Quality control (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer. QC is similar to, but not identical with, quality assurance (QA).
QC IN clinical biochemistry labs and hospitals
Laboratory Internal Quality Control presentation master revision, 2014Adel Elazab Elged
Short presentation about using internal quality control material in clinical laboratory to ensure analytical quality laboratory results for the sake of better patient care and minimizing errors in diagnosis, management, and follow up.
This content is suitable for medical technologists/technicians/lab assistants/scientists writing the SMLTSA board exam. The content is also suitable for biomedical technology students and people also interested in learning about test methodologies used in medical technology. This chapter describes test quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC). Please note that these notes are a collection I used to study for my board exam and train others who got distinctions using these.
Disclaimer: Credit goes to those who wrote the notes and the examiners of each exam question. Please use only as a reference guide and use your prescribed textbook for the latest and most accurate notes and ranges. The material here is not referenced as it is a collection of pieces of study notes from multiple people, and thus will not be held viable for any misinterpretations. Please use at your own discretion.
Systematic error means that your measurements of the same thing will vary in predictable ways: every measurement will differ from the true measurement in the same direction, and even by the same amount in some cases
Random error is a chance difference between the observed and true values of something (e.g., a researcher misreading a weighing scale records an incorrect measurement).
Basic QC Statistics - Improving Laboratory Performance Through Quality Contro...Randox
Randox Quality Control's latest educational guide examines Internal Quality Control, External Quality Assessment, Why laboratories should run QC, How often laboratories should run QC, Basic QC statistics and the quality control process.
The analyst is required to analyze a number of QC samples throughout the run where there are decisions to be made based on a window of acceptance for each QC sample analyzed.
In manufacturing operations, production management includes responsibility for product and process design, planning and control issues involving capacity and ...
Quality control (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer. QC is similar to, but not identical with, quality assurance (QA).
QC IN clinical biochemistry labs and hospitals
Laboratory Internal Quality Control presentation master revision, 2014Adel Elazab Elged
Short presentation about using internal quality control material in clinical laboratory to ensure analytical quality laboratory results for the sake of better patient care and minimizing errors in diagnosis, management, and follow up.
This content is suitable for medical technologists/technicians/lab assistants/scientists writing the SMLTSA board exam. The content is also suitable for biomedical technology students and people also interested in learning about test methodologies used in medical technology. This chapter describes test quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC). Please note that these notes are a collection I used to study for my board exam and train others who got distinctions using these.
Disclaimer: Credit goes to those who wrote the notes and the examiners of each exam question. Please use only as a reference guide and use your prescribed textbook for the latest and most accurate notes and ranges. The material here is not referenced as it is a collection of pieces of study notes from multiple people, and thus will not be held viable for any misinterpretations. Please use at your own discretion.
Systematic error means that your measurements of the same thing will vary in predictable ways: every measurement will differ from the true measurement in the same direction, and even by the same amount in some cases
Random error is a chance difference between the observed and true values of something (e.g., a researcher misreading a weighing scale records an incorrect measurement).
Basic QC Statistics - Improving Laboratory Performance Through Quality Contro...Randox
Randox Quality Control's latest educational guide examines Internal Quality Control, External Quality Assessment, Why laboratories should run QC, How often laboratories should run QC, Basic QC statistics and the quality control process.
The analyst is required to analyze a number of QC samples throughout the run where there are decisions to be made based on a window of acceptance for each QC sample analyzed.
In manufacturing operations, production management includes responsibility for product and process design, planning and control issues involving capacity and ...
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. WHAT IS QC ?
• QC is a technique that is used to detect &
correct errors before they result in a defective
product or service.
• It refers to the measures that must be
included during each assay run to verify that
the test is working properly.
• QC must be practical, achievable & affordable.
3. TERMINOLOGY
• PRECISION: This indicates how close test
measurements to each other when the same
test is run on the same sample repeatedly.
• Precision does not imply accuracy.
• Precision does not imply accuracy.
• ACCURACY: How close to the true value a
measurement is.
• The closer to the actual value, the more
accurate.
4. • STANDARD: This is a substance of constant
composition of sufficient purity to be used for
comparison purpose.
• CONTROL: This is a sample i.e. chemically &
physically similar to the unknown specimen.
physically similar to the unknown specimen.
• STANDARD DEVIATION: This is a statistical
expression of scatter or dispersion of values
around a central average value.
