Saliva as a biomarker and it's significancy.

1. DIAGNOSTIC
POTENTIAL OF SALIVA
REPORTER: TURGUT NOVRUZLU
SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISOR: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, MAIKO OLENA
VIACHESLANOVNA

2. IMPORTANCE OF SALIVA IN HUMAN BODY
• Saliva has great importance in human body, due to its unique composition.
• It contains: mucin, glycoproteins, enzymes, hormones, proteins, antibodies, antimicrobial constituents,
cytokines,electrolytes, cystatins.
• Main functions of saliva:
• lubrication of oral cavity.
• initiates digestion of carbohydrates
• defensive function

3. HISTORY OF SALIVA AS DIAGNOSTIC MEDIUM
• Compared to other diagnostic mediums, this medium is rather modern.
• Over the past 10 years, the use of saliva as a diagnostic fluid has gained attention and has become a
translational research success story.
• In last 3 years nanotechnological studies have demonstrated that, saliva is very accurate and sensitive
diagnostic medium.

4. BETTER THAN BLOOD ?
• 1. The collection of saliva is non-invasive
• 2) DOES NOT REQUIRE SPESIAL EQUIPMENT FOR COLLECTION AND STORAGE
• 3) Does not clot
• 4) advantageous for obese, hemophiliacs and who are fearful of prick (due to the problems with blood
drawing)
• 5) Smaller samples
• 6) Good cooperation with patients
• 7) Post effectiveness
• 8) Repeated sampling for monitoring over time
• 9) correlation with levels in blood

5. CONCERNS OF SALIVA
• Saliva is a very effective tool for measuring the human body's health and well being, however to date
saliva has been regarded as inferior to blood-based tests.
• It’s latest studies are still being tested and they are not yet used in practice

6. PROS AND CONS OF SALIVA AS DIAGNOSTIC MEDIA

7. SALIVA AS A DIAGNOSTIC MEDIUM
• Saliva has been studied extensively as a potential diagnostic tool over the last decade due to its ease
and non-invasive accessibility, accuracy, and cost effectiveness. Compared to blood, saliva has been
clinically shown to produce more accurate, inexpensive, and convenient results.

8. GREAT ADVANTAGE OF SALIVA TESTING ON EARLY
DISEASE DETECTION
• Early disease detection is not only vital to reduce disease severity and prevent complications, but also
critical to increase success rate of therapy.
• Saliva testing is non-invasive, easy for practitioners and patients, and does not require sample pre-
processing, we will be able to have accurate results in less than 15 minutes.

9. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES (CVD) AND
IMPORATANCE OF SALIVA FOR THEIR DETECTION
• Cardiovascular Diseases are the leading cause of death .
• Approximately 27% of the whole saliva proteins represent those also found in plasma. Proteins present
in both saliva and plasma will be very useful to facilitate monitoring of both disease progression and
therapeutic treatments among these patients.

10. BIOMARKERS OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME (ACS)
• Extensive biomarker research on both ACS and CVD has elucidated various proteins associated with this
disease and some studies also revealed plasma proteins involved in myocardial injury, myocardial stress,
atherogenesis, endothelial dysfunction, and myocardial stretch.

11. BIOMARKERS OF AMI(ACUTE MYOCARDIAL
INFARCTION) AND CVD
• These proteins are used as biomarkers in acute cardiac care: C-reactive protein(CRP), Creatine Kinase(
CK) and cardiac troponin (cTn).

12. CREATINE KINASE (CK)
• In acute MI, CK is released from the damaged myocardial cells. A rise in the CK activity can be found 4
to 8 hours after an infarction. CK activity reaches a maximum after 12 to 24 hours and then falls back to
the normal range after 3 to 4 days.

13. C-REACTIVE PROTEIN
• CRP levels obtained from blood samples and CRP levels from Saliva correlate with each other and it
gives us possibility to use it on Saliva test.
• CRP is currently being used in clinical practice. It’s measuring kit and methods has been developed.
Method of CRP measuring in saliva provides cheap, accurate, definitive and quantitative results.
• CRP is a biomarker for oral cancer, periodontitis and AMI
• CRP levels are increased during Atherogenesis and it is mediator of inflammation.

14. CARDIAC TROPONIN I &T (CTNI&T)
• cTn I&T is a biomarker which can be found both in Saliva and Plasma
• cTn is a biomarker for detection of Acute Myocardial Infarction. cTn levels increase in the saliva in
response to cardiac cell necrosis.
• During clinical practice, this method should be combined with ECG for results to be approved.

15. INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES WHICH CAN BE FOUND
IN SALIVA
• Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, PG E2 in saliva, indicate Atherosclerosis
and as well as Periodontal diseases.

16. COMPONENTS WHICH ARE COMMON BETWEEN
PLASMA AND SALIVA
• C-reactive protein
• Creatin Kinase,
• Tumor Necrosing Factor-α,
• CD40 ligand
• Cardiac Troponin I and T,
• Matrix Metalloproteinase
• Myeloperoxidase

18. ABOUT TECHNIQUE OF SALIVA TEST
• 1. Patient spits into a tube
• 2. Saliva from tube transferred to credit card sized lab card which contains nano-bio-chip
• 3. Card with nano-bio-chip inserted into special apparatus which analyses given sample.

19. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF SALIVA EXAMINATIONS
• The use of saliva in place of traditional biofluids is accelerated by its non-invasive, simple method of
sampling.
• In additions it’s great usefulness, more research is required to understand the relevance and
transportation of certain cardiac biomolecules into saliva and their correlation with blood; their
physiological roles.
• It is necessary to detect if there is any lag time between saliva and blood, and the ability to use saliva as
a modium to monitor HF.

20. THANKS FOR ATTENTION!