The Sasanian Empire lasted from 224-651 AD in Persia and was the last native Persian empire before the Arab conquest. It was founded by Ardashir I after the collapse of the Parthian Empire and Zoroastrianism was established as the state religion. Major Sasanian rulers included Shapur I, Shapur II, and Khosrau I who expanded the empire through military campaigns. The empire declined in the 7th century due to overextension and wars with the Byzantine Empire, leading to its final defeat and collapse when Arab Muslims conquered Persia in the 630s-640s.
The document summarizes key aspects of Roman art and architecture from the 1st century BCE to the 4th century CE. It describes important works like the Ara Pacis, which commemorated Augustus' return from Gaul, and the Colosseum built under the Flavian emperors. Hadrian and Trajan made contributions like the Pantheon and Trajan's Forum. Constantine's rule marked a shift toward Christianity and the division of the empire into western and eastern sections.
The document provides details about the Assyrian Empire, including its origins, expansion, military tactics, and eventual decline. It describes how the Assyrians used innovative military strategies and technology to build a vast empire through conquest between 850 BC and 612 BC. However, the empire rapidly collapsed after neighboring countries like Babylon, Chaldea and the Medes united and attacked the Assyrians, destroying the once powerful military force and bringing an end to the Assyrian rule.
This document discusses Muslim historiography and the sources used by early Muslim historians. It explains that historiography is the study of how historians have studied and written about history using sources and methodologies. Early Muslim historians compiled many works documenting history using sources like battle narratives, poetry, and texts from other religious traditions. Over time, the methodology of isnad (chain of transmission) was introduced to authenticate reports and distinguish false information. This led to more critical historical works. A variety of pre-Islamic sources provided information to early historians about Arabian culture and events before Islam.
The document provides information on ancient Persian civilization from 600-400 BC. It discusses how Persia emerged as a great country that was successful in many aspects of civilization including religion, technology, government, and adaptation to geography. This allowed Persia to become one of the most productive and complex empires of its time. It conquered many other civilizations and had an effective strategic government system. The Persian Empire created the largest empire yet seen, spanning 3,000 miles at its height. It flourished for 200 years under influential leaders like Cyrus the Great, Cambyses, and Darius.
This is our presentation on the Persian Empire. It is a product of the work and effort of Monisha, Caitlin, and Rachel of team 8 in global class period 1.
The Persian Empire originated in southwestern Iran, where the Persians began as nomadic herders. Under Cyrus the Great from 559 to 530 BC, the Persians united into a powerful kingdom. By 539 BC, the Persians had conquered Mesopotamia, Babylon, Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities. Cyrus established a merciful rule and allowed captive Jews to return home. The Persians built an extensive road system, including the 1600-mile Royal Road from Asia Minor to their capital of Susa. Darius came to power in 521 BC and divided the empire into 20 provinces administered by satraps who collected taxes, enforced laws, and recruited soldiers for
The Akkadian Empire was centered in the city of Akkad in Mesopotamia, reaching its height between 2400-2200 BC under King Sargon of Akkad. Sargon conquered surrounding regions and established an empire stretching from the Mediterranean to Persia. However, within 100 years the empire collapsed due to invasion by Gutian tribes from the northeast as the region experienced a severe drought.
The document summarizes key aspects of Roman art and architecture from the 1st century BCE to the 4th century CE. It describes important works like the Ara Pacis, which commemorated Augustus' return from Gaul, and the Colosseum built under the Flavian emperors. Hadrian and Trajan made contributions like the Pantheon and Trajan's Forum. Constantine's rule marked a shift toward Christianity and the division of the empire into western and eastern sections.
The document provides details about the Assyrian Empire, including its origins, expansion, military tactics, and eventual decline. It describes how the Assyrians used innovative military strategies and technology to build a vast empire through conquest between 850 BC and 612 BC. However, the empire rapidly collapsed after neighboring countries like Babylon, Chaldea and the Medes united and attacked the Assyrians, destroying the once powerful military force and bringing an end to the Assyrian rule.
This document discusses Muslim historiography and the sources used by early Muslim historians. It explains that historiography is the study of how historians have studied and written about history using sources and methodologies. Early Muslim historians compiled many works documenting history using sources like battle narratives, poetry, and texts from other religious traditions. Over time, the methodology of isnad (chain of transmission) was introduced to authenticate reports and distinguish false information. This led to more critical historical works. A variety of pre-Islamic sources provided information to early historians about Arabian culture and events before Islam.
The document provides information on ancient Persian civilization from 600-400 BC. It discusses how Persia emerged as a great country that was successful in many aspects of civilization including religion, technology, government, and adaptation to geography. This allowed Persia to become one of the most productive and complex empires of its time. It conquered many other civilizations and had an effective strategic government system. The Persian Empire created the largest empire yet seen, spanning 3,000 miles at its height. It flourished for 200 years under influential leaders like Cyrus the Great, Cambyses, and Darius.
This is our presentation on the Persian Empire. It is a product of the work and effort of Monisha, Caitlin, and Rachel of team 8 in global class period 1.
The Persian Empire originated in southwestern Iran, where the Persians began as nomadic herders. Under Cyrus the Great from 559 to 530 BC, the Persians united into a powerful kingdom. By 539 BC, the Persians had conquered Mesopotamia, Babylon, Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities. Cyrus established a merciful rule and allowed captive Jews to return home. The Persians built an extensive road system, including the 1600-mile Royal Road from Asia Minor to their capital of Susa. Darius came to power in 521 BC and divided the empire into 20 provinces administered by satraps who collected taxes, enforced laws, and recruited soldiers for
The Akkadian Empire was centered in the city of Akkad in Mesopotamia, reaching its height between 2400-2200 BC under King Sargon of Akkad. Sargon conquered surrounding regions and established an empire stretching from the Mediterranean to Persia. However, within 100 years the empire collapsed due to invasion by Gutian tribes from the northeast as the region experienced a severe drought.
