The document analyzes 12 American day care cases from 1983 to 1991 where satanic ritual abuse was alleged. Over 650 children were identified as victims across the 12 cases. Allegations included rituals involving blood drinking, cannibalism, and human sacrifice. While investigations initially focused on sexual abuse, satanic ritual abuse elements emerged later through questioning. 28 people were criminally charged, with 15 found guilty and receiving long sentences. However, 12 of the 15 guilty verdicts were later overturned on appeal. The document concludes that while the cases sparked international controversy, they provide little clarity on whether satanic ritual abuse is real or rumor, but set an agenda for further research and discussion on the issue.
This is a preliminary report on the abuse and neglect of persons in residential treatment for “substance abuse” in the U.S.A. There have been violations of human rights, lack of investigation, prosecution and punishment of the offenders. This prevailing permissive environment has given de jure or de facto amnesty to those who violate human rights. Starting in the 1970’s there were residential treatment facilities for teens that were found to be abusive. The SEED, Straight Inc. and its derivatives, Roloff Homes, WWASPS and, more recently, Teen Challenge were adjudicated “guilty” of human rights abuses. This report explores the ways these perpetrators of abuse have used the political system to protect themselves and exploit loopholes in the law to expand their network of abusive residential treatment facilities for youth.
This is a preliminary report on the abuse and neglect of persons in residential treatment for “substance abuse” in the U.S.A. There have been violations of human rights, lack of investigation, prosecution and punishment of the offenders. This prevailing permissive environment has given de jure or de facto amnesty to those who violate human rights. Starting in the 1970’s there were residential treatment facilities for teens that were found to be abusive. The SEED, Straight Inc. and its derivatives, Roloff Homes, WWASPS and, more recently, Teen Challenge were adjudicated “guilty” of human rights abuses. This report explores the ways these perpetrators of abuse have used the political system to protect themselves and exploit loopholes in the law to expand their network of abusive residential treatment facilities for youth.
This document provides the curriculum vitae of Dr. Gilbert Kliman, outlining his extensive education and training in psychiatry and psychoanalysis. It details his career founding treatment centers and conducting research on topics like childhood trauma, autism, and foster care. It also describes his experience as an expert witness testifying in over 300 legal cases related to psychological injury.
1) The document discusses a study called NISMART-2 that aimed to provide national estimates of missing children in the United States by surveying households, juvenile facilities, and law enforcement.
2) NISMART-2 defined a missing child as one who was either missing from their caretakers ("caretaker missing") or missing from their caretakers and reported to authorities for help locating them ("reported missing").
3) The study found that a child can become missing for various reasons such as running away, being abducted, or due to miscommunications, and that determining how many children are truly missing is a complex problem with no single, straightforward answer.
This document provides an introduction and selected bibliography on the topics of recantation and false allegations of child abuse. It discusses how recantation and false allegations can result from suggestion by authority figures, pseudo memories, or evading honest answers. The bibliography consists of journal articles and book chapters published between 1987 and 2011 that specifically address recantation and false allegations. Many of the publications discuss the prevalence of recantation in child abuse cases, factors that influence recantation such as a child's dependency on their abuser, and the effects of coaching and suggestion on children's reports of abuse.
The document provides an overview of child sexual abuse in churches and society. It discusses:
1) Surveys from the 1970s-1980s found that approximately 1 in 4 girls and 1 in 10 boys experienced sexual abuse before age 16, showing shocking levels of abuse in the community.
2) Research on the Catholic Church found that approximately 4% of priests in the US had abuse allegations, and some evidence suggests higher rates in Australia of 4.8-5.4% of priests.
3) Limited evidence suggests abuse rates are much lower in other churches than Catholicism, though more research is needed. The author's study of the Anglican Church found 191 abuse reports against 135 individuals over 20 years, representing
Correctional Forum is printed three times a year by the Pennsylvania Prison Society. I am the managing editor and designer. The newsletter addresses current issues in the criminal justice system, as well as news from the organization.
This is a preliminary report on the abuse and neglect of persons in residential treatment for “substance abuse” in the U.S.A. There have been violations of human rights, lack of investigation, prosecution and punishment of the offenders. This prevailing permissive environment has given de jure or de facto amnesty to those who violate human rights. Starting in the 1970’s there were residential treatment facilities for teens that were found to be abusive. The SEED, Straight Inc. and its derivatives, Roloff Homes, WWASPS and, more recently, Teen Challenge were adjudicated “guilty” of human rights abuses. This report explores the ways these perpetrators of abuse have used the political system to protect themselves and exploit loopholes in the law to expand their network of abusive residential treatment facilities for youth.
This is a preliminary report on the abuse and neglect of persons in residential treatment for “substance abuse” in the U.S.A. There have been violations of human rights, lack of investigation, prosecution and punishment of the offenders. This prevailing permissive environment has given de jure or de facto amnesty to those who violate human rights. Starting in the 1970’s there were residential treatment facilities for teens that were found to be abusive. The SEED, Straight Inc. and its derivatives, Roloff Homes, WWASPS and, more recently, Teen Challenge were adjudicated “guilty” of human rights abuses. This report explores the ways these perpetrators of abuse have used the political system to protect themselves and exploit loopholes in the law to expand their network of abusive residential treatment facilities for youth.
This document provides the curriculum vitae of Dr. Gilbert Kliman, outlining his extensive education and training in psychiatry and psychoanalysis. It details his career founding treatment centers and conducting research on topics like childhood trauma, autism, and foster care. It also describes his experience as an expert witness testifying in over 300 legal cases related to psychological injury.
1) The document discusses a study called NISMART-2 that aimed to provide national estimates of missing children in the United States by surveying households, juvenile facilities, and law enforcement.
2) NISMART-2 defined a missing child as one who was either missing from their caretakers ("caretaker missing") or missing from their caretakers and reported to authorities for help locating them ("reported missing").
3) The study found that a child can become missing for various reasons such as running away, being abducted, or due to miscommunications, and that determining how many children are truly missing is a complex problem with no single, straightforward answer.
This document provides an introduction and selected bibliography on the topics of recantation and false allegations of child abuse. It discusses how recantation and false allegations can result from suggestion by authority figures, pseudo memories, or evading honest answers. The bibliography consists of journal articles and book chapters published between 1987 and 2011 that specifically address recantation and false allegations. Many of the publications discuss the prevalence of recantation in child abuse cases, factors that influence recantation such as a child's dependency on their abuser, and the effects of coaching and suggestion on children's reports of abuse.
The document provides an overview of child sexual abuse in churches and society. It discusses:
1) Surveys from the 1970s-1980s found that approximately 1 in 4 girls and 1 in 10 boys experienced sexual abuse before age 16, showing shocking levels of abuse in the community.
2) Research on the Catholic Church found that approximately 4% of priests in the US had abuse allegations, and some evidence suggests higher rates in Australia of 4.8-5.4% of priests.
3) Limited evidence suggests abuse rates are much lower in other churches than Catholicism, though more research is needed. The author's study of the Anglican Church found 191 abuse reports against 135 individuals over 20 years, representing
Correctional Forum is printed three times a year by the Pennsylvania Prison Society. I am the managing editor and designer. The newsletter addresses current issues in the criminal justice system, as well as news from the organization.
1990 study of the doj behavorial study child molesters.pdfAurorasa Coaching
This document provides definitions and distinctions for understanding child molesters and pedophiles. It defines a child molester as any significantly older individual who engages in illegal sexual activity with minors. Pedophilia refers to recurrent sexual urges involving prepubescent children, as defined by the DSM-III-R. While pedophilia is a psychiatric diagnosis, the term is increasingly used outside clinical contexts. The document aims to clarify terminology for law enforcement investigating cases of child sexual exploitation.
Cognitive Ability and Vulnerability to Fake Newshttpsgetpocke.docxpickersgillkayne
Cognitive Ability and Vulnerability to Fake News
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/cognitive-ability-and-vulnerability-to-fake-news?utm_source=pocket-newtab
Researchers identify a major risk factor for pernicious effects of misinformation.
Scientific American
· David Z. Hambrick
· Madeline Marquardt
Photo by gguy44 / Getty Images.
“Fake news” is Donald Trump’s favorite catchphrase. Since the 2016 election, it has appeared in hundreds of tweets by the President, decrying everything from accusations of sexual assault against him to the Russian collusion investigation to reports that he watches up to eight hours of television a day. Trump may just use “fake news” as a rhetorical device to discredit stories he doesn’t like, but there is evidence that real fake news is a serious problem. As one alarming example, an analysis by the internet media company Buzzfeed revealed that during the final three months of the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, the 20 most popular false election stories generated around 1.3 million more Facebook engagements—shares, reactions, and comments—than did the 20 most popular legitimate stories. The most popular fake story was “Pope Francis Shocks World, Endorses Donald Trump for President.”
Fake news can distort people’s beliefs even after being debunked. For example, repeated over and over, a story such as the one about the Pope endorsing Trump can create a glow around a political candidate that persists long after the story is exposed as fake. A 2017 study published in the journal Intelligence suggests that some people may have an especially difficult time rejecting misinformation. Asked to rate a fictitious person on a range of character traits, people who scored low on a test of cognitive ability continued to be influenced by damaging information about the person even after they were explicitly told the information was false. The study is significant because it identifies what may be a major risk factor for vulnerability to fake news.
Ghent University researchers Jonas De keersmaecker and Arne Roets first had over 400 subjects take a personality test. They then randomly assigned each subject to one of two conditions. In the experimental condition, the subjects read a biographical description of a young woman named Nathalie. The bio explained that Nathalie, a nurse at a local hospital, “was arrested for stealing drugs from the hospital; she has been stealing drugs for 2 years and selling them on the street in order to buy designer clothes.” The subjects then rated Nathalie on traits such as trustworthiness and sincerity, after which they took a test of cognitive ability. Finally, the subjects saw a message on their computer screen explicitly stating that the information about Nathalie stealing drugs and getting arrested was not true, and then rated her again on the same traits. The control condition was identical, except that subjects were not given the paragraph with the false information and rated Nathalie only o.
This document summarizes research on child sexual abuse across cultures. It begins by reviewing prevalence studies from around the world that show rates of child sexual abuse ranging from 7-36% for females and 3-29% for males. A few exceptions outside these ranges are noted from studies among Native Canadians, South Africans, and Malaysians. The document then provides a more detailed review of recent prevalence studies and report data on child sexual abuse in various world regions, including the Americas, Western Europe, Central and South America, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Pacific. The goal is to broaden understanding of child sexual abuse beyond Western cultures and address this issue inclusively across all societies.
