Scaffold User in Construction by FHM
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This document provides an overview of scaffold safety training for construction workers. It covers key OSHA regulations for scaffold users, including requirements for fall protection, guardrails and safety equipment. Various types of scaffolds are defined, along with associated hazards such as falls, falling objects and electrical risks. Proper scaffold use, inspection and loading are emphasized, as well as worker responsibilities to follow safety procedures.
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Scaffold User in Construction by FHM
- 1. These materials have been developed based on applicable federal laws and regulations in place at the time the materials were created. The program is being provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute and is not intended to provide OSHA compliance certification, regulatory compliance, a substitute for any "hands on“ training required by applicable laws and regulations, or other legal or professional advice or services. By accessing the materials, you assume all responsibility and risk arising from the use of the content contained therein. ©2010 Grainger Safety Services, Inc. ►►► Scaffold User in Construction
- 2. Learning Objectives Objectives: ► OSHA Standard for Scaffold users, 29 CFR 1926.454(a) ► Procedures for dealing with Hazards ► Proper use of scaffolds ► Proper material handling
- 3. Agenda Agenda: ► Overview ► Scaffold types ► Terminology ► Associated hazards ► Proper use ► Your responsibilities
- 5. Scaffold Use in Construction Scaffold prevention: ► 4500 injuries annually ► 50 deaths annually ► $90 million in workdays
- 6. Categories Three major scaffolds: ► Supported ► Suspended ► Other
- 7. What does OSHA have to say? Key elements: ► Fall protection, fall arrest systems ► Guardrail height ► Crossbracing, midrails and footings ► Platforms, guying ties, and capacity ► Training ► Inspections ► Erecting and dismantling
- 8. The Competent Person Duties include: ► Select and direct employees ► Determine safe work conditions ► Training ► Inspections
- 9. The Qualified Person Duties include: ► Design and load scaffold ► Training ► Design rigging for suspension scaffolds ► Design platforms less than 36”
- 10. Engineer Must design: ► Direct connection of mason’s multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds ► Pole scaffolds over 60 feet tall ► Tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet tall
- 11. Employee Training Training includes: ► Electrical, fall, and falling objects hazards ► How to deal with hazards ► Proper use of scaffolds ► Maximum intended load ► Other pertinent information
- 13. Types of Scaffolds Scaffolds: ► Over 25 different types in use ► Most common include fabricated, supported frame or system scaffolds
- 14. Types of Scaffolds Scaffolds: ► Plasterers’, decorators, and large area scaffolds ► Bricklayers square scaffolds ► Horse scaffolds ► Form scaffolds ► Roof bracket scaffolds ► Outrigger scaffolds (one level) ► Pump and window jack scaffolds
- 15. Types of Scaffolds Scaffolds: ► Step, platform and trestle ladder ► Single point adjustable suspension ► Two point adjustable suspension ► Catenary scaffolds ► Float (ship) scaffolds ► Interior hung scaffolds
- 16. Types of Scaffolds Scaffolds: ► Needle beam scaffolds ► Multi-level suspension scaffolds ► Mobile scaffolds ► Repair bracket scaffolds ► Stilts ► Tank builder scaffolds
- 17. Types of Scaffolds Scaffolds: ► Many different scaffolds in workplace ► Choice is based on work to be performed ► Erection done only b trained professional
- 19. Scaffold Terminology Terminology: ► What is a scaffold? ► What is a platform? ► What is a brace? ► What is a stair tower? ► What is a runner, ledger or ribbon? ► What is a bearer? ► What are mud sills and base plates?
- 20. Scaffold Terminology Terminology: ► What is a scaffold Competent Person? ► What is a scaffold Qualified Person? ► What is the Maximum Intended Load? ► What is a Rated Load?
