed?
Avenues for future research
3. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Introduction
Climate change in the media:
Why should we talk about this?
4. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
4
Climate change is an ‚unobtrusive‘ issue …
… „one of the defining issues of our
age“
5. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
5
Climate change is an ‚unobtrusive‘ issue …
… „one of the defining issues of our
age“
… but at the same time, not easy to
grasp: complex,
Nature 2010
6. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
6
Climate change is an ‚unobtrusive‘ issue …
… „one of the defining issues of our
age“
… but at the same time, not easy to
grasp: complex, large-scale,
IPCC 2014 (2007)
7. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
7
Climate change is an ‚unobtrusive‘ issue …
… „one of the defining issues of our
age“
… but at the same time, not easy to
grasp: complex, large-scale, with
major implications in the future
DARA 2013
8. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
8
… which many people experience via media
… „one of the defining issues of our
age“
… but at the same time, not easy to
grasp: complex, large-scale, with
major implications in the future
… in sum: it is an „unobtrusive“ issue,
and therefore, communication
about climate change is important
Schäfer 2012
9. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
9
… which many people experience via media
… „one of the defining issues of our age“
… but at the same time, not easy to grasp:
complex, large-scale, with major
implications in the future
… in sum: it is an „unobtrusive“ issue,
and therefore, communication
about climate change is important
… particularly media are “important
arenas and important agents in the
production, reproduction, and
transformation of the meaning” of
climate change (Carvalho, 2010: 172)
Schäfer 2012
10. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
The Research Field
11. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
The research field …
… expanded over time
12. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
The research field …
… expanded over time
… diversified in analysed
countries
13. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
The research field …
… expanded over time
… diversified in analysed
countries
14. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
The research field …
… expanded over time
… diversified in analysed
countries
15. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
The research field …
… expanded over time
… diversified in analysed
countries & media
16. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
The research field …
… expanded over time
… diversified in analysed
countries & media
17. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
The research field …
… expanded over time
… diversified in analysed
countries & media
18. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
The research field …
… expanded over time
… diversified in analysed
countries & media
… but gaps & analytical
challenges remain – TV
is under-researched
!
19. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
The research field …
… expanded over time
… diversified in analysed
countries & media
… but gaps & analytical
challenges remain – TV
is under-researched,
strong ‚Western‘ bias &
focus on ‚responsible‘
countries
20. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
The research field …
… expanded over time
… diversified in analysed
countries & media
… but gaps & analytical
challenges remain – TV
is under-researched,
strong ‚Western‘ bias &
focus on ‚responsible‘
countries, but not
‚vulnerable‘ ones
21. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Introduction
Where have we been?
22. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Stakeholder Communication and
Agenda Building
•different modes of agenda building with
prominent involvement of scientists:
successful scientific agenda building in GER,
persistant „climate denial machine“ (McCright &
Dunlap 2011) in US
We‘ve been to many interesting places
Der Spiegel 33/1986
23. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Stakeholder Communication and
Agenda Building
•different modes of agenda building with
prominent involvement of scientists:
successful scientific agenda building in GER,
persistant „climate denial machine“ (McCright &
Dunlap 2011) in US
„Climate Journalists“
•professionalization of „climate journalists“ who
mostly share IPCC positions
We‘ve been to many interesting places
24. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Stakeholder Communication and
Agenda Building
•different modes of agenda building with
prominent involvement of scientists: successful
scientific agenda building in GER, persistant
„climate denial machine“ (McCright & Dunlap
2011) in US
„Climate Journalists“
•professionalization of „climate journalists“ who
mostly share IPCC positions
The Audience: Use and Effects
•media as important & trustworthy sources of
information about climate change
•agenda setting effects, some cognitive effects;
but limited attitudinal and behavioral effects
We‘ve been to many interesting places
Sampei & Aosagi 2009
25. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Media attention in 27
Countries over 15 Years
•using quality print media,
1996-2010
•approx. 150,000 articles
•measuring percentage of
entire coverage that
mentions CC
•using complex search
strings and extensive manual
cross-checks
CC is a relevant media issue around the world
26. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
CC is a relevant media issue around the world
Schmidt et al. 2014
Media attention in 27
Countries over 15 Years
• attention rises in all
countries, particularly
since mid-2000s
• overall attention levels
comparatively high (e.g.
