E M P I R I C A L R E S E A R C HYouth Pathways to Placeme.docxbrownliecarmella
E M P I R I C A L R E S E A R C H
Youth Pathways to Placement: The Influence of Gender, Mental
Health Need and Trauma on Confinement in the Juvenile
Justice System
Erin M. Espinosa • Jon R. Sorensen •
Molly A. Lopez
Received: 9 April 2013 / Accepted: 27 June 2013 / Published online: 4 July 2013
� Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract Although the juvenile crime rate has generally
declined, the involvement of girls in the juvenile justice
system has been increasing. Possible explanations for this
gender difference include the impact of exposure to trauma
and mental health needs on developmental pathways and
the resulting influence of youth’s involvement in the justice
system. This study examined the influence of gender,
mental health needs and trauma on the risk of out-of-home
placement for juvenile offenders. The sample included
youth referred to three urban juvenile probation depart-
ments in Texas between January 1, 2007 and December 31,
2008 and who received state-mandated mental health
screening (N = 34,222; 30.1 % female). The analysis
revealed that, for both genders, elevated scores on the
seven factor-analytically derived subscales of a mental
health screening instrument (Alcohol and Drug Use,
Depressed-Anxious, Somatic Complaints, Suicidal Idea-
tion, Thought Disturbance, and Traumatic Experiences),
especially related to past traumatic experiences, influenced
how deeply juveniles penetrated the system. The findings
suggest that additional research is needed to determine the
effectiveness of trauma interventions and the implemen-
tation of trauma informed systems for youth involved with
the juvenile justice system.
Keywords Detention � Incarceration, disposition �
Gender disparity � Trauma � Mental health
Introduction
Adolescence is a period of developmental transition char-
acterized by changes in family, school, peers, self-concept,
and general physical development (Bergman and Scott
2001). Although most youth navigate this developmental
period successfully, incidents of rule breaking and behav-
ioral problems are common and can result in involvement
with law enforcement. Some research suggests that inter-
vention by the criminal justice system during the critical
period of adolescence may negatively impact youth out-
comes, including decreasing opportunities for meeting
educational goals and increasing the risk for later
involvement in delinquency and deviance (Sampson and
Laub 2005; pipeline articles). Recent trends have shown a
steady decline in juvenile offending overall, particularly
among violent crimes. However, statistics have also shown
a trend toward increased delinquency in females. For
example, Snyder (2008) reported that between 1994 and
2006, arrests for simple assault declined by 4 % for boys
while the rate increased by 19 % for girls. Given the
gender differences in adolescent development, it seems
critical to examine the pathways that lead to youth
.
The document discusses three main types of victimized juvenile delinquents: bully victims who engage in violence due to past victimization, property delinquent victims more closely associated with property crimes, and delinquent sex victims who experienced past sexual victimization and engage in above average delinquency. Victimized children tend to be more prone to delinquent behavior compared to non-victimized children, and those who experienced indirect victimization as juveniles may be more likely to experience victimization as adults. The apparent correlation between various types of past victimization and subsequent delinquent acts is explored.
The document discusses girls in the juvenile justice system. It notes that girls now make up 30% of juvenile arrests, up from 20% in 1980, often for status offenses. Their delinquent acts often stem from abuse, mental health issues, and troubled home lives. Diversion programs incorporating gender-responsive approaches could help divert girls' pathways. Such programs should address the developmental, psychological, and social characteristics of girls. Relocation and individual/group counseling could also help divert girls from the system.
Running Head JUVENILE PROSTITUTIONJUVENILE PROSTITUTION.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
Juvenile Prostitution
Human Development and Environments
Name
University Of xxxxxx
Abstract
Juvenile prostitution has disastrous effects to the mental, social, and physical development of a child. The paper explores the causes, effects, and prevention approaches that will eliminate juvenile prostitution. The research will use eco-developmental theory provides a premise for exploring the investigation on juvenile prostitution. Effort need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community based that helps to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets. The paper will provide stakeholders with an opportunity to understand the gravity of juvenile prostitution and develop appropriate interventions.
Background
In many conventions and tourist cities, child prostitution is rampant and growing at an alarming rate. According to the federal bureau of investigation, Atlanta tops among the cities with the highest number of children who engage in prostitution. There are concerted efforts of religious groups, lawmakers, and advocates for juvenile justice in the state. These efforts have not been fruitful since there is less focus on a lasting solution to the problem. Critics argue that efforts should be providing a sustainable program that will prevent vulnerable children from taking part in the vice. There has been a focus on increasing penalties for offenders without addressing the cause of the problem. Despite the stringent laws and penalties, the vice has continued to thrive. It is critical to note that efforts should be placed on developing treatment programs that help children who are sexually exploited. The efforts need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community-based that contribute to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets.
Introduction
Juvenile prostitution is an issue of concern in the society since it fuels human trafficking, kidnapping, serial rape, abuse of human rights, and exploitation. Most of these children are lured or abducted by traffickers who brand them or beaten into submission. Those that try to get away are either killed or tortured. Review of foster care is imperatives since many of these children are raped and abused in these placements. It is imperative to note that these children decide to run away since foster-care homes are inhabitable (Plumridge & Abel, 2001). It is imperative that the discourse should be placed on the role of child welfare systems since they have failed to identify children who are trafficked for sex. Even in their knowledge on the existence of these problems, the child welfare systems argue that the responsibility is outside their jurisdiction and purview. The argument is that the perpetrators of the vices are not caregivers or parents; thus, they shift the responsibility to law enforcement officers. Breggin (2008) says, “These children are not ...
This document discusses juvenile delinquency, particularly female juvenile delinquency. It notes that while juvenile delinquency rates are declining, girls are the fastest growing segment of the juvenile justice system. There is a lack of appropriate programs and services for female juvenile offenders, especially pregnant teens, as the system was designed for males. Child abuse and family dysfunction are discussed as factors that can contribute to female juvenile delinquency.
Women Accused of Sex Offenses: A Gender-Based ComparisonVirginia Lemus
This document summarizes a study that compares women and men accused of sexual offenses who were referred for psychiatric evaluation. Some key findings include:
- Women accused of sexual offenses were similar in age to male counterparts, ranging from 19-62 years old. Many had prior arrests and histories of victimization.
- Both female and male sex offenders were most often referred for sexual predator classification evaluations. However, women were more likely to have victims of both genders.
- While there are some similarities between female and male sex offenders, research shows women are more likely to have histories of abuse, mental illness, and relationship issues. They also tend to know their victims and have victims of the same gender.
This document summarizes research on discrimination faced by transgender youth in the juvenile justice system. It finds that transgender youth are more likely to experience family conflict, homelessness, and involvement in the juvenile system due to higher rates of rejection by families. Once in the system, they face discrimination from adults and peers, including failure to provide adequate treatment or protect their rights. Authoritative adults have conscious and unconscious biases that hinder rehabilitation and perpetuate mistreatment of transgender youth.
An empirical test of low self-control theory among hispanic youth (Published)Eliseo Vera
This study examines the applicability of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime in explaining delinquency among Hispanic youth. Specifically, it tests whether key dimensions of parental monitoring and recognition of deviant behavior predict levels of self-control, and whether low self-control mediates the relationship between parenting and deviant behaviors. The study uses a sample of 277 Hispanic youth to analyze these relationships. Previous research on the theory has produced mixed findings regarding the impact of parenting on self-control and the mediating role of self-control.
E M P I R I C A L R E S E A R C HYouth Pathways to Placeme.docxbrownliecarmella
E M P I R I C A L R E S E A R C H
Youth Pathways to Placement: The Influence of Gender, Mental
Health Need and Trauma on Confinement in the Juvenile
Justice System
Erin M. Espinosa • Jon R. Sorensen •
Molly A. Lopez
Received: 9 April 2013 / Accepted: 27 June 2013 / Published online: 4 July 2013
� Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract Although the juvenile crime rate has generally
declined, the involvement of girls in the juvenile justice
system has been increasing. Possible explanations for this
gender difference include the impact of exposure to trauma
and mental health needs on developmental pathways and
the resulting influence of youth’s involvement in the justice
system. This study examined the influence of gender,
mental health needs and trauma on the risk of out-of-home
placement for juvenile offenders. The sample included
youth referred to three urban juvenile probation depart-
ments in Texas between January 1, 2007 and December 31,
2008 and who received state-mandated mental health
screening (N = 34,222; 30.1 % female). The analysis
revealed that, for both genders, elevated scores on the
seven factor-analytically derived subscales of a mental
health screening instrument (Alcohol and Drug Use,
Depressed-Anxious, Somatic Complaints, Suicidal Idea-
tion, Thought Disturbance, and Traumatic Experiences),
especially related to past traumatic experiences, influenced
how deeply juveniles penetrated the system. The findings
suggest that additional research is needed to determine the
effectiveness of trauma interventions and the implemen-
tation of trauma informed systems for youth involved with
the juvenile justice system.
Keywords Detention � Incarceration, disposition �
Gender disparity � Trauma � Mental health
Introduction
Adolescence is a period of developmental transition char-
acterized by changes in family, school, peers, self-concept,
and general physical development (Bergman and Scott
2001). Although most youth navigate this developmental
period successfully, incidents of rule breaking and behav-
ioral problems are common and can result in involvement
with law enforcement. Some research suggests that inter-
vention by the criminal justice system during the critical
period of adolescence may negatively impact youth out-
comes, including decreasing opportunities for meeting
educational goals and increasing the risk for later
involvement in delinquency and deviance (Sampson and
Laub 2005; pipeline articles). Recent trends have shown a
steady decline in juvenile offending overall, particularly
among violent crimes. However, statistics have also shown
a trend toward increased delinquency in females. For
example, Snyder (2008) reported that between 1994 and
2006, arrests for simple assault declined by 4 % for boys
while the rate increased by 19 % for girls. Given the
gender differences in adolescent development, it seems
critical to examine the pathways that lead to youth
.
The document discusses three main types of victimized juvenile delinquents: bully victims who engage in violence due to past victimization, property delinquent victims more closely associated with property crimes, and delinquent sex victims who experienced past sexual victimization and engage in above average delinquency. Victimized children tend to be more prone to delinquent behavior compared to non-victimized children, and those who experienced indirect victimization as juveniles may be more likely to experience victimization as adults. The apparent correlation between various types of past victimization and subsequent delinquent acts is explored.
The document discusses girls in the juvenile justice system. It notes that girls now make up 30% of juvenile arrests, up from 20% in 1980, often for status offenses. Their delinquent acts often stem from abuse, mental health issues, and troubled home lives. Diversion programs incorporating gender-responsive approaches could help divert girls' pathways. Such programs should address the developmental, psychological, and social characteristics of girls. Relocation and individual/group counseling could also help divert girls from the system.
Running Head JUVENILE PROSTITUTIONJUVENILE PROSTITUTION.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
JUVENILE PROSTITUTION
Juvenile Prostitution
Human Development and Environments
Name
University Of xxxxxx
Abstract
Juvenile prostitution has disastrous effects to the mental, social, and physical development of a child. The paper explores the causes, effects, and prevention approaches that will eliminate juvenile prostitution. The research will use eco-developmental theory provides a premise for exploring the investigation on juvenile prostitution. Effort need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community based that helps to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets. The paper will provide stakeholders with an opportunity to understand the gravity of juvenile prostitution and develop appropriate interventions.
Background
In many conventions and tourist cities, child prostitution is rampant and growing at an alarming rate. According to the federal bureau of investigation, Atlanta tops among the cities with the highest number of children who engage in prostitution. There are concerted efforts of religious groups, lawmakers, and advocates for juvenile justice in the state. These efforts have not been fruitful since there is less focus on a lasting solution to the problem. Critics argue that efforts should be providing a sustainable program that will prevent vulnerable children from taking part in the vice. There has been a focus on increasing penalties for offenders without addressing the cause of the problem. Despite the stringent laws and penalties, the vice has continued to thrive. It is critical to note that efforts should be placed on developing treatment programs that help children who are sexually exploited. The efforts need to focus on broadening the prevention programs that are community-based that contribute to identify vulnerable children before they end up on the streets.
Introduction
Juvenile prostitution is an issue of concern in the society since it fuels human trafficking, kidnapping, serial rape, abuse of human rights, and exploitation. Most of these children are lured or abducted by traffickers who brand them or beaten into submission. Those that try to get away are either killed or tortured. Review of foster care is imperatives since many of these children are raped and abused in these placements. It is imperative to note that these children decide to run away since foster-care homes are inhabitable (Plumridge & Abel, 2001). It is imperative that the discourse should be placed on the role of child welfare systems since they have failed to identify children who are trafficked for sex. Even in their knowledge on the existence of these problems, the child welfare systems argue that the responsibility is outside their jurisdiction and purview. The argument is that the perpetrators of the vices are not caregivers or parents; thus, they shift the responsibility to law enforcement officers. Breggin (2008) says, “These children are not ...
This document discusses juvenile delinquency, particularly female juvenile delinquency. It notes that while juvenile delinquency rates are declining, girls are the fastest growing segment of the juvenile justice system. There is a lack of appropriate programs and services for female juvenile offenders, especially pregnant teens, as the system was designed for males. Child abuse and family dysfunction are discussed as factors that can contribute to female juvenile delinquency.
