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This document discusses the origins and meanings of the term "Aryan". It provides several theories on the Proto-Indo-European root of the word, including theories that it meant "one who skillfully assembles", "fitting, proper", and "to share". The term was used collectively to denote peoples who shared a common ethnic stock, language, and religion centered around Ahura Mazdā. Place names in the Karakoram, Hindu Kush, and Pamir mountain ranges still contain roots relating to Iranian-speaking nomadic groups who once inhabited the area. The Wakhi language, spoken in the Himalayan region, is closely related to the ancient Zoroastrian sacred text, the
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The document discusses the ancient Persian Empire from its creation under Darius I to its religion of Zoroastrianism. It summarizes that Darius I began construction of the elaborate citadel of Persepolis, continued by his son Xerxes, and completed by his grandson Artaxerxes I. Persepolis served as a confluence of Median, Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek styles. It then provides brief overviews of key Persian kings like Cyrus and Darius, important sites like Susa and Naghsh-i Rostam, artifacts like the Behistun inscription, and aspects of Persian culture, economy, and the Zoroastrian religion.
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Ancient Persians used many languages and writing systems for different purposes between 550 BCE and 400 BCE. Languages included Old Persian, Akkadian, Aramaic, and Elamite, with Elamite serving as the official language of the empire. Old Persian, created under Darius I, was mainly used for high status purposes and recording exploits, influenced by Aramaic. Persians kept extensive government records, literature, and records of war using scripts usually etched on clay tablets, with writing performed by scribes as it was not a general skill. These ancient languages and writing forms went on to influence later languages and writing systems.
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The Indo-Europeans originated from the steppes north of the Caucasus Mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas. They were semi-nomadic herders of cattle, sheep, and goats, and some of the earliest to domesticate horses. By around 2000 BC, one group known as the Hittites had migrated to Anatolia in modern-day Turkey and established the capital city of Hattusas, adopting local languages and customs while maintaining their own. Around the same time, another Indo-European group known as the Aryans entered northern India, establishing a rigid caste system that divided society into priests, warriors, traders/landowners, and laborers.
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The document discusses the Indo-Europeans, a group of nomadic peoples who may have originated from the steppes north of the Caucasus mountains. It describes how the Indo-Europeans, including the Hittites, Aryans, and others, migrated throughout Europe and Asia between 2000 BC to 1500 BC, settling in places like Anatolia and the Indian subcontinent. It notes the contributions of the Aryans to Indian culture, such as establishing the caste system, authoring religious texts like the Vedas, and epics like the Mahabharata.
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The Persian Empire originated around 700 BC and was founded by the Achaemenids dynasty. At its height under Darius I from 522-486 BC, the Persian Empire stretched from India to Thrace in Europe. It consisted of territories including Iran, Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, India, and Asia Minor. In the 5th century BC, the Persian Empire attempted to conquer Greece but was ultimately defeated by the Greeks, preventing Persian domination and allowing Greek democracy to flourish.
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The document provides information on ancient Persian civilization from 600-400 BC. It discusses how Persia emerged as a great country that was successful in many aspects of civilization including religion, technology, government, and adaptation to geography. This allowed Persia to become one of the most productive and complex empires of its time. It conquered many other civilizations and had an effective strategic government system. The Persian Empire created the largest empire yet seen, spanning 3,000 miles at its height. It flourished for 200 years under influential leaders like Cyrus the Great, Cambyses, and Darius.
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The document discusses the ancient Persian Empire from its creation under Darius I to its religion of Zoroastrianism. It summarizes that Darius I began construction of the elaborate citadel of Persepolis, continued by his son Xerxes, and completed by his grandson Artaxerxes I. Persepolis served as a confluence of Median, Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek styles. It then provides brief overviews of key Persian kings like Cyrus and Darius, important sites like Susa and Naghsh-i Rostam, artifacts like the Behistun inscription, and aspects of Persian culture, economy, and the Zoroastrian religion.