The Peloponnesian War was a conflict between 431-404 BC between the Athenians and the Spartans who led the Peloponnesian League. The Athenians valued excellence and philosophy, while the Spartans had a militaristic society where most citizens were Helots. When Sparta invaded Athens, the Athenian leader Pericles had citizens move inside the city walls, causing a plague that killed over a third of the population including Pericles. The war consisted of several phases and ended in 404 BC with the surrender of Athens.
Tiberius ruled Rome from 14-37 CE with a bitter and suspicious personality, instituting a reign of terror. His adopted grandson Caligula became insane after a few months in power, sacrificing slaves and claiming to be a god before being assassinated. Claudius expanded the Roman Empire but was poisoned by his wife Agrippina to make way for Nero, who became a tyrant, murdering family members and being blamed for the Great Fire of Rome before committing suicide.
The Assyrian Empire rose to power through effective military tactics that allowed it to expand and protect itself as it grew. When ruled strongly, the empire thrived and conquered much of the Middle East, but internal weaknesses and external enemies eventually led to its decline. By the 7th century BC, a combined attack by the Medes and Chaldeans defeated the Assyrians and destroyed their capital of Nineveh, ending the once mighty empire.
The document discusses the history and current state of religions in Egypt. It covers ancient Egyptian polytheism, the rise of Islam in Egypt and the current Muslim majority. It also describes the Coptic Christian minority and smaller religious groups like Jews, Bahá'ís and atheists. Religious freedom is limited in practice by the government which recognizes Islam and Christianity as the main faiths and restricts other groups.
The document summarizes three West African empires:
1) The Ghana Empire (750-1076) was founded by the Soninke people and ruled by a powerful king. It had a large army and controlled the gold and salt trade routes through a "silent barter system" without direct communication between traders.
2) The Mali Empire (1100-1400) was founded by Sundiata and expanded under powerful kings called Mansas. It converted to Islam and seized gold producing areas, controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes. Cities like Timbuktu became major trading hubs.
3) The Songhai Empire rose after 1464 under Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad. It encouraged Muslim
1. Bartering and cowry shells were used as currencies before coins were developed in ancient India.
2. The earliest coins in India were irregular in shape and made of metals like silver, copper, and lead. They were issued by kingdoms and empires with images of rulers or deities.
3. Over time, coins developed standardized shapes and designs that reflected the cultural and religious aspects of the ruling dynasties, including symbols, portraits, and language inscriptions on Mughal, Rajput, Chalukyan, and Chola coins.
After the Umayyad caliphate fell in Damascus, the last surviving member fled to Iberia and established himself as the Emir of Cordoba in 756. He made Cordoba the capital and established the Umayyad emirate. For over two centuries, Córdoba flourished under the emirs and caliphs, becoming one of the most advanced cities in Europe with vast libraries, philosophical and scientific achievements, and a prosperous economy. However, internal struggles after the caliphate's collapse in 1031 led to the fragmentation of Al-Andalus into competing taifa kingdoms, weakening Muslim rule and allowing the Christian reconquista to gain ground.
Ancient Egypt had a rich culture that lasted over 5000 years, influencing later cultures in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Some key aspects of their culture included hieroglyphic writing, literature dating back to the Old Kingdom, religions such as ancient Egyptian and later Coptic Christianity and Islam, and architectural marvels like the Great Pyramids and Sphinx. The Egyptians also made contributions to arts like sculpture, painting, pottery and music.
The document summarizes key features of Muslim historiography:
- It began with biographies of the Prophet Muhammad using isnad (chain of transmission) to verify accounts. This established history as a science with critical methods.
- Early histories used chronology and theological views, interpreting history as God's divine plan.
- Key forms included khabar (brief accounts of single events), annalistic (year-by-year), dynastic, and tabaqat (generations).
- Early works focused on the Prophet's military campaigns (maghazi) and life (sirah/seerah).
- Futuhat covered the era of the Four Righteous Caliphs and the
The document provides an overview of ancient Persian civilization from 600-490 BC. It describes the geography of Persia including its water masses, rivers, and climate. It then discusses several Persian kings including Cyrus the Great, Cambyses, and Darius I. It outlines the development of Zoroastrianism as the main religion and describes aspects of Persian culture such as art, architecture, language, music, fashion, food and more. Key contributions of ancient Persia included its conquests and effective government system under Cyrus, and Darius' establishment of provinces in the empire.
Europe After the Fall of the Western Roman Empiremczamora
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Germanic tribes settled across Europe, establishing new kingdoms. They adopted some Roman governmental structures but retained Germanic social traditions like powerful family units. Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom into a vast empire, strengthening ties between Germanic, Christian, and Roman elements. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire survived but faced threats to its frontiers and internal disputes, including a schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
Aurangzeb imposed strict religious views and persecuted religious minorities like Hindus and Sikhs, taxing and restricting them. This caused many rebellions against his rule and weakened the Mughal Empire. When he died, a civil war broke out over the throne, further contributing to the decline of the Mughals' power and territory.
Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire by conquering the Median kingdom in the 6th century BC. The Persian Empire went on to dominate Mesopotamia for over 800 years and conquered several other empires including Egypt, Syria, parts of Asia Minor, and India. The Persian government, called a Satrapy, was similar to the Roman republic and divided the empire into provinces ruled by governors. Darius I helped expand the empire further and established a new type of centralized government during his rule in the 5th century BC.