- 22. Hazards Associated with Scaffold Use Hazards: ► Electrical hazards ► Fall hazards ► Falling objects
- 23. Electrical Hazards – Overhead Power Lines Clearance for insulated lines: ► <300v = minimum 3 feet ► 300v to 50kv = minimum 10 feet ► >50kv = 10 feet + .4 inches for each kv over 50 Clearance for non-insulated lines: ► Less than 50kv = minimum 10 feet ► >50kv = 10 feet + .4 inches for each kv over 50
- 24. Fall Hazards Protection: ► Install guardrails ► Employ use of harness and lanyard (personal fall arrest system)
- 25. Fall Hazards Guardrail systems: ► Height between 38 and 45 inches ► Withstand 200 pounds of force
- 26. Falling Objects Protection Systems Falling objects protection: ► Hard hats ► Toe boards ► Safety screens or guardrails ► Debris nets, catch platforms, or canopy structures
- 28. Proper Use of Scaffolds Basic ground rules: ► Never overload scaffolds ► Always inspect scaffolds prior to use ► Repair, replace, or remove from service ► Competent or qualified individual supervises the erection, installation, repair, or relocation of scaffolds
- 29. Basic Safety Issues for Work on Scaffolds Be aware of: ► Weather conditions ► Debris ► Makeshift devices to gain height ► Ladders in use on platforms ► Load within capacity of scaffold
- 30. What is Wrong with this Picture? What do you think of this scaffold design? ► Planks not cleated or secured ► No guardrails ► Greater than 14 inch gap between scaffold and building
- 31. What is Wrong with this Picture? What do you think? ► No midrails ► No toeboards ► No mesh ► Safety lines not tied to proper anchorage
- 33. Your Responsibilities You should: ► Understand power lines within 10 feet ► Appropriate scaffolding inspection ► Properly install mud sills and base plates ► Guardrails and platforms secured in place ► Conditions of decking or planks
- 34. Your Responsibilities Also: ► Know the maximum intended load for each unit ► Know debris removal policy while on scaffolds ► Monitor weather conditions ► Worker training
Editor's Notes
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Welcome to the Scaffold User presentation. Please make sure you are comfortable and able to concentrate as we work our way through this presentation.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) We have very specific learning objectives for you during this presentation: Specifically, we will be providing information important to scaffold users as required under the OSHA Construction Standard for Scaffolds which is found in the Code of Federal Regulations as 29 CFR 1926. 454 (a). This presentation is intended to provide you with the information you need to recognize the hazards associated with different types of scaffolds and to understand the procedures to control or minimize those hazards. This will include the following issues: The nature of any electrical hazards, fall hazards and falling object hazards in the work area. The correct procedures for dealing with electrical hazards, fall protection systems and falling object protection systems. The proper use of the scaffold, and The proper handling of materials on the scaffold.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Our presentation today will involve the following agenda: Section One will be an overview of the topic of scaffolds. Section Two will review the various types of scaffolds. Section Three will define terminology used to describe scaffolds. Section Four will discuss the types of hazards associated with scaffold use. Section Five will outline the proper safety procedures to be utilized when working on scaffolds to ensure your safety. Section Six will discuss your responsibilities.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Section 1 will be an overview of today’s topic.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) OSHA estimates that 2.3 million construction workers work on scaffolds frequently. That is 65% of the construction workforce in this country. Protecting these workers from scaffold-related accidents would prevent 4,500 injuries and 50 deaths every year, at a savings for American employers of $90 million in workdays not lost.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) There are three major categories of scaffolds: Supported scaffolds consist of one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support. Frame scaffolds are the most common type of supported scaffold. Suspended scaffolds are platforms suspended by ropes, or other non-rigid means, from an overhead structure. Two-point scaffolds are the most common type of suspended scaffold. Some other scaffold systems don’t fit neatly into those two categories and include items such as motorized scaffolds and man-lifts.