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Ancient Persians used many languages and writing systems for different purposes between 550 BCE and 400 BCE. Languages included Old Persian, Akkadian, Aramaic, and Elamite, with Elamite serving as the official language of the empire. Old Persian, created under Darius I, was mainly used for high status purposes and recording exploits, influenced by Aramaic. Persians kept extensive government records, literature, and records of war using scripts usually etched on clay tablets, with writing performed by scribes as it was not a general skill. These ancient languages and writing forms went on to influence later languages and writing systems.
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The Indo-Europeans originated from the steppes north of the Caucasus Mountains between the Black and Caspian Seas. They were semi-nomadic herders of cattle, sheep, and goats, and some of the earliest to domesticate horses. By around 2000 BC, one group known as the Hittites had migrated to Anatolia in modern-day Turkey and established the capital city of Hattusas, adopting local languages and customs while maintaining their own. Around the same time, another Indo-European group known as the Aryans entered northern India, establishing a rigid caste system that divided society into priests, warriors, traders/landowners, and laborers.
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The document discusses the Indo-Europeans, a group of nomadic peoples who may have originated from the steppes north of the Caucasus mountains. It describes how the Indo-Europeans, including the Hittites, Aryans, and others, migrated throughout Europe and Asia between 2000 BC to 1500 BC, settling in places like Anatolia and the Indian subcontinent. It notes the contributions of the Aryans to Indian culture, such as establishing the caste system, authoring religious texts like the Vedas, and epics like the Mahabharata.
Ancient persia
The Persian Empire originated around 700 BC and was founded by the Achaemenids dynasty. At its height under Darius I from 522-486 BC, the Persian Empire stretched from India to Thrace in Europe. It consisted of territories including Iran, Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, India, and Asia Minor. In the 5th century BC, the Persian Empire attempted to conquer Greece but was ultimately defeated by the Greeks, preventing Persian domination and allowing Greek democracy to flourish.
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Indo-European peoples migrated from the steppes north of the Caucasus mountains between 1700-1200 BC. They spoke ancestral languages of many modern European, Asian, and Southwest Asian languages. Some migrated west into Europe and became groups like the Hittites. Others migrated east into the Indus River valley of South Asia and became known as Aryans. The Aryans developed a caste system that divided people by ritual purity and occupation. This system and the Aryan language influenced much of South Asia.
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The Ancient Persian Empire, also known as the Achaemenid Empire, stretched from the Indus River Valley to Anatolia at its height. It was founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great and expanded under subsequent rulers like Darius I. The empire dominated its region through military strength and established an extensive trade network along the Royal Road. Zoroastrianism became the dominant religion during this time. The empire began to decline in the 5th century BCE following its defeat by Alexander the Great and the Macedonians.
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The document provides information on ancient Persian history and symbols. It discusses the formation and expansion of the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC. It conquered lands from Egypt to India, becoming the largest empire the ancient world had seen. The document also describes important Persian gods and goddesses like Anahita and mythical creatures in Persian culture like the Huma bird. Various animals that held symbolic meaning for ancient Persians are explained, such as peacocks, falcons, horses, and scorpions. Scenes from reliefs on the Apadana at Persepolis depicting subject nations bringing tribute to the king are analyzed.
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This document provides information on key people and civilizations that existed between 2000 BC to 250 BC, including:
1) The Indo-Europeans who were nomadic peoples that migrated throughout Europe, India and Southwest Asia interacting with local populations.
2) The Aryans who settled in India and established the caste system which divided people into priests, warriors, peasants/traders and craftsmen.
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Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire by conquering the Median kingdom in the 6th century BC. The Persian Empire went on to dominate Mesopotamia for over 800 years and conquered several other empires including Egypt, Syria, parts of Asia Minor, and India. The Persian government, called a Satrapy, was similar to the Roman republic and divided the empire into provinces ruled by governors. Darius I helped expand the empire further and established a new type of centralized government during his rule in the 5th century BC.