This document discusses child abuse in Colorado and the challenges of identifying and prosecuting abuse cases. It describes a case of severe child abuse where 4 boys were found living in filth and neglect. It also profiles Dr. Kathryn Wells, who conducts medical examinations of abused children, and Detective Teresa Gessner, who investigates abuse allegations. The document examines the complex issues around balancing parental rights with child protection.
This social policy research paper focuses on Child Welfare In the United States. The in the paper, the author gives a thorough history of the Child Welfare System as we know it. Trends and impacts on vulnerable populations within our society is also discussed.
This document presents the findings of a baseline study conducted in Sophia, Guyana to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding child abuse prevention and support for abused children. Key findings include:
1) High rates of neglect, verbal, physical and sexual abuse of children in their own homes and communities.
2) Many children are left unsupervised for long periods, increasing risks of school absenteeism, early sexual activity, and teen pregnancy.
3) Over a quarter of recorded pregnancies in the area were to teen mothers, raising concerns about their and their infants' welfare.
4) While knowledge of what constitutes abuse was clear, attitudes did not always translate to intervention or reporting abuse due to safety
Running Head:
JUVENILE RECIDIVISM
1 1 JUVENILE RECIDIVISM
4
2 Juvenile Recidivism Annotated Bibliography
Ronald S. Dixon Keiser University Dr. Carolyn Dennis MACJ513 October 1, 2017 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Aalsma, M.
2 C., White, L.
M., Lau, K.
L., Perkins, A., Monahan, P., & Grisso, T.
(2015).
2 Behavioral Health Care Needs, Detention-Based Care, and Criminal Recidivism at Community Reentry from Juvenile Detention:
A Multisite Survival Curve Analysis.
American Journal of Public Health, 105(7), 1372-1378.
3 doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302529
The authors of the article are researcher-practitioners in contribution to the field of criminology especially in relevance to juvenile delinquency. Matthew Aalsma, Laura White, and Katherine L Lau work with the Division of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Indianapolis.
2 Anthony Perkins works with Precision Statistical Consulting, LLC, Indianapolis, IN.
Patrick Monahan is with the Division of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine.
Thomas Grisso collaborates with the Division of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, and Worcester.
The examination was chiefly routed to fulfill the discoveries of past comparative looks into to the Indiana Criminal Justice Institute and the US Division of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Maternal and Child Health Research Curriculum. The exploration question in the examination looks to address the effect of behavioral wellbeing administrations to adolescents on recidivism. Particularly the exploration inspected the effect of policy on the young people of the province of Indiana. The approach included two key components. Information about behavioral prosperity needs, behavioral well-being treatment got, and recidivism was found inside a year after release for 8363 adolescents (developed 12-18 years; 79.4% male). After the investigation, the examination group watched that discoveries reinforce past research showing that restorative behavioral issues are related to recidivism and that Black teenagers are unnecessarily rearrested after containment.
Barrett, D.
2 E., & Katsiyannis, A.
(2015).
2 Juvenile Delinquency Recidivism:
Are Black and White Youth Vulnerable to the Same Risk Factors?
Behavioral Disorders, 40(3), 184-195.
The article is a research study carried out by using archived data from the state of South Carolina's juvenile justice agency in contribution to examining the risk level associated with both blacks and white teens in the state of Carolina, in the USA. The research addresses the judicial system of South Carolina as well as future researchers and practitioners in the field of juvenile delinquency. The authors have proficient knowledge in education studies and other specialties. David Barrett is a licensed psychologist and has previously worked in the National Institute of mental health's laboratory of development phycology. He has extensive knowledge ...
Teachers are indicted at the McMartin PreschoolMarch 22 .docxmattinsonjanel
Teachers are indicted at the McMartin Preschool
March 22
Seven teachers at the McMartin Preschool in Manhattan Beach, California are indicted by the Los Angeles County grand jury after hearing testimony from 18 children. Included among the charged are Peggy McMartin Buckey, the head of the school and her son Ray Buckey. Seven years and millions of dollars later, the case against the teachers came to a close with no reputable evidence of wrongdoing and no convictions.
The McMartin school debacle began on August 12, 1983 when Judy Johnson reported to the police that she believed her 2-1/2-year-old son had been molested at the McMartin Preschool. The first major blunder occurred less than a month into the investigation. On September 8, the Manhattan Beach Police Department sent out a form letter to more than 200 families, alerting them of an investigation into the allegations of child molestation and naming Ray Buckey as a suspect.
The latter set off a wave of hysteria in the community. Compounding the problem, virtually every child who attended the school was sent to the Children's Institute International, an organization that claimed it could get children to reveal abuse even when they didn't want to talk about it. Unfortunately, CII was also capable of getting easily manipulated children to reveal abuse when it had never actually happened.
The allegations that CII produced grew more bizarre every day. They reported that they had been taken to a cemetery where dead bodies were dug and hacked to pieces (causing blood to spurt out). The local Catholic Church invited an expert on scults to talk to the congregation in the wake of the allegations. Of course, there wasn't any corroboration of these wild allegations from any witnesses although the school often had visitors and guests. The truth or falsity of the allegations mattered little to the community at large. The McMartin School was burned down in an arson attack and seven other local preschools closed down as people who worked with children began to fear that they would be the next accused.
Unfortunately for other child care workers around the nation, the abuse scare of the early 1990s found many victims. More recent research has demonstrated that questioning techniques of children can easily be manipulated so that the child will give the answer that the questioner desires.
Reference
“Teachers are indicted at the McMartin Preschool.” 2013. The History Channel website. Sep 24 2013, 7:01 http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/teachers-are-indicted-at-the-mcmartin-preschool.
“And When Did You Last See Your Father?” by William Frederick Yeames, 1878
depicting English Puritan inquisitors grilling the child of a Royalist family
How hysterical parents, incompetent therapists and malicious prosecutors
destroyed the lives of seven innocent North Carolinians – and
have yet to admit they were wrong
Top of Form
Home │ FAQ │ 'Innocence Lost' │ Case Materials │ Site Archive │ Ab ...
Kempe et al published a landmark 1962 article describing the "battered-child syndrome". They found that over 300 battered children were seen at hospitals in the past year. The article described characteristics of battered-child syndrome and reported two case studies in detail. This established that physicians have a responsibility to protect children from abuse, even from their own parents. It helped raise awareness of child abuse as a medical issue.
This document provides information about upcoming events from the Maryland Health Care Coalition Against Domestic Violence. It summarizes a screening of two short documentary films on domestic violence and law enforcement, followed by a full-length documentary film and Q&A session. It also briefly summarizes recent research on intimate partner homicide during pregnancy and the impact of abusive relationships on mothers' mental health after leaving. The document announces the availability of staff trainings on domestic violence for health care professionals.
This document discusses the need for more research on male offenders who seriously physically abuse or kill children. It notes that while both men and women commit such offenses, the majority are committed by men. More research has examined female rather than male offenders. The document calls for identifying the psychological profiles and risk factors of different types of male offenders, such as biological fathers who systematically cause harm versus unrelated adults in the home. Understanding these offender types could help professionals investigating such cases, which often involve uncooperative parents providing contradicting explanations for a child's injuries.
1) The document discusses advocacy for child sexual abuse through the author's experiences learning about resources in their community. They attended presentations from organizations like Justice4PAKids and met with survivors to learn about the issue.
2) While progress is being made through organizations and improved responses from legal and social services, child sexual abuse remains a taboo topic kept secret especially in affluent areas.
3) Schools in particular seem underrepresented in training and advocacy efforts. Increased education of teachers and administrators could help identify more cases.
Witnessing domestic violence is common, with over half of children under 12 living in households where their mother experiences intimate partner violence. Exposure to violence can negatively impact children's development, increasing risks of health and behavioral issues. Studies found that 46.7% of low-income preschoolers witnessed violence, suffering post-traumatic stress, while 3.3-10 million children witness domestic violence annually. Children exposed to intimate partner violence were 1.6 times more likely to display externalizing behaviors and have total behavioral problems in the borderline-clinical range. As educators and members of society, we must support victims of domestic violence.
Running Head JUVENILE PROSTITUTIONJUVENILE PROSTITUTION.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
Juvenile Prostitution
Human Development and Environments
Name
University Of xxxxxx
Abstract
Juvenile prostitution has disastrous effects to the mental, social, and physical development of a child. The paper explores the causes, effects, and prevention approaches that will eliminate juvenile prostitution. The research will use eco-developmental theory provides a premise for exploring the investigation on juvenile prostitution. Effort need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community based that helps to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets. The paper will provide stakeholders with an opportunity to understand the gravity of juvenile prostitution and develop appropriate interventions.
Background
In many conventions and tourist cities, child prostitution is rampant and growing at an alarming rate. According to the federal bureau of investigation, Atlanta tops among the cities with the highest number of children who engage in prostitution. There are concerted efforts of religious groups, lawmakers, and advocates for juvenile justice in the state. These efforts have not been fruitful since there is less focus on a lasting solution to the problem. Critics argue that efforts should be providing a sustainable program that will prevent vulnerable children from taking part in the vice. There has been a focus on increasing penalties for offenders without addressing the cause of the problem. Despite the stringent laws and penalties, the vice has continued to thrive. It is critical to note that efforts should be placed on developing treatment programs that help children who are sexually exploited. The efforts need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community-based that contribute to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets.
Introduction
Juvenile prostitution is an issue of concern in the society since it fuels human trafficking, kidnapping, serial rape, abuse of human rights, and exploitation. Most of these children are lured or abducted by traffickers who brand them or beaten into submission. Those that try to get away are either killed or tortured. Review of foster care is imperatives since many of these children are raped and abused in these placements. It is imperative to note that these children decide to run away since foster-care homes are inhabitable (Plumridge & Abel, 2001). It is imperative that the discourse should be placed on the role of child welfare systems since they have failed to identify children who are trafficked for sex. Even in their knowledge on the existence of these problems, the child welfare systems argue that the responsibility is outside their jurisdiction and purview. The argument is that the perpetrators of the vices are not caregivers or parents; thus, they shift the responsibility to law enforcement officers. Breggin (2008) says, “These children are not ...