Women Accused of Sex Offenses: A Gender-Based ComparisonVirginia Lemus
This document summarizes a study that compares women and men accused of sexual offenses who were referred for psychiatric evaluation. Some key findings include:
- Women accused of sexual offenses were similar in age to male counterparts, ranging from 19-62 years old. Many had prior arrests and histories of victimization.
- Both female and male sex offenders were most often referred for sexual predator classification evaluations. However, women were more likely to have victims of both genders.
- While there are some similarities between female and male sex offenders, research shows women are more likely to have histories of abuse, mental illness, and relationship issues. They also tend to know their victims and have victims of the same gender.
This document summarizes research on discrimination faced by transgender youth in the juvenile justice system. It finds that transgender youth are more likely to experience family conflict, homelessness, and involvement in the juvenile system due to higher rates of rejection by families. Once in the system, they face discrimination from adults and peers, including failure to provide adequate treatment or protect their rights. Authoritative adults have conscious and unconscious biases that hinder rehabilitation and perpetuate mistreatment of transgender youth.
An empirical test of low self-control theory among hispanic youth (Published)Eliseo Vera
This study examines the applicability of Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime in explaining delinquency among Hispanic youth. Specifically, it tests whether key dimensions of parental monitoring and recognition of deviant behavior predict levels of self-control, and whether low self-control mediates the relationship between parenting and deviant behaviors. The study uses a sample of 277 Hispanic youth to analyze these relationships. Previous research on the theory has produced mixed findings regarding the impact of parenting on self-control and the mediating role of self-control.
The document discusses the impact of neglect on children. Neglect can have long-lasting detrimental effects on a child's ability to form relationships and their mental health. Children who experience neglect may exhibit behaviors like aggression, depression, low self-esteem, substance abuse and anxiety. They also have difficulty maintaining relationships as adults and are more likely to engage in behaviors like divorce. Recognizing and addressing neglect is important to help heal children who have experienced this form of abuse.
This document discusses the need for more research on male offenders who seriously physically abuse or kill children. It notes that while both men and women commit such offenses, the majority are committed by men. More research has examined female rather than male offenders. The document calls for identifying the psychological profiles and risk factors of different types of male offenders, such as biological fathers who systematically cause harm versus unrelated adults in the home. Understanding these offender types could help professionals investigating such cases, which often involve uncooperative parents providing contradicting explanations for a child's injuries.
Media coverage of violence against children in JamaicaTaitu Heron
This paper looks at how the Jamaican print media (the Observer, the Gleaner and the Star) depicts children who suffer from sexual abuse. It aims also to respond to the following question - How is the newspapers’ understanding of children and sexual violence against children informed by a current prevailing gender order, discourses on sexuality, and cultural attitudes and practices towards children?
Family Risk Factors and Conduct Disorder among Committed Male and .docxmydrynan
Family Risk Factors and Conduct Disorder among Committed Male and Female Juveniles in Barbados
Joana Matthews
University of the West Indies, Cave-Hill
Abstract
The differences between juveniles with and without a Conduct Disorder (CD) diagnosis on family risk factors was investigated in a sample of 71 male and female youth, aged 11-16, from a juvenile facility in Barbados. Psychological reports and case notes were coded for presence and absence of a diagnosis of CD and family risk factors. Gender differences were also investigated among those with a CD diagnosis. Results of the Mann-Whitney and Pearson Chi-square analyses revealed that significantly more juveniles with CD compared to those without CD were from low income homes and families characterized by parental conflict and psychopathology. Implications for treatment and rehabilitation are discussed.
Key words: Conduct Disorder; Barbados; Family risk factors; committed youth
Family Risk Factors and Conduct Disorder among Committed Male and Female Juveniles in Barbados
Caribbean reports suggest that high crime rates, including juvenile crime rates, are undermining social growth and threatening human welfare in the region (Rodriguez, 2007; Charles, 2007). Incarceration or custodial punishment of youth inadvertently leads to disruption in family, community ties and education (Singh, 1997) which further leads to increased probability of re-offending. The economic cost of juvenile crime is also high. In 1996 in Barbados, it cost BD$77.42 per day to maintain a juvenile at the Government Industrial School (GIS) (Singh, 1997).
Traditionally in the Caribbean, law enforcement agencies and courts were expected to manage juvenile crime and the problems of at-risk youth. According to a past Regional Director of the Caribbean Youth Programme, Mr. Henry Charles (2007), the regional justice and penal systems were not having the desired impact. Today, young offenders’ cases are still managed through mainly punitive responses in the region (Charles, 2007). Due to the increase in juvenile crime, more countries also lean towards harsher punishment as a deterrent (Charles, 2007). Yet, research clearly indicates that large-scale imprisonment hinders development and uses resources inappropriately (Song & Lieb, 1993; Mash & Wolfe, 2007; Office of the Surgeon General, 2001).
There is a growing sentiment in the Caribbean that alternative methods/services to incarceration are not luxuries, but investments in the security and stability of our region. The current study examines family risk factors related to conduct problems in a sample of committed youth in Barbados. Such a study may increase the focus on alternative methods, prevention and intervention, through scientific analysis of the nature and extent of problem behaviours within this group. More Caribbean helping professionals are becoming aware of the impact of these factors on the prevalence of conduct problems. It should also be useful in determining ...
PO 450 Final Research Project - Alejandro LunaAlejandro Luna
This document summarizes research from several studies about adolescent suicide and criminal accountability for coercing suicide. It discusses how surveys and interviews were conducted to understand the psychological factors behind suicidal victims, especially among LGBT youth. The studies found that LGBT individuals reported higher rates of suicidal ideation and abuse. They were more likely to experience harassment, fear for their safety, and consider suicide. The document examines laws regarding bias intimidation and controversial debates around freedom of speech versus equal protection. It analyzes the external influences that can play a role in suicide, like bullying, isolation, desire for revenge. The goal is to better understand the roots and severity of coercing suicide.
Young Adult Gay Persons And Violence A Look At Escalation And Toleranceorian9200
This document discusses issues faced by young adult gay persons, including violence, harassment, and mental health challenges. It defines key terms like homophobia, oppression, and privilege. Laws like the Federal Education Amendments are meant to protect against anti-gay harassment, but many gay youth still feel unsafe at school. Statistics show gay youth have much higher rates of suicide, abuse, and homelessness compared to other groups. Research on young gay adults looks at how their identity develops and how they view themselves over time, from initial comparison to full identity synthesis. Teaching tolerance through role plays and community involvement is important to address these issues.
This document summarizes a research article that examines teenage girls' expectations of pleasure during sex and their sense of sexual self-efficacy, which reflects their sexual subjectivity. It finds that girls from less privileged social and economic backgrounds report lower expectations than their more privileged peers. It also finds racial/ethnic disparities that cannot fully be explained by class, religion, or regional differences in sex education. Using a life course approach, the article shows that aspects of sexual subjectivity are linked to better outcomes for young adult women in areas of sexual health, mental and physical health, and socioeconomic status.
CCC Hook Ups Among the Youths and Adolescents Discussion.docxwrite12
This document discusses trends in casual sexual behavior, known as "hooking up", among adolescents and young adults. It finds that while most teens have their first sexual experience in a dating relationship, over 60% will eventually have sex with someone they are not dating. College students often participate in hook ups, with over half of men and a third of women reporting intercourse from a hook up. Psychological factors like low self-esteem and unrestrictive personalities correlate with increased hook up behavior. Various risks can arise from hook ups like STIs, unplanned pregnancy, and negative psychological effects. Education on relationships and preventative measures from families can help address these issues.
CCC Hook Ups Among the Youths and Adolescents Discussion.docxsdfghj21
This document discusses trends in casual sexual behavior, known as "hooking up", among adolescents and young adults. It finds that while most teens have their first sexual experience in a dating relationship, over 60% will eventually have sex with someone they are not dating. College students frequently report experiences hooking up, ranging from kissing to sexual intercourse. Psychological factors like low self-esteem are linked to increased hooking up behavior. Potential consequences of casual sex include sexually transmitted infections, unplanned pregnancy, and negative effects on psychological well-being. Education on relationships and preventative measures by families can help protect young people.
Risk and protective factors to adolescent fatherhoodMichela Rossetti
This article examines risk and protective factors related to adolescent fatherhood among males from four ethnic groups: Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. The study found that being married, living in poverty, living with a single father, teen marijuana and cigarette use, and illegal activity were risk factors for adolescent fatherhood, while father's education and rural residence were protective factors depending on ethnicity. The article provides an overview of problem behavior theory and reviews literature on correlates of adolescent fatherhood such as marital status, family background, adolescent risk-taking behaviors, and self-esteem.
Risk and protective factors to adolescent fatherhoodMichela Rossetti
This article examines risk and protective factors related to adolescent fatherhood among males from four ethnic groups: Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans. The study found that being married, living in poverty, living with a single father, teen substance use, and illegal activity were risk factors for adolescent fatherhood, while higher father's education and rural residence were sometimes protective factors depending on ethnicity. The risk and protective factors varied between the different ethnic groups.
Tasers, Abortion and Parenting: Behind the Curtain of Policing AmericaJon Hansen
This book takes you behind the curtain of law enforcement in America providing you with a never before look at how police interact with the day-to-day issues of the ordinary citizen.
Tackling some of the most controversial headlines of today, from bullying in our schools to legalizing marijuana as well as the link between abortion and crime and the use of non-lethal force by way of taser, you may either love or hate this book, but you will definitely be entertained.
What a fascinating read. It’s going to rile folks up as well as having many people yell “Amen!”
Larry Winget, Television personality and five times New York Times/Wall Street Journal bestselling author of “Your Kids Are Your Own Fault” and “The Idiot Factor”
Buy Now for $9.95 @ http://www.lulu.com/product/ebook/tasers-abortions-and-parenting-behind-the-curtain-of-policing-america/15899242
Contents
Preface to Tasers, Abortion and Parenting: Behind the Curtain of Policing America 3
Chapter 1 – The Butterfly Effect 4
Chapter 2 - Societal Mores and the Emergence of the Modern Day Police Force 10
Chapter 3 - An Ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure 22
Chapter 4 - Drugs is a Dirty Business 33
Chapter 5 - Anesthetised Parenting 45
Chapter 6 - This Is Going To Hurt Me More Than You . . . 53
Chapter 7 – Cyberspace and the Borderless Crime (A Case Diary) 64
Chapter 8 – Policing Terrorism 111
Chapter 9 – Lord of the Flies: A Metaphor for Schoolyard Justice? 121
Chapter 10 – Policing in a Democratic Society 128
Epilogue 140
The relationship between types ofchildhood victimisation andojas18
This study examined the relationship between different types of childhood victimization (such as physical abuse, neglect, witnessing violence) and criminal behavior in young adulthood. The researchers analyzed data on over 2,000 young Swedish adults who reported experiencing at least one form of childhood victimization. They found that experiences of physical assault, neglect, and witnessing violence as a child were significantly associated with criminal behavior in young adulthood, even after accounting for gender, substance use, and psychopathy. However, experiences of property crimes, verbal abuse, or sexual abuse were not significantly linked to later criminal behavior. This suggests that childhood experiences involving direct violence or witnessing violence carry the greatest risk for criminal behavior in adulthood.
(No Plagiarism) Explain the statement Although many leading organi.docxtamicawaysmith
(No Plagiarism) Explain the statement: "Although many leading organizations have invested significant resources in developing the culture and routines for this innovation processes, most organizations continue to rely on the efforts of a handful of people and chance. An innovative organization is one that can perfect these routines in addition to creating an innovation culture in the organization that engages people. Five key routines can facilitate its management of the innovation process” (Dooley & O'Sullivan, 2003).
.
What made you choose this career path What advice do you hav.docxtamicawaysmith
The document discusses potential paths and college options after high school but provides little details. It briefly mentions fields of study and interests without elaborating on specific choices or recommendations. The document offers no clear direction or next steps for the reader.
Patient Population The student will describe the patient populati.docxtamicawaysmith
Patient Population: The student will describe the patient population that is impacted by the clinical issue. With a focus on the diversity of the human condition found within this patient population, the student will describe the influence that cultural values may have on the proposed solution. Proposed
Solution
: The student will set the stage for proposing the best solution to the clinical problem by using appropriate evidence-based data and integrating data from peer-reviewed journal articles. In this paper, the student will: i. Propose a clear solution to the clinical problem that is supported by a minimum of three scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles.ii. Expand on the ethical considerations when developing the plan.
.
Dr. Paul Murray Bessie Coleman Jean-Bapiste Bell.docxtamicawaysmith
Dr. Paul Murray
Bessie Coleman
Jean-Bapiste Belley
Harriet Elizabeth Brown
Monte Irvin
Shirley Graham Dubois
Vernon Dahmer
Hale Woodruff
Jo Ann Robinson
Eugene "Pineapple" Jackson
Dr. Francis Cress Welsing
Dr. Kenneth Clark
Amy Jacques Garvey
Ophelia DeVore
Augusta Fells Savage
Eugene Jacques Bullard
Bobby Timmons
Clyde Kennard
Madison Washington
Joseph Winters
Sam Sharpe
Joseph Rainey
Bessie Stringfield
DJ Kool Herc
Lonnie Clayton
Mrs. Mamie Lang Kirkland
Lucius Septimius Bassianus
Carolyn Gudger
Jasmine Twitty
Daisy Bates
Ella Jenkins
Lewis Henry Douglass
Cynthia Robinson
Sylvester Magee
Mabel Fairbanks
Cathay Williams
Clara Belle Williams
John Baxter Taylor Jr.