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The document discusses the migrations of the Indo-Europeans out of the steppes north of the Caucasus Mountains beginning around 500 BCE. It describes two major groups - the Hittites who settled in Anatolia (modern Turkey) around 2000 BCE and dominated through superior military technology until being conquered around 1190 BCE, and the Aryans who entered northern India and composed sacred texts known as the Vedas which provide insights into their society. The Aryans established a caste system in India that stratified people based on skin color and birth into social classes like Brahmins, warriors, peasants, and the lowest Untouchables.
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The achaemenid empire
The Medes and Persians migrated from central Asia to Persia (southwest Iran) where they established powerful empires. The Achaemenid Empire arose in the 6th century BCE under Cyrus the Great, who established the first Persian Empire and allowed conquered peoples to maintain their own traditions. At its height, the Empire stretched from Egypt to India. Subsequent rulers like Darius expanded the Empire through conquest and established infrastructure like the Royal Road. The Empire declined after defeats to Alexander the Great, though Persian cultural influences remained long after.
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The Persian Empire originated in southwestern Iran, where the Persians began as nomadic herders. Under Cyrus the Great from 559 to 530 BC, the Persians united into a powerful kingdom. By 539 BC, the Persians had conquered Mesopotamia, Babylon, Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities. Cyrus established a merciful rule and allowed captive Jews to return home. The Persians built an extensive road system, including the 1600-mile Royal Road from Asia Minor to their capital of Susa. Darius came to power in 521 BC and divided the empire into 20 provinces administered by satraps who collected taxes, enforced laws, and recruited soldiers for
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Punch-marked coins made of silver and copper dating back to the 6th century BCE were among the earliest coins used in India. The Indo-Greeks who ruled the northwest in the 2nd century BCE were the first to issue coins bearing the names and images of rulers. The Kushanas issued the first gold coins in the 1st century CE that were similar in weight to Roman and Parthian coins. Tribal republics like the Yaudheyas also produced copper coins. The Gupta dynasty was known for issuing high purity gold coins that facilitated long-distance trade.
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The Ancient Persian Empire, also known as the Achaemenid Empire, stretched from the Indus River Valley to Anatolia at its height. It was founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great and expanded under subsequent rulers like Darius I. The empire dominated its region through military strength and established an extensive trade network along the Royal Road. Zoroastrianism became the dominant religion during this time. The empire began to decline in the 5th century BCE following its defeat by Alexander the Great and the Macedonians.
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The document provides information on ancient Persian history and symbols. It discusses the formation and expansion of the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC. It conquered lands from Egypt to India, becoming the largest empire the ancient world had seen. The document also describes important Persian gods and goddesses like Anahita and mythical creatures in Persian culture like the Huma bird. Various animals that held symbolic meaning for ancient Persians are explained, such as peacocks, falcons, horses, and scorpions. Scenes from reliefs on the Apadana at Persepolis depicting subject nations bringing tribute to the king are analyzed.
Persian empire
The Sassanian Dynasty ruled Persia from 224-651 AD. It was founded by Ardashir I who overthrew the Parthian Empire and established the Sassanian capital at Ardashir-Khwarrah. The Sassanians expanded the empire to the Indus River Valley and revived Persian culture, making Zoroastrianism the official religion. They had numerous kings over their nearly 500 year reign until being conquered by the Arab Muslims.
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This document provides information on key people and civilizations that existed between 2000 BC to 250 BC, including:
1) The Indo-Europeans who were nomadic peoples that migrated throughout Europe, India and Southwest Asia interacting with local populations.
2) The Aryans who settled in India and established the caste system which divided people into priests, warriors, peasants/traders and craftsmen.
3) Siddharta Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, and key concepts in Hinduism like karma, reincarnation and moksha.
4) The Minoans, an advanced seafaring civilization on Crete between 2000-1400 BC known for exporting
Persian Civilization
The document provides an overview of ancient Persian civilization from 600-490 BC. It describes the geography of Persia including its water masses, rivers, and climate. It then discusses several Persian kings including Cyrus the Great, Cambyses, and Darius I. It outlines the development of Zoroastrianism as the main religion and describes aspects of Persian culture such as art, architecture, language, music, fashion, food and more. Key contributions of ancient Persia included its conquests and effective government system under Cyrus, and Darius' establishment of provinces in the empire.
