Fishes possess dermal scales on the body for protection. Each scale is made of dentine that is secreted by dermal papilla which is a group of specialized neighbouring tissues. The exposed
portion of scale is covered with a layer of hard enamel to minimise wear and tear. Ancient
fishes generally had thick bony scales while the modern fishes have evolved thin and flexible
scales for more agility.
Fishes possess dermal scales on the body for protection. Each scale is made of dentine that is secreted by dermal papilla which is a group of specialized neighbouring tissues. The exposed
portion of scale is covered with a layer of hard enamel to minimise wear and tear. Ancient
fishes generally had thick bony scales while the modern fishes have evolved thin and flexible
scales for more agility.
Crocodiles are carnivores, which mean they eat only meat. In the wild, they feast on fish, birds, frogs and crustaceans. At the zoo, they eat small animals that have already been killed for them, such as rats, fish or mice. They also eat live locusts.
Seed production and breeding of pearl Oyster &.pptxAbhayBamaniya2
so this presentation includes breeding and seed production of both edible and pearl oyster, which are basically same in a way. note that this does not includes pearl formation in the pearl oyster but after reading this presentation you might learn how to the culture the oyster. good luck! and have fun.
Crocodiles are carnivores, which mean they eat only meat. In the wild, they feast on fish, birds, frogs and crustaceans. At the zoo, they eat small animals that have already been killed for them, such as rats, fish or mice. They also eat live locusts.
Seed production and breeding of pearl Oyster &.pptxAbhayBamaniya2
so this presentation includes breeding and seed production of both edible and pearl oyster, which are basically same in a way. note that this does not includes pearl formation in the pearl oyster but after reading this presentation you might learn how to the culture the oyster. good luck! and have fun.
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Macrobrachium rosenbergii , also known as the giant river prawn or giant freshwater prawn, is a commercially important species of palaemonid freshwater prawn. It is found throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the Indo-Pacific region.
17) M-Here you see several examples of fossil mollusks- Mollusks are o.docxKeithldMSandersony
17) M.Here you see several examples of fossil mollusks. Mollusks are one of the most successful animal groups and include animals such as clams, snails, octopus, and squid. They have a large muscular foot and often secrete protective shells. M1. Examine the two fossil bivalves (clams). Both of these animals live by filtering food out of the water while sitting either on the seafloor or buried in the sediment. Why might burrowing help a clam? If a clam was sedentary and sitting exposed on the sea floor, what adaptations would be useful? M2. Examine the three fossil snails. Snails can fill many different roles within an ecosystem including scavenger, predator, herbivore, and even parasite. Which of these three shells is most likely to be a predator? Why did you come to that conclusion? M3. Now look at the two fossil ammonites, which are an extinct group of mollusk. These are relatives of squid and octopi that had elaborate shells with internal chambers, which can be seen in the specimen preserved as a mold. Examine the shape of the internal chambers, what function could the internal chambers serve? (make a hypothesis).
18) Sample N. Here are examples of Lophophorates including brachiopods (shells) and colonial bryozoans (stick-like). These are both animals that were extremely abundant in ancient oceans, but are much less common today. They are grouped together based on sharing a soft-tissue tentacled structure surrounding their mouth called a lophophore. Students often confuse these organisms with other animals (clams or coral), what features can you see that separate them from these groups?
19) Sample O. Arthropods (insects, spiders, crabs, and others) are the most diverse group of animals on the planet today. They have a distinctive exoskeleton and segmented bodies. Their exoskeletons are composed of chiton, which is an organic material rather than a mineral (protein). How would a skeleton made of protein alter their chance to become a fossil? Examine these examples of fossil trilobites, which are an extinct group of marine arthropods. They are common fossils in ancient rocks compared to other arthropods. Why might that be?
20) Sample P. These are examples of fossil echinoderms (sea stars, sea urchins, and relatives). Echinoderms have an internal skeleton, a variation on 5-fold symmetry, and a water vascular system with tube feet (used for locomotion and feeding). P1: These are examples of crinoids (feather stars or sea lilies). These animals are often confused with plants, but they are animals that filter the sea water with delicate arms. Think of them as a starfish atop a long stem. Crinoids were extremely abundant in the past, but are rare in the ocean today. Their stems could range in length from a few inches to over 100 feet! Why might a long stem benefit a filter feeding marine organism? P2: These are two examples of fossil echinoids, including sea urchin and a sea biscuit. Examine the sea urchin and notice it is covered with bumps wher.
