The document discusses rehabilitation practices following disasters in Bhuj, India after the 2001 earthquake and Colombia after flooding in 2011. It provides details on the scale and impacts of each disaster, as well as the rehabilitation approaches and challenges. For Bhuj, it describes the extensive damage and government response, including establishing an agency to coordinate rehabilitation, housing reconstruction programs, and efforts to build resilience through new policies and guidelines. For Colombia, it notes the country's high risk profile for multiple hazards and discusses its decentralized disaster management system and risk reduction investments at national and local levels in line with the Hyogo Framework. It also summarizes the voluntary resettlement project implemented by various organizations to relocate an at-risk community.

1. URBAN RISK AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
ASSIGNMENT-1
BEST REHABILITATION PRACTICE-
National-Bhuj ,Gujarat(India)
International-Colombia
Savitri Kumari
SPA/NS/UP/1272
Semester –III
Batch -2016-18
Dept. of Urban Planning
Submitted by-

2.  INTRODUCTION
Definition :Rehabilitation
Sectors of Rehabilitation
Scale
 GLOBAL SCENARIO
Disaster
Displaced People
 CASE STUDIES
National-Bhuj
International-Colombia
 CHALLENGES
 CONCLUSION
STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION

3. DIVERSITY IN RESPONSES
 Shelter programme design varies across
countries and types of crisis, with phase of
response, or amongst different organizations
within the same response.
SCALE VERSUS IMPACT
 Disasters and displacements vary significantly in
scale, and as a result so responses.
 In many cases, there is simply not sufficient
funding or capacity for organizations to provide
the support that is needed.
INTRODUCTION
 Rehabilitation refers to the actions taken in the
aftermath of a disaster to enable basic services to
resume functioning, assist victims’ self-help efforts
to repair physical damage and community facilities,
revive economic activities and provide support for
the psychological and social well being of the
survivors.
 It focuses on enabling the affected population to
resume more-or-less normal (pre-disaster)
patterns of life. It may be considered as transitional
phase between immediate relief and more major,
long-term development.
REHABILITATION
 Buildings
 Infrastructure
 Economic assets (including formal and formal
commercial sectors, industrial and agricultural
activities etc.)
 Administrative and political
 Psychological
 Cultural
Sectors vulnerable to disaster impact, and which,
therefore, will require rehabilitation and
reconstruction inputs.

4. GLOBAL SHELTER SCENARIO
Total number of refugees and IDPs was higher than
any other year in the 2015, with a total of
approximately 50 million displaced people around
the world.
In 2015, there were 371 reported natural disasters
(the highest value in the previous five years),
affecting over 108 million people (more than 2013
but less than 2014).
However, the numbers of people affected is not the
same as those with shelter needs.
People affected by Natural Disaster
Source: World Bank(Shelter Projects 2015 – 2016)

5. NATURAL DISASTERS
Asian countries are the worst affected.
In terms of displacement, India, China and
Nepal accounted for the highest numbers of
internally displaced people caused by natural
disasters during 2015 (3.7 million, 3.6 million
and 2.6 million respectively), mainly due to two
floods and storms, three typhoons and a flood,
and two earthquakes respectively.
RECONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES DAMAGED / DESTROYED
APPROACHES
• Owner Driven Reconstruction
• Public Private Partnership Program (PPPP)
• Under the PPPP the houses are reconstructed by
the NGOs for the beneficiaries to be registered in
the joint names of the husband and wife.
• All the houses should be insured.
• Financial, technical and material assistance
provided by the government.
• The designs for seismic reconstruction of houses
provided by the government.
• The material assistance provided through material
banks at subsidized rates.
• Design of model houses provided to the public to
choose from with an option to have one‟s own
design.