Chapter 1 Juvenile Justice Myths and RealitiesMyths and RealiMaximaSheffield592
Chapter 1 Juvenile Justice: Myths and RealitiesMyths and Realities
It’s only me.” These were the tragic words spoken by Charles “Andy” Williams as the San Diego Sheriff’s Department SWAT team closed in
on the frail high school sophomore who had just turned 15 years old. Williams had just shot a number of his classmates at Santana High
School, killing two and wounding 13. This was another in a series of school shootings that shocked the nation; however, the young Mr.
Williams did not fit the stereotype of the “superpredator” that has had an undue influence on juvenile justice policy for decades. There have
been other very high-profile cases involving children and teens that have generated a vigorous international debate on needed changes in the
system of justice as applied to young people.
In Birmingham, Alabama, an 8-year-old boy was charged with “viciously” attacking a toddler, Kelci Lewis, and murdering her (Binder, 2015).
The law enforcement officials announced their intent to prosecute the boy as an adult. The accused perpetrator would be among the youngest
criminal court victims in U.S. history. The 8-year-old became angry and violent, and beat the toddler because she would not stop crying. Kelci
suffered severe head trauma and injuries to major internal organs. The victim’s mother, Katerra Lewis, left the two children alone so that she
could attend a local nightclub. There were six other children under the age of 8 also left alone in the house. Within days, the mother was
arrested and charged with manslaughter and released on a $15,000 bond after being in custody for less than 90 minutes. The 8-year-old was
held by the Alabama Department of Human Services pending his adjudication.
A very disturbing video showed a Richland County, South Carolina, deputy sheriff grab a 16-year-old African American teen by her hair,
flipping her out her chair and tossing her across the classroom. The officer wrapped his forearm around her neck and then handcuffed her. It is
alleged that the teen refused to surrender her phone to the deputy. She received multiple injuries from the encounter. The classroom teacher and
a vice principal said that they believed the police response was “appropriate.” The deputy was suspended and subsequently fired after the
Richland County Sheriff reviewed the video. There is a civil suit against the school district and the sheriff’s department for the injuries that
were sustained (Strehike, 2015).
One of the highest profile cases involving juvenile offenders was known as the New York Central Park jogger case (Burns, 2011; Gray, 2013).
In 1989 a young female investment banker was raped, attacked, and left in a coma. The horrendous crime captured worldwide attention.
Initially, 11 young people were arrested and five confessed to the crimes. These five juvenile males, four African American and one Latino,
were convicted for a range of crimes including assault, robbery, rape, and attempted murder. There were two separate jury t ...
Developmental Review 32 (2012) 224–267
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Developmental Review
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / d r
Reliability of children’s testimony in the era
of developmental reversals
C.J. Brainerd ⇑, V.F. Reyna
Department of Human Development, Cornell University, United States
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Available online 2 August 2012
Keywords:
Children’s testimony
False memory
Fuzzy-trace theory
Developmental reversals
0273-2297/$ - see front matter � 2012 Elsevier In
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2012.06.008
⇑ Corresponding author. Address: Department of
United States. Fax: +1 607 255 9856.
E-mail address: [email protected] (C.J. Brainer
a b s t r a c t
A hoary assumption of the law is that children are more prone to
false-memory reports than adults, and hence, their testimony is less
reliable than adults’. Since the 1980s, that assumption has been
buttressed by numerous studies that detected declines in false
memory between early childhood and young adulthood under con-
trolled conditions. Fuzzy-trace theory predicted reversals of this
standard developmental pattern in circumstances that are directly
relevant to testimony because they involve using the gist of experi-
ence to remember events. That prediction has been investigated
during the past decade, and a large number of experiments have
been published in which false memories have indeed been found
to increase between early childhood and young adulthood. Further,
experimentation has tied age increases in false memory to
improvements in children’s memory for semantic gist. According
to current scientific evidence, the principle that children’s testi-
mony is necessarily more infected with false memories than adults’
and that, other things being equal, juries should regard adults’ tes-
timony as necessarily more faithful to actual events is untenable.
� 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
To say that the reliability of child witnesses’ memories has been a controversial topic is an
understatement of rather large proportions. Along with recovery of repressed memories (e.g., Loftus
& Ketcham, 1994), false eyewitness identifications (e.g., Wells et al., 1998), and false confessions
(e.g., Kassin & Kiechel, 1996), it has been one of the most contentious areas of psycho-legal research
c. All rights reserved.
Human Development, Cornell University, B-43 MVR Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853,
d).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2012.06.008
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2012.06.008
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02732297
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/dr
C.J. Brainerd, V.F. Reyna / Developmental Review 32 (2012) 224–267 225
during the past quarter-century (Ceci & Bruck, 1995). To understand why, it is necessary to turn back
the clock to the 1980s and consider two developments that first focused attention squarely on the
memories of child witn.
This document summarizes research on the reliability of children's testimony. It discusses how legal changes in the 1970s-1980s increased the need for children's testimony in abuse cases. This clashed with traditional views that children are highly unreliable witnesses due to false memories. However, some argued children's memories of traumatic personal experiences are accurate. Subsequent experimental research found that children are more suggestible and prone to false memories than adults. A large body of evidence now shows that false memories decline between childhood and adulthood. This implies children's testimony may be less reliable than adults' testimony.
250 words each agree or disagree each questionsQ 1.I thi.docxvickeryr87
1) Investigating child abuse requires identifying warning signs in a child's behavior and asking questions if something seems off. Child abuse includes physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect. 2) Technology has advanced investigation methods, but the system needs to be more attentive to abuse claims from children. Initial visitations with an abusive parent should be supervised. 3) In the past, children were not considered credible witnesses, but laws have changed to extend more protection and allow past victims more time to report abuse. Evidence gathering looks at physical injuries, psychological signs, and the child's knowledge of right and wrong.
- The document defines bullying as repeated negative actions against a child by one or more children that involves an imbalance of power. It can include physical, verbal, or social forms of bullying.
- Bullying is prevalent, with 30% of students reporting moderate or frequent involvement. It is correlated with harmful behaviors and poorer academic and health outcomes.
- Addressing bullying requires a comprehensive, school-wide effort involving the entire school community to change school norms and climate regarding bullying behavior.
Problem 7. Dollars for WaitingJeffrey Swift has been a messenger.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 7. Dollars for Waiting?
Jeffrey Swift has been a messenger used by a couple of the local businesses where the Discrimina, Inc. machine shop is located. Sometimes he has done some extra errands inside the Discrimina building for a couple of hours. For the last several weeks, he has helped package items for shipment on Thursdays. Things have gone well, but Jeffrey is concerned because sometimes he has waited over two hours in the waiting room while waiting for the packaging to begin. He wouldn't mind but Discrimina pays only for packaging time, not for waiting time. He can never be certain when the parts will be ready for packaging because final quality checking time varies wildly.
Jeffrey has his own delivery business, but Discrimina has only paid him cash. Each time, Jeffrey has given the company a receipt for the cash. While he waits, he sometimes goes out for donuts for the crew. At other times, he plays games on his PDA or makes cell calls to friends.
Question
If Jeffrey Swift sues for the waiting time hours, what is the likely result and why? Write your answer in a Word document in 1-2 pages.
.
Problem 8-2B(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanation.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 8-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
1
2
3
4
5
(b) Enter the January 1, 2014 balances in Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Post the transactions to the ledger T Accounts
Be sure to post the amounts to the correct side of the T-Account!
Accounts Receivable
Bal.
(2)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(5)
Bal.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
(4)
Bal.
(5)
Bal.
(c)
Prepare the journal entry to record bad debt expense for 2014, assuming that aging the accounts receivable indicates that expected bad debts are $140,000.
Balance needed
...............................................................................
$
Balance before adjustment [see (b)]
................................................
Adjustment required
.......................................................................
$
The journal entry would therefore be as follows:
(d) Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratios:
Enter your answer here
Average Collection Period:
Enter your answer here
Problem 8-6B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
5
20
Feb
18
Apr
20
30
May
25
Aug
18
Sept.
1
Problem 9-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
If there are two entries for the same day, then you do not need to enter the date again.
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
April
1
May
1
May
1
June
1
Sept
1
PART B
Dec
31
31
(c)
Partial Balance Sheet
TONG CORPORATION
Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2014
Assets
Plant assets
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title (or contra account)
Amount
Total plant assets
Amount
Problem 9-7B
(a)
BUS 1
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 2
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 3
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
(b)
BUS 2
Year
Depreciation Expense
Amount
Amount
.
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This document provides definitions and distinctions for understanding child molesters and pedophiles. It defines a child molester as any significantly older individual who engages in illegal sexual activity with minors. Pedophilia refers to recurrent sexual urges involving prepubescent children, as defined by the DSM-III-R. While pedophilia is a psychiatric diagnosis, the term is increasingly used outside clinical contexts. The document aims to clarify terminology for law enforcement investigating cases of child sexual exploitation.
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Running Head:
JUVENILE RECIDIVISM
1 1 JUVENILE RECIDIVISM
4
2 Juvenile Recidivism Annotated Bibliography
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American Journal of Public Health, 105(7), 1372-1378.
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The authors of the article are researcher-practitioners in contribution to the field of criminology especially in relevance to juvenile delinquency. Matthew Aalsma, Laura White, and Katherine L Lau work with the Division of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, and Indianapolis.
2 Anthony Perkins works with Precision Statistical Consulting, LLC, Indianapolis, IN.
Patrick Monahan is with the Division of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine.
Thomas Grisso collaborates with the Division of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, and Worcester.
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Running Head: JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
Juvenile Prostitution
Human Development and Environments
Name
University Of xxxxxx
Abstract
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Background
In many conventions and tourist cities, child prostitution is rampant and growing at an alarming rate. According to the federal bureau of investigation, Atlanta tops among the cities with the highest number of children who engage in prostitution. There are concerted efforts of religious groups, lawmakers, and advocates for juvenile justice in the state. These efforts have not been fruitful since there is less focus on a lasting solution to the problem. Critics argue that efforts should be providing a sustainable program that will prevent vulnerable children from taking part in the vice. There has been a focus on increasing penalties for offenders without addressing the cause of the problem. Despite the stringent laws and penalties, the vice has continued to thrive. It is critical to note that efforts should be placed on developing treatment programs that help children who are sexually exploited. The efforts need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community-based that contribute to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets.