The Indo-Scythians, also known as the Sakas, were a nomadic group from Central Asia who migrated southward and established a kingdom in northwestern India from the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE. They originated from the area of present-day eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan and established five branches throughout modern-day Pakistan, North India, and the Deccan plateau. Notable Indo-Scythian dynasties included the Sakas of Taxila, the Western Kshatrapas of Gujarat and Malwa, and the Chastana dynasty of the Deccan plateau. The Indo-Scythians played a significant role in displacing the
The Arabian Peninsula was a harsh desert environment, forcing tribes to cooperate for survival. Muhammad received revelations in the 6th century CE and spread the new religion of Islam, establishing the Five Pillars. After his death, the Rashidun Caliphs and Umayyad Dynasty expanded the Arab Empire across North Africa and Spain. The Abbasid Dynasty built the capital in Baghdad and oversaw a golden age. Successors like the Seljuk Turks and Mongols later assumed control of former Arab lands.
The Assyrians used art extensively to educate their society, establish identity, and influence other cultures. They created cities, palaces, libraries, and hanging gardens decorated with reliefs and sculptures of guardian animals like lions and winged beasts. The Assyrian rulers believed that engaging in art helped flourish their society internally and spread their influence externally.
Mesopotamian society was strictly hierarchical, with slaves at the bottom. Slaves could be prisoners of war or people in debt, and had no legal rights. Commoners, who made up 85% of the population, were mostly farmers who paid taxes. Merchants invented writing to record trades and exported goods as far as Egypt. Scribes were educated and literate, working for the government. Priests controlled land distribution and were influential due to religion. The king was the highest position in society and had absolute power.
The Mauryan Empire had a highly organized administrative system with four levels: central administration headed by the king and council of ministers, provincial administration divided into four provinces each headed by a governor, district administration headed by commissioners, and village administration headed by local village heads. Various departments handled functions like revenue collection, treasury, justice, industries, food supply, and more with distinct officers. The system aimed to efficiently govern the large empire through layers of administration down to the village level.
The Sassanian Dynasty ruled Persia from 224-651 AD. It was founded by Ardashir I who overthrew the Parthian Empire and established the Sassanian capital at Ardashir-Khwarrah. The Sassanians expanded the empire to the Indus River Valley and revived Persian culture, making Zoroastrianism the official religion. They had numerous kings over their nearly 500 year reign until being conquered by the Arab Muslims.
The document provides an overview of the civilizations that preceded and influenced the rise of Islam, including the Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, and Sassanid Empire. It discusses the geographic reach and administrative structure of the Roman Empire. It then describes the split of the Christian church and the decline of the Western Roman Empire. The document outlines the history and influence of the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires, including their religious differences and ongoing conflicts. It notes that by the 7th century, the Byzantine, Sassanid, and emerging Arab civilizations were on a collision course.
The Peloponnesian War was a conflict between 431-404 BC between the Athenians and the Spartans who led the Peloponnesian League. The Athenians valued excellence and philosophy, while the Spartans had a militaristic society where most citizens were Helots. When Sparta invaded Athens, the Athenian leader Pericles had citizens move inside the city walls, causing a plague that killed over a third of the population including Pericles. The war consisted of several phases and ended in 404 BC with the surrender of Athens.
Tiberius ruled Rome from 14-37 CE with a bitter and suspicious personality, instituting a reign of terror. His adopted grandson Caligula became insane after a few months in power, sacrificing slaves and claiming to be a god before being assassinated. Claudius expanded the Roman Empire but was poisoned by his wife Agrippina to make way for Nero, who became a tyrant, murdering family members and being blamed for the Great Fire of Rome before committing suicide.
The Assyrian Empire rose to power through effective military tactics that allowed it to expand and protect itself as it grew. When ruled strongly, the empire thrived and conquered much of the Middle East, but internal weaknesses and external enemies eventually led to its decline. By the 7th century BC, a combined attack by the Medes and Chaldeans defeated the Assyrians and destroyed their capital of Nineveh, ending the once mighty empire.
The document discusses the history and current state of religions in Egypt. It covers ancient Egyptian polytheism, the rise of Islam in Egypt and the current Muslim majority. It also describes the Coptic Christian minority and smaller religious groups like Jews, Bahá'ís and atheists. Religious freedom is limited in practice by the government which recognizes Islam and Christianity as the main faiths and restricts other groups.
The document summarizes three West African empires:
1) The Ghana Empire (750-1076) was founded by the Soninke people and ruled by a powerful king. It had a large army and controlled the gold and salt trade routes through a "silent barter system" without direct communication between traders.
2) The Mali Empire (1100-1400) was founded by Sundiata and expanded under powerful kings called Mansas. It converted to Islam and seized gold producing areas, controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes. Cities like Timbuktu became major trading hubs.
3) The Songhai Empire rose after 1464 under Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad. It encouraged Muslim
1. Bartering and cowry shells were used as currencies before coins were developed in ancient India.
2. The earliest coins in India were irregular in shape and made of metals like silver, copper, and lead. They were issued by kingdoms and empires with images of rulers or deities.
3. Over time, coins developed standardized shapes and designs that reflected the cultural and religious aspects of the ruling dynasties, including symbols, portraits, and language inscriptions on Mughal, Rajput, Chalukyan, and Chola coins.