Persian Empire
Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire by conquering the Median kingdom in the 6th century BC. The Persian Empire went on to dominate Mesopotamia for over 800 years and conquered several other empires including Egypt, Syria, parts of Asia Minor, and India. The Persian government, called a Satrapy, was similar to the Roman republic and divided the empire into provinces ruled by governors. Darius I helped expand the empire further and established a new type of centralized government during his rule in the 5th century BC.
HISTORY: Persian Empire & Architecture
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Report by: Murawski
DLS-College of St. Benilde
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Persia emerged as a powerful civilization that was successful in many aspects including religion, technology, government, and adapting to its geography. It expanded greatly through conquest under rulers like Cyrus, Cambyses, and Darius, establishing a vast empire through military victories and an effective provincial system. Zoroastrianism was the dominant religion that influenced later faiths with concepts of heaven, hell, and judgment.
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The document discusses the migrations of the Indo-Europeans out of the steppes north of the Caucasus Mountains beginning around 500 BCE. It describes two major groups - the Hittites who settled in Anatolia (modern Turkey) around 2000 BCE and dominated through superior military technology until being conquered around 1190 BCE, and the Aryans who entered northern India and composed sacred texts known as the Vedas which provide insights into their society. The Aryans established a caste system in India that stratified people based on skin color and birth into social classes like Brahmins, warriors, peasants, and the lowest Untouchables.
Assyrian & Persian Empires (4:2-3)
The document summarizes the rise and organization of the Assyrian and Persian empires in the Middle East. It describes how the Assyrians developed a powerful military that allowed them to conquer a large empire through force. The Persians later adopted many of the Assyrians' innovations when they took over the region under the leadership of Cyrus the Great, who instituted a policy of tolerance and respect for local customs. The Persian Empire was highly organized into provinces governed by satraps and united through infrastructure like the Royal Road and a standard currency.
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The document summarizes key aspects of the Achaemenid Persian Empire including its founding by Cyrus the Great, the establishment of an imperial bureaucracy under Darius I, and its religious foundations in Zoroastrianism. It also discusses Cyrus' policy of tolerance towards conquered peoples, Darius' failure to conquer Greece, and compares religious and cultural aspects of the Persians, Hebrews, and Phoenicians.
The achaemenid empire
The Medes and Persians migrated from central Asia to Persia (southwest Iran) where they established powerful empires. The Achaemenid Empire arose in the 6th century BCE under Cyrus the Great, who established the first Persian Empire and allowed conquered peoples to maintain their own traditions. At its height, the Empire stretched from Egypt to India. Subsequent rulers like Darius expanded the Empire through conquest and established infrastructure like the Royal Road. The Empire declined after defeats to Alexander the Great, though Persian cultural influences remained long after.
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The Persian Empire originated in southwestern Iran, where the Persians began as nomadic herders. Under Cyrus the Great from 559 to 530 BC, the Persians united into a powerful kingdom. By 539 BC, the Persians had conquered Mesopotamia, Babylon, Asia Minor, Syria, Canaan, and Phoenician cities. Cyrus established a merciful rule and allowed captive Jews to return home. The Persians built an extensive road system, including the 1600-mile Royal Road from Asia Minor to their capital of Susa. Darius came to power in 521 BC and divided the empire into 20 provinces administered by satraps who collected taxes, enforced laws, and recruited soldiers for
Kings and coins
Punch-marked coins made of silver and copper dating back to the 6th century BCE were among the earliest coins used in India. The Indo-Greeks who ruled the northwest in the 2nd century BCE were the first to issue coins bearing the names and images of rulers. The Kushanas issued the first gold coins in the 1st century CE that were similar in weight to Roman and Parthian coins. Tribal republics like the Yaudheyas also produced copper coins. The Gupta dynasty was known for issuing high purity gold coins that facilitated long-distance trade.