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Juvenile prostitution is an issue of concern in the society since it fuels human trafficking, kidnapping, serial rape, abuse of human rights, and exploitation. Most of these children are lured or abducted by traffickers who brand them or beaten into submission. Those that try to get away are either killed or tortured. Review of foster care is imperatives since many of these children are raped and abused in these placements. It is imperative to note that these children decide to run away since foster-care homes are inhabitable (Plumridge & Abel, 2001). It is imperative that the discourse should be placed on the role of child welfare systems since they have failed to identify children who are trafficked for sex. Even in their knowledge on the existence of these problems, the child welfare systems argue that the responsibility is outside their jurisdiction and purview. The argument is that the perpetrators of the vices are not caregivers or parents; thus, they shift the responsibility to law enforcement officers. Breggin (2008) says, “These children are not ...
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been other very high-profile cases involving children and teens that have generated a vigorous international debate on needed changes in the
system of justice as applied to young people.
In Birmingham, Alabama, an 8-year-old boy was charged with “viciously” attacking a toddler, Kelci Lewis, and murdering her (Binder, 2015).
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criminal court victims in U.S. history. The 8-year-old became angry and violent, and beat the toddler because she would not stop crying. Kelci
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Developmental Review 32 (2012) 224–267
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Developmental Review
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / d r
Reliability of children’s testimony in the era
of developmental reversals
C.J. Brainerd ⇑, V.F. Reyna
Department of Human Development, Cornell University, United States
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Available online 2 August 2012
Keywords:
Children’s testimony
False memory
Fuzzy-trace theory
Developmental reversals
0273-2297/$ - see front matter � 2012 Elsevier In
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2012.06.008
⇑ Corresponding author. Address: Department of
United States. Fax: +1 607 255 9856.
E-mail address: [email protected] (C.J. Brainer
a b s t r a c t
A hoary assumption of the law is that children are more prone to
false-memory reports than adults, and hence, their testimony is less
reliable than adults’. Since the 1980s, that assumption has been
buttressed by numerous studies that detected declines in false
memory between early childhood and young adulthood under con-
trolled conditions. Fuzzy-trace theory predicted reversals of this
standard developmental pattern in circumstances that are directly
relevant to testimony because they involve using the gist of experi-
ence to remember events. That prediction has been investigated
during the past decade, and a large number of experiments have
been published in which false memories have indeed been found
to increase between early childhood and young adulthood. Further,
experimentation has tied age increases in false memory to
improvements in children’s memory for semantic gist. According
to current scientific evidence, the principle that children’s testi-
mony is necessarily more infected with false memories than adults’
and that, other things being equal, juries should regard adults’ tes-
timony as necessarily more faithful to actual events is untenable.
� 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
To say that the reliability of child witnesses’ memories has been a controversial topic is an
understatement of rather large proportions. Along with recovery of repressed memories (e.g., Loftus
& Ketcham, 1994), false eyewitness identifications (e.g., Wells et al., 1998), and false confessions
(e.g., Kassin & Kiechel, 1996), it has been one of the most contentious areas of psycho-legal research
c. All rights reserved.
Human Development, Cornell University, B-43 MVR Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853,
d).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2012.06.008
mailto:[email protected]
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2012.06.008
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02732297
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/dr
C.J. Brainerd, V.F. Reyna / Developmental Review 32 (2012) 224–267 225
during the past quarter-century (Ceci & Bruck, 1995). To understand why, it is necessary to turn back
the clock to the 1980s and consider two developments that first focused attention squarely on the
memories of child witn.
This document summarizes research on the reliability of children's testimony. It discusses how legal changes in the 1970s-1980s increased the need for children's testimony in abuse cases. This clashed with traditional views that children are highly unreliable witnesses due to false memories. However, some argued children's memories of traumatic personal experiences are accurate. Subsequent experimental research found that children are more suggestible and prone to false memories than adults. A large body of evidence now shows that false memories decline between childhood and adulthood. This implies children's testimony may be less reliable than adults' testimony.
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Jeffrey has his own delivery business, but Discrimina has only paid him cash. Each time, Jeffrey has given the company a receipt for the cash. While he waits, he sometimes goes out for donuts for the crew. At other times, he plays games on his PDA or makes cell calls to friends.
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(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
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Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
1
2
3
4
5
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Bal.
(2)
(1)
(3)
(5)
(4)
(5)
Bal.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
(4)
Bal.
(5)
Bal.
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Prepare the journal entry to record bad debt expense for 2014, assuming that aging the accounts receivable indicates that expected bad debts are $140,000.
Balance needed
...............................................................................
$
Balance before adjustment [see (b)]
................................................
Adjustment required
.......................................................................
$
The journal entry would therefore be as follows:
(d) Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratios:
Enter your answer here
Average Collection Period:
Enter your answer here
Problem 8-6B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
5
20
Feb
18
Apr
20
30
May
25
Aug
18
Sept.
1
Problem 9-2B
(a) Journalize the transactions, including explanations.
(Note, enter all accounts in one box.
The dates have been included to help with formatting).
If there are two entries for the same day, then you do not need to enter the date again.
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
April
1
May
1
May
1
June
1
Sept
1
PART B
Dec
31
31
(c)
Partial Balance Sheet
TONG CORPORATION
Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2014
Assets
Plant assets
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title (or contra account)
Amount
Total plant assets
Amount
Problem 9-7B
(a)
BUS 1
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 2
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
BUS 3
Year
Computation
Accumulated Depreciation
Amount
Amount
Amount
(b)
BUS 2
Year
Depreciation Expense
Amount
Amount
.
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Financial information for Ernie Bishop Company is presented below.
ERNIE BISHOP COMPANY
Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2013
2012
Cash
$ 70,000
$ 65,000
Short-term investments
52,000
40,000
Receivables (net)
98,000
80,000
Inventory
125,000
135,000
Prepaid expenses
29,000
23,000
Land
130,000
130,000
Building and equipment (net)
168,000
175,000
$672,000
$648,000
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Notes payable
$100,000
100,000
Accounts payable
48,000
42,000
Accrued liabilities
44,000
40,000
Bonds payable, due 2016
150,000
150,000
Common stock, $10 par
200,000
200,000
Retained earnings
130,000
116,000
$672,000
$648,000
ERNIE BISHOP COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Years Ended December 31
2013
2012
Net sales
$858,000
$798,000
Cost of goods sold
611,000
575,000
Gross profit
247,000
223,000
Operating expenses
204,500
181,000
Net income
$ 42,500
$ 42,000
Additional information:
1.
Inventory at the beginning of 2012 was $118,000.
2.
Total assets at the beginning of 2012 were $632,000.
3.
No common stock transactions occurred during 2012 or 2013.
4.
All sales were on account.
5.
Receivables (net) at the beginning of 2012 were $88,000.
(a)
Indicate, by using ratios, the change in liquidity and profitability of Ernie Bishop Company from 2012 to 2013.
(Round Earnings per share to 2 decimal places, e.g. 1.65, and all others to 1 decimal place, e.g. 6.8 or 6.8% .)
2012
2013
Change
LIQUIDITY
Current
Acid-test
Receivables turnover
Inventory turnover
PROFITABILITY
Profit margin
Asset turnover
Return on assets
Earnings per share
$
(b)
Given below are three independent situations and a ratio that may be affected. For each situation, compute the affected ratio (1) as of December 31, 2013, and (2) as of December 31, 2014, after giving effect to the situation. Net income for 2014 was $50,000. Total assets on December 31, 2014, were $700,000.
Situation
Ratio
(1)
18,000 shares of common stock were sold at par on July 1, 2014.
Return on common stockholders’ equity
(2)
All of the notes payable were paid in 2014. The only change in liabilities was that the notes payable were paid.
Debt to total assets
(3)
Market price of common stock was $9 on December 31, 2013, and $12.50 on December 31, 2014.
Price-earnings ratio
2013
2014
Change
Return on common stockholders’ equity
Debt to total assets
Price-earnings ratio
Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
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Joan
Owns 50%
Mary Company purchases its interest in John Company on January 1, 2012, for $204,000.
John Company purchases its interest in Joan Company on January 1, 2013, for $75,000. Mary
Company purchases its interest in Joan Company on January 1, 2014, for $72,000. All invest-
ments are accounted for under the equity method. Control over Joan Company does not occur
until the January 1, 2014, acquisition. Thus, a D&D schedule will be prepared for the invest-
ment in Joan as of January 1, 2014.
The following stockholders’ equities are available:
John
Joan
Company
December31
,
December 31
2011
2012
2013
Commonstock ($10par). ........... ............
$150,000
Commonstock ($10par). ........... ............
$100,000
$100,000
Paid-incapitalinexcess of par ............. ..... 75,000
Retained earnings .............................
75,000
50,000
80,000
Totalequity ......... ........... ............
$300,000
$150,000
$180,000
On January 2, 2014, Joan Company sells a machine to Mary Company for $20,000. The
machine has a book value of $10,000, with an estimated life of five years and is being depre-
ciated on a straight-line basis.
John Company sells $20,000 of merchandise to Joan Company during 2014 to realize a gross
profit of 30%. Of this merchandise, $5,000 remains in Joan Company’s December 31, 2014,
inventory. Joan owes John $3,000 on December 31, 2014, for merchandise delivered during
2014.
Trial balances of the three companies prepared from general ledger account balances on
December 31, 2014, are as follows:
Mary
John
Joan
Cash ...................... ........... ......
62,500
60,000
30,000
Accounts Receivable ........................... 200,000
55,000
30,000
Inventory ................... ........... ......
360,000
80,000
50,000
Investmentin JohnCompany........... ........ 270,000
Investmentin JoanCompany........... .......... 86,000
107,500
Property, Plant,andEquipment.... ........... ...2,250,000
850,000
350,000
Accumulated Depreciation ....... ........... .... (938,000)
(377,500)
(121,800
Mary
John
Joan
Intangibles.... ........... ........... .........
15,000
Accounts Payable ............... ........... ...
(215,500)
(61,000)
(22,000)
AccruedExpenses............... ........... ...
(12,000)
(4,000)
(1,200)
BondsPayable. ........... ........... .........
(500,000)
(300,000)
(100,000)
Common Stock($5par) ........................
(500,000)
Common Stock($10par) ....................... (150,000)
Common Stock($10par) ....................... (100,000)
Paid-In Capital inExcessof Par ...... ........... (700,000)
(75,000).
Problem 4-5ADevine Brown opened Devine’s Carpet Cleaners on March .docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 4-5A
Devine Brown opened Devine’s Carpet Cleaners on March 1. During March, the following transactions were completed.