After the Umayyad caliphate fell in Damascus, the last surviving member fled to Iberia and established himself as the Emir of Cordoba in 756. He made Cordoba the capital and established the Umayyad emirate. For over two centuries, Córdoba flourished under the emirs and caliphs, becoming one of the most advanced cities in Europe with vast libraries, philosophical and scientific achievements, and a prosperous economy. However, internal struggles after the caliphate's collapse in 1031 led to the fragmentation of Al-Andalus into competing taifa kingdoms, weakening Muslim rule and allowing the Christian reconquista to gain ground.
Ancient Egypt had a rich culture that lasted over 5000 years, influencing later cultures in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Some key aspects of their culture included hieroglyphic writing, literature dating back to the Old Kingdom, religions such as ancient Egyptian and later Coptic Christianity and Islam, and architectural marvels like the Great Pyramids and Sphinx. The Egyptians also made contributions to arts like sculpture, painting, pottery and music.
The document summarizes key features of Muslim historiography:
- It began with biographies of the Prophet Muhammad using isnad (chain of transmission) to verify accounts. This established history as a science with critical methods.
- Early histories used chronology and theological views, interpreting history as God's divine plan.
- Key forms included khabar (brief accounts of single events), annalistic (year-by-year), dynastic, and tabaqat (generations).
- Early works focused on the Prophet's military campaigns (maghazi) and life (sirah/seerah).
- Futuhat covered the era of the Four Righteous Caliphs and the
The document provides an overview of ancient Persian civilization from 600-490 BC. It describes the geography of Persia including its water masses, rivers, and climate. It then discusses several Persian kings including Cyrus the Great, Cambyses, and Darius I. It outlines the development of Zoroastrianism as the main religion and describes aspects of Persian culture such as art, architecture, language, music, fashion, food and more. Key contributions of ancient Persia included its conquests and effective government system under Cyrus, and Darius' establishment of provinces in the empire.
Europe After the Fall of the Western Roman Empiremczamora
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Germanic tribes settled across Europe, establishing new kingdoms. They adopted some Roman governmental structures but retained Germanic social traditions like powerful family units. Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom into a vast empire, strengthening ties between Germanic, Christian, and Roman elements. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire survived but faced threats to its frontiers and internal disputes, including a schism between the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
Aurangzeb imposed strict religious views and persecuted religious minorities like Hindus and Sikhs, taxing and restricting them. This caused many rebellions against his rule and weakened the Mughal Empire. When he died, a civil war broke out over the throne, further contributing to the decline of the Mughals' power and territory.
Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire by conquering the Median kingdom in the 6th century BC. The Persian Empire went on to dominate Mesopotamia for over 800 years and conquered several other empires including Egypt, Syria, parts of Asia Minor, and India. The Persian government, called a Satrapy, was similar to the Roman republic and divided the empire into provinces ruled by governors. Darius I helped expand the empire further and established a new type of centralized government during his rule in the 5th century BC.
The Indo-Scythians, also known as the Sakas, were a nomadic group from Central Asia who migrated southward and established a kingdom in northwestern India from the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE. They originated from the area of present-day eastern Iran and southern Afghanistan and established five branches throughout modern-day Pakistan, North India, and the Deccan plateau. Notable Indo-Scythian dynasties included the Sakas of Taxila, the Western Kshatrapas of Gujarat and Malwa, and the Chastana dynasty of the Deccan plateau. The Indo-Scythians played a significant role in displacing the
The Arabian Peninsula was a harsh desert environment, forcing tribes to cooperate for survival. Muhammad received revelations in the 6th century CE and spread the new religion of Islam, establishing the Five Pillars. After his death, the Rashidun Caliphs and Umayyad Dynasty expanded the Arab Empire across North Africa and Spain. The Abbasid Dynasty built the capital in Baghdad and oversaw a golden age. Successors like the Seljuk Turks and Mongols later assumed control of former Arab lands.
The Assyrians used art extensively to educate their society, establish identity, and influence other cultures. They created cities, palaces, libraries, and hanging gardens decorated with reliefs and sculptures of guardian animals like lions and winged beasts. The Assyrian rulers believed that engaging in art helped flourish their society internally and spread their influence externally.
Mesopotamian society was strictly hierarchical, with slaves at the bottom. Slaves could be prisoners of war or people in debt, and had no legal rights. Commoners, who made up 85% of the population, were mostly farmers who paid taxes. Merchants invented writing to record trades and exported goods as far as Egypt. Scribes were educated and literate, working for the government. Priests controlled land distribution and were influential due to religion. The king was the highest position in society and had absolute power.
The Mauryan Empire had a highly organized administrative system with four levels: central administration headed by the king and council of ministers, provincial administration divided into four provinces each headed by a governor, district administration headed by commissioners, and village administration headed by local village heads. Various departments handled functions like revenue collection, treasury, justice, industries, food supply, and more with distinct officers. The system aimed to efficiently govern the large empire through layers of administration down to the village level.
The Sassanian Dynasty ruled Persia from 224-651 AD. It was founded by Ardashir I who overthrew the Parthian Empire and established the Sassanian capital at Ardashir-Khwarrah. The Sassanians expanded the empire to the Indus River Valley and revived Persian culture, making Zoroastrianism the official religion. They had numerous kings over their nearly 500 year reign until being conquered by the Arab Muslims.
The document provides an overview of the civilizations that preceded and influenced the rise of Islam, including the Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, and Sassanid Empire. It discusses the geographic reach and administrative structure of the Roman Empire. It then describes the split of the Christian church and the decline of the Western Roman Empire. The document outlines the history and influence of the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires, including their religious differences and ongoing conflicts. It notes that by the 7th century, the Byzantine, Sassanid, and emerging Arab civilizations were on a collision course.