Phylum Mollusca-my report..
sorry for some overlapping of texts... i was not able to edit it..it is actually because of the animations that i put it..... i just uploaded it directly :)
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
The Evolution of Science Education PraxiLabs’ Vision- Presentation (2).pdfmediapraxi
The rise of virtual labs has been a key tool in universities and schools, enhancing active learning and student engagement.
💥 Let’s dive into the future of science and shed light on PraxiLabs’ crucial role in transforming this field!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
2. Introduction
• Deep in the Indian Ocean, near extremely hot hydrothermal vents or
black-smoker chimneys, where scalding hot water erupts in tall,
blacky columns, lives an extraordinary species of snail
called Chrysomallon squamiferum, commonly known as scaly-foot
snail.
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3. Habitat
• Mainly present at 2780 m depth in Indian ocean near hydrothermal vents.
• The snail, or gastropod, has adapted to survive the harsh conditions near the
vents. The water is full of hydrogen sulfide, which is twice as poisonous as
cyanide gas.
• In a tidy symbiotic match, the snail offers its interior as a home for bacteria,
which in turn make the proteins and carbohydrates that the snail uses for
food. The snail and its shell are about four centimeters long.
• There are 3 places from where they are collected:
• Kairei,
• Longqi,
• Solitaire26-10-2017 3
5. Exoskeleton
• The harsh environment has caused the snail to develop a unique
exoskeleton. Its outer shell is covered with a layer of iron, and its soft
fleshy foot that protrudes from the under the shell is protected by hard
mineralized scales made of iron sulphides. Scaly-foot is the only
animal on Earth known to utilize iron in this way.
• The water around the organisms are high in sulfides and metals, which
the snails have incorporated into their shells. The entire animal is
covered in iron compound, mainly pyrite, also known as “Fool’s gold”
and greigite. As greigite is magnetic, the animal actually sticks to
magnets.
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7. Cont..
• The gastropod’s shell is composed of three layers. The outer layer is about
30 μm thick, and is made of iron sulphides. The middle layer is equivalent
to the organic periostracum, a thin protein coating found on other snail
shells, and is also the thickest of the three (about 150 μm). The innermost
layer is made of aragonite, a form of calcium carbonate that is commonly
found both in the shells of molluscs and in various corals.
• The outer layer of iron is designed to crack when hit, but in a way that
absorbs energy, while also blunting and deforming the predators’ claws. The
middle organic layer acts as padding to dissipate further the mechanical
strain and energy generated by a squeezing attack, such as by the claws of a
crab, making it less likely that the mollusc's brittle inner shell will crack.
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8. Sclerites
• In this species, the sides of the snail's foot are extremely unusual, in
that they are armoured with hundreds of iron-mineralised sclerites;
these are composed of iron sulfides greigite and pyrite. Each sclerite
has a soft epithelial tissue core, a conchiolin cover, and an uppermost
layer containing pyrite and greigite.
• The size of each sclerite is about 1 × 5 mm in adults. Juveniles have
scales in few rows, while adults have dense and asymmetric scales.
• The purpose of sclerites has been speculated to be protection
or detoxification. The sclerites may help protect the gastropod from
the vent fluid, so that its bacteria can live close to the source of
electron donors for chemosynthesis.
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10. Endosymbiosis
• There are the bacteria inside the scaly-foot snail. It’s probably serving its host in
an even more important way: chemosynthesis. That’s a five-dollar word meaning
the snail isn’t eating food, but instead relying on bacteria for sustenance. Its
digestive system is practically non-existent, but it does have a gland—which is
1,000 times bigger than in other snails—where the bacteria live and produce food.
• These bacteria supply the snail with most of its nutrition and to accommodate
them the snail has developed a massive oesophageal gland, taking up over 9% of
its body mass! In turn the snail keep the bacteria alive and so has also developed a
huge circulatory system, including a supersized heart, to supply the oesophageal
gland with enough oxygen.
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