Sumerian Civilization
The Sumerians established one of the earliest known civilizations in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the 5th millennium BCE. They developed cuneiform, one of the world's first systems of writing, leaving behind a written record of their achievements. The Sumerians lived in city-states like Ur and Uruk, centered around ziggurats and engaged in irrigation-based agriculture along the rivers. They established complex religious and legal systems and some of the first schools, leaving a lasting cultural legacy despite the original origins and language of the Sumerian people remaining unknown.
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The great arya
Arya is a term meaning "noble" which was used as a self-designation by Indian and Iranian or Indo-Iranian people.
The word was used by the Indic people of the Vedic period in India as an ethnic label for themselves, as well as to refer to the noble class and geographic location known as Āryāvarta where Indo-Aryan culture was based.
The closely related Iranian people also used the term as an ethnic label for themselves in the Avesta scriptures, and the word forms the etymological source of the country Iran.
Indo-Aryan language society.
The document discusses the Indo-Aryan language society that originated in northern India in the late Bronze Age. It notes that the Indo-Aryans spoke an early form of Sanskrit and introduced a patriarchal social structure based around cattle herding and agriculture. Their religious texts like the Vedas and later epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata came to heavily influence Hinduism. The Indo-Aryans also developed a rigid caste system that divided society based on birth and skin color and emphasized the higher status of lighter-skinned Aryans. Sanskrit became the dominant language and played an important role in economic and cultural exchange.
THE KNOWLEDGE OF SELF
The document discusses the origins and homeland of the historical Aryans. It argues that according to Aryan scriptures like the Vedas and Avesta, the original homeland was located in modern-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northern India, which is referred to as Aryanem Vaeja or Aryavarta. It examines linguistic, archaeological and textual evidence to argue that the Aryans originated in this region and migrated outward, rather than coming from outside the region.
Swahili Narrative
This document provides a narrative history of the Swahili people from ancient times to the present day. It describes how the Swahili originated in East Africa thousands of years ago and developed extensive trade networks along the coast and with other regions by taking advantage of monsoon winds. Their culture and language incorporated influences from traders from Arabia, Persia, India, and other places they interacted with. While the Swahili states declined after being colonized by Arabs and Europeans, their culture and language have survived and remain influential in East Africa today.
History of writing
This document provides a history of writing, beginning with early cave paintings over 30,000 years ago. Around 4100-3800 BCE, tokens began to represent records of land and cattle in Mesopotamia, marking the beginnings of a written language. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed one of the earliest writing systems around 3,000 BCE using pictographs inscribed in clay that eventually became the cuneiform script. They kept records and developed laws, calendars, and the first city-states. Egyptian hieroglyphs also emerged around 3100 BCE as pictures that represented sounds. Semitic peoples adopted Sumerian signs, while the Phoenician alphabet influenced Greek and ultimately Latin and Cyrillic
Does god have a shape
The document discusses the origins and history of religion in India. It describes how the Aryans migrated to India around 1500-1000 BC from Central Asia, bringing their language and beliefs. They encountered the earlier Dravidian civilization centered around the Indus Valley. While some viewed this as an invasion that displaced the Dravidians, more recent research suggests it was a gradual interaction and merging of the two cultures that gave rise to Hinduism, one of the world's oldest religions still practiced today.
Sindhi culture
The Culture of Sindh (Sindhi: سنڌ جي ثقافت,Urdu: سندھ کی ثقافت) has its roots in the Indus Valley Civilization. Sindh has been shaped by the largely desert region, the natural resources it had available, and continuous foreign influence. ... The Sindhi culture is also practiced by the Sindhi diaspora.
Ancient Indian history: What do we know and how?
When and where was the Rigveda composed?
How are the Vedic people related to the vast Harappan archaeological tradition?
These quintessential questions have no direct answers. At our current level of knowledge, archaeology and sacred texts constitute two distinct streams which do not intersect. We must therefore collate evidence from different sources and try to produce a synthesis.