Mar. 1
Invested $10,940 cash in the business.
1
Purchased used truck for $6,050, paying $3,025 cash and the balance on account.
3
Purchased cleaning supplies for $1,128 on account.
5
Paid $1,788 cash on one-year insurance policy effective March 1.
14
Billed customers $4,723 for cleaning services.
18
Paid $1,538 cash on amount owed on truck and $402 on amount owed on cleaning supplies.
20
Paid $1,648 cash for employee salaries.
21
Collected $1,926 cash from customers billed on March 14.
28
Billed customers $2,561 for cleaning services.
31
Paid gasoline for month on truck $393.
31
Withdrew $769 cash for personal use.
(a)
Your answer is correct.
Journalize the March transactions.
(Record entries in the order displayed in the problem statement. Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.)
Date
Account Titles and Explanation
Debit
Credit
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
J1
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Click if you would like to Show Work for this question:
Open Show Work
SHOW LIST OF ACCOUNTS
SHOW ANSWER
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
LINK TO TEXT
Attempts: 2 of 5 used
(b) and (c)
Your answer is partially correct. Try again.
Prepare a trial balance at March 31 on a worksheet. Enter the following adjustments on the worksheet and complete the worksheet.
(1)
Earned but unbilled revenue at March 31 was $843.
(2)
Depreciation on equipment for the month was $463.
(3)
One-twelfth of the insurance expired.
(4)
An inventory count shows $273 of cleaning supplies on hand at March 31.
(5)
Accrued but unpaid employee salaries were $598.
DEVINE’S CARPET CLEANERS
Worksheet
For the Month Ended March 31, 2012
Trial Balance
Adjustments
Adjusted Trial Balance
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Account Titles
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Dr.
Cr.
Cash
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Problem 1-4A (Part Level Submission)Matt Stiner started a delivery.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 1-4A (Part Level Submission)
Matt Stiner started a delivery service, Stiner Deliveries, on June 1, 2014. The following transactions occurred during the month of June.
June 1
Stockholders invested $14,493 cash in the business in exchange for common stock.
2
Purchased a used van for deliveries for $14,932. Matt paid $3,189 cash and signed a note payable for the remaining balance.
3
Paid $669 for office rent for the month.
5
Performed $4,502 of services on account.
9
Declared and paid $203 in cash dividends.
12
Purchased supplies for $109 on account.
15
Received a cash payment of $1,468 for services provided on June 5.
17
Purchased gasoline for $124 on account.
20
Received a cash payment of $1,385 for services provided.
23
Made a cash payment of $531 on the note payable.
26
Paid $122 for utilities.
29
Paid for the gasoline purchased on account on June 17.
30
Paid $1,255 for employee salaries.
(a)
Show the effects of the previous transactions on the accounting equation.
(If a transaction causes a decrease in Assets, Liabilities or Stockholders' Equity, place a negative sign (or parentheses) in front of the amount entered for the particular Asset, Liability or Equity item that was reduced. See Illustration 1-8 for example.)
STINER DELIVERIES
Assets
=
Liabilities
+
Stockholders' Equity
Retained Earnings
Date
Cash
+
Accounts
Receivable
+
Supplies
+
Equipment
=
Notes
Payable
+
Accounts
Payable
+
Common
Stock
+
Revenues
–
Expenses
–
Dividends
June 1
$
[removed]
$
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$
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$
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$
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$
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$
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2
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PROBLEM 5-5BPrepare a correct detailed multiple-step income stat.docxjeffsrosalyn
PROBLEM 5-5B
Prepare a correct detailed multiple-step income statement.
Assume a tax rate of 25%.
WRIGHT COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Month Ended December 31, 2014
Sales Revenues
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Net Sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Amount
Operating Expenses
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Account title
Amount
Total operating expenses
Amount
Income from operations
Amount
Other revenues and gains
Account title
Amount
Other expenses and losses
Account title
Amount
Amount (Total)
Income before income taxes
Income tax expense
Net Income
P5-5B
An inexperienced accountant prepared this condensed income statement for
Wright Company, a retail firm that has been in business for a number of years.
WRIGHT COMPANY
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Revenues
Net sales $952,000
Other revenues 16,000
968,000
Cost of goods sold 548,000
Gross profit 420,000
Operating expenses
Selling expenses 160,000
Administrative expenses
104,000
264,000
Net earnings $156,000
As an experienced, knowledgeable accountant, you review the statement and determine
the following facts.
1. Net sales consist of sales $972,000, less freight-out on merchandise sold $20,000.
2. Other revenues consist of sales discounts $12,000 and interest revenue $4,000.
3. Selling expenses consist of salespersons’ salaries $88,000; depreciation on equip-
ment $4,000; sales returns and allowances $46,000; advertising $12,000; and sales
commissions $10,000. All compensation should be recorded as Salaries and Wages
Expense.
4. Administrative expenses consist of office salaries $54,000; dividends $14,000; utili-
ties $13,000; interest expense $3,000; and rent expense $20,000, which includes
prepayments totaling $2,000 for the first month of 2015. The utilities represent
utilities paid. At December 31, utility expense of $3,000 has been incurred but not
paid.
Problem 6-2B
(a) Determine the Cost of Goods Available for Sale
Date
Explanation
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Total
(b) Determine the ending inventory and cost of goods sold under each of the assumed cost flow methods.
Prove the accuracy of the cost of goods sold under FIFO and LIFO.
FIFO
(1) Ending Inventory
(2) Cost of Goods Sold
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Amount
Amount
Amount
Less: ending inventory
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
Cost of Goods Sold
Amount
Proof of Cost of Goods Sold (FIFO)
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
LIFO
(1) Ending Inventory
(2) Cost of Goods Sold
Date
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Amount
Amount
Amount
Less: ending inventory
Amount
Amount
Amount
Total
Amount
Total
Amount
Cost of Goods Sold
Amount
Proof of .
Problem 12-9ACondensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.ODGE.docxjeffsrosalyn
Problem 12-9A
Condensed financial data of Odgers Inc. follow.
ODGERS INC.
Comparative Balance Sheets
December 31
Assets
2014
2013
Cash
$ 147,864
$ 88,572
Accounts receivable
160,674
69,540
Inventory
205,875
188,216
Prepaid expenses
51,972
47,580
Long-term investments
252,540
199,470
Plant assets
521,550
443,775
Accumulated depreciation
(91,500
)
(95,160
)
Total
$1,248,975
$941,993
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Accounts payable
$ 186,660
$ 123,159
Accrued expenses payable
30,195
38,430
Bonds payable
201,300
267,180
Common stock
402,600
320,250
Retained earnings
428,220
192,974
Total
$1,248,975
$941,993
ODGERS INC.
Income Statement Data
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
Sales revenue
$710,882
Less:
Cost of goods sold
$247,892
Operating expenses, excluding depreciation
22,710
Depreciation expense
85,095
Income tax expense
49,922
Interest expense
8,656
Loss on disposal of plant assets
13,725
428,000
Net income
$ 282,882
Additional information:
1.
New plant assets costing $183,000 were purchased for cash during the year.
2.
Old plant assets having an original cost of $105,225 and accumulated depreciation of $88,755 were sold for $2,745 cash.
3.
Bonds payable matured and were paid off at face value for cash.
4.
A cash dividend of $47,636 was declared and paid during the year.
Prepare a statement of cash flows using the indirect method.
(Show amounts that decrease cash flow with either a - sign e.g. -15,000 or in parenthesis e.g. (15,000).)
ODGERS INC.
Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
$
$
$
[removed]
.
Problem 13-6AIrwin Corporation has been authorized to issue 20,80.docxjeffsrosalyn
*Problem 13-6A
Irwin Corporation has been authorized to issue 20,800 shares of $100 par value, 10%, noncumulative preferred stock
and 981,000 shares of no-par common stock. The corporation assigned a $2.50 stated value to the common stock. At
December 31, 2014, the ledger contained the following balances pertaining to stockholders’ equity.
The preferred stock was issued for land having a fair value of $142,900. All common stock issued was for cash. In
November, 1,500 shares of common stock were purchased for the treasury at a per share cost of $14. In
December, 500 shares of treasury stock were sold for $15 per share. No dividends were declared in 2014.
Preferred Stock $119,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par—Preferred Stock 23,900
Common Stock 981,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value—Common Stock 1,781,300
Treasury Stock (1,000 common shares) 14,000
Paid-in Capital from Treasury Stock 500
Retained Earnings 81,600
.
Prior to posting in this discussion, completeThe Parking Garage.docxjeffsrosalyn
Prior to posting in this discussion, complete
The Parking Garage
scenario interactivity module and view the video,
This is Water by David Foster Wallace
. Reflect on what you have seen and recall a time when you experienced simplistic and unfounded stereotypical thinking. What could you have done differently? What is something that you need to work on in the future to become a better critical thinker? 200 words
.
Prior to engaging in this discussion, read Chapters 10 and 11 in y.docxjeffsrosalyn
Prior to engaging in this discussion, read Chapters 10 and 11 in your text as well as the “Steps for Effective Discharge Planning” article, and review any relevant Instructor Guidance.
For this discussion, refer to the information in the
“Introduction to the Miller Family”
document.
Select one of the family members below whose medical condition has the potential to have worsened to the point that they would need to be hospitalized. Once you have chosen your subject, create a discharge scenario. Each of these family members has been introduced in an earlier assignment. Be sure to review your materials for that assignment including any relevant instructor feedback.
Option 1:
Elías - leukemia
Option 2:
Lila - diabetes (IDDM)
Option 3:
Sam - liver disease caused by heavy drinking
Option 4:
Lucy - bipolar disorder and serious substance abuse (dual diagnosis)
In your initial post, create and present a possible scenario in order to respond to the subject’s discharge from the hospital. See earlier assignments for samples of how to begin crafting the scenario for your subject. Remember to be creative, refer to the “Introduction to the Miller Family” document, and include as much detailed information as appropriate. Be sure to address the following points in your initial post.
Describe the specific issues that need to be addressed when discharging this patient.
Briefly identify who (individuals, professionals, agencies, or organizations) might be identified in the plan, what needs to be done, and when it should happen.
Identify community resources (e.g., doctors, counselors, and agencies) that will be needed, what their roles are in the plan, and assess how they might meet the needs of your patient. Integrate the biological theory of intellect and cognition with your subject’s sociocultural experiences in order to better ascertain his or her needs.