6. EARTHQUAKE INFORMATION
CASE STUDY– BHUJ EARTHQUAKE 2001,GUJARAT INDIA
Source: The UNDP/DMT Response to the Gujarat Earthquake: Some of its Good Practices
Magnitude: 6.9 on the Richter scale with epicentre at 20
K.M. North East of Bhuj
No of districts
affected
21 out of 25 districts
Most affected
areas
Kachchh, Ahmedabad, Jamnagar, Rajkot and
Surendranagar.
Death toll 20,000 approx.
Affected villages 7904 villages affected in 182 talukas in 21
districts
Affected
population
15.9 million (42.06%) affected out of total
population of 37.8 million
Damage  Houses Fully Destroyed 1.87 lakh (Pucca), 1.67
lakh (Kachcha) & 0.16 lakh (huts)
 Houses Partially Destroyed 5.01 lakh (Pucca),
3.87 lakh (Kachcha) & 0.34 lakh (huts)
 Total estimated loss of damage Rs. 21262
crore
Date and time of Occurrence of Earthquake: 26 January 2001 at 8:46 am

7. RECONSTRUCTION & REHABILITATION
To co-ordinate the massive effort, a nodal agency was created –
Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority
GSDMA
Emergency
response
Guidance &
Monitoring
Reconstruction
Planning and
Program
Management
Mitigation
Planning,
Monitoring,
Implementing
…which effectively co-ordinates with all the entities
associated with disaster management
REHABILITATION POLICY
Short and Medium term Rehabilitation Policy...
28Reconstruction and Rehabilitation packages
 Housing
 Rehabilitation of orphans and women
 Packages for rural artisans
 Packages for capacity building
 Packages for handicraft artisans
 Packages for agriculture
 Packages for industry, trade and services
 Package for tourism

8. RESPONSE ACTIVITIESGovernment of Gujarat (GoG) Set up
Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA) Implement the reconstruction and rehabilitation
US $1 billion
Government of Gujarat (GoG) FUNDING Economic rehabilitation 300,000 families.
US$2.5 million Small, medium and cottage industries.
Details Rs. in Crores
National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF) 500.00
Water supply (Rural and Urban) 100.00
Prompt Electricity Development (Restoration)
Programme (Rs.96 crore for Kachchh)
109.63
Indira Avas Yojna 49.00
Prime Minister Gramodaya Yojna 21.05
Slum Development 19.07
Prime Minister Gram Sadak Yojna 53.86
Operation Black Board Yojna 30.00
Total Rs. 882.61
Central Assistance received for emergency relief, rescue
and rehabilitation European Union (EU)
 Department for International Development (DFID)
 United States Agency for International Development
(USAID)
 Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA),
Bilateral Agencies
Source: High Commission of India, London, Press Release January 30, 2001, Gujarat
Earthquake Relief Update
Public sector industries provided huge donations for
rehabilitation. Housing and Urban Development
Corporation (HUDCO) and the National Housing Bank
(NHB), offered to provide financial assistance of US$400
million.

9. No. of houses damaged:
180,536 completely destroyed
913,297 partially damaged
Project target population:
23,000 Households
STATUS OF DAMAGE
SHELTER SIZE
Approximately 4m x 2½m
An international NGO worked in partnership with a
network of 22 local NGOs to rapidly implement a non-food
items distribution programme
80 Temporary Houses on land
bought near Al-Mahdi
Colony. The houses will have
steel frames so they can be
converted to permanent
homes later.
UNIT COST
varies
BHUJ, 2001- EARTHQUAKE
A low-cost shelter design was developed using low 1m walls and a
bamboo-framed and grass-thatched roof. With time it was recognised that
there was a need to preserve the grass for animal fodder, so the roofing
material was replaced with locally produced Mangalore clay tiles.
Many of the materials distributed to build shelters could be reused at a
later stage.
The criteria and procedures for the selection of
beneficiaries for relief distribution in the communities
were not always clearly defined. They were commonly
left to the subjective interpretation of the village-level
workers and the communities.
SOCIAL ISSUES
CONSTRUCTION
The dimensions of the shelters built were approximately
4m x 2½m. Although this provided a covered area of only
10m2 for a family, these dimensions were carefully selected
to focus on earthquake safety.
Cement, Bamboo, Woven mats, Wooden spacers, Wooden
rafter Wooden purlin, Roof tile, Roof ridge, Iron wire, Mild
steel rod were used for the construction.
LOCATION
On site, in the remaining open spaces. Eg. On the campus
of religious places Source: IASC Emergency Shelter Cluster, 2008

10. PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM
 (50% cost by NGOs & 50% by government)
 Number of villages adopted: 289
 Number of houses to be constructed: 37,673
 Houses completed: 27,432 (73%)
 Houses under construction: 10,241
 Villages adopted for infrastructure creation
RELOCATION OF VILLAGES
Full Relocation
 Number of villages: 24
 Houses to be relocated: 5,225
 Houses already relocated: 3,936 (75%)
Partial Relocation
 Number of villages: 37
 Houses to be relocated: 10,299
 Houses already relocated: 6,614 (64%)
Owner driven housing construction facilitated by
financial, material and technical assistance by
government .
INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM
APPROACH ADOPTED
 Institute of Seismological Research (ISR)
 Gujarat Institute for Disaster Management
 3 regional centres for Emergency Response
planned in the cities of Ahmedabad, Surat &
Rajkot of Gujarat
 22 Observatories centres established and
upgraded
 Revision of State Relief Manual

11. WHAT HAS CHANGED?
Indicator Before the
Earthquake
(%)
After
Earthquake(
%)
Number of Pucca houses 66 100
Beneficiaries living in homes with
separate toilets
32 53
Insurance of reconstructed
houses
6 49
People knowing what to do
before, during and after a
disaster
0 80
Employment level among
women
42 92
Water supply through pipelines
at home
30 34
Quality of life index 1.00 1.143
 39% beneficiaries in the four towns (Bhuj, Bhacau,
Anjar and Rapar) are living in larger houses today
as compared to 15% in other towns
 The proportion of beneficiaries surveyed receiving
sweet water has increased by 10% in Kutch
District.
 23% more BPL families live in pucca houses as
compared to 14% more APL families
 More than 90% students who dropped out in both
primary and secondary schools have rejoined
 72% women surveyed have more income now
compared to pre-earthquake levels.
Source:V. Thiruppugazh (43 pre.pdf) What has changed after Gujarat earthquake 2001 ? http://www.jst.go.jp/astf/document/43abst.pdf

12. DISASTER MANAGEMENT-A PARADIGM SHIFT
 The Gujarat earthquake resulted in a paradigm shift in the policy from relief and humanitarian assistance
oriented post-disaster intervention to a pro-active prevention, mitigation and pre-disaster preparedness
 Comprehensive Gujarat State Disaster Management Policy(GSDMP) was declared in November, 2002
 For legal and regulatory requirement Gujarat State Disaster Management Act was enacted in March, 2003
GSDMA POLICY
 The policy resulted in a shift of focus from relief oriented approach to proactive disaster mitigation and risk
reduction.
 The policy identified hazard mitigation, vulnerability reduction, capacity building, integration of
development planning with disaster management and emergency preparedness.
 Defined roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders in various phases of disaster management
WHAT GSDMA HAS DONE
 Formulation of Policies
 Preparation of DM Plans
 Preparedness Initiatives
 Capacity Building
 Mitigation Measures
 Community Preparedness

13. WHY BEST PRACTICE?
Gujarat Earthquake Reconstruction as a role model for reconstruction by
 Earthquake reconstruction program in Bam, Iran
 Tsunami reconstruction programs in Srilanka and Indonesia
 Tsunami rehabilitation and reconstruction programs of India
INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITIONS
 GSDMA was awarded the UN Sasakawa Award for Disaster Reduction for the year 2003
 GSDMA awarded CAPAM award for Innovations in Governance
 GEERP awarded Green Award by World Bank for successfully integrating environmental concerns in the
emergency reconstruction program.

14. MITIGATION MEASURES -GUIDELINES
 Multi hazards resistant construction has been provided
 Local materials in hazard-resistant construction
 Guidelines specifically for low cost reconstruction and retrofitting
 General Development Control Regulation has been revised
 ‘Revision of Building Codes’ is being taken up as a separate study that will enquire into the suitability of the
existing building codes w.r.t. specific requirement of the region of Gujarat
CONCLUSION
 DM Shifted to Home Ministry in Government of India from Agriculture Ministry.
 Based on Gujarat Experience, a National level disaster management authority on the lines of GSDMA is
being worked out at the central government level
 The planning commission has recommended for utilizing 10% of the plan funds for pre-disaster
mitigation and planning activities
 Draft bill on National Disaster Management has been prepared
 Gujarat Experience resulted in a major change in the way reconstruction programs are being done in
India and the neighboring countries.
Source:V. Thiruppugazh (43 pre.pdf) What has changed after Gujarat earthquake 2001 ? http://www.jst.go.jp/astf/document/43abst.pdf