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) OSHA’s scaffolding standard has several key provisions to ensure scaffolds are constructed properly and workers can perform work safety on scaffolds. For example, • Fall protection or fall arrest systems—Each employee more than 10 feet above a lower level shall be protected from falls by guardrails or a fall arrest system, except those on single-point and two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. Each employee on a single-point and two-point adjustable suspended scaffold shall be protected by both a personal fall arrest system and a guardrail. • Guardrail height—The height of the toprail must be between 38 inches and 45 inches. • Crossbracing—When the crosspoint of crossbracing is used as a toprail, it must be between 38 inches and 48 inches above the work platform. • Midrails— Midrails must be installed approximately halfway between the toprail and the platform surface. When a crosspoint of crossbracing is used as a midrail, it must be between 20 inches and 30 inches above the work platform. • Footings—Support scaffold footings shall be level and capable of supporting the loaded scaffold. The legs, poles, frames, and uprights shall bear on base plates and mud sills. • Platforms—Supported scaffold platforms shall be fully planked or decked. • Guying ties, and braces—Supported scaffolds with a height-to-base of more than 4:1 shall be restrained from tipping by guying, tying, bracing, or the equivalent. • Capacity—Scaffolds and scaffold components must support at least 4 times the maximum intended load. Suspension scaffold rigging must support at least 6 times the intended load. • Training—Employers must train each employee who works on a scaffold on the hazards and the procedures to control the hazards. • Inspections—Before each work shift and after any occurrence that could affect the structural integrity, a competent person must inspect the scaffold and scaffold components for visible defects. • Erecting and Dismantling—When erecting and dismantling supported scaffolds, a competent person must determine the feasibility of providing a safe means of access and fall protection for these operations.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) OSHA’s scaffolding standard defines a competent person as “one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions, which are unsanitary or hazardous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.” The OSHA standard requires a competent person to perform many duties including: To select and direct employees who erect, dismantle, move, or alter scaffolds. To determine if it is safe for employees to work on or from a scaffold during storms or high winds and to ensure that a personal fall arrest system or wind screens protect these employees. To train employees involved in erecting, disassembling, moving, operating, repairing, maintaining, or inspecting scaffolds to recognize associated work hazards. To inspect scaffolds and scaffold components for visible defects before each work shift and after any occurrence which could affect the structural integrity and to authorize prompt corrective actions.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) The OSHA standard defines a qualified person as “one who—by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience—has successfully demonstrated his/her ability to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project.” The qualified person has specific duties under the scaffolding standard, including: To design and load scaffolds in accordance with that design. To train employees working on the scaffolds to recognize the associated hazards and understand procedures to control or minimize those hazards. To design the rigging for single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds, and To design platforms on two-point adjustable suspension types that are less than 36 inches wide to prevent instability.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) The OSHA standard requires a registered professional engineer to perform certain duties including the following: To design the direct connections of masons’ multi-point adjustable suspension scaffold. To design pole scaffolds over 60 feet in height, and To design tube and coupler scaffolds over 125 feet in height.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) The OSHA Scaffold standards require employers to train each employee who performs work while on a scaffold to recognize the hazards associated with the type of scaffold being used and to understand the procedures to control or minimize those hazards. The training shall include the following areas, as applicable: The nature of any electrical hazards, fall hazards and falling object hazards in the work area. The correct procedures for dealing with electrical hazards and for erecting, maintaining, and disassembling the fall protection systems and falling object protection systems being used. The proper use of the scaffold, and the proper handling of materials on the scaffold. The maximum intended load and the load-carrying capacities of the scaffolds used; and Any other pertinent requirements of this standard.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) In Section 2, we will be discussing the different types of scaffolds.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) There are over 25 different types of scaffolds in use today. The two most common categories of scaffolds are: Fabricated, welded, or support frame scaffolds, and System scaffolds. Fabricated or welded frame scaffolds are comprised of 2 end frames that have an “H” in appearance and are joined together with cross bracing on the front and back of the frames. System scaffolds are comprised of poles, runners, bearers, and cross bracing.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) The choice of scaffold type is a function of the type of work to be performed. Scaffold designers and builders are required to ensure the type of scaffold available to perform the work is the proper scaffold designed for that purpose. Additional training is required for scaffold designers and builders.