Ch 3.1 People And Ideas On The Move
The Indo-Europeans originated from the steppes north of the Caucasus Mountains and spoke forms of an ancestral Indo-European language. They migrated over 500 years for reasons like overgrazing or population growth. One group, the Hittites, occupied Anatolia around 2000 BC but were later conquered. Another group, the Aryans, crossed into India's Indus Valley and left sacred texts called the Vedas describing their pastoral life. The Aryans developed a caste system in India dividing people into priests, warriors, peasants/traders and laborers based on skin color and purity, with membership determining one's role and social interactions.
CHINESE-INDIAN-AND-ARABIAN-LIT_GROUP-3.pptx
This document provides an overview of Chinese, Indian, and Arabian literature. It discusses the major historical periods and dynasties in China that influenced Chinese literature. It also profiles some of the most important classical works in Chinese literature like the Book of Odes and poems by Li Bai. For India, it outlines some of the earliest Hindu scriptures like the Vedas, Upanishads, and Manusmriti. It also introduces famous Indian authors like Kalidasa, Tagore, and R.K. Narayan. For the Arab world, it describes the three periods of written Arabic and references famous poems by Imru' al-Qais.
Kharosthi script.pptx
The Kharoṣṭhī script was used in the northwestern regions of South Asia from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. It was deciphered in the 19th century through bilingual inscriptions. There is debate around its origins, with some arguing it developed from the Aramaic script due to Persian influence, while others believe it was indigenous to South Asia. Key features include being written right-to-left, not differentiating long and short vowels, and being used to write Gandhari and other Prakrit languages. It was widely used by Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian, Indo-Parthian, and Kushan rulers on
History and myth quiz 2014
The document contains a history and mythology quiz with multiple choice questions and answers about various topics related to history, religions, and mythology from different parts of the world. Some of the questions addressed are about the Dravidian language family, King Kanishka's large stupa in Peshawar, the origin of place names like Kandahar and Nasik, and figures like Richard Francis Burton who spoke over 25 languages.
Persian Civilisation.pptx
The ancient Persian civilization developed on a plateau located in modern-day Iran between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the Indus Valley. Two peoples, the Medes and Persians, settled this region in ancient times and established distinct civilizations. Over time, the Persian king Cyrus unified the Persian tribes and established the Persian Empire, which overthrew the former dominance of the Medes. The Persian civilization had a hierarchical social structure headed by the king and priests, with peasants and slaves at the bottom. Agriculture, relying on irrigation systems, and livestock were the primary economic activities. The Persian language evolved over time from Old Persian to Middle and Modern Persian. Education of boys focused on physical training, moral instruction,
History of Phoenicians
The Phoenicians were a seafaring people from ancient Lebanon who developed an alphabet that became the foundation of many modern scripts. Napoleon III's expedition to Syria in the 1800s helped modern scholars rediscover the Phoenicians by finding inscriptions at the ancient city of Byblos. Later excavations revealed Phoenician royal tombs containing treasures and inscriptions about their kings and gods. The Phoenicians established overseas colonies and trading networks that spread their cultural influences across the Mediterranean world until their cities were conquered by neighboring empires in the first millennium BC.
Κασκάι: η Μουσική, τα Ήθη και τα Έθιμα τους, οι Μεταναστεύσεις τους στα βουνά...
Κασκάι: η Μουσική, τα Ήθη και τα Έθιμα τους, οι Μεταναστεύσεις τους στα βουνά...Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
This document discusses the Qashqai people, a Turkic-speaking nomadic tribe living mainly in southern Iran. It provides background on the Qashqai's origins, history, and culture. The Qashqai traditionally engaged in pastoral nomadism, migrating between summer and winter pastures in the Zagros Mountains. However, in recent decades many have become more settled. The document explores the Qashqai's music, traditions, rituals and beliefs, as well as their political tendencies. It also examines their integration of other ethnic groups and ongoing connection to traditional ways of life despite modern influences. Videos are included showing Qashqai cultural practices and life in their mountain regions of Iran.INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus River and Ghaggar-Hakra River in what is now Pakistan and northwest India from 3300 BC to 1700 BC. Major cities of the civilization included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had advanced sewage and drainage systems. The civilization engaged in extensive trade with Mesopotamia and other regions. While much remains unknown about the civilization, archaeologists have uncovered evidence of their advanced urban planning, systems of weights and measures, arts and crafts, and religious symbols.