Cyrus the Great conquered many neighboring kingdoms and established the Persian Empire through diplomacy rather than force. Unlike previous rulers like Sennacherib who brutally sacked cities, Cyrus respected local customs and religions. He allowed conquered peoples to govern themselves through appointed satraps while still maintaining control from the central Persian government. Darius later expanded the empire and standardized coinage and infrastructure like the Royal Road to help administer the large, diverse territory.
The document provides historical information about the Khazars, a semi-nomadic Turkic group who established a large empire in medieval Eurasia. Some key points:
- The Khazars were located in an area comprising much of modern-day European Russia and Ukraine. Their capital was Atil.
- Khazaria was a multifaith state with Turkic, Slavic, and Caucasian peoples. It played an important economic role between northern Europe and Asia.
- The Khazars converted to Judaism in the 8th century. They absorbed Jewish culture and became urbanized.
- Khazaria was eventually conquered by Kievan Rus in the 10th century
1) Persia arose as a power in 550 BC under Cyrus the Great and came to rule an empire stretching from the Indus River to Anatolia.
2) Cyrus was a remarkable ruler who treated conquered peoples kindly and allowed freedoms of religion and self-governance within his empire.
3) Subsequent rulers like Cambyses expanded the empire but were less benevolent, while Darius organized the administration and established infrastructure like the Royal Road.
1) Persia arose as a power in 550 BC under Cyrus the Great and came to rule an empire stretching from the Indus River to Anatolia.
2) Cyrus was a remarkable ruler who treated conquered peoples kindly and allowed freedoms of religion and self-governance within his empire.
3) Subsequent rulers like Cambyses expanded the empire but were less benevolent, while Darius instituted effective administrative divisions and infrastructure like a royal road.
The Persian kings established a system of satrapies, where each province was governed by a satrap appointed by the king. Satraps collected taxes and enforced laws and order in their provinces, but were ultimately accountable to the king. This allowed the Persian kings to exert control over their massive empire from the imperial center. The kings also cultivated loyalty among the satraps by rewarding obedience. Additionally, the Persians adopted a policy of tolerance, allowing local customs and religions to be practiced, which helped integrate diverse peoples into the empire. This system of indirect rule through satraps, combined with rewards and tolerance, enabled
The Medes and Persians migrated from central Asia to Persia (southwest Iran) where they established powerful empires. The Achaemenid Empire arose in the 6th century BCE under Cyrus the Great, who established the first Persian Empire and allowed conquered peoples to maintain their own traditions. At its height, the Empire stretched from Egypt to India. Subsequent rulers like Darius expanded the Empire through conquest and established infrastructure like the Royal Road. The Empire declined after defeats to Alexander the Great, though Persian cultural influences remained long after.
The document provides information about the ancient Persian Empire, including its geography, climate, government, culture, and key rulers like Cyrus the Great. The Persian Empire spanned a vast area under rulers who established an advanced system of governance with administrative divisions and a network of roads. Zoroastrianism was an influential religion that emphasized choices between good and evil. Persian achievements included architectural feats, artworks, and technological advances.
The document provides information about the ancient Persian Empire, including its geography, climate, government, culture, and key rulers like Cyrus the Great. The Persian Empire spanned a vast area under rulers who established an influential form of governance that granted religious freedom and cultural expression. Zoroastrianism became a dominant religion during this time. The empire reached its peak under rulers like Cyrus and Darius, who expanded its territories through conquest while instituting policies of tolerance.
The document discusses the rise of the Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great and the methods of governance used by the Persians compared to the Assyrians. Cyrus conquered many neighboring kingdoms through military might but governed through tolerance of local customs and religions. He allowed freedoms for conquered peoples while maintaining control through a system of provinces and satraps. The Persian Empire expanded further under Cyrus' successors though some faced rebellions. Darius divided the vast empire into 20 provinces each with their own laws but loyal to the central Persian rule.
The Battle of Dhi Qar (Arabic: يوم ذي قار), also known as the Battle of Dhu Qar,was a pre-Islamic battle fought between Arab tribes and the Sassanid Empire in Southern Iraq. The battle occurred after the death of Al-Nu'man III by the orders of Khosrow II.
By the end of this lecture students should be able to:
Understand Middle Eastern political and strategic dynamics in late antiquity
Analyze the nature of Arab-Persian relations
Analyze the causes, the course, and the consequences of the Battle of Dhi Qar
The Meaning of the Qur'an is a fresh English rendering of Tafhim-ul-Qur’an, Maulana Syed Abu Ala Moududi’s monumental and masterly Urdu translation of the Qur’an and a selection of his commentary. The translator has undertaken the delicate and difficult task of rendering this work in English under the guidance of the Maulana himself. Here is a work with a difference, by a dedicated scholar of an entirely different sort. An immense wealth of profound understanding of the Qur’an is here, a vast treasure of knowledge and deep insight, and a valuable exposition of some social, political, economic and legal teachings of the Qur’an.
This comprehensive Tafsir answers contemporary questions, and makes the Qur’an fully relevant to the concerns of day, yet it loses nothing of its timelessness nor sacrifices any of the traditional understanding. It demonstrates the unity and coherence of the Qur’an by centring everything on its message, like gems hung on a single string.
This Tafsir is particularly suitable for Muslims with no direct access to the Arabic original.
Persia emerged as a powerful civilization that was successful in many aspects including religion, technology, government, and adapting to its geography. It expanded greatly through conquest under rulers like Cyrus, Cambyses, and Darius, establishing a vast empire through military victories and an effective provincial system. Zoroastrianism was the dominant religion that influenced later faiths with concepts of heaven, hell, and judgment.