Anna J. Cooper
The Black Seminoles
Dr. Daniel Hale Williams
Matthew Williams
Phillipa Schuyler
Yarrow Mamout
Mamie "Peanut" Johnson
Frank E. Petersen
"Miss Maggie" Walker
Paul Robeson
Olivia J. Hooker
Dr. Henry T Sampson
Lovie Yancy
Willie James Howard
Toni Stone (Marcenia Lyle Alberga)
Lucien Victor Alexis
Mevinia Sheilds
Dr. Lonnie Smith
Rosewood
Miss Jane Pittman
Lucy Terry
Abraham Galloway
Thomas Jennings
Irene Morgan
Paul Lawrence Dunbar
Jean Toomer
Doris Payne
Ann Petry
Madam C.J. Walker
Dr. May Edward Chinn
Greenwood, Tulsa, OK
Karen Bass
Dr. Dorothy Height
Dr. Geneva Smitherman
Michaëlle Jean
Robin Kelly
Mary Macleod Bethune
Jane Bolin
Donna Edwards
Dame Eugenia Charles
Dr. Thomas Elkins
Wilma Rudolph
Annie Malone
Ann Lowe
Black Wall Street
Cathy Hughes
Kamala Harris
Fannie Lou Hamer
Sarah Rector
Ruth Simmons
Claudette Colvin
MC Lyte
Benajin Banneker
Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.
Thurgood Marshall
Doris "Dorie" Miller
Cecil Noble
WC Handy
Dorothy Counts
Bayard Rustin
Dr. Eliza Ann Grier
Matthew Henson
Jesse Owens
Nina Simone
Wendell Scott
Adam Clayton Powell
Percy Julian
Dr. Charles Drew
Thomas "Fats" Waller
Satchel Paige
Bass Reeves
Marian Anderson
Josephine Baker
Joe Louis
Walter White
William Hastie
Elijah McCoy
Jan Matzelger
Lewis Latimer
Granville T. Woods
Fred Jones
Nella Larsen
Lloyd Hall
A. Philip Randolph
Althea Gibson
Barbara C. Jordon
Marcus Garvey
Malcolm X
James Meridith
Guy Buford
Hazel Scott
Stokely Carmichal
Denmark Vessey
Alex Haley
Virginia Hamilton
Ishmael Reed
Nalo Hopkinson
George Schuyler
Patricia Roberts Harris
John Lewis
Les McCann
Martin Delany
Derek Walcott
Carter Godwin Woodson
Alvin Ailey
Debbie Allen
Ralph Abernathy
Arthur Ashe
Crispus Attucks
Amiri Baraka
Seko.
In depth analysis of your physical fitness progress Term p.docxtamicawaysmith
In depth analysis of your physical fitness progress
Term paper should include details of:
▪ What worked and why (include all documentation)
▪ What didn’t and why
▪ Are your physical fitness results in alignment with your health continuum goals (include documentation)
▪ What are your current goals
▪ What are your future goals
▪ Develop a road map to get achieve those goals Due no later than November 30, 2020.
samples
Physical fitness benchmark assessments
Fitness assessment data sheet
Exercise charts
Personal physical fitness progress chart
Self assessment: Individual Health Continuum
.
Information systems infrastructure evolution and trends Str.docxtamicawaysmith
Information systems infrastructure: evolution and trends
Strategic importance of cloud computing in business organizations
Big data and its business impacts
Managerial issues of a networked organization
Emerging enterprise network applications
Mobile computing and its business implications
Instructions:
9- 10 pages (does not include Title page and references )
can Include images (not more than two)
Minimum six (6) sources – at least two (2) from peer reviewed journals
Include an abstract, introduction, and conclusion
.
⦁One to two paragraph brief summary of the book. ⦁Who is the.docxtamicawaysmith
⦁One to two paragraph brief summary of the book.
⦁Who is the author and his/her background?
⦁Does the author have any particular ideological viewpoint that he or she is trying to advance or do you consider the author to have been neutral and presented both sides of controversial issues? (You will find asking this same question will help you in other courses and your future career.)
⦁When was this book written? Does the author reflect the views (biases) of the time when the book was written? Why or why not?
⦁What did you find most interesting in the book? Least interesting?
⦁What additional topics should the author have included in the book? Why?
⦁How had people before the age of the telegraph attempted to communicate faster over distances?
⦁How did the telegraph reflect scientific and technological developments, both in the United States and other countries?
⦁Why did the telegraph represent such a revolutionary development and not just an incremental improvement in communication?
⦁How did the telegraph impact politics, journalism, business, military strategy and society in general?
⦁How were the American and European experiences similar or different in developing the telegraph? Did the telegraph have a similar impact in the United States and Europe?
⦁What do you think of the author’s title? Is the Victorian-era telegraph really the equivalent of today’s internet in terms of its impact or is that an exaggeration? Why or why not?
⦁Do you think the author makes the material interesting, understandable and relevant to the general public? Why or why not?
⦁If you were the editor in the publishing company, what changes would you make to the author’s draft?
⦁Did the book increase your interest in a particular issue that you would like to learn more about?
⦁Do you think it is worthwhile learn about the historical impact of scientific and technological developments?
⦁Would you recommend this book to a friend? Why or why not?
⦁Would you recommend that I continue to use this book in this course with future students?
.
100.0 Criteria10.0 Part 1 PLAAFP The PLAAFP thoroughly an.docxtamicawaysmith
This document provides information about a student named Alicia for the purposes of developing her IEP. It includes her background information and diagnoses of ADD and dyscalculia. Her strengths include average reading skills and interest in dance, while her challenges involve focus, organization, math skills, and independence. The PLAAFP section will use this information to outline Alicia's present levels of performance, while her transition plan will address independence, employment, and post-secondary education goals based on her interests.
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Family Risk Factors and Conduct Disorder among Committed Male and Female Juveniles in Barbados
Joana Matthews
University of the West Indies, Cave-Hill
Abstract
The differences between juveniles with and without a Conduct Disorder (CD) diagnosis on family risk factors was investigated in a sample of 71 male and female youth, aged 11-16, from a juvenile facility in Barbados. Psychological reports and case notes were coded for presence and absence of a diagnosis of CD and family risk factors. Gender differences were also investigated among those with a CD diagnosis. Results of the Mann-Whitney and Pearson Chi-square analyses revealed that significantly more juveniles with CD compared to those without CD were from low income homes and families characterized by parental conflict and psychopathology. Implications for treatment and rehabilitation are discussed.
Key words: Conduct Disorder; Barbados; Family risk factors; committed youth
Family Risk Factors and Conduct Disorder among Committed Male and Female Juveniles in Barbados
Caribbean reports suggest that high crime rates, including juvenile crime rates, are undermining social growth and threatening human welfare in the region (Rodriguez, 2007; Charles, 2007). Incarceration or custodial punishment of youth inadvertently leads to disruption in family, community ties and education (Singh, 1997) which further leads to increased probability of re-offending. The economic cost of juvenile crime is also high. In 1996 in Barbados, it cost BD$77.42 per day to maintain a juvenile at the Government Industrial School (GIS) (Singh, 1997).
Traditionally in the Caribbean, law enforcement agencies and courts were expected to manage juvenile crime and the problems of at-risk youth. According to a past Regional Director of the Caribbean Youth Programme, Mr. Henry Charles (2007), the regional justice and penal systems were not having the desired impact. Today, young offenders’ cases are still managed through mainly punitive responses in the region (Charles, 2007). Due to the increase in juvenile crime, more countries also lean towards harsher punishment as a deterrent (Charles, 2007). Yet, research clearly indicates that large-scale imprisonment hinders development and uses resources inappropriately (Song & Lieb, 1993; Mash & Wolfe, 2007; Office of the Surgeon General, 2001).
There is a growing sentiment in the Caribbean that alternative methods/services to incarceration are not luxuries, but investments in the security and stability of our region. The current study examines family risk factors related to conduct problems in a sample of committed youth in Barbados. Such a study may increase the focus on alternative methods, prevention and intervention, through scientific analysis of the nature and extent of problem behaviours within this group. More Caribbean helping professionals are becoming aware of the impact of these factors on the prevalence of conduct problems. It should also be useful in determining ...
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This book takes you behind the curtain of law enforcement in America providing you with a never before look at how police interact with the day-to-day issues of the ordinary citizen.
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What a fascinating read. It’s going to rile folks up as well as having many people yell “Amen!”
Larry Winget, Television personality and five times New York Times/Wall Street Journal bestselling author of “Your Kids Are Your Own Fault” and “The Idiot Factor”
Buy Now for $9.95 @ http://www.lulu.com/product/ebook/tasers-abortions-and-parenting-behind-the-curtain-of-policing-america/15899242
Contents
Preface to Tasers, Abortion and Parenting: Behind the Curtain of Policing America 3
Chapter 1 – The Butterfly Effect 4
Chapter 2 - Societal Mores and the Emergence of the Modern Day Police Force 10
Chapter 3 - An Ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure 22
Chapter 4 - Drugs is a Dirty Business 33
Chapter 5 - Anesthetised Parenting 45
Chapter 6 - This Is Going To Hurt Me More Than You . . . 53
Chapter 7 – Cyberspace and the Borderless Crime (A Case Diary) 64
Chapter 8 – Policing Terrorism 111
Chapter 9 – Lord of the Flies: A Metaphor for Schoolyard Justice? 121
Chapter 10 – Policing in a Democratic Society 128
Epilogue 140
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Solution
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John Baxter Taylor Jr.
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The Black Seminoles
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Matthew Williams
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Yarrow Mamout
Mamie "Peanut" Johnson
Frank E. Petersen
"Miss Maggie" Walker
Paul Robeson
Olivia J. Hooker
Dr. Henry T Sampson
Lovie Yancy
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Toni Stone (Marcenia Lyle Alberga)
Lucien Victor Alexis
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In depth analysis of your physical fitness progress
Term paper should include details of:
▪ What worked and why (include all documentation)
▪ What didn’t and why
▪ Are your physical fitness results in alignment with your health continuum goals (include documentation)
▪ What are your current goals
▪ What are your future goals
▪ Develop a road map to get achieve those goals Due no later than November 30, 2020.
samples
Physical fitness benchmark assessments
Fitness assessment data sheet
Exercise charts
Personal physical fitness progress chart
Self assessment: Individual Health Continuum
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Information systems infrastructure: evolution and trends
Strategic importance of cloud computing in business organizations
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Managerial issues of a networked organization
Emerging enterprise network applications
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9- 10 pages (does not include Title page and references )
can Include images (not more than two)
Minimum six (6) sources – at least two (2) from peer reviewed journals
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⦁One to two paragraph brief summary of the book. ⦁Who is the.docxtamicawaysmith
⦁One to two paragraph brief summary of the book.
⦁Who is the author and his/her background?
⦁Does the author have any particular ideological viewpoint that he or she is trying to advance or do you consider the author to have been neutral and presented both sides of controversial issues? (You will find asking this same question will help you in other courses and your future career.)
⦁When was this book written? Does the author reflect the views (biases) of the time when the book was written? Why or why not?
⦁What did you find most interesting in the book? Least interesting?
⦁What additional topics should the author have included in the book? Why?
⦁How had people before the age of the telegraph attempted to communicate faster over distances?
⦁How did the telegraph reflect scientific and technological developments, both in the United States and other countries?
⦁Why did the telegraph represent such a revolutionary development and not just an incremental improvement in communication?
⦁How did the telegraph impact politics, journalism, business, military strategy and society in general?
⦁How were the American and European experiences similar or different in developing the telegraph? Did the telegraph have a similar impact in the United States and Europe?
⦁What do you think of the author’s title? Is the Victorian-era telegraph really the equivalent of today’s internet in terms of its impact or is that an exaggeration? Why or why not?
⦁Do you think the author makes the material interesting, understandable and relevant to the general public? Why or why not?
⦁If you were the editor in the publishing company, what changes would you make to the author’s draft?
⦁Did the book increase your interest in a particular issue that you would like to learn more about?
⦁Do you think it is worthwhile learn about the historical impact of scientific and technological developments?
⦁Would you recommend this book to a friend? Why or why not?
⦁Would you recommend that I continue to use this book in this course with future students?
.
100.0 Criteria10.0 Part 1 PLAAFP The PLAAFP thoroughly an.docxtamicawaysmith
This document provides information about a student named Alicia for the purposes of developing her IEP. It includes her background information and diagnoses of ADD and dyscalculia. Her strengths include average reading skills and interest in dance, while her challenges involve focus, organization, math skills, and independence. The PLAAFP section will use this information to outline Alicia's present levels of performance, while her transition plan will address independence, employment, and post-secondary education goals based on her interests.
102120151De-Myth-tifying Grading in Sp.docxtamicawaysmith
10/21/2015
1
De-Myth-tifying Grading
in Special Education
1980 2015
10/21/2015
2
Primary Purpose
• “the primary purpose of…grades…
(is) to communicate student
achievement to students, parents,
school administrators,
post-secondary institutions and
employers.” and
• To provide teachers with information
for instructional planning.