Identify and discuss at least one barrier for success based on the individual’s intellect and his or her sociocultural experiences and perspectives. Critique the contributions of community-based programs and how they might alleviate issues related to this barrier.
dq2
Watch one of the eight videos from
The Future of Medicine
playlist. Then, go to the Ashford University Library and find two research articles related to the social impact or relevance of the topic addressed in your selected video. For assistance with finding peer-reviewed articles, please see the
tutorial
on the Ashford University Library website. Consider the work you have completed in the previous discussions throughout the course. Summarize how we, as individuals, are affected by disease, disability, or disorder. What emotions do we experience toward others with these conditions (empathy, judgment, fear, guilt)? Critique the contributions of community-based programs and how they influence our societal reactions to diseases, disabilities, and disorders. Examine and comment on the ways in which individuals, families, communi.
Privacy in a Technological AgePrivacy protection is a hot top.docxjeffsrosalyn
Privacy in a Technological Age:
Privacy protection is a hot topic in today’s data-hungry technological world
. In a well-written paper,
1.
Begin with an examination of an individual’s right to privacy
.
Then consider
2.
How advanced surveillance and monitoring technologies might intrude upon this right to privacy.
3.
How might the roles and obligations of an organization conflict with its workers right to privacy?
Provide specific examples to support your analysis.
Your well-written paper should be 2-3 pages in length and formatted according to the
CSU-Global Guide to Writing and
APA Requirements
. You should reference 2-3 scholarly sources (your textbook can count as one of these). The CSU-Global Library is a good place to find these scholarly sources
Textbook is attached
Reynolds, G. W. (2014).
Ethics in information technology
(5th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning
Note:
I don’t need cover page.
.
Privacy Introduction Does the technology today Pene.docxjeffsrosalyn
Privacy :
Introduction
Does the technology today
Penetrates
our
privacy
?
Harms and the benefits.
What is the natural right for privacy ?
How we can trust the people or the organizations in our privacy ?
Does the governments have the right to go through our privacy? why ?
What the limit for privacy ?
How we can protect our privacy ?
Conclusion
.
Prisoner rights in America are based largely on the provisions of th.docxjeffsrosalyn
Prisoner rights in America are based largely on the provisions of the Bill of Rights. In this assignment, you will research the U.S. Bill of Rights and explain its major provisions. You should address the impact that the Bill of Rights has had on the field of criminal justice, corrections, and prisoners' rights. Also, explain how the Bill of Rights is applied at the state level.
Identify and explain the major provisions of the Bill of Rights.
How has the Bill of Rights significantly impacted the prisoners' rights and the fields of criminal justice and corrections?
Explain how the Bill of Rights is applied at the state level.
What are 2 major avenues of relief pursued by prisoners?
You must reference at least 2 credible sources in APA style.
4 pages
No plagerism
Abstract and Reference Page
.
Principles of Supply and Demanda brief example of supply and deman.docxjeffsrosalyn
Principles of Supply and Demand
a brief example of supply and demand for public health goods and services. Select two factors that might influence price elasticity of demand for public health goods or services in your example. Explain how and why price elasticity might influence the quantity of goods and services demanded in that example.
.
Primary Task Response Within the Discussion Board area, write 300.docxjeffsrosalyn
Primary Task Response:
Within the Discussion Board area, write 300–500 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas.
Interest groups play a significant role in contemporary American politics, on a wide range of public policy issues, from healthcare (Affordable Care Act, for example) to gun control (the NRA is a well-known example), and from financial services regulation to regulating food production.
For this discussion board, choose an interest group that appeals to you and then identify a public policy issue that your selected interest group is working on impacting. In addition, include the following information:
What types of activities are conducted by your interest group? Provide examples of activities undertaken by the group within the last 12 months. Activities can include lobbying, television or radio spots, media spots, rallies or other activities. Also, if available, provide links to any news articles about the organization’s activities or press releases from the organization or other articles from the organization’s website for your classmates’ reference.
How is your chosen interest group connected to the average citizen, if at all? Provide examples of average citizens’ involvement in your chosen interest group, if any. If your chosen interest group rarely or does not interact with the average citizen, please discuss how the work of your chosen interest group indirectly impacts the average citizen, if at all.
Do you believe that interest groups do, or have the ability to, promote corruption in government? Explain your position. If they do or have the potential to do so, why do you believe so? If not, what do you think prevents them from corrupting government? Support your position with specific examples.
.
Pretend you are a British government official during the time leadin.docxjeffsrosalyn
Pretend you are a British government official during the time leading up the Revolutionary War.
Write a 2-3 paragraph letter to the editor of your local newspaper explaining your feelins about the actions of the colonists. Be sure to give examples. (Things to possibly include: Do you think they are overreacting? Why or why not? How do you feel the issues should be resolved?) Really put some thought into this assignment, it wouldn't hurt to do some outside research to support your Letter to the Editor
.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Satanic Ritual Abusein Day CareAn Analysis of12 America.docx
1. Satanic Ritual Abuse
in Day Care:
An Analysis of
12 American Cases
Between 1983 and 1991, over 100 day care centres across
America
were investigated for satanic ritual abuse of children. These
bizarre
cases were widely reported in Great Britain as well as other
countries around the world, where American experts played a
signi®cant role in disseminating material about the cases in
workshops and seminars. Using news articles, investigative
reports,
interview transcripts, legal briefs and court transcripts, this
paper
analyses a sample of 12 of those cases. It examines the nature of
the
allegations, the victims, the perpetrators, the criminal trials and
the
outcome of the cases. The major ®nding of this analysis is that
these
day care cases actually contribute little to the debate about
whether
satanic ritual abuse is real or rumour, but they do set an agenda
for
the international child abuse professional community for
research,
practice and discussion. *c 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child Abuse Review 6: 84±93, 1997
2. No. of Figures: 1. No. of Tables: 2. No. of References: 15
KEY WORDS: satanic ritual abuse; day care centres
T he term `satanic ritual abuse' was coined in Americajust over
a decade ago to describe what is believed to be
the widespread sexual, physical and emotional abuse of very
young children in satanic ceremonies. The term gave a name
to disturbing reports that were cropping up across the
country. Children were describing abuse in rituals that
included such horri®c practices as blood-drinking, cannibal-
ism and human sacri®ces conducted by robed and hooded
satanists who also happened to be their day care providers.
The day care cases were widely reported in Great Britain
where, according to Jenkins (1992), they introduced profess-
ionals to the idea of satanic ritual abuse. That idea certainly
was given substance by American experts, who disseminated
`indicator lists' to identify ritually abused children, as well as
CCC 0952±9136/97/020084±10$17.50 Accepted 17 December
1996
*c 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Child Abuse Review Vol. 6: 84±93 (1997)
`Children were
describing abuse
in rituals'
Mary deYoung�
Professor of Sociology
Grand Valley State University
Allendale, Michigan
3. USA
�Correspondence to: Dr M. deYoung, Department of Sociology,
245 AuSable Hall,
Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA. Tel:
616-895-3428.
Fax: 616-895-3735. E-mail: [email protected]
reams of material on satanic holidays, symbols and rituals,
in workshops conducted across Great Britain. Some of these
American experts also played signi®cant roles in the
satanic ritual abuse cases that were later identi®ed there
(LaFontaine, 1994). Although those cases were not usually
set in day care facilities, nursery schools or among organized
childminders like they were in America, the American
in¯uence on the spread of the idea of satanic ritual abuse
in Great Britain, as well as other countries around the world,
cannot be denied (Barnett and Hill, 1993; deYoung, 1996;
McGovern, 1994; Werkgroep Ritueel Misbruik, 1994).
In whatever country they occur, and in whatever setting,
satanic ritual abuse cases create controversy. That contro-
versy has deeply a�ected the international child abuse
professional community as well, dividing it into `believers'
at one extreme, `disbelievers' at the other and leaving many
others somewhere in the middle, still confused and uncertain
about the nature and meaning of these cases. Yet, regardless
of the position any child abuse professional takes on this
divisive issue, the fact remains that the American day care
cases are the origin of the very idea of satanic ritual abuse.
Despite the pivotal role they have played in the development
and spread of this international controversy, however, little
scholarly attention has ever been paid to them.
The purpose of this article is to redress that oversight. It
4. analyses a sample of 12 of the more than 100 satanic ritual
abuse day care cases that occurred in America and concludes
with a discussion of the major ®nding of this analysisÐthat
the American day care cases actually contribute little, if
anything, to the ongoing debate about whether satanic ritual
abuse is real or rumour, but they do set an agenda for
research, productive discussion and good practice.
Sample of 12 Cases
For the purposes of this article, a day care case was included
in the sample if it met all of the following criteria:
1. An investigation led to one or more arrests, followed by a
verdict in a criminal trial, a guilty plea or a dismissal of
charges during the trial;
2. Allegations of satanic ritual abuse, that is, of abuse carried
out during ceremonies in the worship of Satan, were actively
investigated and publicly reported, even if they were not
introduced into trial;
3. There are su�cient archival data in the form of local and
national
news articles, investigative reports, interview transcripts, legal
briefs and court transcripts to assess the case.
`Satanic ritual
abuse cases create
controversy'
`The American
5. day care cases
set an agenda
for research,
productive
discussion and
good practice'
Satanic Ritual Abuse 85
*c 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Child Abuse Review Vol.
6: 84±93 (1997)
Information that further identi®es the 12 cases in the sample
is presented in Table 1.
Satanic Ritual Abuse Allegations
Each of the 12 day care centres in the sample became a target
of investigation when a statement made by a young child gave
rise to suspicions of sexual abuse, as opposed to satanic ritual
abuse. These initiating statements varied in clarity, but none
was a spontaneous and unambiguous disclosure that also
identi®ed the perpetrator. These disclosing children ranged
in age from 2 to 6 years, with a mean age of 3.6 years
(SD 1.19). Seven were girls and ®ve were boys. In 11 of the
cases, the initiating statement was made to a parent, in one to
a therapist. The archival data reveal that eight of the 12
disclosing children did not repeat the allegation of sexual
abuse upon being formally interviewed the ®rst time.
6. Satanic ritual abuse elements did not emerge in any of the
cases until several weeks or even months after the sexual
abuse investigation was launched and, in each case, only after
the complaining child had named other children at the centre
as victims of sexual abuse as well. There is often disagree-
ment in the archival data as to whether these satanic ritual
abuse elements were spontaneously disclosed by the children
during their frequent interviews with investigators, thera-
pists and even their own parents, or were elicited by direct
questions that were probative for them.