What is Cyrus Cylinder in the context of human rights?
Cyrus' Cylinder (539 B.C.)
He abolished slavery, stated that everyone had the right to practice their own religion, and achieved racial equality. These and other decrees were written in the Akkadian language with cuneiform script on a baked-clay cylinder.
The Persian Empire was a powerful empire based on tolerance, diplomacy, military power, and religious revolution. It had a vast geography with prosperous farmland and mineral wealth. It was ruled by several kings, including Cyrus the Great, who treated conquered peoples with kindness, and Darius I, who organized an efficient system of governing and conquered much territory but failed to take Greece.
The Persian Empire originated in southwestern Iran, where the Persians began as nomadic herders. Under Cyrus the Great from 559 to 530 BC, the Persians united into a powerful kingdom. By 539 BC, the Persians had conquered Mesopotamia, Babylon, Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities. Cyrus treated his subjects well and allowed exiled Jews to return home. The Persians built an extensive road system, including the 1600-mile Royal Road from Asia Minor to their capital of Susa. Darius came to power in 521 BC and divided the empire into 20 provinces governed by satraps who collected taxes, enforced laws, and recruited for the army
This document summarizes the key events in the historical research analysis process, which includes determining the authenticity, provenance, authorship, and credibility of historical sources. It outlines several steps for analyzing sources, such as identifying dates, locations, authors, and analyzing factual versus conflicting statements. The goal is to synthesize information and develop an understanding of historical entities and events through reasoning about available evidence.
The Ancient Persian Empire, also known as the Achaemenid Empire, stretched from the Indus River Valley to Anatolia at its height. It was founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great and expanded under subsequent rulers like Darius I. The empire dominated its region through military strength and established an extensive trade network along the Royal Road. Zoroastrianism became the dominant religion during this time. The empire began to decline in the 5th century BCE following its defeat by Alexander the Great and the Macedonians.
A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...OH TEIK BIN
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
My other free eBooks can be obtained from the following Links:
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/documents
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
Sanatan Vastu | Experience Great Living | Vastu ExpertSanatan Vastu
Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
2nd issue of Volume 15. A magazine in urdu language mainly based on spiritual treatment and learning. Many topics on ISLAM, SUFISM, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SELF HELP, PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH, SPIRITUAL TREATMENT, Ruqya etc.A very useful magazine for everyone.
Chandra Dev: Unveiling the Mystery of the Moon GodExotic India
Shining brightly in the sky, some days more than others, the Moon in popular culture is a symbol of love, romance, and beauty. The ancient Hindu texts, however, mention the Moon as an intriguing and powerful being, worshiped by sages as Chandra.
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)heartfulness
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
The Vulnerabilities of Individuals Born Under Swati Nakshatra.pdfAstroAnuradha
Individuals born under Swati Nakshatra often exhibit a strong sense of independence and adaptability, yet they may also face vulnerabilities such as indecisiveness and a tendency to be easily swayed by external influences. Their quest for balance and harmony can sometimes lead to inner conflict and a lack of assertiveness. To know more visit: astroanuradha.com
The Enchantment and Shadows_ Unveiling the Mysteries of Magic and Black Magic...Phoenix O
This manual will guide you through basic skills and tasks to help you get started with various aspects of Magic. Each section is designed to be easy to follow, with step-by-step instructions.
The Book of Samuel is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books in the Old Testament. The book is part of the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and that aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.
The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
Trusting God's Providence | Verse: Romans 8: 28-31JL de Belen
Trusting God's Providence.
Providence - God’s active preservation and care over His creation. God is both the Creator and the Sustainer of all things Heb. 1:2-3; Col. 1:17
-God keep His promises.
-God’s general providence is toward all creation
- All things were made through Him
God’s special providence is toward His children.
We may suffer now, but joy can and will come
God can see what we cannot see
Protector & Destroyer: Agni Dev (The Hindu God of Fire)Exotic India
So let us turn the pages of ancient Indian literature and get to know more about Agni, the mighty purifier of all things, worshipped in Indian culture as a God since the Vedic time.
3. Beginning
Sasanians
Where does it come from ?
• Last native dynasty to
reign in Persia before the
• The name Sasanian comes from
Arab conquest.
a Persian priest named “Sasan”,
who was the ancestor of the
dynasty.
4. Beginning cont.
The reign lasted from 224
A.D. to 651 A.D. The Sasanian period marks the
end of the ancient and the
beginning of the medieval era
5. Sassanid Empire
General Facts
• 226-651 CE
• Last Iranian empire before the Muslim
conquests
• Had a unique, aristocratic culture
• Only civilization that Rome considered to be
equals
• Major influence on Rome, Islamic Empire,
6. Timeline
• 226: Founded by Ardashir I, following the collapse
of the Arsacids
– Claimed to be an ancestor of Papag (father) and Sasan
(grandfather) , where the name is derived
– Sasan was a priest of Temple of Anahita
• 229-232: War with Rome
• 241-271: Reign of Shapur “The Great”
– 241-271: Renewed war with Rome
– 261: captured emperor Valerian
• 296-298: War with Rome and loss of provinces
west of Tigris
7. Timeline
• 309-379: Reign of Shapur II
– 359-363: Western Tigris provinces returned to
Sasanid's
• 399-420: Reign of Yazdegerd I “The Sinner”
– Allows Christians to build churches and worship freely
– Later revokes his decree and persecutes the Christians
• 420-438: Reign of Bahram V
– 424: Eastern Church declared independent of
Constantinople
8. Timeline
• 438-457: Reign of Yazdegerd II
– 449-451: Armenian Revolt
• 483: Toleration granted to Christians
• 484: Peroz I defeated by Hephthalites
• 491: Armenian revolt leads to Nestorian
Christianity being the dominant sect in the
Empire
9. Timeline
• 502-532: Wars with Constantinople
• 539-571: Reign of Khosrau I “The Immortal
Soul”
• 540-591: Continued war with Constantinople
ends with the loss of territory
• 590-628: Reign of Khosrau II
– 603-628: War with Byzantinium
• Sassanid Empire gains various territory before
withdrawing from Byzantine counter-offensive.