Taken from “Reporting Achievement at the Secondary School Level: What and How?”, in Communicating Student
Learning: ASCD Yearbook 1996, p. 120.
What makes grading so
hard?
• Teacher preparation programs seldom include course work or
even discussions of recommended practices for grading
students in general, much less for students who may be
struggling learners. As a result, teachers at all grade levels
grapple with issues of fairness in grading.
• Despite the magnitude of this problem, few recommendations
for grading struggling learners can be found in the research
literature or in education policy.
• Urban Grading Legends
10/21/2015
3
Urban Legends:
Bigfoot/Sasquatch
Urban Legends
• I can’t fail a special education
student.
• I give all my Life Skills students an
85.
• The report card grade does not really
mean anything.
10/21/2015
4
Urban Legends
• The grade on the report card can’t be less
than the IEP mastery level (default 70%)
• I teach a lot in my classroom, but I can
only grade the things that are on the IEP.
• I don’t do the grades for my special
education students in my classroom, the
special education teacher does that for
me.
What’s the
problem??
• Some students are not getting REAL
grades.
• Multiple court cases regarding failing
students who are not receiving
appropriate specially designed instruction
or students only get “A’s” and it doesn’t
truly reflect how he/she really performs in
relation to the curriculum
10/21/2015
5
What does the law really
say?
• Neither the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA) nor any other federal education laws contain
requirements for grading. Therefore, each state has
discretion on the issue.
• The TEC is the set of state laws our state legislators have
passed that relate to education. ARD committees do not
have the authority to override state laws. The Texas
Administrative Code (TAC) is the set of rules that the State
Legislature has authorized Texas Education Agency (TEA)
or the State Board to write. ARD committees must also
follow these rules.
• The state statutes apply to all public school students in
Texas regardless of special education eligibility.
Local Grading Policies
TEC §28.0216
(1) “must require a classroom teacher to assign a grade that
reflects the students’ relative mastery of an assignment;
[and]
(2) may not require a classroom teacher to assign a
minimum grade for an assignment without regard to the
student’s quality of work.”
(3) may allow a student a reasonable opportunity to make up
or redo a class .
100.0 %Criteria
30.0 %Flowchart Content
The flowchart skillfully depicts the two possible discipline paths following the manifestation determination. In addition, there are two comprehensively aligned IEP goals for each determination.
40.0 %Legal Issues Analysis
A compelling analysis is included regarding any legal issues raised by the change in Carrie's transportation, proficiently incorporating relevant statutes, regulations, and case decisions.
5.0 %Research
Research strongly supports the information presented. Sources are timely, distinctive and clearly address all of the criteria stated in the assignment.
5.0 %Rationale Organization
The content is well organized and logical. There is a sequential progression of ideas related to each other. The content is presented as a cohesive unit and the audience is provided with a clear sense of the main idea.
5.0 %Overall Flowchart Presentation
The work is well presented. The overall appearance is neat and professional. Work would be highly desirable for public dissemination.
10.0 %Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use)
Submission is virtually free of mechanical errors. Word choice reflects well-developed use of practice and content-related language. Sentence structures are varied and engaging.
5.0 %Documentation of Sources (citations, footnotes, references, bibliography, etc., as appropriate to assignment and style)
Sources are documented completely and correctly, as appropriate to assignment and style, and format is free of error.
100 %Total Weightage
.
100 words agree or disagree to eac questions Q 1.As her .docxtamicawaysmith
100 words agree or disagree to eac questions
Q 1.
As her defense attorney, I will argue that the officer did not only not read Sally's Miranda rights; he also did not respect her right to consul. After Sally made her allegedly verbal utterance, the Officer should have known to read Sally her rights. I will bring up that during New Jersey v. James P. Kucinski, Oct 26, 2016, the defendant was arrested for the bludgeoning death of his brother. The defendant was taken to police headquarters for questioning after the defendant was advised of his Miranda rights; he requested an attorney. The law enforcement officers terminated the interrogation, spoked with their supervisor, and approximately eight minutes later, the officers returned into the room and advised the defendant that he was being charged with murder. The scare tactic worked, and the defendant asked to speak with the officers. The defendant reluctantly answered a series of questions. Before trial, the defendant moved for suppression motion because the officers did not honor his request for counsel. The court denied the motion, during further questioning the defendant claimed to have acted in self-defense, the defense counsel moved for a mistrial. The trial court denied the motion for mistrial but instructed the jury that the defendant's right to remain silent should be limited to assessing his credibility. The defendant was charged with first-degree murder and third-degree possession of a weapon for unlawful purposes The Appellate Division reversed the defendant's conviction and motion for a new trial due to the prosecutor's question doing cross-examination was improper. The panel concluded that the defendant invoked his right to remain silent by telling law enforcement officers that he did not want to talk or answer questions. The Appellate Division found that the trial court instructions to the jury were flaws, and the supreme court agreed and affirmed. The officers should have stopped all questioning and contacted the defendant's attorney.
New Jersey v. Kucinski (2017). https://law.justia.com/cases/new-jersey/supreme-court/2017/a-58-15.html
Q 2.
My last name begins with a K. so I am answering in the role of prosecutor. Sally was originally pulled over because she had shown probable cause of drunk driving. Upon her traffic stop, Sally was then searched after being arrested and the handgun and drugs were found on her body. The police asked about the two items but did not “interrogate” her. Sally voluntarily answered the arresting officers’ questions and in doing so piled new charges onto her initial arrest charge. I believe that the judge will deny the request to suppress the admission of Sally’s statements. Sally does have rights under the Fifth Amendment, but her statements to the police officers were not coerced out of her. The Cornell Law School website states that the Fifth Amendment, under the self-incrimination clause, if an individual makes a spo.
101118, 4(36 PMCollection – MSA 603 Strategic Planning for t.docxtamicawaysmith
10/11/18, 4(36 PMCollection – MSA 603 Strategic Planning for the Admin ...
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Post: dis 4
Author:
Posted Date: October 9, 2018 8:50 PM
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Brian Mcleod
I would say that for them to move the work and still be ethical defensible are work conditions,
respect for labor laws of the parent company, and job opportunities for the long-term
employees.
To expand on this would be the work conditions. The conditions that the workers have to work
under should be the same conditions that workers in the US have to work under. This involves
safety and environmental protection for the workers.
Labor laws of the host country and “most” of the internally recognized laws must be observed.
Overtime and child labor are a couple of items.
The long-term employees should be given the opportunity to move to another US based plant if
possible or to the new country.
Sometimes because of the state of the industry companies do have to make these decisions or
face possible bankruptcy. This alternative may not be the perfect solution but better than
bankrupting a company that still has operation in the US.
← OK
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Post: DB4
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Christina Lacroix
It is ethically defensible to outsource production when the outcome of not outsourcing
would negatively impact stakeholders. Organizations define their most important
stakeholders, often the shareholders, as they invested capital. While some risk is
assumed by shareholders as a fiduciary managers have an obligation to the
shareholders to protect their interest when possible. A company risks shareholder
investment (access to capital) and jeopardizes all other stakeholders such as
employees, suppliers, and creditors. An organization cannot risk itself and the other
stakeholders depending upon in order to save employees.
The organization should do its due diligence in securing its outso.
100 words per question, no references needed or quotations. Only a g.docxtamicawaysmith
100 words per question, no references needed or quotations. Only a general idea or opinion.
A.
· Compare and contrast two works from the Italian Baroque period with two works from the Renaissance. Be sure to note the appearance in the works of the defining characteristics from each period.
· Discuss why artistic expression shifted from the restrained stoicism of the Renaissance to that of the heightened emotion in the religious and other works of the Baroque.
B. From video
Goya -
The Third of May
- If you cannot see this video, click here -
https://youtu.be/e7piV4ocukg
Respond in writing to the following questions after reading Chapter 12, watching the video, and exploring the sites above.
1. Heroism, nationalism, and passion are themes associated with Romanticism. Which
three
landmarks of the nineteenth century are most representative of these themes? You can discuss art, philosophy, or literature.
2. Compare Neoclassicism and Romanticism as styles and sensibilities. What do their differences reflect about patronage, popular taste, and historical change? Provide specific examples from the chapters.
C.
1. From the arts of West Africa, what are some characteristics of African cultural heritage?
2. How did their religious beliefs influence their art and music.
D.
Watch video below
Manet -
Déjeuner
sur
l’herbe -
If you cannot see this video, click
https://youtu.be/3xBGF8H3bQ4
1. Viewers of Manet’s
Déjeuner sur l’herbe
initially responded to its public display by attacking the canvas with their umbrellas. Why?
2. What kind of art has evoked a comparable response in our own time? Do some research online. Find a recent work of art that caused controversy. Summarize the reasons for the controversy and your reaction to it. Try not post the same article as someone else. (This board is not POST FIRST, so you will be able to see what others have posted right away.) If you can, attach a picture of the image you are describing to your posting.
E.
Watch the video below. If you cannot see the video, click here:
https://youtu.be/XyLNPumMMTs
George Braque, Violin and Pitcher, (1909)
•
Pablo Picasso, Guernica, (1937)
•
Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, (1912)
Respond in writing to the following question after reading Chapter 14 in your text, watching the video above, viewing the Web Assignments, and the sites above.
1. Describe how they three have departed from styles such as symbolism and impressionism of the late nineteenth century.
F.
Take some time to reflect on all we have covered in this course. Then, respond in writing to the following question.
1. After your experience in this course, describe why you feel the humanities are important.
.
100A 2
2 4 4
5
1A 1034 5
1B 1000 10
1C 1100 1
1D 1123 20
1E 1210 5
20 10 10
7
1A 2180 20
1B 1283 20
1C 3629 5
1D 3649 3
1E 4051 15
1F 4211 1
1G 5318 5
100B 1
2 4 1
3
1A 2180 10
1B 1283 10
1C 3629 5
100C 2
0 0 0
3
1A 6774 5
1B 6869 5
1C 6879 2
0 0 0
4
1A 6774 2
1B 6869 5
1C 6879 1
1D 7555 10
100D 1
10 5 3
3
1A 2180 5
1B 3649 2
1C 4211 3
Self-care and Residency Reflection Paper Scoring Rubric -
Content
80 Points
Points Earned
Additional Comments:
All key elements of the assignment are covered in a substantive way.
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper to reflect on your residency experience and outline your plan for self-care. Please use the self-care and residency reflection paper template posted in Student Materials for this assignment.
Consider the following questions when writing your reflection:
a) What have you learned about yourself during residency?
b) What have you learned about yourself as a counselor-in-training during residency?
c) What are aspects of residency that you enjoyed? Why did you enjoy these aspects?
d) What aspects of residency did you not enjoy? Why did you not enjoy these aspects?
e) What is counselor self-care? Why is it important? Include two separate in-text and end of work references.
f) What strategies for maintaining self-care did you try throughout this program? How can you implement these strategies?
g) How will you know when you are experiencing burnout? What can you do to prevent this?
The content is comprehensive, accurate, and /or persuasive.
The paper links theory to relevant examples of current experience and industry practice and uses the vocabulary of the theory correctly. This refers to the use of literary references. Generally you will need one separate literary reference for each main point (objective) of your paper.
Major points are stated clearly and are supported by specific details, examples, or analysis.
Organization / Development
35 Points
Points Earned
Additional Comments:
The paper has a structure that is clear, logical, and easy to follow.
The paper develops a central theme or idea, directed toward the appropriate audience.
The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points.
The conclusion is logical, flows from the body of the paper, and reviews the major points.
Transitions between sentences/ paragraphs/sections aid in maintaining the flow of thought.
The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment.
Mechanics
35 Points
Points Earned
Additional Comments:
The paper, including the title page, reference page, tables, and appendices follow APA guidelines for format.
Citations of original works within the body of the paper follow APA guidelines.
The paper is laid out with effective use of headings, font styles, and white space.
Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed.
Sentences are complete, clear, concise, and varied.
Spelling is correct.
.
10122018Week 5 Required Reading and Supplementary Materials - .docxtamicawaysmith
10/12/2018
Week 5 Required Reading and Supplementary Materials - MGMT 670 9042 Strategic Management Capstone (2188)
https://learn.umuc.edu/d2l/le/content/333174/viewContent/13406413/View
/2
Required Readings:
From the UMUC library: (Note: You must search for these articles in the UMUC library. In the case of video links in the UMUC library, exact directions are given on how to find the video.)
Porter's Five-Forces model. (2009). In Encyclopedia of management (6th Ed., pp. 714-717).
From Other websites:
Evaluating the industry. (2012). In Mastering strategic management. Washington, DC: Saylor Academy. Retrieved from https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_mastering-strategic-management/s07-03-evaluating-the-industry.html
The impact of external and internal factors on strategy. (2016, 31 May). In Boundless Management. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-management/chapter/strategic-management/
Mapping strategic groups. (2012). In Mastering strategic management. Washington, DC: Saylor Academy. Retrieved from https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_mastering-strategic-management/s07-04-mapping-strategic-groups.html
The PESTEL and SCP frameworks. (2016, 26 May). In Boundless management. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-management/chapter/external-inputs-to-strategy/
The relationship between an organization and its environment. (2012). In Mastering strategic management. Washington, DC: Saylor Academy. Retrieved from https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_mastering-strategic-management/s07-01-the-relationship-between-an- or.html
Strategic group mapping. (2010, October 5). MBA lectures. Retrieved from http://mba-lectures.com/management/strategic- management/1000/strategic-group-mapping.html
Supplementary Materials:
From the UMUC library: (Note: You must search for these articles in the UMUC library. In the case of video links in the UMUC library, exact directions are given on how to find the video.)