15. Disaster risk profile
Colombia has the 10th highest economic risk to three or more hazards
in the world, according to the Natural Disaster Hotspot study by the World Bank.
 Colombia is located in the north-west corner of South America
 Colombia's total area is 2,070,408 km 2 (1,141,748 km 2 of
mainland and 926,660 km 2 of territorial waters)
 Colombia ´s population is aprox. 48 million people(2011)
 Equatorial country which climate is determined by trade winds,
humidity and altitude – the temperature drops as the altitude
increases.
90% of the
emergencies are
related to hydro
climatological
phenomena
Total emergencies arranged by type
Source: Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development Climate Change Division
Source:https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2012/03/Colombia%20R
ain/images/Image1_000.png
CASE STUDY–FLOOD 2011 ,COLOMBIA

16. Disaster risk management framework
 Colombia has built a National System for
Disaster Management and Prevention,
articulated around a comprehensive
National Disaster Prevention and Attention
Plan.
 Since the early 2000s, Colombia has
decentralized disaster risk management
responsibilities and made disaster risk
management a national development
priority.
 Investments in disaster risk management,
 including risk reduction, are done at three
levels in Colombia involving the national
government, departmental governments,
and municipal governments.
Activities under the HYOGO framework for action(HFA)
It has strengthened information collection and
analytic capacity for early warning and risk mapping
related to hydrological, seismic and volcano events.
Source: UN Habitat Shelter Projects, 2011

17. COLOMBIA, 2011- FLOODS Project description
 The entire community of
Doña Ana to voluntarily
resettle to a new location,
due to severe annual
flooding.
 The project was
implemented by a
consortium which
included a private
foundation, public bodies
and aid organisations.

18. Project Timeline  Strong engagement of national authorities in both
project planning and resolution of land-tenure issues.
 Social and community mobilisation established a sense
of belonging as well as facilitating construction.
 Environmentally-friendly development: introduction of
new ecological water treatment plant.
 A holistic approach to the project included
socioeconomic support, psycho-social support, capacity
building of woman’s groups along with infrastructure
and education components.
Technical aspects of the project included:
 Land surveys to ensure a safe relocation site.
 The design and construction of durable housing,
based on minimum space standards and disaster-
resistant features.
 Water pumping with filtering beds to clean
waste-water before it returned to the lagoon.
 Rainwater harvesting.

19.  The project is unique in Colombia in its combination of funding from private foundations and civil
society, and implementation by a well established national humanitarian organisation, with the support
of the community and local government.
 The funding requirements of this multi-phased project may be difficult for other communities to
replicate, but the modalities and mechanisms of implementation of this programme demonstrate a
model that could be replicated in other areas of Colombia or other parts of the world.
 This project is an example of a success story for a community struggling with the adverse effects of
flooding, a situation many remote communities around the world find themselves in.
 The story of the project has been disseminated at a number of high-level conferences including the
World Urban Forum in Medellin.
WHY BEST PRACTICE?

20. Limited funding, limited time frames, the urgency of life-threatening situations, the flexibility of donors and
issues in relinquishing control, based on concerns over structural safety .
CHALLENGES
Affected people are the first responders after a disaster, and most projects identify how to support them in
finding temporary shelter solutions, or in their self-recovery.
There is a difference for what this means for those in protracted displacement, compared to those who are
able to rebuild where they have access to land to do so.
PEOPLE AS FIRST RESPONDERS
CONCLUSION
 Shelter is “more than just a roof”,
 It is not just the structure that protects from the elements, but is the series of activities that a household
undertakes to save and construct, adapt and expand a dwelling, as well as the range of continuing actions
and livelihoods that people do in and around their home.
SHELTER AS A PROCESS

21. REFERENCES
 V. Thiruppugazh (43 pre.pdf) What has changed after Gujarat earthquake 2001 ?
http://www.jst.go.jp/astf/document/43abst.pdf
 https://www.google.co.in/search?q=gujarat+earthquake
 “Gujarat: A Devastating Earthquake, published by the Directorate of Information, Gujarat State.
 http://shelterprojects.org/shelterprojects2013-2014/SP13-14_A02-Colombia-2011.pdf
 World Bank(2008) Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region:GFDRR Country
Notes

22. THANK YOU