compared to „genohype“
(Racine et al. 2006))
• pronounced peaks
around certain events,
particularly COP 15 in
2009
27. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Triggers of media
attention for climate
change
Media coverage is triggered mainly by socio-politics
28. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Triggers of media
attention for climate
change
• time series regression
models explaining
amount of issue
attention
• for Australia, Germany,
India
Media coverage is triggered mainly by socio-politics
29. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Triggers of media
attention for climate
change
• time series regression
models explaining
amount of issue
attention
• for Australia, Germany,
India
• explanatory factors:
„problem indicators“,
Media coverage is triggered mainly by socio-politics
30. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Triggers of media
attention for climate
change
• time series regression
models explaining
amount of issue
attention
• for Australia, Germany,
India
• explanatory factors:
„problem indicators“,
„key events“,
Media coverage is triggered mainly by socio-politics
31. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Triggers of media
attention for climate
change
• time series regression
models explaining
amount of issue
attention
• for Australia, Germany,
India
• explanatory factors:
„problem indicators“,
„key events“, „societal
feedback“
Media coverage is triggered mainly by socio-politics
32. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Triggers of media
attention for climate
change
• showing low importance
of climate/weather
events
Media coverage is triggered mainly by socio-politics
33. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Triggers of media
attention for climate
change
• showing low importance
of climate/weather
events
• high importance of key
events, esp. political
events
Media coverage is triggered mainly by socio-politics
34. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Triggers of media
attention for climate
change
• showing low importance
of climate/weather
events
• high importance of key
events, esp. political
events as well as of
political and NGO activity
Media coverage is triggered mainly by socio-politics
35. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
There‘s a „societal turn“ in media coverage
Trend towards societal
issues in climate change
reporting over time
36. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
There‘s a „societal turn“ in media coverage
Trend towards societal
issues in climate change
reporting over time
•not merely a science issue
anymore: issue moves
from science desk to
politics & economy
Ivanova 2013
37. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
There‘s a „societal turn“ in media coverage
Trend towards societal
issues in climate change
reporting over time
•not merely a science issue
anymore: issue moves
from science desk to
politics & economy
•content of coverage less
scientific, more political
& economic
Ivanova 2013
scientific
political
economic
38. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
There‘s a „societal turn“ in media coverage
Trend towards societal
issues in climate change
reporting over time
•not merely a science issue
anymore: issue moves
from science desk to
politics & economy
•content of coverage less
scientific, more political
& economic
Ivanova 2013
scientific
political
economic
Kirilenko & Stepchenkova 2012
39. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
But considerable differences remain
Apart from temporal
changes and general
trends, differences in
content between
countries/regions remain
40. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
But considerable differences remain
Apart from temporal
changes and general
trends, differences in
content between
countries/regions remain
•in the focus on science and the
degree of climate
change “skepticism”
Painter & Ashe 2012
41. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
But considerable differences remain
Apart from temporal
changes and general
trends, differences in
content between
countries/regions remain
•in the focus on science and the
degree of climate
change “skepticism”
•in the degree of ethnocentrism
Ivanova 2013,
vgl. Konieczny 2013
42. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
But considerable differences remain
Apart from temporal
changes and general
trends, differences in
content between
countries/regions remain
•in the focus on science and the
degree of climate
change “skepticism”
•in the degree of ethnocentrism
•in the framing of climate change
between the
‘Global North’ and ‘South’
vgl. Schmidt 2015
43. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Where should we be headed?
44. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Where should we be headed?