Anand, B. N. (2006). Crafting business strategy and environmental scanning [Video]. Harvard Business School Faculty Seminar Series.
Follow these steps to find this video:
Go to http://sites.umuc.edu/library/index.cfm
Type in the entire name of the article: "Crafting business strategy and environmental scanning," into the search box and click on "search."
Click on "multimedia" in the upper left hand corner of the webpage (under "Ask a Librarian.)
Type in the entire name of the article: "Crafting business strategy and environmental scanning," in the box at the top of the page to the left of the word, "Search."
Make sure only "Business Videos" and "Find all my search term" are the only boxes that are checked. Uncheck both "Image Collection" and "Apply equivalent
subjects"
Click on "Search" at the bottom right hand corner of the webpage. It is a small word in a box. The next page shows the article. Click on the article.
Dahab, S. (2008). Five forces. In S. R. Clegg & J. R. Bailey (Eds.), International en.
101416 526 PMAfter September 11 Our State of Exception by .docxtamicawaysmith
10/14/16 5:26 PMAfter September 11: Our State of Exception by Mark Danner | The New York Review of Books
Page 1 of 11http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2011/10/13/after-september-11-our-state-exception/?printpage=true
After September 11: Our State of Exception
Mark Danner OCTOBER 13, 2011 ISSUE
We are in a fight for our principles, and our first responsibility is to live by them.
—George W. Bush, September 20, 2001
1.
We are living in the State of Exception. We don’t know when it will end, as we don’t know when the War on Terror will
end. But we all know when it began. We can no longer quite “remember” that moment, for the images have long since
been refitted into a present-day fable of innocence and apocalypse: the perfect blue of that late summer sky stained by acrid
black smoke. The jetliner appearing, tilting, then disappearing into the skin of the second tower, to emerge on the other
side as a great eruption of red and yellow flame. The showers of debris, the falling bodies, and then that great blossoming
flower of white dust, roiling and churning upward, enveloping and consuming the mighty skyscraper as it collapses into the
whirlwind.
To Americans, those terrible moments stand as a brightly lit portal through which we were all compelled to step, together,
into a different world. Since that day ten years ago we have lived in a subtly different country, and though we have grown
accustomed to these changes and think little of them now, certain words still appear often enough in the news—
Guantánamo, indefinite detention, torture—to remind us that ours remains a strange America. The contours of this
strangeness are not unknown in our history—the country has lived through broadly similar periods, at least half a dozen or
so, depending on how you count; but we have no proper name for them. State of siege? Martial law? State of emergency?
None of these expressions, familiar as they may be to other peoples, falls naturally from American lips.
What are we to call this subtly altered America? Clinton Rossiter, the great American scholar of “crisis government,”
writing in the shadow of World War II, called such times “constitutional dictatorship.” Others, more recently, have spoken
of a “9/11 Constitution” or an “Emergency Constitution.” Vivid terms all; and yet perhaps too narrowly drawn, placing as
they do the definitional weight entirely on law when this state of ours seems to have as much, or more, to do with politics
—with how we live now and who we are as a polity. This is in part why I prefer “the state of exception,” an umbrella term
that gathers beneath it those emergency categories while emphasizing that this state has as its defining characteristic that it
transcends the borders of the strictly legal—that it occupies, in the words of the philosopher Giorgio Agamben, “a position
at the limit between politics and law…an ambiguous, uncertain, borderline fringe, at the intersection of the legal and the
political.”
Call it, then, the s.
100 words per question, no references needed or quotations. Only.docxtamicawaysmith
100 words per question, no references needed or quotations. Only a general idea or opinion.
A.
· Compare and contrast two works from the Italian Baroque period with two works from the Renaissance. Be sure to note the appearance in the works of the defining characteristics from each period.
· Discuss why artistic expression shifted from the restrained stoicism of the Renaissance to that of the heightened emotion in the religious and other works of the Baroque.
B. From video
Goya -
The Third of May
- If you cannot see this video, click here -
https://youtu.be/e7piV4ocukg
Respond in writing to the following questions after reading Chapter 12, watching the video, and exploring the sites above.
1. Heroism, nationalism, and passion are themes associated with Romanticism. Which
three
landmarks of the nineteenth century are most representative of these themes? You can discuss art, philosophy, or literature.
2. Compare Neoclassicism and Romanticism as styles and sensibilities. What do their differences reflect about patronage, popular taste, and historical change? Provide specific examples from the chapters.
C.
1. From the arts of West Africa, what are some characteristics of African cultural heritage?
2. How did their religious beliefs influence their art and music.
D.
Watch video below
Manet -
Déjeuner
sur
l’herbe -
If you cannot see this video, click
https://youtu.be/3xBGF8H3bQ4
1. Viewers of Manet’s
Déjeuner sur l’herbe
initially responded to its public display by attacking the canvas with their umbrellas. Why?
2. What kind of art has evoked a comparable response in our own time? Do some research online. Find a recent work of art that caused controversy. Summarize the reasons for the controversy and your reaction to it. Try not post the same article as someone else. (This board is not POST FIRST, so you will be able to see what others have posted right away.) If you can, attach a picture of the image you are describing to your posting.
E.
Watch the video below. If you cannot see the video, click here:
https://youtu.be/XyLNPumMMTs
George Braque, Violin and Pitcher, (1909)
•
Pablo Picasso, Guernica, (1937)
•
Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, (1912)
Respond in writing to the following question after reading Chapter 14 in your text, watching the video above, viewing the Web Assignments, and the sites above.
1. Describe how they three have departed from styles such as symbolism and impressionism of the late nineteenth century.
F.
Take some time to reflect on all we have covered in this course. Then, respond in writing to the following question.
1. After your experience in this course, describe why you feel the humanities are important.
Edit question's body
.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
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Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
308Gender and RunawaysRisk Factors, Delinquency, andJu.docx
1. 308
Gender and Runaways
Risk Factors, Delinquency, and
Juvenile Justice Experiences
Kimberly Kempf-Leonard
Southern Illinois University Carbondale
Pernilla Johansson
University of Texas at Dallas
Runaway is a status offense for which there is concern that
youths, particularly girls, are
vulnerable to the “evils of the streets.” Prior research suggests
that many personal and family
risks of runaway are gendered, that the streets may be meaner,
and that the strategies for
survival disproportionately serve to criminalize girls. Moreover,
patriarchial values may make
the juvenile justice response to runaway girls overly harsh “for
their own good.”
Unfortunately, research has been hampered by small or biased
samples. This study examines
many risk factors to discern patterns and gender differences
among runaway youths for whom
there is a status offense charged. Many charged runaway youths
are followed to determine the
nature of official responses and whether responses appear
gendered. The findings have
implications for changes in how officials respond to runaway
youths, both in terms of what
2. will better serve the youths’ best interests and for improving
public safety.
Keywords: runaway; status offense; child abuse; juvenile justice
alternatives
The dearth of knowledge about who the girls are who get
referred to juvenile court andhow best to respond to girls in
juvenile justice is the result of attention focused almost
exclusively at the consistently more prevalent male offender
population. This situation,
described variously as the “tyranny of small numbers” or
“persistent invisibility of girls”
(Acoca, 1998, p. 562), was finally recognized as problematic in
the late 1990s as females
became the fastest growing segment of most juvenile and adult
criminal justice systems. It
is impossible to disentangle whether the rise in female offenders
reflects changing social
and cultural norms and behaviors among the female population
or among parents, police,
and court officials, but that females now have the attention of
researchers and administra-
tors is without dispute.
One recurrent issue that arises in the literature that does exist
on females and juvenile
justice is the perception of their vulnerability, for which they
are often viewed as requiring
greater protection than their male counterparts. From the
beginning, the designation of a
special category of status offenses eligible only to youths
because of their age has been a
Youth Violence and
Juvenile Justice
4. offenses related to
perceptions of sexual promiscuity, and girls were incarcerated
disproportionately more
than boys in reform schools (Schlossman & Wallach, 1978).
There is evidence that early
differential treatment of status offenders was gender biased and
class based and linked
to anti-immigrant sentiments (Bernard, 1992; Feld, 1999; Odem,
1995; Odem &
Schlossman, 1991; Rothman, 1980; Schlossman, 1977;
Schlossman & Wallach, 1978;
Tanenhaus, 2004).
Although the Victorian and Progressive eras have passed,
patterns that reflect similar
gendered values continue (Belknap, 2001; Belknap & Holsinger,
1998; Bishop & Frazier,
1995; Chesney-Lind, 1973, 1988, 1995, 1997; Chesney-Lind &
Shelden, 1998; Datesman
& Scarpetti, 1980; Feld, 1999; Myers & Sangster, 2001; Snyder
& Sickmund, 2006).
Many critics assert that a double standard of case processing
exists for girls. According to
Chesney-Lind and Shelden (1998), differential treatment is the
way in which juvenile
justice ensures “enforcement of girls’ obedience to a special set
of expectations about their
deportment, their sexuality, and their obedience to familial
demands” (p. 6). It is not only
police and court officials but also parents who access juvenile
justice systems to intervene
with their daughters in ways that they do not with their sons
(Sussman, 1977, p. 183).
Understanding how gender affects juvenile justice processing is
further complicated
because of prevailing views that victimization and offending
5. converge for girls in ways
they do not for boys (Belknap, 2001; Chesney-Lind, 1997;
Chesney-Lind & Shelden,
1998).
The offense for which this gendered view is most pronounced is
the status offense of
runaway. According to the National Academy of Sciences Panel
on Juvenile Crime:
Prevention, Treatment, and Control, girls have consistently had
a higher rate of arrest for
running away than have boys. Studies of runaways, however,
have found that boys and girls
are about equally likely to run away (Finkelhor, Hotaling,
Lewis, & Smith, 1990; Kaufman
& Widom, 1999). This disproportionate arrest of girls for
running away has been explained
by “unique and intense preoccupation with girls’ sexuality and
their obedience to parental
authority” (Chesney-Lind & Shelden, 1998, p. 135), but it could
also reflect a greater con-
cern for their safety (McCord, Widom, & Crowell, 2001, p. 56).
This article examines how gender affects youths who are
referred to juvenile court for
runaway offenses. We look at personal and family
characteristics, including known risks
and other offending. We also analyze the role of gender in
shaping how juvenile justice offi-
cials intervene with youths who are arrested as runaways. In the
following section, we
review the relevant prior criminological research on this topic.
We then describe empirical
findings based on a large and diverse group of arrested youths
from which we are able to
discern patterns and relationships involving gender and runaway
6. that have not previously
been examined.
310 Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
Prior Research
Runaways, Risks, and Interventions
Runaway is a status offense for which there has been, and
continues to be, an acute con-
cern about the effect of the evils of the streets for which youths,
and girls in particular, may
be vulnerable. There is a lot of speculation about runaway
youths but very little systematic
information about who they are or what happens to them.
According to authors of the
Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report, “The
stereotype of a runaway is a
youth roaming the streets of a large, unfamiliar city alone or in
the company of drug deal-
ers or a pimp” (Snyder & Sickmund, 2006, p. 45). This notion
has also been chastised as
based on anecdotal and distorted information, to the detriment
of understanding the real
needs of runaway youths (Moss, 1986). Chesney-Lind and
Shelden (1998) also rebuke the
current practice of juvenile justice interventions with runaway
girls that serve to victimize
them a second time, while the real culprits, their abusers, are
uninhibited. The only real
issue on which there is consensus appears to be that our
knowledge of runaways and their
experiences is inadequate (Kurtz, Lindsey, Jarvis, & Nackerud,
7. 2000; Rotheram-Borus
et al., 1992; Slesnick, 2001).
Although there is a good chance that most children contemplate
a runaway experience
at sometime during their childhood, the majority never run
away, and the actual prevalence
of running away is unknown. Available estimates suggest that
one out of eight children run
away prior to age 18, and 40% do not return to the same living
situation they had prior to
leaving (Whitbeck & Simons, 1990). Estimates vary by location
too, from 2.1% in Houston
and 5.7% in New York City to 12% in San Francisco
(Rotheram-Borus et al., 1992; Stricof,
Kennedy, Nattell, Weifuse, & Novick, 1991). According to the
best available information,
during any given year in the United States, there are
approximately 1.7 million runaway
children, with girls and boys equally represented (Hammer,
Finkelhor, & Sedlack, 2002).
In this section, we review what is known about why youths run
away, what happens to them
on the streets, and their involvement with juvenile justice
systems.
There are many reasons youths run away from home. Generally,
running away coincides
with decisions that alternative living situations are preferable to
the status quo. According
to Zide and Cherry (1992), these decisions fall within four
categories: (a) running to seek
adventure; (b) running from conflicting, alienating, and
dangerous family situations; (c)
being thrown out by alienated families often following school or
legal problems; and (d)
8. being forsaken because their families can no longer support
them. Seeking fun and adven-
ture seems almost to define the quests of American adolescents
who tend to prefer the com-
pany of friends to parents and family and for whom romance is
a new pursuit. Rather than
running to something, however, most researchers attribute
running away to flight from
family difficulties.