Ancient Ethiopia
This document provides an overview of the idea of Ethiopia as conceived by African diaspora intellectuals in response to colonial oppression. It summarizes that the idea of Ethiopia was rooted in the ancient histories of Nubians and Ethiopians as portrayed in Greek and Roman sources. It was developed by diaspora thinkers to provide a sense of identity and challenge the erasure of Africa's past under colonialism. The document traces how the idea of Ethiopia shaped movements like Ethiopianism, Pan-Africanism, and Ras Tafarianism and provided inspiration to resist colonialism around the world.
The iranian and azari languages
This document discusses the languages spoken in Iran and Azerbaijan. It begins by explaining that Persian, also known as Farsi, is the predominant language in Iran and part of the larger Iranian language family within the Indo-European languages. It then discusses how the name Azerbaijan comes from ancient Persian/Middle Persian terms and how the region's population was originally Iranian and Caucasian peoples who later adopted Turkic languages. The document explores the debate around whether Azerbaijanis should be considered a Turkic, Iranian, or indigenous Caucasian ethnic group based on their mixed heritage and changing dominant language over time.
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Sakākšama
- 3. The English word "Aryan" is borrowed from the Sanskrit word ārya meaning 'Noble‘ and Arya refers to one who does Noble deeds
- 4. According to a 1957 theory by Laroche, Indo- Iranian ar-ya- descends from Proto(original)- Indo-European ar-yo-, a yo-adjective to a root ar "to assemble skillfully", present in Greek harma "chariot", Greek aristos, (as in "aristocracy"), Latin ars "art", etc. Thus, according to this theory, an Aryan is "one who skillfully assembles
- 5. Before 1950 – all are reductions of the historical variety to an original unity: Bopp (1830): ar- "to go, to move", read as "one who roams" (like a nomad) Müller (1862): ar- "to plough", read as "cultivator of the land" Güntert (1924): ar- "to fit", read as "allied, friendly" Thieme (1938): ar- "to give, allot, share", read as "hospitable" After 1950 – all treat the autonym as distinct from similar-looking words: Laroche (1957): ara- "to fit", read as "fitting, proper" Dumézil (1958): ar- "to share", read as a uniting property of "appartenant au monde aryen" Bailey (1959): ar- "to beget", read as "born, nurturing" Benveniste (1969): ar- "to fit", read as "companionable"
- 6. Iranian airya meant and means "Iranian", and Iranian anairya meant and means "Un-Iranian". The name Iran, Iranian is itself equivalent to Aryan, where Iran means “land of the Aryans” and has been in use since Sassanid times
- 7. All this evidence shows that the name arya "Iranian" was a collective definition, denoting peoples (Geiger, pp. 167 f.; Schmitt, 1978, p. 31) who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on the cult of Ahura Mazdā.
- 10. Before the arrival of Islam, the Karakoram, Hindu Kush, and Pamir ranges were, some 2,500 years ago, an important area for the Scythian and Khotanese Sakas, Iranian-speaking pastoral nomads with distinctive burial practices and material culture. Many place- names, including Ishkarwaz (Afghanistan), Ishkaibar (Yasin), and Ishkashim (Tajikistan) still bear the root ishk, meaning “Saka.”
- 14. The eastern Iranian Wakhi, a Pamiri language that is said to be the closest living relative to the language of the Zend- Avesta, the Zoroastrian sacred text written some three millennia ago. The Wakhi seem to be exclusively Ismaʿili, and live in all four states of the Himalayan Ismaʿili region.
- 19. Invaders from Kanishka to Timur, travelers from Hsüan-Tsang to Fa-Hsien to Marco Polo, missionaries preaching the Dharma and the Shariʿaand traders bearing silk, spices, or , jewels have all come this way. Petroglyphs in almost every valley attesting to the constancy of human movement through the region across several millennia are well-documented
- 20. The evidence for these past flows and processes is archaeological, linguistic, toponymic, t extual, and ethnological. Local traditions also resonate with historical observations.