Follow the „societal turn“! Focus
on communication about socio-
political implications more.
45. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Where should we be headed?
Follow the „societal turn“! Focus
on communication about socio-
political implications more.
Account for the diversification of
the media! Include online, social
and mobile media as well as
fictional/entertainment content.
46. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Where should we be headed?
Follow the „societal turn“! Focus
on communication about socio-
political implications more.
Account for the diversification of
the media! Include online, social
and mobile media as well as
fictional/entertainment content.
Account for multimodality! Include
(audio)visuals and account for
their interaction.
47. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Where should we be headed?
Follow the „societal turn“! Focus
on communication about socio-
political implications more.
Account for the diversification of
the media! Include online, social
and mobile media as well as
fictional/entertainment content.
Account for multimodality! Include
(audio)visuals and account for
their interaction.
Connect media presentation to
consumption!
48. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Where should we be headed?
Follow the „societal turn“! Focus on
communication about socio-political
implications more.
Account for the diversification of the
media! Include online, social and
mobile media as well as
fictional/entertainment content.
Account for multimodality! Include
(audio)visuals and account for their
interaction.
Connect media presentation to
consumption!
De-Westernize Research! And analyse
the (potential) transnationalization of
communication.
49. IPMZ – Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research
Thank you for your attention!
Mike S. Schäfer
m.schaefer@ipmz.uzh.ch; Twitter @mss7676
www.ipmz.uzh.ch/Abteilungen/Wissenschaftskommunikation.html
Editor's Notes
Thanks for inviting me, I‘m honored to be here
Will give overview over research field of CCC or, more specifically, CC in media
I will focus on the presentation side, that is, on the ways in which climate change is presented in media
I will first talk a bit about the relevance of this perspective and lay out the contours of the research field
Afterwards, I will present some of the research I have done – as this is a research colloquium I thought I might mention some of my research! ;-) – but also try to blend it into a more general picture of the research field and its findings
And after having talked about „Where have we been“, I will use the final part of my presentation to lay out shortly a few directions I think we should be headed
Media effects reesarch has shown, e.g., that media are successful agenda setters when it comes to CC (as well as other isuses), i.e. that media influence the topics that audience members – and also politicians – have in their mind
Accordingly, quite a lively research field has developed around climate change communication in the media
I want to give you a short overview over this field, its foci and its gaps
Very simple Study
extracted articles from ISI Web of Knowledge: multidisciplinary database w/ some 1,700 scientific journals from fifty disciplines
several advantages: includes leading interdisciplinary journals such as “Nature” and “Science” as well as the most relevant journals of arguably every scientific field, such as the “American Journal of Sociology”, the “Journal of Communication” and the “American Political Science Review”
serves as a point of reference for information and orientation for scholars, committees and funding agencies
second sampling strategy to address shortcomings of WoK (which does not represent all disciplines equally well and whose coverage of English language and US- or UK-based journals is better than that of other publications)
systematically screened existing overview publications on climate change communication and extracted all relevant publications – books, book sections and journal articles – that were not already included in WoK.
Broad search terms that operationalized the phenomenon of climate change as well as different kinds of mass media ((climate change) OR (global warming) OR (greenhouse effect))” in combination with “media OR press OR news OR internet OR web OR online OR television OR TV OR radio OR broadcast OR movie OR film OR cinema”
Full search in terms of dates of publication, languages, countries; all texts from 1956 to 2013
Based on this search, we produced a preliminary sample of several thousand publications which were then screened manually
If they included original research findings of how media present climate change, they were included
final sample of 133 publications: 100 journal articles, 25 are book chapters, 8 books
Information about these publications was coded: information about publication itself (author(s), title, journal, publication date), research objects (media types, countries of focus, periods of analysis), and methodology (cross-sectional, longitudinal, case study, qualitative vs. quantitative, random or other sampling strategy).