Family difficulties associated with runaways may be a lack of
understanding from par-
ents (Spillane-Grieco, 1984), family conflict or chaos (Crespi &
Sabatelli, 1993; Pipher,
1994; Spillane-Grieco, 2000), dysfunctional families, or
families with problem behaviors
(Hwang & Bedford, 2003). The most frequently noted family
difficulty related to runaway
is child abuse, and sexual abuse in particular (Bucy &
Obolensky, 1990; Fleming, 1991;
Kempf-Leonard, Johansson / Gender and Runaways 311
Garbarino, Schellenbach, & Seber, 1987; Janus, Burgess, &
McCormack, 1987; Jencks,
1994; McCormack, Janus, & Burgess, 1986; Tyler, Hoyt,
Whitbeck, & Cause, 2001).
Generally, it is assumed that females are the more common
sexual abuse victims. In sup-
port of this view, more sexual abuse has been reported by
female runaway than male run-
away and homeless youths (Janus et al., 1987; McCormack et
al., 1986). However,
Kaufman and Widom (1999) found that childhood sexual abuse
9. was not more often asso-
ciated with running away than other forms of abuse or neglect.
Besides running away,
researchers report that childhood sexual abuse can lead to self-
medication via drug use
(Finkelhor et al., 1990; Rotheram-Borus et al., 1992; Rutter,
1989; Widom & Ames, 1994).
Sexual abuse also nearly doubled the odds of prostitution
(McClanahan, McClelland,
Abram, & Teplin, 1999); sexual abuse is directly linked to
prostitution, independent of run-
ning away (Foti, 1995).
Most runaway youths stay nearby and return home within a few
days (Nye & Edelbrock,
1980). For other runaway youths, the risks do not end with their
flight from home. To the
contrary, many problems are attributed to difficulties following
running away. These include
drug abuse, delinquency, sexually transmitted diseases, teenage
pregnancy, dropping out of
school, and violence (Hagan & McCarthy, 1997; Kipke,
Montgomery, Simon, & Iverson,
1997; Kurtz, Jarvis, & Kurtz, 1991; Whitbeck, Hoyt, Yoder,
Cauce, & Paradise, 2001).
It is easy to envision runaway youths without adult supervision
as vulnerable, overly
exposed to risks, and missing adequate support networks (Bass,
1992; McMorris, Tyler,
Whitbeck, & Hoyt, 2002). Many runaway and homeless youths
are sexually active, initiate
sexual intercourse at young ages (Robertson, 1989; Rotheram-
Borus et al., 1992; Tyler,
Whitbeck, Hoyt, & Cauce, 2004; Yates, Mackenzie, Pennbridge,
& Cohen, 1988), and are
10. consequently at heightened risk of sexually transmitted
diseases, including HIV (Miller,
Turner, & Moss, 1990). Black and Hispanic runaways may be at
higher risk as these
minorities already represent higher percentage of adolescent
AIDS cases (56%; Centers for
Disease Control, 1991). Elsewhere, analyses of these data show
that gay, lesbian, and bisex-
ual adolescent runaways experienced more victimization, mental
health problems, and
risky survival strategies than heterosexual counterparts
(Whitbeck, Chen, Hoyt, Tyler, &
Johnson, 2004). Among other problems, homeless and runaway
youths are also at high risk
for illicit drug use (Hagan & McCarthy, 1997; McMorris et al.,
2002; Yates et al., 1988). In
one study, two thirds of the runaways experienced either
alcohol abuse or dependence, or
drug abuse (Johnson, Whitbeck, & Hoyt, 2005). In another
study, substance abuse among
homeless and runaways was five times as high as teenagers
living at home (Stiffman, Earls,
Powell, & Robins, 1987).
Moreover, younger runaways logically are the most vulnerable
because potentially they
have spent longer time on the streets and thus are more exposed
to risks (Chen, Tyler,
Whitbeck, & Hoyt, 2004; Hagan & McCarthy, 1997; Obeidallah
& Earls, 1999). In the
multisite longitudinal study mentioned earlier, researchers have
identified a pathway from
early abuse to running away while very young and a trajectory
for early independence—
street life and high-risk behaviors (Tyler et al., 2001). These
researchers suggest the risk for
11. young runaways of becoming what Moffit (1993) calls “life-
course persistent offenders”
(p. 173). Chapple, Johnson, and Whitbeck (2004) observed the
highest rate offenders
among the runaways who had accumulated arrests prior to their
leaving home.
From the research to date, it is unclear whether the risks
experienced by runaways are due
more to their vulnerable status or to choices they make as part
of lifestyle and strategies to
survive independently (Rotheram-Borus et al., 1992, p. 16).
Survival strategies make some
sense too, such as theft for food and clothes, prostitution for
economic survival, and drugs to
self-medicate the pain (Gilfus, 1992). In their study on
homelessness, Hagan and McCarthy
(1997) identify both sexual and nonsexual survival strategies
for life on the streets. Whether
the result of taking risks or merely trying to survive as a
runaway, their status is a juvenile
offense in every state, and some of them encounter the juvenile
justice system.
The juvenile justice response to runaway youths is a contentious
policy issue, but also
another issue about which there is limited information. As a
status offense, runaway falls
within the provision for deinstitutionalization of status
offenders in the 1974 Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act—the DSO provision.
Given the lack of viable
alternatives, in 1986, the Advisory Board on Missing Children
criticized this provision and
12. recommended that police be allowed to detain runaway children
who otherwise could leave
police stations and shelters “regardless of the risks and dangers
of the street” (Moss, 1986,
p. 28). Because of the DSO provision, incarceration for runaway
is allowable only through
reclassification of the status offense as a law violation termed
bootstrapping (Chesney-Lind
& Shelden, 1998) or by parental consent—and payment—to
confine youths in a private
facility (Parham v. J. R., 1979). The general practices of
reclassification and privatization
of status offenders have been frequently criticized (Castellano,
1986, pp. 496-497;
Krisberg, Schwartz, Fishman, Eisikovits, & Guttman, 1986;
Schneider, 1984; Schwartz,
1989; Weithorn, 1988), and this may hold true more for
runaway youths than for those who
violate curfews or are otherwise unruly.
A Gendered Pathway
Meda Chesney-Lind (1997) contends that running away plays a
unique and salient role
in the pathway from delinquency to crime for girls. According
to Chesney-Lind (1989; see
also Chesney-Lind & Shelden, 1998), the first issue is that
adolescent girls are likely to run
from violence and abuse in the home. Indeed, the National
Academy of Sciences Panel on
Juvenile Crime: Prevention, Treatment, and Control agree:
The motivation for running away may differ by gender. For
examples, females may be running
away to escape physical or sexual abuse or neglect in their
homes. For boys, running away may
13. be an indirect consequence of childhood victimization or may
be part of a larger constellation
of antisocial and problem behaviors. (Luntz & Widom, 1994;
McCord et al., 2001, p, 101)
The situation after leaving home also may be more problematic
for girls, whether because
of risks or survival strategies that are gendered. In their
longitudinal study of 428 runaway
and homeless youths in eight midwestern cities, Tyler et al.
(2001) report sexual predation
and victimization of runaway females. Hagan and McCarthy
(1997) found that among
youths living on the streets, girls were more likely than boys to
become involved in prosti-
tution. Hwang and Bedford (2003) assert that a common
criminal career trajectory for run-
away girls is prostitution, but their methodology is somewhat
suspect as they base this
finding on interviews with only adult prostitutes, many of whom
report childhood sexual
312 Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
abuse. In his developmental theory, Howell (2003) includes
runaway as one stepping stone
in the female-specific pathway to serious, violent, and chronic
offending. Chesney-Lind
(1989) refers to this as the “criminalization of girls’ survival
strategies” (p. 11).
Finally, several authors argue that the response to runaway
youths by juvenile justice sys-
tems is gendered in a way that is problematic for girls. One
14. specific concern is differential treat-
ment resulting from the policy for deinstitutionalization of
status offenders may have led to a
double standard of justice for girls (Chesney-Lind & Shelden,
1998; Feld, 1999; Wiethorn,
1988). Feld (1999) argues that this policy contributes an
element to the “triage” of juvenile jus-
tice that “increasingly removes many middle class, White, and
female juveniles to private insti-
tutions and relegates young Black males to secure residential
facilities” (p. 169). He considers
this part of a larger difficulty in juvenile justice policy that
allows competing visions of youths
as vulnerable and dependent or as autonomous and responsible
to affect wide discretionary
application of the law. More recently, Bloom, Owen,
Deschenes, and Rosenbaum (2005)
argued that “the high incidence of runaway incidents bears a
closer look, as this survival strat-
egy may lead to incarceration” (p. 800). The probability of
confinement is unknown, but this
outcome was observed among a small number of juvenile case
files in Washington.
[E]ven as they recognized the poor family environments the
girls came from and the abuse
they suffered, probation officers repeatedly recommended
confinement in juvenile correc-
tional facilities as a way for the girls to get out of their homes
and to get counseling and treat-
ment. (Inderbitzin, 2005, p. 789)
Our review shows that prior research has identified a variety of
reasons youths may run
away from home and that attention has focused on difficulties
with family. Several schol-
15. ars underscore a connection between runaway and child abuse,
and especially sexual abuse.
Given their vulnerabilities and minimal resources, the lives of
many runaways also involve
risks to their own well-being and to public safety. There is some
indication that the juve-
nile justice policy arena in which the government responds to
runaway youths lacks both
the appropriate means and the relevant knowledge about
effective interventions with run-
away youths. Moreover, the literature suggests that these
difficulties are gendered in ways
that exacerbate the problems for girls. The prevailing view on
the gendered pathway for
runaway girls is perhaps aptly summarized by Chesney-Lind
(1997) as follows:
Some girls resort to panhandling and shoplifting; others theft
for money, food, and clothes.
Some exchange sex for these necessities and become involved
in prostitution and drug abuse.
Girls’ situations often are worsened by patriarchial law
enforcement and justice systems that
require girls to obey parents and stay at home. In many cases,
girls are sent back to their vic-
timizers. Even when taken out of their homes, courts have few
placement alternatives for girls
and sometimes are left only with returning them home. (p. 5)
The available criminology literature suggests that significant
risks of crime and safety
exist both in the home and on the streets for runaway youths.
Moreover, published works
indicate that the difficulties are exacerbated for girls, many of
whom also subsequently
receive ineffective, biased, and potentially harmful responses
16. from juvenile justice systems.
In our review of prior research, the problems of runaway youths
seem far reaching and
Kempf-Leonard, Johansson / Gender and Runaways 313
314 Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
gendered, yet it is also important to recognize that past
inquiries fail to identify how far
reaching these problems are. One reason this information does
not yet exist is that delin-
quency and juvenile justice have been secondary concerns in
most prior research on run-
aways. The majority of studies selected small samples of youths
from shelter facilities and
used in-depth interviews to obtain detailed information about
their current lives and prior
experiences. Without a criminological focus, researchers often
do not distinguish between
runaways and youths who are homeless for other reasons.
Although orphans and youths
“thrown away” by parents may experience similar
vulnerabilities and strategies for survival
as runaways, they do not share their legal status or evoke the
same responses from juvenile
justice systems. In most studies based on participants from
shelters, the shelter experience
was not court imposed.
Another measurement issue is that although the qualitative
interview data provide rich
details about the youths’ perceptions and experiences, they are
not capable of conveying the
17. generalizability of those perceptions and experiences beyond
the immediate samples. This
is particularly troubling in the research based on small samples
of adjudicated females
because we cannot know whether the difficulties observed are
female specific. We cannot
be certain that the difficulties are disproportionately borne by
females when males are not
in the sample or are not studied in the same way (Daly, 1994;
Visher, 1983).
The runaway information available from official juvenile justice
data sources also has suf-
fered some methodological weaknesses. First, most court
information systems record infor-
mation on referrals rather than individual youths, and often it is
routine to count only the
most serious statute violation per referral. Thus, in these
systems, runaway youths are lost
when they also are charged as delinquents with misdemeanor or
felony offenses. Second,
given the referral focus, most systems also do not capture data
on individual risk factors suf-
ficiently to recreate criteria used by court officials in their
decision making. Researchers
must overcome these difficulties and learn whether the risks and
poor treatment identified in
the extant research are typical of runaways and whether the
problems are gendered to the
detriment of females, if we are to inspire public concern to the
plight of these at-risk youths
and to justify policy attention for establishing appropriate
interventions. In the next section,
we describe data that provide a valuable next step in this line of
inquiry.
18. Data and Methods
The data we examine include all arrest referrals between 1997
and 2003 to a juvenile jus-
tice system in one of four counties in a metropolitan area in
Texas with more than 5 mil-
lion people. This area is among the 10 most populous in the
nation and among the most
diverse. Although among the juveniles arrested, Hispanic and
African American youths are
overrepresented. Given the size of the population they serve, the
juvenile justice system is
a formal bureaucracy, with specialized court services and
treatment, on-site prosecutorial
and public defender staff, and a large secure detention facility.