Once the satanic ritual abuse elements of each case
emerged, a great deal of investigative e�ort, therapeutic
intervention and news media attention was focused on them.
Therefore, the satanic ritual abuse features alleged in each
case and their recurrence in subsequent cases can be tracked
in the archival data. Figure 1 shows the frequency of the most
often mentioned features in the sample of 12 cases.
`Eight of the 12
disclosing children
did not repeat the
allegation of
sexual abuse'
Table 1. Day care centre, year of investigation initiation,
location and
region of sample of 12 cases
Day care centre Year Location Region
7. McMartin 1983 Manhattan Beach, California Paci®c Coast
Country Walk 1984 Miami, Florida South Atlantic
Small World 1984 Niles, Michigan Midwest
Fells Acres 1984 Malden, Massachusetts New England
Georgian Hills 1984 Memphis, Tennessee East South Central
Craig's Country 1985 Clarksville, Maryland East Atlantic
Felix's 1985 Reno, Nevada Mountain
East Valley 1985 El Paso, Texas Southwest
Old Cutler 1989 Miami, Florida South Atlantic
Little Rascals 1989 Edenton, North Carolina Southeast
Faith Chapel 1989 San Diego, California Paci®c Coast
Fran's 1991 Austin, Texas Southwest
86 deYoung
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6: 84±93 (1997)
`Approximately
650 children were
identi®ed as
victims in the
12 day care cases'
Other reported features of satanic ritual abuse can only be
referred to as original in that they are alleged in only a single
case, often by a single child, and are not described in any of
the published or unpublished literature. These include rape
by a lobster, a space alien, a chainsaw, and in a secret city
under the ocean; surgical removal and reattachment of
8. eyeballs; being cooked in a microwave oven; and being
murdered and brought back to life.
Victims
Approximately 650 children were identi®ed as victims in the
12 day care cases in the sample, over half of them in the
McMartin case alone. Only a small percentage of these
children were named as victims in the criminal indictments,
however, as many were deemed too young, too traumatized
or too unbelievable to give competent testimony in court.
Of those children named in the indictments, only a small
percentage went on to testify in the criminal trials. The
McMartin case is illustrative of this steady diminution of
child witnesses: 369 children were identi®ed by evaluating
therapists as victims, 41 testi®ed before the grand jury that
issued the criminal indictments against the day care pro-
viders and 14 testi®ed in the trial (Fukurai, Butler and
Krooth, 1994).
To protect the children in these cases, the archival data do
not provide su�cient demographic information, such as
gender, race, family structure or socioeconomic status, to
facilitate analysis of the victims. Because investigations
focused on current and recent pupils at the centres in the
Figure 1. Frequency of most often reported features of satanic
ritual abuse in the sample of 12 American day
care cases.
Satanic Ritual Abuse 87
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6: 84±93 (1997)
9. sample, however, it is reasonable to conclude that most of the
children who were identi®ed as victims ranged in age from
2 to 6 years.
Perpetrators
In addition to their day care providers, the child victims in
these 12 cases speci®cally named over 200 other adults as
perpetrators of satanic ritual abuse. Some of those named
worked at, or were a�liated with the respective centre; others
were local people, some of them prominent, and others still
had no a�liation with the centre or even with the city in
which the case occurred. The criminal investigations elimin-
ated many as suspects, but others were never seriously under
suspicion because investigators judged it highly improbable,
even impossible, that they had anything at all to do with the
case. Included in that latter group were the ministers, police
o�cers, professional baseball players and ®lm stars named by
the children in the various cases.
The investigations concentrated, instead, on the day care
providers. In the 12 cases in the sample, a total of 28 people
were criminally indicted and faced trial: 26 of them were
teachers, aides or administrators; two had no a�liation with
the centre in question. Seventeen of the defendants were
female and 11 were male. Two were African-American, four
were Latino and the remaining 22 were white. They ranged
in age at the time of arrest from 14 to 61 years, with a
mean age of 35.6 years (SD 12.77). It should be noted that
the 14-year-old defendant was still legally a minor when
arrested, but was waived to adult court to stand trial.
Outcome of the 12 Cases
To date, 22 of the 28 defendants have been tried in criminal
10. courts; 15 were found guilty, ®ve not guilty and two had all
charges dropped during the actual trial when children
retracted their allegations on the witness stand. Three of
the remaining defendants pleaded guilty to lesser charges;
and three more have not yet gone to trial.
In slightly less than half of the criminal trials, some or all
of the child witnesses testi®ed via closed-circuit television.
This quite recent courtroom procedure is not without
controversy (Montoya, 1995), but its use in cases where the
child witnesses would be so traumatized by open court
testimony as to be rendered unable to communicate was
upheld by the US Supreme Court in the case of Craig's
`Children who
were identi®ed as
victims ranged in
age from 2 to 6
years'
`In slightly less
than half of the
criminal trials
child witnesses
testi®ed via
closed-circuit
11. television'
88 deYoung
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6: 84±93 (1997)
`The McMartin
trial was the
longest criminal
trial in the history
of America'
`Sentences
imposed for the
15 defendants
found guilty
tended to be
very long'
`12 of the 15 guilty
verdicts were
successfully
12. appealed'
Country Day Care. In a 5±4 decision, it ruled that `a state's
interest in the physical and psychological well-being of child
abuse victims may be su�ciently important to outweigh, at
least in some cases, a defendant's right to face his or her
accusers in court' (Maryland v. Craig, 1990).
Under a hearsay exception, parents were allowed to testify
in each of these criminal trials about what their children had
told them about abuse at the centre. They were also allowed
to testify about the psychological and behavioural sequelae
of the abuse their children experienced. Much of that testi-
mony, as well as corroborating testimony by the therapists
who evaluated and/or treated the children, took the form
of comparing the children's symptoms to those recorded
on the widely disseminated satanic ritual abuse `indicator
lists'.
Very little in the way of corroborative material evidence
was presented in any of the day care trials. Therefore, both
prosecuting and defence attorneys were forced to rely heavily
on expert witnesses, who variously testi®ed about the
reliability of the medical evidence, the anticipated sequelae
of satanic ritual abuse, the validity of the interviewing
techniques that elicited the allegations and the psychological
pro®le of the satanic day care provider.
The criminal trials tended to be long in duration, ranging
from 2 to 560 court days, with a mean of 92.6 court days
(SD 157.4). They were also expensive. The McMartin
trial, which, at 560 court days, was the longest criminal
trial in the history of America, was also the most expensive,
at $13 million (Shaw, 1990); the Faith Chapel trial cost
$2.3 million (Granberry, 1993), the Small World trial
13. $250 000 (Lengel, 1985). Regardless of cost, juries inevitably
were confronted with scores of witnesses, contradictory
expert testimony, hundreds of exhibits and thousands of
pages of transcripts. Jury deliberations in the day care trials
ranged from 4 to 270 hours, with a mean duration of 32.5
hours (SD 67.30) before the verdicts were announced.
Sentences imposed for the 15 defendants found guilty
tended to be very long; in one case, in fact, the longest ever
imposed on a defendant in the history of the state. Because
sentencing policies vary from one American state to another,
it is not possible to reliably calculate an average sentence for
the 15 day care providers who were found guilty. Table 2,
however, displays the verdict and the sentence for each of the
defendants in the 12 day care cases in the sample.
As Table 2 also shows, 12 of the 15 guilty verdicts were
successfully appealed. The grounds for the appeals varied
from one case to the other, but aside from procedural errors
Satanic Ritual Abuse 89
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6: 84±93 (1997)
in the trial, the three most common grounds for successful
appeal were the improper admission of lay testimony about
the sequelae of abuse from the parents of the children; the
violation of the defendant's constitutional right to confront
his or her accuser due to the use of closed-circuit television,
videotaped testimony or the segregation of the children in
the courtroom; and the use of interview techniques that were
ruled too leading and suggestive to ensure that the children's
testimony was untainted.
14. Table 2. Disposition details for 28 defendants in the sample of
12 American day care cases
Day care centre
(defendant's initials) Verdict Sentence
McMartin
(RB) Not guilty ÐÐ
(PB) Not guilty ÐÐ
Country Walk
(FF) Guilty 6 life terms
(IF) Pleaded guilty 10 years
Small World
(RB) Guilty 50±75 years. Conviction overturned; pleaded guilty
to lesser
o�ence in lieu of retrial, 5 years probation
Fells Acres
(GA) Guilty 30±40 years
(VA) Guilty 8±20 years. Conviction overturned, retrial ordered
(CL) Guilty 8±20 years. Conviction overturned, retrial ordered
Georgian Hills
(BS) Charges dropped in trial ÐÐ
(JS) Not guilty ÐÐ
(FB) Guilty 5±35 years. Conviction overturned, charges
dropped
Craig's Country
(SC) Guilty 10 years. Conviction overturned, charges dropped
(JC) Charges dropped in trial ÐÐ
15. Felix's
(MF) Guilty 3 life sentences. Conviction overturned, charges
dropped
(FO) Guilty Life. Conviction overturned, charges dropped
East Valley
(MN) Guilty Life plus 311 years. Conviction overturned,
retried,
not guilty verdict
(GD) Guilty 20 years. Conviction overturned, charges dropped
Old Cutler
(BF) Not guilty ÐÐ
Little Rascals
(RK) Guilty 12 life sentences. Conviction overturned, new trial
ordered
(EK) Pleaded guilty 7 years suspended sentence
(DW) Guilty Life. Conviction overturned, new trial ordered
(WP) Pleaded guilty 10 years suspended sentence
(RB) ÐÐ ÐÐ
(SS) ÐÐ ÐÐ
(DH) ÐÐ ÐÐ
Faith Chapel
(DA) Not guilty ÐÐ
Fran's
(FK) Guilty 48 years
(DK) Guilty 48 years
90 deYoung
*c 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Child Abuse Review Vol.
6: 84±93 (1997)
16. `The analysis
cannot answer
whether it was a
satanic conspiracy'
`The analysis of the
American satanic
ritual abuse day
care cases does not
resolve the debate'
Major Finding and Recommendations
The purpose of this article was to present and analyse data on
a sample of 12 American day care cases. The major ®nding of
this analysis is that the cases actually contribute little, if
anything, to the ongoing debate within the international
child abuse professional community about whether satanic
ritual abuse is a terrible reality or a ruinous rumour.