I’ll show you some results from there
Firstly you see that research on CC communication has grown
We also looked at the research objects … and we did so over time, distinguishing three time periods
What can you see here then?
Early on, we had a lot of studies from the US
And we still do, but less
Early on, many studies used newspaper data, esp. quality broadsheets
And still a lot!
still contains a number of biases and gaps,
e.g. that it analyzes mostly legacy print media, and less often online media or TV
that it analyses mostly Western countries, esp. those from anglophone context
When looking at this research field, what has been found out? – or in other words: „where have we been“ as scholars in this field?
I will highlight some findings I think are relevant, not all of course
As you know, the existence of climate change itself, its urgency, and the appropriate responses to it are contested, “with considerable competition among (and between) scientists, industry, policymakers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), each of whom is likely to be actively seeking to establish their particular perspectives on the issues” in the public and in the media in order to influence the societal perceptions of climate change and decisions about paths of action
A considerable number of studies from political science, sociology, communications, and public relations have analyzed these efforts
They have shown that science is almost always involved, and some scientists very actively, in debates or even “climate wars”, as Michael E. Mann has called it in the US
and they have shown different national trajectories,
with Germany being a country where the “climate catastrophy” was introduced in the 1980s by scientists into the media after politics had not really heard them; and after media made it a big issue politics reacted quickly and made it a research and political priority
And with the US being a country with a strong “climate denial machine” which works until today, which influences public perception of climate change, and which hampers political action on it
There is some work on climate journalists – i.e. those journalists writing often or primarily on climate change
It shows, for example, a professionalization in the topical focus: there are specialists in media focusing on this topic, but not necessarily from the science desks
And these climate journalists largely support the main IPCC positions: Michael Brüggemann and Sven Engesser have surveyed climate journalists in Germany, India, Switzerland, UK, USA
Frage: in welchem Maße teilen die Journalisten die Grundannahmen der IPCC-Position bzw. des hier vorgestellten Frames
Ich zeige ihnen eine einfache Auswertung
Man konnte auf Skala 1-5 antworten
5 heisst: “stimme voll und ganz zu”
Journalisten teilen IPCC-Position sehr deutlich und wenn man genauer hinschaut, dass dies auf Vielschreiber zum Thema noch stärker zutrifft
umgekehrt: sehen skeptische Positionen kritisch
finden eher nicht, dass dies eine wichtige Perspektive ist
und auch eher nicht, dass es sich dabei um gute Wissenschaft handelt
You‘ve seen that already
Mass Media are Important and Trusted Sources for Climate Change Information:
mass media—particularly television and newspapers, but increasingly the internet as well—are the most important sources for people’s information about climate change
mass media also seem to be credible sources
Studies on the effects of media representations of climate change have mainly focused on individual-level effects on people’s problem awareness, their level of information, and their willingness to act, i.e. on potential first-level agenda-setting effects, on learning and mobilization
Agenda Setting Effects Exist:
They have demonstrated that the amount of climate change representations that people encounter in mass media is linked to their awareness of the issue, pointing towards an agenda-setting effect.
Media Use Increases Knowledge:
Cognitive effects of media representations of climate change have also been repeatedly shown. People acquire information about the issue from the media and learn something about it. This includes factual information about the phenomenon itself—the extent and causes of climate change—as well as potential solutions and options for (individual) action.
effects on climate change-related behavior has not yet been established.
Studies have found effects of media use on people’s information-seeking; those using media and learning from them are more likely to search for more information about climate change in the future. Regarding climate-related behavior and action, however, only some weak media effects have been found, and in practically all cases refer to behavioral intentions rather than actual behavior.
But let us focus on media presentations – as this is my focus. What do we know about them?
First, lets look at a simple – but not trivial – indicator: issue attention.
the “carrying capacity” of news media is limited due to finite numbers of newspaper pages or airtime minutes
So they can only give attention to some issues
Media attention measures the outcome of this issue competition, i.e. the amount of attention given to one issue in relation to the amount of attention given to other issues at the same time.