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Due to the fact that many types of scaffold exist, it is important to know the different rules and regulations that apply to components of different scaffolds. For example, did you know that if you are walking up the stair tower of a scaffold assembly there must be a resting platform for every 12 feet of vertical height? Or that the minimum width of the stair tread is 16 inches for stair towers, but the minimum width for stair ladders is 11 ½ inches? As you can see, several different rules and regulations apply to different types of scaffolds. The more you know about scaffold safety, the better prepared you are to contribute to workplace safety on the job.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) All of the scaffold types you have just viewed require daily inspections by a scaffold competent person. Remember, a competent person is one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) These are the most common types of scaffolds in use in the construction industry. Plasterers prefer the supported scaffolds because a large amount may be carried around on a trailer or in the bed of a pick up truck unassembled and are fairly easy to erect. If you are using a system scaffold, you are probably on a fairly large project where the scaffold is delivered on a flat bed tractor trailer and may take several days to erect and may be several stories tall. Remember, scaffold erection may only be done by trained personnel.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) In Section 3, we will be reviewing terminology that will assist you in identifying key scaffold components.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) A scaffold is any temporary elevated platform (supported or suspended) and its supporting structure (including points of anchorage) used for supporting employees or materials or both. A platform is the work surface elevated above lower levels. Platforms can be constructed using individual wood planks, fabricated planks, fabricated decks, and fabricated platforms. A brace is a rigid connection that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position with respect to another member, or to a building or structure. These items are usually referred to as “x” braces. A stair tower is a tower comprised of scaffold components and which contains internal stairway units and rest platforms. These towers are used to provide access to scaffold platforms and other elevated points such as floors and roofs. A runner, also called a ledger or ribbon refers to the lengthwise horizontal spacing or bracing member which may support the bearers. A bearer or putlog is a horizontal transverse scaffold member (which may be supported by ledgers or runners) upon which the scaffold platform rests and which joins scaffold uprights, posts, poles and similar members. A mud sill is a 12 inch by 12 inch piece of wood greater that ½ inches in width that is used when the base plates will be located on an unstable surface such as soils, clays or sand. Base plates are typically 4 inch by 4 inch square metal plate that attach to the bottom of the frame of the scaffold and act as a weight distributor.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) A scaffold competent person is one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surrounding working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. A scaffold qualified person is one who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated his or her ability to resolve problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project. The maximum intended load is the total load of all persons, equipment, tools, materials, transmitted loads, and other loads reasonably anticipated to be applied to a scaffold or scaffold component at any one time. A rated load means the manufacturers specified maximum load to be lifted by a hoist or to be applied to a scaffold component.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) In Section 4, we will begin to understand the hazards associated with scaffold use.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Electrical hazards can be presented by overhead power lines, improperly insulated power tool cords, and even from welding units not properly grounded while in use on scaffolds. Fall hazards can be presented if the proper fall protection systems are not in place such as guardrails or by improper installation of decking or planking. Another hazard associated with scaffold use is the hazard of falling tools, debris, and other items that can fall from an elevated platform and injure workers below.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) The OSHA Standard establishes minimum clearance distances so that scaffolds are not be erected, used, dismantled, altered, or moved in such a way that they, or any conductive material handled on them, might contact energized power lines. The clearance distances for insulated power lines are as follows: If less than 300v… minimum of 3 feet away If 300v to 50 kV…minimum of 10 feet away If more than 50kV…10 feet away plus an additional 0.4 inches for each 1 kV over 50 kV If non-insulated lines are present and are less than 50 kV,10 feet of distant must be maintained between the scaffold and the energized lines. If more than 50kV are present a distance of 10 feet plus an additional 0.4 inches for each kV over 50kV must be maintained. Scaffolds and materials may be closer to power lines specified above where such clearance is necessary for performance of work, and only after the utility company, or electrical system operator, has been notified of the need to work closer and the utility company, or electrical system operator, has de-energized, relocated or installed protective coverings to prevent accidental contact with the lines.