6. Coefficient of Variation
Coefficient of Variation
• The Coefficient of Variation (CV) is the
standard Deviation (SD) expressed as a
percentage of the mean
-Also known as Relative Standard
deviation (RSD)
• CV % = SD x 100
Mean
7. CALCULATION OF MEAN
Data set
(30.0, 32.0, 31.5, 33.5, 32.0, 33.0, 29.0,29.5, 31.0,
32.5, 34.5, 33.5, 31.5, 30.5, 30.0, 34.0,32.0, 32.0,
32.5, 34.5, 33.5, 31.5, 30.5, 30.0, 34.0,32.0, 32.0,
35.0, 32.5.) mg/dL
The sum of the values (X1 + X2 + X3 … X20)
divided by the number (n) of observations
The mean of these 20 observations is (639.5 ÷ 20)
= 32.0 mg/dL
11. L. J. CHART
• L-J chart is a graph that quality control data is
plotted on to give a visual indication whether
a laboratory test is working well.
• It is named after S.LEVEY & E.R.JENNINGS in
1950.
15. Normal Distribution
Normal Distribution
• All values are symmetrically distributed around the mean
• Characteristic “bell-shaped” curve
• Assumed for all quality control statistics
16.
17. INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL
• Use of standard glassware , reagent
, equipment
• Well trained staff
• Selection of accurate & precise
method.
18. • At least one primary std. is included
with each batch of unknown specimen
analysis.
• Occasionally a different primary std . of
higher concentration is included to
check the reliability of routine primary
higher concentration is included to
check the reliability of routine primary
std.
• The batch result are accepted if the
values of control sera are within first SD.
19. Types of Errors
• Intrinsic : due to an imprecise &
inaccurate method.
• Systemic : all high values , all low
values.
• Random : technical errors.
20. • Intrinsic errors can be eliminated by
A) selecting precise & accurate method.
B) by using fresh batches of reagents.
• systemic errors can be eliminated by using diff.
concentration of primary std. & analyzing
concentration of primary std. & analyzing
control serum.
• Technical with a proper analytical application
can be correct random errors.
21. Systematic vs. Random Errors
Systematic vs. Random Errors
Systematic Error
Avoidable error due to
controllable variables in a
measurement.
Random Errors
Unavoidable errors that
are always present in any
measurement. Impossible
measurement. measurement. Impossible
to eliminate
22. PREVENTIVE PHASE
• Collection of specimen
• Separation of serum
• Specimen analysis
• Calculation of test values etc..
24. OPTIMUM CONDITION VARIANCE
• Refers to the results obtained under
optimum conditions i.e. by using
i)freshly prepared reagents
ii)by using standardized glassware
25. ROUTINE CONDITIONS VARIANCE
• Refers to the results obtained by using routine
requirements i.e. by using routinely stored
reagents and glassware in regular use.
27. • Multi control QC rules (WESTGARD RULES)
given by Dr. James Westgard of the University of
Wisconsin in an article in 1981 on laboratory
quality control that set the basis for evaluating
analytical run quality for medical laboratories.
• The Westgard system -based on the principles of
statistical process control used in manufacturing
statistical process control used in manufacturing
nationwide since the 1950s
• Six basic rules in the Westgard scheme: 1-3s, 2-
2s, R-4s, 1-2s, 4-1s, and 10x. These rules are used
individually or in combination (multi-rule) to
evaluate the quality of analytical runs.
• Detect random or systematic errors
28. • Warning 12SD or 1-2s:
It is violated if the single IQC
value exceeds the mean by ± 2SD.
29. • Rejection 22SD or 2-2s:
• This rule detects systematic error and is applied within and across
runs.
• It is violated within the run when two consecutive control values
exceed the "same" (mean + 2s or mean - 2s) limit.
• The rule is violated across runs when the previous value for a
particular control level exceeds the "same"
(mean + 2s or mean - 2s) limit.
(mean + 2s or mean - 2s) limit.
Within run violation Across run violation
30. • Rejection 13SD or 1-3s:
• It is violated when the single IQC
value exceeds the mean by ±3SD.
• This rule is applied within control
material only.
• The 1-3s rule identifies unacceptable
random error or possibly the
beginning of a large systematic error.
• Rejection 41SD or 4-1s:
It is violated if four consecutive IQC
values exceed the same mean plus 1s
or the same mean minus 1s control limit.
31. • Rejection 10x:
• This rule detects systematic bias and is applied both within and
across control materials.
• It is violated across control materials if the last 10 consecutive
values, regardless of control level, are on the same side of the
mean.
• The rule is violated within the control materials if the last 10
values for the same control level are on the same side of the
mean.
33. EXTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL
• All the participating laboratories daily
analyze the same lot of control material.
• The results are tabulated monthly & sent
the sponsoring groups for the data
the sponsoring groups for the data
analysis.
• Summary reports are prepared by the
program sponsor & are distributed to all
participating laboratories .
34. • The mean of values of all reference
laboratories is taken as the “ true “ or
correct value & is used for comparison
with the individual laboratory reported
values.
values.
• If the difference between the reported
value & the true value is statistically
significant then the reporting lab is
alerted.