Most importantly for our
purposes, of the 42,577 individual youths with charges, there
are 6,473—65.3% of them
girls—who are charged with the status offense of runaway and
processed by the juvenile
justice system.
Kempf-Leonard, Johansson / Gender and Runaways 315
Most of the background and initial referral data are recorded at
intake screening by court
officials who rely on self-reported information from the youths,
parents, and police reports.
Information about interventions and any changes in status are
updated at each meeting with
court officials through disposition. All data fields are
completed. Although we cannot com-
ment on the accuracy or comprehensiveness of these data, we
can discern patterns across 7
19. years, which give us more confidence in the quality than would
data for a single year.
Analyses are based on individual youths rather than referrals.
We do this for two reasons.
First, juvenile justice officials respond to youths rather than
only specific charges.
Sometimes, cases are merged, and officials base decisions on all
information available.
Analysis based on youths more closely corresponds to this
actual practice of juvenile case
processing. Second, all offense codes charged are recorded and
not merely the most seri-
ous charge, as is often the case in juvenile justice data. Thus,
we can examine all types of
charges for which the youths are processed. This is particularly
important for observing
runaway, which may be the lesser charges for runaway youths
who come to the attention of
police. Prior charges and court experiences are available only
for referrals within the 1997
to 2003 time frame.
In addition to offense code information on multiple charges for
a single referral, these
data are unique in providing information about youths that
typically is known to court offi-
cials but not recorded. As such, these data enable statistical
analysis to more closely repre-
sent criteria used in court processing. Several data fields serve
as indicators of youth risk
or need. We know who the child lives with at each referral,
including two parents, single
parents, a variety of relatives and friends, foster care, group
homes, and institutional set-
tings. Information is recorded about child abuse, including
20. physical, emotional, and sexual
abuse, and whether the Child Protective Services agency has
involvement with the family.
Pregnancy and youths who are parents are also recorded.
Substance abuse and gang
involvement are also reported.
In the initial analyses, we provide descriptive comparisons of
the individual characteris-
tics, offenses, and juvenile justice experiences across distinct
groups of youths: runaways
and other youths referred to juvenile justice, female and male
runaways, female and male
runaways referred to court by age 13 (early onset), and female
and male runaways with
child abuse. We then examine multivariate models to determine
(a) whether the risk factors
help to distinguish runaways from other youths and whether
gender makes a difference and
(b) whether formal juvenile justice interventions with runaway
youths differs by gender.
Following the advice of Visher (1983) and Daly (1994) that we
not merely “add-women-
and-stir” (Daly, 1994, p. 121), the multivariate models are
tested separately by gender so
that the independent effects of all variables can be seen.
Results
Of the 42,577 youths processed by the juvenile justice system
between 1997 and 2003,
6,473 youths had at least one referral for running away from
home. Moreover, gender is
associated with referrals for runaway. As Table 1 shows,
females constitute the majority
(65.3%) of youths with a runaway referral but constitute the
21. minority (27.7%) of youths
316 Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
referred to the juvenile court with no charges for runaway.
There are other differences
between the two groups as well. Somewhat more of the youths
referred for a runaway vio-
lation are White. Among both groups, most of the youths lived
with a single parent, but a
higher percentage of runaways lived with other relatives or
family, or in foster care, group
homes, or other institutional settings. Runaways also had more
recorded child abuse than
other referred youths for each of the five measures: emotional
abuse; physical abuse; sex-
ual abuse; formal involvement with the family by the state
agency for abuse; and one or
more of any of the four (29.7% runaways, 6.6% nonrunaways).
A slightly higher percent-
age of runaway youths than other youths in juvenile justice
were either currently parents
themselves or pregnant (girls only, obviously). Substance abuse
was higher among run-
aways, but gang involvement was similar in the two groups.
Table 1 also shows that there is a statistically significant
difference (t tests) in the risk
factors between females and males among only runaway youths.
The highest proportions
Table 1
Percentages for Demographic and Risk Characteristics of
Youths by Trait
22. All Youths Referred to
Juvenile Justice Runaways
No Runaway Runaway Females Males
Trait (36,101) (6,473) Significance (4,228) (2,244) Significance
Sex p < .001
Female 27.7 65.3
Male 72.3 34.7
Race or ethnicity
White 26.6 38.3 p < .001 39.2 36.6 p < .001
Black 36.0 30.8 p < .001 27.8 36.5 p < .001
Hispanic 35.0 29.0 p < .001 30.9 25.4 p < .001
Other 2.3 1.9 NS 2.1 1.6 NS
Age, 1st charge ≤ 13 15.4 15.9 NS 14.1 19.3 p < .001
Lives with
Two parents 21.7 18.2 p < .001 19.5 15.7 p < .001
Single parent 51.2 46.3 p < .001 48.1 43.0 p < .001
Friend or relative 17.8 23.1 p < .001 22.5 24.3 NS
Foster care, group home,
or institution 4.7 7.4 p < .001 5.2 11.6 p < .001
Other or unknown 4.6 5.0 NS 4.8 5.3 NS
Risk factors
Emotional abuse or neglect 2.1 13.9 p < .001 16.8 8.4 p < .001
Physical abuse 3.4 18.2 p < .001 20.4 14.2 p < .001
Sexual abuse 3.4 14.0 p < .001 19.6 3.5 p < .001
Child welfare agency involved 3.4 17.5 p < .001 20.2 12.6 p <
.001
Any abuse 6.6 29.7 p < .001 34.8 20.0 p < .001
Pregnant or already a parent 2.9 5.2 p < .001 6.9 1.9 p < .001
Drug abuse 36.2 45.5 p < .001 42.4 52.4 p < .001
23. Gang involvement 7.6 7.9 NS 5.3 12.8 p < .001
Note: NS = not significant.
Kempf-Leonard, Johansson / Gender and Runaways 317
of both girls and boys were White, but then differences emerge
with more runaway Black
boys and Hispanic girls. Foster care, group homes, and
institutional living were higher
among runaway boys. Child abuse, according to all available
indicators, was higher among
runaway girls, as was pending or current parenthood. Both
groups, but particularly boys,
had a high level of substance abuse indicated. Gang
involvement among boys was more
than double that recorded for girls.
The distributions of offense characteristics and juvenile justice
interventions are shown
in Table 2. Most youths were referred only once for a single
offense, however, higher pro-
portions of runaways than other youths involved with the court
had multiple charges.
Multiple charges were significantly higher among runaway boys
than girls. Three fourths
of the runaways had only one runaway offense, but one fourth
of them were charged mul-
tiple times with runaway violations. There was no difference by
gender. One youth accu-
mulated 15 runaway charges (not shown).
Table 2 also shows several types of offenses for which the
youths were charged. There
24. were 111 homicide charges, including 7 among youths who were
runaways. Serious charges,
including homicide, robbery, burglary, aggravated assault, and
weapons violations, were not
as common among runaways as other youths involved with the
juvenile justice system. More
than 10% of runaways also were charged with theft or simple
assaults sometime between
1997 and 2003. Half of the youths charged with prostitution
were girls who also had a run-
away charge. When only youth with at least one runaway charge
are compared, the findings
show a statistically significant difference with boys more
involved than girls with other types
of offending, particularly theft, assault, burglary, drug
violations, and weapons.
Finally, Table 2 shows the most restrictive outcome the youths
ever received from the
juvenile justice system during the 1997 to 2003 time frame. All
charges were dismissed for
7.4% of runaways—slightly higher at 8.5% among girls
compared to 5.5% among boys—
and 13.5% of youths with no runaway charges. More than one
third of other youths and
11.7% of runaways had their referrals deferred, which meant
they were set aside and would
have a petition filed only if a new referral occurred. The most
common juvenile justice
intervention with runaway youths, particularly girls, was a stern
warning cautioning them
against further offending. The remaining interventions involve
formal outcomes following
petitions and adjudication. Approximately 3% of the youths had
no recorded disposition for
referrals during this period, but some of these had cases merged
25. with other referrals in years
outside those studied. Probation was the most restrictive
intervention for 27.1% of other
youths and 17.2% of all runaways, but 28.0% of runaway boys
and only 11.5% of runaway
girls. Out of home commitment was the outcome for 4.4% of
other youths and 3.6% of run-
aways, but 8.2% of runaway boys and only 1.1% of girls. Just
more than 1% of youths were
certified as adults, and the highest level was among runaway
boys (1.7%).
Table 3 shows the results of logit regressions of runaway on
risk factors for females and
males separately. The table compares the effects of the risk
factors for youths charged with
at least one runaway status offense to all other youths charged
with offenses but no run-
away. The regression analysis for females shows that with
respect to family structure,
females who live with a single parent are less likely to have a
runaway charge than those
who live with two parents. In contrast, living in foster care,
group home, or institution
improves the chances of being charged as a runaway. Analysis
of the effect of race indicates
318 Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
that African American and Hispanic females are significantly
less likely to have a runaway
charge than White females.
The effect of child abuse experiences on likelihood of a
26. runaway referral is positive and
significant after controlling for other relevant risk factors.
Among females, odds of being a
runaway increases 3.4 times with abuse victimization.
Similarly, the coefficient for
substance abuse is statistically significant and increases the
likelihood of being a runaway.
Table 2
Percentages for Offense Characteristics/Juvenile Justice
Interventions by Trait
All Youths Referred to
Juvenile Justice Runaways
No Runaway Runaway Females Males
Trait (36,101) (6,473) Significance (4,228) (2,245) Significance
Total # charges p < .001 p < .001
1 66.6 47.1 54.2 33.7
2 to 4 27.7 38.9 37.3 41.9
5 or more 5.7 14.0 8.5 24.4
# runaway charges NS
1 76.5 75.5 78.4
2 or more 23.5 24.5 21.6
Offense types
Homicide (104) (7) (2) (5)
Robbery 3.0 1.6 p < .001 .7 3.4 p < .001
Burglary 14.6 7.2 p < .001 2.0 17.0 p < .001
Aggravated assault 8.4 3.6 p < .001 2.2 6.1 p < .001
Other assault 15.5 12.2 p < .001 9.2 18.0 p < .001
Theft 30.1 17.5 p < .001 13.3 25.3 p < .001
Drug violation 15.6 6.7 p < .001 3.1 13.5 p < .001
Property damage 6.3 3.3 p < .001 1.3 7.1 p < .001
27. Disturbance 2.0 1.3 p < .001 .9 2.0 p < .001
Forgery or fraud 1.3 1.5 NS 1.7 1.3 NS
Truancy 5.7 4.4 p < .001 2.2 8.6 p < .001
Curfew .8 1.6 p < .001 1.1 2.4 p < .001
Weapons violation 3.4 1.3 p < .001 .5 2.9 p < .001
Prostitution (37) (36) (36) (0)
Most restrictive outcome
Dismissed 13.5 7.4 8.5 5.5
Deferred 36.1 11.7 12.0 11.1
Cautioned 14.4 56.8 64.1 43.0
Consolidated
or no disposition 3.3 2.3 2.3 2.4
Probation 27.1 17.2 11.5 28.0
Commitment 4.4 3.6 1.1 8.2
Certified 1.2 1.0 .5 1.7
Note: Because of the small number of cases, numbers are
reported for homicide and prostitution rather than
percentages. NS = not significant.
Kempf-Leonard, Johansson / Gender and Runaways 319
Early onset of offending (a court referral by age 13), being
pregnant or already a parent, or
being involved with a gang are not significantly related to being
a runaway among females.
The regression results for males show that early onset is
positively related to having a
referral as a runaway, unlike the model for females in which the
early onset coefficient was
insignificant. Regarding family structure, several alternative
28. family constellations are pos-
itively related to being a runaway. Living with a relative or
friend and living in a foster fam-
ily, group home or institution, and unknown or other residential
situations make the odds
of having a runaway charge more likely than living with two
parents for boys. However,
living with a single parent does not have a significantly
different effect for the risk of being
a runaway.
As was shown for girls, boys are more likely to have a runaway
charge if they are White
than if they are African American, Hispanic, or members of
another racial group. Boys with
known or suspected child abuse are also more apt to runaway.
Substance abuse also is more
common among runaway boys. In contrast to the girls, the
coefficient for gang involvement
is positive and statistically significant for boys, indicating that
for them, gang involvement
is a risk factor associated with running away.
In sum, for both girls and boys, the likelihood of runaway
referrals to juvenile court
increases if they are White, are known or suspected victims of
child abuse, have substance
Table 3
Runaway Regressed on Risk Variables by Gender.
Females Males
B SE Exp(B) B SE Exp(B)
Constant –.943** .054 –2.76** .068
29. Early onset .123 .057 1.13 .201* .058 1.22
Family structure
Single parenta –.134* .052 .875 .091 .066 1.09
Relative or friend .135 .062 1.14 .457** .074 1.58
Foster, group, institution .345* .113 1.41 .604** .093 1.83
Other or unknown .183 .099 1.20 .445** .114 1.56
Race or ethnicity
African American –.641** .049 .53 –.292** .054 .747
Hispanic –.374** .048 .69 –.608** .060 .544
Other raceb –.335 .136 .72 –.566* .180 .568
Parent or pregnant .006 .080 1.01 –.117 .168 .890
Any abuse 1.230** .049 3.42 1.359** .063 3.89
Substance abuse .481** .042 1.62 .411** .047 1.51
Gang involvement –.006 .096 .99 .280** .073 1.32
Log likelihood –7951.5385 –7375.2552
Pseudo R-squared .0798 .0565
N 14,204 28,192
aCategory is living with two parents.
bReference category is White.