That ®nding is at least somewhat ironic, especially given
the pivotal role these cases have played in originating the
very idea of satanic ritual abuse and disseminating it around
the world, but it is grounded in the fact that the analysis
cannot convincingly support one extreme position in the
reality±rumour debate over the other. For example, the data
17. on the wide array of satanic ritual abuse features reported by
the children, their gradual and contradictory disclosures over
time and the absence of evidence corroborating their
allegations could be interpreted as support for the position
that satanic ritual abuse is traumatizing in ways that more
common types of child abuse are not, and that a satanic
conspiracy eradicated all evidence of its very real crime.
Those very same data, however, could also be interpreted as
support for the position that the children's allegations had to
be formed and shaped over time by professionals who
assumed a rumour was real and then found it so frightening
that they hurried these cases into court without waiting to
accumulate corroborative evidence.
The analysis simply cannot answer whether it was a
satanic conspiracy that targeted young children in day care
centres or a cultural connivance, but it does show that the
cost of trying to prove satanic ritual abuse real has been very
high indeed. That cost is most easily measured in ®nancial
terms. Both the criminal investigations and the trials of the
day care providers in the 12 sample cases were extra-
ordinarily expensive and, given the fact that most of the
guilty verdicts have now been overturned, wastefully so. But
another kind of cost can be inferred from, if not calculated in,
the analysis: the stress experienced by the children and their
families over the years these cases dragged on, the often
irreparable schisms within the communities where they
occurred, the damaged reputations of professionals involved
in them, and the lingering fear that at least some of these
children really may have experienced some more ordinary
type of abuse that was overlooked in the attempt to prove
satanic ritual abuse.
If the analysis of the American satanic ritual abuse day care
cases does not resolve the debate that the cases themselves
18. Satanic Ritual Abuse 91
*c 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Child Abuse Review Vol.
6: 84±93 (1997)
`The American
satanic ritual
abuse day care
cases reveal
much about the
challenges still
facing the
international child
abuse professional
community'
originated, then does the analysis bring anything of value to
this controversy? It does make two contributions. First, it
can be added to a small but signi®cant body of international
professional opinion and literature that insists that the
attempts to prove satanic ritual abuse real have functioned,
however unintentionally, to detract attention from more
common forms of child abuse and to obfuscate the investi-
gation and substantiation of organized and systematic forms
of child abuse within a variety of settings (Armstrong, 1994;
19. Bottoms, Shaver and Goodman, 1996; Clapton, 1993).
Second, the analysis sets out an agenda for the international
child abuse professional community for research, discussion
and practice. It shows the necessity for the evaluation of the
common practice of investigative or disclosure interviews
with children, and for more research as to how the develop-
mentally based suggestibility of young children in¯uences
their responses to interviewers, as well as the nature of their
disclosures. The analysis also shows the necessity for
securing a strong link to the scienti®c method and to critical
thinking so that the kinds of materials and information that
will in¯uence practice can be thoroughly assessed. Finally,
the analysis demonstrates the need for an ongoing and
collegial discussion, not just about the controversial satanic
ritual abuse cases, but about the relationship between the
work of child abuse professionals around the world to the
particular culture in which it is conducted and to the
ideological forces unique to that culture.
When all is said and done, the American satanic ritual
abuse day care cases may reveal little about the very controv-
ersy they started, but much about the challenges still facing
the international child abuse professional community.
Acknowledgement
The author would like to thank Tammy Niven for her
excellent assistance in the collection of data on the sample
day care cases.
References
Armstrong, L. (1994). Rocking the Cradle of Sexual Politics.
Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
20. Barnett, J. and Hill, M. (1993). When the devil came to Christ-
church. Australian Religion Studies Review, 6, 25±30.
Bottoms, B.L., Shaver, P.R. and Goodman, G.S. (1996).
An analysis of ritualistic and religion-related child abuse
allegations. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 1±34.
92 deYoung
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6: 84±93 (1997)
Clapton, G. (1993). The Satanic Abuse Controversy. University
of
North London Press, London.
deYoung, M. (1996). Satanic ritual abuse: exploring the contro-
versies. Paper presented at the 11th International Congress on
Child Abuse and Neglect, Dublin.
Fukurai, H., Butler, E.W. and Krooth, R. (1994). Sociologists in
action: the McMartin sexual abuse case, litigation, justice, and
mass hysteria. American Sociologist, 25, 2±44.
Granberry, M. (1993). Case illustrates ¯aws in child abuse
trials:
Dale Akiki's acquittal was a stinging rebuke to the system that
arrested and tried him. Los Angeles Times, Nov. 29, A-3.
Jenkins, P. (1992). Intimate Enemies: Moral Panics in Contem-
porary Great Britain. Aldine deGruyter, Hawthorne, New York.
LaFontaine, J.S. (1994). The Extent and Nature of Organised
and
21. Ritual Abuse. HMSO, London.
Lengel, A. (1985). A nightmare in Niles. Michigan: The
Magazine
of the Detroit News, May 19, 13±14�.
Maryland v. Craig (1990). 497 US 836, 853±855.
McGovern, C. (1994). The Martensville witch-hunt. Alberta
Report/Western Report, March 7, 48±52.
Montoya, J. (1995). Lessons from Akiki and Michaels on shield-
ing child witnesses. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1,
340±369.
Shaw, D. (1990). Reporter's early exclusives triggered a media
frenzy. Los Angeles Times, Jan. 20, A-1.
Werkgroep Ritueel Misbruik (1994). Rapport van Werkgroep
Ritueel Misbruik. Ministerie van Justitie, The Hague.
Satanic Ritual Abuse 93
*c 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Child Abuse Review Vol.
6: 84±93 (1997)
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22. However, users may print, download, or email articles for
individual use.
CJ 240 Deviance and Social Control
Moral Panics
Mary deYoung
What is a moral panic?
Term “moral panic” – coined by Stanley Cohen (1972)
Collective response,
generated by unsettling social strain
and incited and spread by interest groups,
towards ppl who are actively transformed into folk devils
and then treated as threats to dominant social interests and
values
Features of a Moral Panic
use highly emotive claims and fear based appeals
Orchestrates cultural consent
“something must be done quickly”
This results in a call for increased social control
preserves and reasserts the values and interests that are being
undermined by the folk devils
Moral panic – serves a distinct stabilizing function at a time of
unsettling social strain
Deviancy Amplification Spiral
increasing cycle of media reporting on a category of antisocial
behavior or other undesirable events
23. Deviance Amplification Spiral
Begins with deviant act
Mass media reports on this newsworthy act
New focus on the issue uncovers borderline instances that
would not be newsworthy EXCEPT that they “prove” the pattern
Info (like stats) that would show the general public that the
issue is less common or harmful tends to be ignored
Minor problems begin to look serious and rare events appear
common
Public concern about the crime forces LE and CJS to devote
more resources (than warranted) to the act
Judges and lawmakers pass stiffer sentences in response to
public pressure
All of this tends to convince the public that any fear was
justified
Media continue to profit by reporting on police and LE activity
Examples of Moral Panics
Backmasking
Dungeons and Dragons
Myspace and predators
Jelly Bracelets
McCarthyism
Rainbow parties
Witch-hunt
SRA
24. 80s – day care providers charged with satanic ritual abuse
(SRA)
Abusing their young charges in satanic rituals
Blood drinking, cannibalism, human sacrifices
All the characteristics of a moral panic –
Widespread, reactive, hostile and largely irrational
The Satanic Day Care Moral Panic
Timing of the Moral Panic
80s – growing cultural anxiety about satanic menaces to
children
Concerns about demonic influences in:
Heavy metal music
Fantasy role play games
Tarot cards and Ouija boards
Urban legends about mysterious Satanists abducting fair haired,
blue eyed children from malls
Rumors of covert satanic cults filming child porn
Tales of child sex rings
Target and Triggers of the Moral Panic
Economic strains make participation in work forces necessary
Puts more women with children into the work force
1980 – record 45% of women with kids working outside the
home
Many parents considered day care a worse alternative to the
stay at home child care of their parents generation
Deep cuts in federal funding had closed many centers
Left remaining centers with high fees, too many kids and due to
low wages – few providers and high turn over
25. Still a spark was needed to ignite the panic
1983 McMartin Preschool – 2 ½ yo made statements vaguely
suggestive of sexual abuse
Eventually worked into an allegation of SRA by social workers
who already had some experience as claims makers
Spread of the Moral Panic
News media emerged as a major interest group
Case was complex enough to warrant daily coverage
Intolerable horrors to evoke and sustain intense emotional
responses
Enough familiarity in terms of location, key claims makers and
even prime suspects to spark interest
Enough real folk devils in role of day care providers to
demonize
Sufficient exigency to elicits feelings that “something must be
done”
In national news – tempered considerably and quelled
completely in a few investigative reports
Social workers, mental health professionals, attorneys, LEOs
are chief moral entrepreneurs (eventually become a target
themselves)
Burgeoning sexual abuse industry
Lecture circuit, addressed child protection conferences, conduct
workshops, consulted professionals involved in other cases and
testified as expert witnesses
SW who interviewed most of the kids testified before Congress
of an organized operation of child predators using day care
centers as a ruse for a large unthinkable network of crimes
against children
Rhetoric like that may be enough to ignite a moral panic
26. Backed up with facts is more combustible
Professionals developed and disseminated a synthetic diabolism
out of materials haphazardly borrowed from eclectic sources on
Satanism, occult, mysticism, paganism and witchcraft
Indicator lists/ symptom lists
Little was the result of well designed and controlled studies
Parents of the allegedly abused victims were unabashed
believers
CLOUT – legislative group - Child friendly testifying
procedures:
Shield witnesses by allowing to testify on video, CCTV, behind
screens or with their backs to the defendants
Denouement of the Moral Panic
Moral panic effectively ended in 1991
Several factors contributed to its demise:
Cultural anxiety had been largely debunked
Most vocal claims makers had retreated into silence
More women in work force – more use of day care – more
mainstream
Tightened day care regulations
More teeth to enforce them
Significant day care reforms on state level
Day care providers took steps to protect themselves from
allegations
Video cameras, opened up private spaces, kept PC to a
minimum, open door policies, parents drop in
Schism within the claims making professional groups that
widened over the years of the moral panics