10. Timeline
• 610: Sassanid Army defeated by Arabs at Dhu-
Qar
• 627: Byzantine invasion of Mesopotamia and
Assyria leads to defeat of Persian army at
Ninevah
• 632-642: Reign of Yazdegerd III (the last
Sassanid Emperor)
• 636-642: Sassanid Empire defeated during
Islamic conquest of Iran
12. Under The King
• Territory ruled by petty • Vuzorg (Vice Chancellor)
rulers from royal family • Zoroastrian (Priest)
called Shahrdar • Mobadon (magi)
• Usually acted under • Iran Spahbod
advice of ministers, yet, (Commander in Chief)
the king a carried out
• Vastrioshansalar (n
much of the affairs of
Minister of Agriculture)
government.
13. Sassanid Rule
• Sassanid rule was very centralized, big on urban
planning, agricultural development, and
technological improvements.
• In normal times the monarchical office was
hereditary, but might be transmitted by the king
to a younger son; in two instances the supreme
power was held by queens. When no direct heir
was available, the nobles and prelates chose a
ruler, but their choice was restricted to members
of the royal family
15. Ardashir I
• Founder of the Sassanid dynasty.
• Made Zoroastrianism the state religion.
• After achieving his crown he rapidly expanded his empire
gaining the ire of Artabanus IV, the ruler of the Parthian
Empire.
• Their armies fought at Hormizdeghan and Artabanus was
killed. Ardashir went on to conquer the Arsacids.
• Ardashir I was the ruler of Istakhr (206-241), subsequently
Persia (208-241) and finally all of Iran (226-241).
• Crowned “King of Kings of Iran” in 226, Ardashir I marked the
end of the Parthian Empire and the beginning of the
Sasanian Empire
17. Shapur I
• Shapur I was the second ruler of the Sasanian Empire
and ruled from 241-272, though some believe he may
have ruled with his father before his fathers death.
• Shapur I was named his fathers successor before a
court of magnates, where his father proclaimed he was
the “bravest, wisest, and most able of all his children”
• Conquered Armenia and plundered Antioch, while
defeating the Roman Emperor Valerian; whom he kept
as a slave the rest of Valerians life.
• Shapur I lost most of the lands he conquered when
Septimius Odenathus, rose to power and attacked
Shapurs forces from behind.
18. Shapur II
• Took over rule as ninth king of the Sasanian empire after his
father, Narseh suffered a humiliating defeat and was forced
to make a treaty with the Romans.
• Brought the Sasanian empire its first golden age since
Shapur I had ruled.
• Was crowned while still unborn and is the only king known
to be crowned in utero.
• Many considered him to be the or at least one of the
greatest rulers of the Sasanian empire.
• Redacted the Avesta.
• Broke the steady but uneasy peace between the Sasanian
empire and the Roman Empire just before the death of
Constantine.
19. Yazdgerd III
• Last ruler of the Sasanian Empire from 632 to 651.
• Caliph Umar begged him to convert from
Zoroastrianism to Islam but he refused.
• When the Arabs took over Ctesiphon, Yazgerd fled to
the east, where he was robbed and murdered.
• Many of his sons and other noble lords of the Sasanian
empire fled east and spread the ideals of the Sasanian
people, but usually spreading the Islamic faith with it
not the Zoroastrian faith.
20. Zarathushtra
• Also known as Zoroaster as the
Greeks named him.
• Was the founder of the Zoroastrian
religion, which was made the state
religion for the Sasanian empire.
• Wrote the Gathas, which are the
core of Zoroastrianism.
• Many different views are taken on
when he lived, some as late as 100
BCE others as early as 6500 BCE.
• Zarathushtra was the founder of the
first religion on record
• Preached that leaders must be
chosen, hence succession did not
automatically past to the oldest son.
This can even be seen as a precursor
to democracy.
21. Zarathushtra cont.
• Zarathushtra was an ancient Iranian who was
born most likely in 628 BC and brought up in a
proto-Iranian polytheistic faith. When he was 30
he had a religious vision and spent the rest of his
life spreading the word about what had been
revealed to him. Eventually he came to the land
of King Vishtaspa where he converted the king
and all the people. Zarathushtra most likely died
in 551 BC thinking he had no fulfilled his goal. He
never knew his religion would not only spread
but form 3 more religions of Judaism, Christianity
and Islam.
24. Geography
• Empire stretched from part of modern Egypt all
the way to modern Afghanistan including the
Euphrates River
• Rugged mountain rim
• Central basin with deserts
• Small plains along coasts
• Major bodies of water
– Persian Gulf
– Caspian Sea
25. Climate
• Mostly Arid
– Much of the empire un able to support crops
– Large basins were almost entirely desert
• Subtropical along the Caspian coast
– Large numbers of forests along coast line
– Settled near Caspian sea
and Euphrates River
28. Zoroastrianism
• Was the official state religion of the Sasanian
empire.
• The religion was founded roughly 3500 years
ago by Zarathushtra, who has come to be
known here in the west as Zoroaster
29. Basic Beliefs
• Ahura Mazda is the one true God, the creator of all life. He
represents all that is good and just, truth and order. He as 6 angels
that do his biding.