*p < .01. **p < .001.
320 Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
abuse problems, and live in a group setting such as foster care.
Runaway girls are less likely
to live with a single parent than both parents. Although not
significant factors for girls, early
involvement with juvenile justice prior to age 13, gang
involvement, and living with friends
or relatives instead of parents help to distinguish runaway boys
30. from others involved with
juvenile justice.
Next, we try to determine what factors affect juvenile justice
interventions with run-
away youths. This is somewhat difficult because, as was shown
in Table 2, many runaway
youths also are involved with juvenile justice for other types of
offenses. Moreover, it is
not uncommon for youths to have juvenile justice involvement
throughout their adoles-
cence. Table 4 and Table 5 shows that although most youths had
offense referrals during
only a single year, male runaways had more multiple year
offending than other youths.
The results also show that for the majority of youths with a
runaway charge, this occurred
during their initial year of juvenile justice involvement. During
the initial year, the most
restrictive response from the juvenile justice system to runaway
youths was a cautionary
warning (60.4%), followed by an equally informal warning via
deferring the case (17.2%),
and probation (10.1%). Cautionary warnings are higher among
girls, and probation is
higher among boys. However, the more restrictive outcomes for
more boys may be
because of their other charges. This appears even more likely
when looking at Year 1 run-
aways with no other types of charges. Among the 2,871 girls
and 612 boys (72.8% of
3,944 and 56.2% of 1,862, respectively), there was almost no
variation from cautionary
warnings (not shown).
To identify the factors that affect juvenile justice interventions
31. with runaways simulta-
neously controlling for all others, we restrict the analysis to
youths with a runaway refer-
ral during their 1st year of involvement. For their most
restrictive juvenile justice response
Table 4
Percentages for Initial Referral Year Experiences
All Youths Referred to
Juvenile Justice Runaways
No Runaway Runaway Females Males
Trait (36,101) (6,473) Significance (4,228) (2,245) Significance
Single year 76.9 62.9 p < .001 69.3 50.9 p < .001
Multiple year 23.1 37.1 30.7 49.1
Runaway 1st year 89.7 93.3 83.0 p < .001
1st year most restrictive outcome p < .001 p < .001
Dismissed 14.7 9.4 10.0 8.3
Deferred 36.5 17.2 15.9 19.5
Cautioned 21.9 60.4 66.1 49.6
Consolidated or no disposition 3.2 2.1 1.7 2.8
Probation 21.3 10.1 5.8 18.2
Commitment 1.6 .4 .2 1.0
Certified .7 .4 .3 .6
Kempf-Leonard, Johansson / Gender and Runaways 321
during that initial year, we distinguish formal outcomes
(probation, commitment, certifi-
cation = 1) from informal outcomes (cautionary warnings,
deferred cases = 0) and omit
32. youths whose cases were dismissed. The logit regression results
are shown separately by
gender in Table 6.
For both girls and boys, formal juvenile justice interventions
are more likely when run-
aways are living in group settings without two parents, are
African Americans, have sub-
stance abuse problems, gang involvement, and other charges.
Age is not a significant factor
for interventions with girls; the likelihood of formal
dispositions for runaway boys increase
when they are older than age 13. Boys living with friends and
relatives rather than two par-
ents also have more chance of a formal outcome for runaway.
Although the negative coef-
ficient suggests informal warnings, child abuse victimization is
not significant in juvenile
court responses to runaway youths regardless of gender.
To summarize, the findings show that the gender relationship
among most juvenile court
referrals reversed itself for runaway charges, which were more
common for girls. A race
effect is also evident with more runaways who were White.
Child abuse was indicated
more often among runaways than youths with other charges.
Approximately one third of
the female runways had known or suspected child abuse, but the
same was true for only one
fifth of the male runaways. Substance abuse was also a problem
for many runaway youths.
Running away is not the only juvenile offense for many youths,
and additional charges and
referrals are more common for boys. When all variables are
controlled simultaneously in
33. the multivariate analyses, findings show that runaways, both
girls and boys, are signifi-
cantly different in terms of risk factors than youths with other
reasons for juvenile court
involvement.
Juvenile justice interventions tended to be informal warnings
more often for runaways
than other youths. For both girls and boys, warnings were the
most common response, but
runaway boys received probation and commitment more than
runaway girls. These gender
differences in the initial findings likely reflect the other
offending, including serious
charges of homicide, robbery, burglary, aggravated assault, and
weapon violations that was
more common among runaway boys than girls. When serious
and other offending is con-
trolled for statistically, juvenile justice dispositions were
related to race—Black youths
with more restrictive outcomes, in addition to substance abuse,
gang involvement, and liv-
ing situation for both runaway girls and boys. Child abuse
victimization did not signifi-
cantly affect responses to runaways from the juvenile justice
system.
Table 5
Runaway During 1st Year and Seriousness of Charges That Year
Females (%) Males (%)
(N = 3,944) (N = 1,862)
Only runaway 72.8 56.2
Runaway and nonserious charges 25.2 32.9
Runaway and serious chargesa 2.1 11.0
34. aSerious charges include homicide, aggravated assault, robbery,
burglary, and weapons violations.
322 Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
Discussion and Conclusions
This study has examined characteristics, offending, and juvenile
justice interventions
among a large group of youths referred for a runaway offense.
Runaways have been com-
pared to other youths involved with juvenile justice. The large
number of youths has also
facilitated gender comparisons among runaways. Some of the
findings support relation-
ships that have been identified in previous studies, but others
have never before been exam-
ined to provide information that is new.
Unlike most of the research on runaways, which identify
participants from residential
shelters, this study examines only runaways identified by legal
charges of runaway. The
data used in this study provide information on several risk
factors of interest, offense
charges, and juvenile justice interventions. They are valuable
both in scope and quality
compared to information routinely available in many juvenile
justice systems. The data are
not without limitations, however, including two which have
implications for our findings.
Table 6
35. Offense Seriousness Controlled by Gender
Females Males
B SE Exp(B) B SE Exp(B)
Constant –5.958** .374 –4.720** .333
Early onset .037 .228 1.03 –.936** .238 .39
Family structure
Single parenta .058 .254 1.06 .416 .256 1.51
Relative or friend .110 .284 1.12 .810* .267 2.25
Foster, group, institution 1.257** .331 3.51 1.667** .303 5.30
Other or unknown .482 .472 1.62 –.043 .533 .96
Race or ethnicity
African American .548* .202 1.73 .649* .195 1.91
Hispanic .092 .216 1.10 .226 .220 1.25
Race otherb –.693 .870 .50 .340 .653 1.41
Parent or pregnant .602 .263 1.83 –.079 .484 .92
Any abuse –.093 .168 .911 –.312 .198 .73
Substance abuse .705** .177 2.02 .576* .170 1.78
Gang involvement .950** .240 2.59 .957** .208 2.60
Delinquency Year 1
Not serious charges 3.373** .285 29.16 2.689** .225 14.71
Serious charges 5.467** .372 236.82 4.793** .282 120.67
Log likelihood –520.97133 –516.29168
Pseudo R-squared .3637 .4098
N 3,496 1,672
Note: Youths with a runaway referral during first referral year
only. Total sample size n = 5,168 because of
omission of cases dismissed at disposition (n = 626) and
missing cases in age variable (n = 13).
36. aReference category is living with two parents.
bReference category is White.
cReference category is only runaway charges during 1st year.
*p < 0.01. **p < 0.001.
Kempf-Leonard, Johansson / Gender and Runaways 323
First, most of the indicators used to measure risk factors and
other characteristics of the
youths were recorded by intake court staff members noting
information they received directly
from youths, their parents, or police officers. The extent to
which this information was verified
for accuracy through cross-checks is apt to have been minimal.
Child abuse is one example.
Some of the youths had no recorded child abuse, yet the child
welfare agency was known to be
involved with the family. This discrepancy might be explained
by siblings. Most importantly,
there is no way to discern whether gender differences in
recorded abuse are valid or because of
gender differences in self-reports or perceptions of gender
differences on the part of intake staff.
Second, when youths have numerous referrals, the information
recorded at the most
recent intake screening supplants the original records for most
of the risk measures. This
may pose a causal order dilemma in that substance abuse, gang
involvement, and residential
setting may follow rather than precede the runaway experience.
This situation is less apt to
be problematic in the analyses of juvenile justice outcomes
because they were restricted to
37. the year of the initial runaway year, and thus the information
was more current.
Despite limitations, these data provide a valuable foundation for
criminological research on
runaways, including information on gender that has not
previously been available. The large
number of runaways allow for observation of patterns while
controlling simultaneously for
risks and offending. The abilities to test models separately by
gender and to control for diver-
sity by race and ethnicity, which also may differ by gender, are
particularly valuable. The busy
bureaucracy of this juvenile justice system includes many court
officials, thus patterns of
responses are not likely to reflect biases of individual intake
officers, prosecutors, or judges.
The results support those found elsewhere that girls are more
often brought to court for
runaway status offenses. More runaway girls have been victims
of child abuse, including
sexual abuse, than other girls who are involved in juvenile
justice. This is one offense for
which the White majority is represented, even after risk factors
are controlled. Single par-
ents make no difference for sons but may serve as a protective
factor over two parents for
daughters. It may be that problematic parent-child relationships,
including sexually abusive
fathers, involve the parent not in residence or that single
parents are equally and sometimes
better at providing the parental warmth previously found
important (Chapple et al., 2004).
Runaway girls also have higher rates of substance abuse
problems and gang involvement,
38. although this may occur after running away. The findings also
support concern that at least
some runaway girls, whether because of vulnerabilities or as
strategies for survival on the
streets, engage in prostitution, theft, forgery, and fraud.
In addition, some of our findings differ somewhat from
relationships that previous
authors led us to expect. Rather than incarceration (Bloom et
al., 2005; Inderbitzin, 2005),
the juvenile justice response to runaway girls is an informal
caution against further offend-
ing, after which girls are sent home and court involvement with
the youths is discontinued.
Runaway girls who do receive formal dispositions more often
are African American than
White. The risk factors of child abuse, substance abuse, gang
involvement, foster care, and
other group living situations are factors for runaway boys just
as they are for runaway girls.
Juvenile justice interventions with runaway boys, even
controlling for other offending, is
somewhat more restrictive than it is for girls. This is likely
associated with their greater
number of arrests, which is a gendered finding similar to
Chapple et al. (2004). Juvenile
justice interventions with runaway youths are affected by
substance abuse, gang involve-
ment, and living situation, but surprisingly not by child abuse.
324 Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
The results of this study suggest implications both for future
research to explain what
39. happens to runaway youths and for procedural changes within
juvenile justice systems that
will make interventions with runaways more beneficial for the
individual youths and reduce
their potential for subsequent offending. One aim for future
research is to determine
whether risky behaviors among runaways more often reflect
survival strategies or predatory
victimization because of their vulnerable status. This knowledge
would enable police and
child welfare officials to develop prevention and intervention
strategies that would be more
effective. It also would be beneficial to extend the study of
runaway youths into adulthood
with longitudinal investigations of long-term effects of their
childhood experiences. Both
of these types of inquiries need to include girls and boys.
Our findings also provide fairly compelling evidence that child
abuse victimization con-
stitutes a risk for runaway differently than for other juvenile
offending. The nature of that
abuse may differ for girls and boys, and the impact may also be
gendered in other ways,
but the effect promoting runaway is similar. Substance abuse is
also a factor; although
whether drug use is another effect of victimization is not
identified herein. What is partic-
ularly noteworthy, especially given the literature that led us to
expect more gender differ-
ence, is the finding that juvenile justice interventions with
runaways are very minimal and
do not reflect attention to child abuse. Thus, it seems clear that
juvenile justice officials
should be encouraged to pay attention to the abuse experiences
of youths, as well as their
40. substance abuse, gang involvement, and living situations.
Juvenile justice officials must have ways to respond to runaway
youths that are effective.
Our findings suggest that at least in this system, but also quite
likely in most juvenile justice
systems, the main problem is lack of alternatives and
understanding about how best to
respond to runaways. Although there are gender differences in
how adolescents develop their
self-identities in relation to their experiences in the world
(Gilligan, 1982) that need to be
addressed in gender-specific ways, both runaway girls and boys
also need caring, professional
intervention that provides concrete assistance in setting
boundaries and teaching responsibil-
ity and with communication, family relationships, and living
arrangements (Kurtz et al.,
2000). Beyond a cautionary warning, runaways merit attention
regardless of other behavior.
This does not mean that the intervention must involve
residential placement, but it does indi-
cate that formal supervision of the youths’ residential situation,
whether in the home, else-
where, or independently, and services for healthy adolescent
development should be required.
Without it, subsequent referrals including more serious
offenses, are quite likely.
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Kimberly Kempf-Leonard is professor and chair of the Center
for Study of Crime, Delinquency, and Corrections at
Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Her research examines
inequality, criminal and juvenile justice policy, and criminal
career development.
Pernilla Johansson is assistant director of the Eugene
McDermott Scholars Program at the University of Texas at
Dallas. Her
research examines the life course perspective, gender and crime,
and social control.
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