biblography- www.wikipedia.com, www.encylopedia.com, for images google images.

1. SATELLITE
LAUNCHER
A PPT BY SAATWIK SUMAN.

2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• ORIGIN
• TYPES
• HOW A LAUNCH VEHICLE WORKS?
• FUEL
• IDEAL LAUNCH BASES
• INDIA’S SLVS AT A GLANCE

3. LAUNCH VEHICLE
• Launch vehicle or carrier rocket or satellite
launcher is a rocket-powered vehicle used to
transport a spacecraft or a payload beyond Earth’s
atmosphere, either into orbit around Earth or to
some other destination in outer space. . A launch
system includes the launch vehicle, the launch
pad, and other infrastructure Practical launch
vehicles have been used to send
manned spacecraft, unmanned space probes, and
satellites into space since the 1950s. They include
the Soyuz and Proton launchers of Russia as well
as several converted military missiles; Russia is
developing a new family of launchers called
Angara. Europe operates the Ariane V and Vega
launchers. Current U.S. launch vehicles include
the Atlas, Delta, Falcon, and Antares expendable
boosters.

4. ORIGIN
• Most space launch vehicles trace their heritage to
ballistic missiles developed for military use during the
1950s and early ’60s. Those missiles in turn were
based on the ideas first developed by Konstantin
Tsiolkovsky in Russia, Robert Goddard in the United
States, and Hermann Oberth in Germany. Each of
these pioneers of space exploration recognized the
centrality of developing successful launch vehicles if
humanity were to gain access to outer space.
• Tsiolkovsky late in the 19th century was the first to
recognize the need for rockets to be constructed with
separate stages .Goddard was the first to build
experimental liquid-fueled rockets; his first rocket,
launched in Auburn, Massachusetts, on March 16,
1926, rose 12.5 metres and traveled 56 metres from
its launching place.
Robert H. Goddard and a liquid oxygen–gasoline
rocket in its frame; the rocket was first fired on
March 16, 1926, at Auburn, Mass.

5. TYPES
• Expendable launch vehicles are designed for one-time use. They usually separate
from their payload and disintegrate during atmospheric reentry.
• In contrast, reusable launch vehicles are designed to be recovered intact and
launched again. The Space Shuttle was a launch vehicle with components used for
multiple orbital spaceflights.
• Launch vehicles are often classified by the amount of mass they can carry into orbit.
For example, a Proton rocket can lift 22,000 kilograms into low Earth orbit (LEO).
Launch vehicles are also characterized by their number of stages. Rockets with as
many as five stages have been successfully launched, and there have been designs
for several single-stage-to-orbit vehicles. Additionally, launch vehicles are very
often supplied with boosters supplying high early thrust, normally burning with
other engines. Boosters allow the remaining engines to be smaller, reducing the
burnout mass of later stages to allow larger payloads.
• Other frequently-reported characteristics of launch vehicles are the launching
nation or space agency and the company or consortium manufacturing and
launching the vehicle.

6. EXPENDABLE
LAUNCH
VEHICLE
REUSABLE
LAUNCH
VEHICLE

7. ”
“ For every action, there
is an equal
and opposite reaction.
A launch vehicle is a good illustration of Newton’s third law of motion.
How a launch vehicle works?

8. HOW A LAUNCH VEHICLE WORKS?
• A launch vehicle is a good illustration of Newton’s
third law of motion, “For every action, there is an
equal and opposite reaction.” In the case of a
launch vehicle, the “action” is the flow out the
rear of the vehicle of exhaust gases produced by
the combustion of the vehicle’s fuel in its rocket
engine, and the “reaction” is the pressure, called
thrust, applied to the internal structure of the
launch vehicle that pushes it in the direction
opposite to the exhaust flow. Unlike jet engines,
which operate on the same action-reaction
principle but obtain the oxygen needed for
burning their fuel from the atmosphere, rockets
carry with them their own oxidizing agent. In that
way, they can operate in the vacuum beyond the
atmosphere.

9. HOW A LAUNCH VEHICLE WORKS?
• The primary goal of launch vehicle designers is to
maximize the vehicle’s weight-lifting capability while at
the same time providing an adequate level of reliability at
an acceptable cost. Achieving a balance among these
three factors is challenging. In order for the launch
vehicle to lift off of Earth, its upward thrust must be
greater than the combined weight of its spacecraft
payload, the vehicle’s propellants, and its structure. This
puts a premium on making the vehicle’s mechanical
structure, fuel tanks, and rocket engines as light as
possible but strong enough to withstand the forces and
stresses associated with rapid acceleration through a
resistant atmosphere. Most often, propellant makes up 80
percent or more of the total weight of a launch vehicle–
spacecraft combination prior to launch.

10. FUEL• The fuel used to power rockets can be divided
into two broad categories: liquid and solid.
• Liquid fuels can range from a widely
available substance such as ordinary kerosene,
which can be used at ground temperature, to
liquid hydrogen, which must be maintained at
the extremely low temperature of 20 °K .In order
to burn, liquid rocket fuel must be mixed in the
combustion chamber of a rocket engine with an
oxygen-rich substance, called an oxidizer. The
oxidizer usually used with both kerosene and
liquid hydrogen is liquid oxygen. Oxygen must
be kept at a temperature less than −183 °C in
order to remain in a liquid state. The oxidizer
used with hypergolic fuel is usually nitrogen
tetroxide or nitric acid.
• Liquid-fuel rocket engines are complex
machines. In order to reach maximum
efficiency, both fuel and oxidizer must be
pumped into the engine’s combustion chamber
at high rates, under high pressure, and in
suitable mixtures.