• Angra Mainyu/Ahriman is not a God but an evil Spirit he is the
equivalent to the modern Devil. His presence creates a dualism in
the faith. He has 6 demons that do his bidding.
• Man has an active role in the constant struggle between the two
beings. Man is granted free will by God and they are to choose to
fight for good with good thoughts, good words, and good deeds.
• Zoroastrianist believed in 7 attributes of God that showed how he
effected the world, these were called the Amesha Spentas or
Bounteous Immortals
• After Zoroaster the founder of the religion there were to be 3 more
prophets and the last was to be a Savior of the people and he was
to lead the final battle between good and evil on Earth
30. Basic Beliefs cont.
• Before you are born you are assigned a protective
spirit that guides you through life and you are
reunited with them after death.
• Water and fire also represented a duality but a
purely good duality, both were means of
purification. Water was the 2nd element created
and fire the fourth. Both were worshiped in the
fire temples. Water was seen as a source of
wisdom and fire was the means to access this
insight.
• They did not dwell on sin or guilt.
31. Amesha Spentas
• Vohu Manah - Good Thought - connected with Animals
• Asha Vahishta - Justice and Truth - Fire and Energy
• Kshathra - Dominion - Metals and minerals
• Spenta Armaiti - Devotion and Serenity - The earth and
land
• Haurvatat - Wholeness – Waters
• Ameretat - Immortality – Plants
• Spenta Mainyu - Creative Energy - Human beings
32. The Afterlife
• Those who lived a overall good moral life
achieved the “best afterlife” or what many
people today would call heaven, meanwhile
those who lived a predominantly bad moral
life received “the worst afterlife” or Hell as
their reward in the here after.
33. Sacred Texts
• The Avesta is the collection of all of the sacred texts of
Zoroastrianism.
• The Yasna, contains many of the tenants of faith and is
considered the primary liturgical source for Zoroastrianism.
– The Gathas, are hymns included in the Yasna and thought
to have been composed by Zoroaster himself and
considered the liturgical core of Zoroastrianism.
• The Visparad, is a collection of supplements and additions to
the Yasna.
• The Yashts, contains many of the hymns used in prayer.
• The Vendidad, is like a religious self defense book and contains
information on evil spirits and how to fight them.
34. Impact on other Faiths
• Zoroastrianism had a huge impact on other faiths, such as
Judaism and Christianity. We can see that the Zoroastrian
beliefs of a eternal heaven and hell, as well as angels and a
single greater God all appear later in Jewish and Christian
beliefs.
• The practice of Zoroastrianism greatly declined when the
Muslims took over the Sasanian empire and many of the
Zoroastrian priests had to flee to the east.
• Zoroastrianism traveled along the silk road where it gained
some foothold in China until even the recent 11 hundreds. It
is thought that Zoroastrianism also effected Buddhism which
can be seen with Buddhism's use of light as a symbol in their
faith.
35. Accomplishments
• The invention of the Avestan alphabet, named
after the holy book the Avesta which was the
book in which their laws were found.
• They created their own calendar system.
37. Art was cultivated and generously
sponsored. They were famous for their great
skill in metal work, and their work with gold
and silver. Sasanians also had elaborate styles
of dress. They were also famous for their coins
and their rock reliefs.
38. Coins
Sasanian coins were very important. The
coins show a sequence of the four centuries
throughout their rule. The coins also give a
lot of information. They provide us with the
sequence of the rulers in chronological order,
and they also reflect the changes in the
economy and their religious prefernces.
39. Coins
Artishir III, AD 628 to 630
Varhran I, AD 271 to 274
Front: Head of Artashir III right with a
Sassanid inscription naming him around.
Front: Head of Varhran right with a long
inscription around. Back: Fire altar flanked by two attendants
with the mint mark to the right and the date
Back: Fire altar flanked by two attendants, mark to the left in Sassanid script.
with inscriptions to the sides.
42. Textiles
• Almost every Persian other than the peasant and
the priest wanted to dress above their class.
• Painting, sculpture, pottery, and other forms of
decoration shared their designs with Sasanian
textile art. Silks, embroideries, brocades,
damasks, tapestries, chair covers, canopies, tents,
and rugs were woven with servile patience and
masterly skill, and were dyed in warm tints of
yellow, blue, and green.
44. Crowns
Studies on Sasanian remains show that over
100 types of crowns being worn by Sasanian
kings. The various Sasanian crowns
demonstrate the cultural, economic, social,
and historical situation in each period. The
crowns also show the character traits of each
king in this era. Different symbols and signs on
the crowns, the moon, stars, eagle, and palm,
each illustrate the wearer's religious faith and
beliefs.
45. Rock Reliefs
• Elaborate form of Sasanian art.
• Wanted to show their monarchy was eternal
• Usually had carvings of kings, who could be
identified by their crowns
49. Armored Sasanian Cavalry
• The Sasanian empire also used
military technology such as
cavalry and armored horses and
warriors to help them defeat
their enemies in the Roman
Empire and other neighboring
countries.
• The backbone of the Sasanian
army was composed of two
types of heavy cavalry units:
Clibanarii and Cataphracts. Both
units had large cavalry, infantry,
and archers that supported
their force, composing of elite
noblemen trained since youth
for military purposes
52. Architecture
• Used mortor
• Brick work was usually for vaults and domes
• Forts: The main elements include ditches,
walls with stepped niches, blind windows and
arrow slots with horizontal or triangular
covering, stepped battlements, corridors or
narrow rooms within the walls, and far-
protruding bastions, generally with
semicircular headings.