Therefore, we‘ve analyzed it in a project in Hamburg
Amount of media coverage on climate change in 27 countries between 1996-2010
Focus on leading quality newspapers
We tried to assemble all articles touching upon climate change, with a very complex, tedious, and hopefully thorough procedure
Final number = 150,000 Articles
You are not able to see details here, I know – but that‘s okay. What I wanted to show you are the general features of issue attention
attention rises in all countries, particularly since mid-2000s
overall attention levels comparatively high (e.g. compared to „genohype“ (Racine et al. 2006)
climate change coverage accounts for 0.62 percent of all articles published between 1997 and 2009 in the 37 newspapers under study. This amount may appear to be low at first, but it is still considerable. Other frequently discussed scientific themes in the media, such as stem cell or human genome research, which were even deemed to be receiving ‘‘hype’’ coverage in the media (Racine et al., 2006), obtained significantly less media coverage in Germany, France, and the United States (comparison based on Gerhards and Scha¨ fer, 2006; Scha¨ fer, 2007; for aggregated numbers see Scha¨ fer et al., 2012, p. 126).
pronounced peaks around certain events, particularly COP 15 in 2009
But how can these peaks be explained, what drives issue attention?
We tried to analyze this in another study
Why these countries?
Firstly, we included only democratic countries, in which freedom of the press was largely guaranteed throughout the period of investigation (according to Freedom House, 2012). Otherwise, the potential effects of some elements of our explanatory model would have been impossible to see – in an analysis of state-controlled media, the activities of domestic and international non-state actors might take a backseat to official state views.
Secondly, we aimed to include countries with varying degrees of vulnerability to climate risks (Harmeling, 2009) and varying obligations to reduce GHG emissions (United Nations, 1998).
Thirdly, we aimed to include Western as well as a non-Western countries.
Theoretical framework follows a study by Liu et al.:
agenda setting theory, which aims to describe the emergence of media and policy agendas as well as their effects on each other and on external audiences
first group: “problem indicators” - “factual indicators surrounding the problem” (Liu, et al., 2011: 406)
On the one hand, “baseline information” like average temperatures including long-term developments such as increasingly warmer winters or significantly hotter or colder summers
On the other hand, “short-term extreme weather conditions” (Liu, et al., 2011: 406) that have high been hypothesized to have high news value due to the potential damage they do
We included the mean temperature over time at the places of publication of the analyzed newspapers
As well as international and domestic extreme weather events: for that we obtained data on the death toll, number of people affected and estimated damage for heat waves, wildfires, droughts, storms, storm surges and floods from the International Disaster Database EM-DAT (initiated by WHO and Belgian Government)
second category: “focusing events”
Which catalyze concerns, make them visible, “mobilize interest groups” and probably “introduce new dimensions and new policy alternatives”
We included several focusing events on the international level
Within the UN system, the annual COPs
the United Nations Conferences on Environment and Development, the so called Rio (+x) summits, that deal with climate change
Summits of the EU and the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, the Group of Eight, the ministerial meetings of the Gleneagles dialogue were also added if they focused at least partially on climate change
we added the publication dates of IPCC assessment reports
the international and national premieres of movies dealing with climate change (An Inconvenient Truth, The Day after Tomorrow, The Great Climate Swindle) and the Live Earth concerts
Third factor: “societal feedback” - refers to the communications of stakeholders and pressure groups including the scientific community
We included societal feedback by measuring the communication activities of different stakeholders
the number of domestic parliamentary papers and debates on climate change
the number of press releases issued by international NGOs Greenpeace International and WWF International
The press releases of the respective national Greenpeace branches and in each case a second important national ENGO.
scientific activities were included as the number of research articles on climate change published in the two top international journals Science and Nature and, for the domestic level, as the number of research articles published by scientists from the respective country in journals included in the ISI Web of Knowledge.
the number of press releases issued by big national companies from the energy, automotive and energy sectors
How to read this
Only significant effects are indicated by checkmarks .