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Each employee on a scaffold more than 10 feet in height shall be protected from falling to that lower level. This can be achieved by installing guardrails on the decks of the scaffolds. If guardrails cannot be installed, the employee must use a harness and lanyard to protect him or her from falling. Please note that the use of a harness and lanyard also requires that a written fall protection program be available to the employees.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Guardrails are what will keep you from possibly falling off the platform you may be working on. The top edge height of top-rails or equivalent member on supported scaffolds shall be installed between 38 inches and 45 inches above the platform surface. Each top-rail or equivalent member of a guardrail system shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 200 pounds applied in any downward or horizontal direction at any point along it’s top edge.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Each employee on a scaffold shall be provided with additional protection from falling hand tools, debris, and other small objects through the use of hard hats, installation of toe boards, screens or guardrail systems, the erection of debris nets, catch platforms, or canopy structures that contain or deflect the falling objects. Toe boards are commonly used and are required to be securely fastened in place at the outermost edge of the platform and be at least 3 and1/2 inches high from the top edge of the toe board to the level of the walking surface. Usually a 1x4 will accommodate this requirement.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) In Section 5, we will establish a few rules to keep in mind regarding the proper use of scaffolds.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Scaffolds and scaffold components shall not be loaded in excess of their maximum intended loads or rated capacities, whichever is less. Scaffolds and scaffold components shall be inspected for visible defects by a competent person before each work shift, and after any occurrence which could affect a scaffolds structural integrity. Any part damaged or weakened shall be immediately repaired or replaced or removed from service, and Scaffolds need to be erected, moved, dismantled, or altered only under the supervision and direction of a competent person.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Work on or from a scaffold is prohibited during storms or high winds unless a competent person has determined that it is safe for employees to be on the scaffold and those employees are protected by a personal fall arrest system or wind screens. Don’t allow debris to accumulate on the platforms. Do not use makeshift devices, such as but not limited to boxes and barrels, on top of scaffold platforms to increase your working level height. Likewise, do not use ladders on scaffolds to increase your working level height. And, again, observe the load capacity of the scaffold system. Platforms shall not deflect more than 1/60 of the span when loaded.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Let’s take a look at this supported scaffold. Is there anything wrong with this scaffold design? Actually there is. The planks are not cleated or otherwise secured against displacement, there are no guardrails, and there is greater than a 14-inch gap between the building and the scaffold platform.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) And how about this two-point suspension scaffold? There are no midrails, toeboards, or mesh. The employees are wearing safety belts tied off to lifelines, but what are the lifelines attached to?
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Let’s close out this program by listing some of your responsibilities as a trained scaffold user.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) Ensure that no energized power lines are within 10 feet minimum of the scaffold. Verify the competent person has inspected the scaffold at the appropriate frequencies. Ensure the mud sills and base plates are present and properly installed. Ensure that the guardrails and platforms are secured in place. Verify that the decking or platforms are free of any debris that may cause one to trip, slip, or fall such as snow, ice, plaster, or any other accumulated material or debris.
- Recommended Facilitator Notes: (read the following text out-loud to participants while showing this slide) A few more things to keep in mind: Know the maximum intended load of the scaffold and look for any deflections in the decking or planking. Never allow any items such as debris or any other discards to be thrown from any level of scaffolds. Requirements exist for trash chutes to be made available. Ensure that the weather conditions are adequate to work in. Wind can have a significant effect on workers and scaffold systems. Lightning is another potential hazard that needs to be monitored when inclement weather arrives. Always keep an eye to the sky while working on any elevated surface. And, verify that your co-workers on the scaffold being used are trained to work on scaffolds.