11. FUEL
• Solid-propellant rocket motors are simple in
design, in many ways resembling large fireworks.
They consist of a casing filled with a rubbery
mixture of solid compounds (both fuel and oxidizer)
that burn at a rapid rate after ignition. The fuel is
usually some organic material or powdered
aluminum; the oxidizer is most often ammonium
perchlorate. These are mixed together and are cured
with a binder to form the rocket propellant. Solid
rocket motors are most often used as strap-ones to
the liquid-fueled first stage of a launch vehicle to
provide additional thrust during liftoff and the first
few minutes of flight The exhaust from the burning
of the fuel emerges through a nozzle at the bottom
of the rocket casing, and that nozzle shapes and
accelerates the exhaust to provide the reactive
forward thrust.
ROCKET
MOTOR

12. INCREASING LAUNCH SUCCESS YEAR BY
YEAR
•

13. IDEAL LAUNCH BASES
• Most launch vehicles take off from sites on land, although a few are air- or
sea-launched. To function as a launch base, a particular location has to have
facilities for assembling the launch vehicle, handling its fuel, preparing a
spacecraft for launch, mating the spacecraft and launch vehicle, and
checking them out for launch readiness. In addition, it must have launch pads
and the capability to monitor the launch after liftoff and ensure safety in the
launch range. This usually requires a significant amount of land located away
from heavily populated areas but with good air, sea, rail, or land access for
transport of various components. Other desirable characteristics include a
location that allows the early stages of launch, when first stages are separated
and most launch accidents happen, to take place over water or sparsely
populated land areas.

14. IDEAL LAUNCH
BASES
• Another desirable characteristic is a location as near as possible to the Equator.
Many launches take place in an eastward direction to take advantage of the
velocity imparted by the rotation of Earth in that direction. This velocity is greatest
at the Equator and decreases with increased latitude. For example, the additional
velocity provided by Earth’s rotation is 463 metres per second at the European
launch base in French Guiana, which is located very close to the Equator at
latitude 5.2° N. Whereas it is only 328 metres per second at the Russian Baikonur
Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, which is located at latitude 46° N. Earth’s naturally
imparted velocity, though small in comparison with the velocity provided by the
rocket engines, lessens the demands on the launch vehicle.

16. INDIA’S SLVS AT A GLANCE

18. SLV
• The Satellite Launch Vehicle SLV was a project
started in the early 1970s by the Indian Space
Research Organization to develop the
technology needed to launch satellites. The
project was headed by APJ Abdul Kalam. SLV
was intended to reach a height of 400 km and
carry a payload of 40 kg. The first experimental
flight of SLV-3, in August 1979, was only
partially successful.
• It was a four-stage rocket with all solid-
propellant motors.
• The first launch of the SLV took place
in Sriharikota on 10 August 1979. The fourth
and final launch of the SLV took place on 17
April 1983.

19. ASLV
• The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle or Advanced Satellite Launch
Vehicle', also known as ASLV, was a five-stage solid-fuel rocket developed by
the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to place 150 kg satellites
into LEO. This project was started by India during the early 1980s to develop
technologies needed for a payload to be placed into a geostationary orbit. Its
design was based on Satellite Launch Vehicle. ISRO did not have sufficient
funds for both the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle programme and the ASLV
programme at the same time and the ASLV programme was terminated after
the initial developmental flights. The payloads of ASLV were Stretched Rohini
Satellites.

20. PSLV
• The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, commonly known by its abbreviation PSLV, is
an expendable launch system developed and operated by the Indian Space
Research Organization (ISRO). It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian
Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into Sun-synchronous orbits, a service that was,
until the advent of the PSLV, commercially available only from Russia. PSLV can
also launch small size satellites into geostationary transfer orbit(GTO).
• IN THE YEAR 2015 ALONE INDIA SUCCESSFULLY
LAUNCHED 17 FOREIGN SATELLITES BELONGING TO
CANADA, INDONESIA, SINGAPORE, THE UNITED KINGDOM
AND THE UNITED STATES. SOME NOTABLE PAYLOADS
LAUNCHED BY PSLV INCLUDE INDIA'S FIRST LUNAR
PROBECHANDRAYAAN-1, INDIA'S FIRST INTERPLANETARY
MISSION MANGALYAAN (MARS ORBITER) AND INDIA'S
FIRST SPACE OBSERVATORY , ASTROSAT .

21. GSLV
• Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle abbreviated in
English as GSLV, is an expendable launch
system operated by the Indian Space Research
Organization (ISRO). It was developed to enable India to
launch its satellites without dependence on foreign
rockets and providers. GSLV has been used in nine
launches to date, since its first launch in 2001 through
to its most recent launch on August 27, 2015 of the
GSAT-6.

22. GSLV MARK 3
• The Geosynchronous Satellite
Launch Vehicle Mark III also
called LVM3 or GSLV-III) is a launch
vehicle developed by the Indian
Space Research Organization (ISRO).
• It is intended to launch satellites
into geostationary orbit and as a
launcher for an Indian crew vehicle.
The GSLV-III features an
Indian cryogenic third stage and a
higher payload capacity than the
current GSLV.