Strong effects are indicated by two or more checkmarks depending on the strength of the effect
First finding:
Factual indicators, i.e. weather and climate data, do not systematically trigger issue attention in Australia and India
Yet they play a role in Germany
Likely due to 1 outstanding event: the “flood of the century” (“Jahrhundertflut”) on the river Elbe in 2002 triggered large amount of media coverage, was linked to climate change, coincided with parliamentary elections, management supposedly swung elections in favor of then-Chancellor Gerhard Schröder
A more detailed time-series analysis also revealed that floods were the only extreme weather events which had a significant effect on media attention. And when comparing the frequency and severity of extreme weather events in the three countries over time based on EM-DAT data, this particular flood stood out much stronger in Germany than any event in the other countries
Second finding:
Social Key events have consistently stronger effects
particularly political events: the COPs
but also (weaker) other events
two other international political events show significant effects – the United Nations Conferences on Environment and Development (Rio summits) in Australia and the climate-related G8 summits in India
As well as the cultural events in Australia
Third finding
Activities from international NGOs are also very important
as well as domestic politics in Australia and Germany
Also interesting: in India, only international triggers show an effect; it‘s an international issue there
Mind you, however: This only explains the amount of issue attention media devote to climate change.
But I am showing you this because I think these findings are indicative of a more general change on climate change communication:
They hint towards what I would call a „societal turn“ in media coverage on climate change
With a societal turn I mean that the media‘s focus on the existence of the phenomenon of climate change as such and the science underlying it is shifting towards an acceptance of that and to matters of „what to do about it“ politically, economically, in everyday life
This turn is visible in other dimensions, too
Based on research done by Ana Ivanova
Nur Deutschland
Basis etwa 15000 Zeitungsartikel
1996-2010
Show percentage of articles published in different newspaper segments
Similar in US
Diktionärsbasierte korpuslinguistische Analyse (keine LDA)
selbe Datenbasis
erstellt Induktiv und deduktiv – in einem iterativen Verfahren – Diktionäre („bags of words“)
Kann dann deren Verlauf über längere Zeit ansehen
Mehrere Inhalte pro Artikel möglich, daher Summe > 100%
Ergebnisse:
Wissenschaftliche Inhalte – gibt es den Klimawandel? Ist der menschengemacht? Wie sicher ist die Wissenschaft dazu? – sinken ab; von jedem 2. Artikel in 90ern zu jedem 3.
Anstieg politische Aspekte (40 auf fast 70%) steigen
wirtschaftlicher Aspekte steigen (Verdopplung von 10 auf 20%)
LDA, nur New York Times
1995-2010
For set of 10 countries (UK, US, AUSTR, NZ, CAN, IND, South Africa, Singapore, Namibia, )
- LDA results over all countries
These two trends are similar in different countries – even though ou should keep in mind what countries research has mostly focused on:
there‘s more issue attention
There‘s a societal turn
But parallel to these trends, there are still lingering, partly path dependent differences between countries
Painter zeigt ähnliches in „Poles Apart“: in US/UK deutlich mehr skeptical voices – see this graph from his 2012 paper with Teresa Ashe
Studie von Grundmann und Scott
Zeigt Anteil von Skeptikern – blau – vs. „Advocates“ (Befürwortern des Klimawandels), NGOs und IPCC
In Deutschland, UK, USA
Was sieht man?
In D ausgeprägte Debatte, fast keine Skeptiker
In UK auch ausgeprägt, mehr Skeptiker als in D, aber Übergewicht der Befürworter
In USA weniger ausgeprägt, noch immer mehr Skeptiker als in D und auch anteilig zur Berichterstattung; aber auch deutlicher Anstieg der Befürworter
Denken Sie an die Befragung von Brüggemann/Engesser: das deckt sich auch mit aktuellen Journalisten-Befragungen
What we see here are national (bold line) and international (slim line) speakers in Germany and the US
In GER, ist an international debate
In US, ist a domestic one
So we have already seen many places we’ve been – or, not to over-stress this analogy – a number of findings that have been established. As it should be in a field like climate change communication where hundreds of studies have been published in recent years.
But there are still significant gaps and challenges
Partly due to the quickly changing media landscape
Partly due to neglect from the scientific community
Partly due to difficulties in actually tackling them
In the last part of my presentation, I will point out some of these challenges which I think are important and which I think should receive more research attention. So: Where should we be headed?
In many countries, media coverage about CC is not “balanced” anymore in the sense of Max Boykoff, i.e. in the sense of a balanced presentation of the scientific mainstream position towards climate change and climate change skeptics.
Max Boykoff himself acknowledged this change in his 2007 paper “Flogging a dead norm” and showed the decline of skepticism in US newspapers over time.
It is largely a social issue in many countries now, not a scientific one.
So I think we, as researchers, should also stop focusing too strongly on climate change skepticism and the “science debate” – which is partly a phenomenon of American, UK and Australian exceptionalism – and focus more on communication about the social and political implications on climate change.
Online communication about climate change and climate politics is taken up more and more by researchers, as you have seen earlier. Which is undoubtedly a good thing.
And there are impressive studies by authors like Saffron O‘Neill, Brigitte Nerlich, and their colleagues, or from Hywel Williams et al. – whom you see here:
you see follower, retweet and mention networks for the Twitter hashtags climatechange, globalwarming and agw.
And you can see clear segmentations of the debate – so called echo chambers – about the latter hashtags – which are obviously more divisive – when compared to the climatechange hashtag
Does not seem to hold up in European country based on some early findings from Adrian Rauchfleisch and me
Such online and social media analyses are a great and relevant addition to the literature. But there is more to do:
we don’t know much about mobile media, for example,
not enough about fictional or entertainment programs
And not enough about rather recent, largely visually based and very wide-spread social media like snapchat or Tumblr
Which leads me to my next point:
media articles and website like these ones here contain many layers of content: regular text, highlighted text, pictures, logos, even moving images
But we don‘t know well how they are perceived, how they function in combination
analyses of CC communication (too) often focuses on text only
But we need more multimodal analyses
which is certainly difficult, but also doable to some extent, as recent projects show
My colleague Hartmut Wessler and his team, e.g., analyse multimodel frames
results so far suggest that pictures and text mostly support the same frame
but one exception: civil society actors and NGOs are textually under-represented and most deliver pictures about their claims which, however, often remain vague
Such findings would be invisible with common content analysis.
Media analysis – eventually – is based on the explicit or implicit assumption of media effects. We think it is important to analyse media portrayals of issues because we assume, and in some cases know, that they resonate in some way with the public.
After many studies have analysed media portrayals recently, I think we need more integrated studies combining media presentation with media consumption.
If we know that the Standard, the Kronenzeitung, the Guardian, the Huffington Post, or Jon Stewart portray the issue in a certain way: whom does it reach?
In Germany, e.g., people with different attitudes towards climate change also use different media ensembles; so effects will likely be different – and we should know more about this on the individual, but also on the societal level
And finally:
Almost half of our findings stem from the US and the UK – and at the same time, we know that these countries are rather exceptional when it comes to climate change reporting
This is not unsual in research on any issue, as you can see in the upper graph which maps the world according to how many scientific research papers stem from each country: The Northern hemisphere balloons beyond recognition, and the global south melts off the map.
But this imbalance is particularly unfitting for CC, which is a transnational phenomenon in its causes and nature, and where solutions are sought on a global level – so a more holistic picture would be good here
There are some new studies recently, but we need more!
Also, convergence or divergence trends between different countries are of interest: Questions could be like: Is there a transnationalization of debates about solutions – and what are its implications for climate change politics?