2. Safety Committees
They should meet as often as necessary
This will depend on volume of production and
conditions such as
• Number of employees
• Size of workplace covered
• Nature of work undertaken on site
• Type of hazards and degree of risk
Proactive
Safety
3. Safety Committees
The Goal of the committee is to facilitate a safe
workplace
Objectives that guide a committee towards the goal include:
Motivate, educate and train at all levels to ID, Reduce, &
Avoid Hazards
Incorporate safety into every aspect of the organization
Create a culture where each person is responsible for
safety of self and others
Encourage and utilize ideas from all sources
4. Four points to Remember:
•Communication:Must be a loop system
•Dedication: From everyone
•Partnership: Between Management
and Employees
•Participation:An important part of
team working.
6. Safety Committee
Policy Statement
A written and publicized statement is an
effective means of providing guidance and
demonstrating commitment
7. Safety Committee Focus
Long Term Goals
Objectives to Achieve
Time Frame
Short Term Goals
Assignments between Meetings
Work toward achieving Long-Term Plan
8. Planning the
Safety Meeting
• SELECT TOPICS
• SET & POST THE AGENDA
• SCHEDULE SAFETY MEETING
• PREPARE MEETING SITE
• ENCOURAGE PARTICIPATION
9. Conducting A Safety Meeting
Provide an attendance list or sign in sheet
Provide a meeting agenda
Call meeting to order and review meeting topics
Cover any old business
Primary meeting topic
Future agendas
Close meeting and document
10. Components of an Agenda
Opening statement including reason for
attendance, objective, and time
commitment
Items to be discussed
Generate alternative solutions
Decide among the alternatives
Develop a plan to solve the problem
Assign task to carry out plan
Establish follow-up procedures
Summarize and adjourn
11. Regular Agenda Item
Review Policies & Plans such as:
Hazard Communication Program
Personal Protective Equipment
Respiratory Protection
Housekeeping
Machine Safeguarding
Safety Audits
Record Keeping
Emergency Response Plans
12. Emergency Plan
Anticipate What
Could Go Wrong
and Plan for
those Situations
Drill for
Emergency
Situations
13. Emergency Action Plan
The following minimum elements shall be included :
Alarm Systems
Emergency escape procedures and route assignments;
Procedures for employees who remain to operate critical plant
operations before evacuation
Procedures to account for all employees
Rescue and medical duties for those employees who are to
perform them
The preferred means of reporting fires and other emergencies
Names / job titles of who can be contacted for further
information or explanation of duties under the plan
14. Record Keeping & Updating
Record each Recordable Injury & Illness on
ISM DOCS
Recordable
Occupational fatalities
Lost workday
Result in light-duty or termination or require medical
treatment (other than first aid) or involve loss of
consciousness or restriction of work or motion
15. Record Keeping and
Updating
First Aid - one-time treatment that
could be expected to be given by a
person trained in basic first-aid using
supplies from a first-aid kit and any
follow-up visit or visits for the purpose
of observation of the extent of
treatment
16. Immediately Report:
Any accident that involves: 1. Injury 2. Illness 3.
Equipment or property damage
Any near-misses. A near miss is an event that,
strictly by chance, does not result in actual or
observable injury, illness, death, or property damage.
Examples: slips, trips & falls, compressed gas cylinder
falling, overexposures to a chemical
Any hazards such as: Exposed electrical wires,
Damaged PPE, Improper material storage, Improper
chemical use, Horseplay, Damaged equipment,
Missing or loose machine guards
18. Hazard Analysis
Orderly process used to determine if a hazard exists in
the workplace
Uncover hazards overlooked in design
Locate hazards developed in-process
Determine essential steps of a job
Identify hazards that result from the performance of the
actual job
19. Step 1: Identify Hazards
HAZARD –
condition with
the potential to
cause personal
injury, death and
property
damage
20. Hazard Identification
Review Records
Talk to Personnel
Accident Investigations
Follow Process Flow
Write a Job Safety Analysis
Use Inspection Checklists
21. STEP 2: Assess Hazards
Probability - How likely is the hazard?
Likely
Not likely
Severity - What will happen if encountered?
Death
Serious Injury
Damage to property
22. Levels of Risk Awareness
Unaware: Doesn’t realize at-risk
Post-Awareness: Realizes Risk After Task
Completion
Engaged-Awareness: Recognizes Risk While
Performing Task(s) and corrects the situation
Proactive-Awareness: Foresee Hazards and
Begins Task Only When Safe to Proceed
23. Who is at Risk?
Workers
Visitors
Invited
Customers
Emergency services
Delivery drivers
Uninvited
Trespassers
Burglars
Contractors
Janitorial
Maintenance
Others
Members of Public
Passers-by
Neighbors
24. STEP 3: Make Risk Decisions
What can we do to reduce the risk?
Does the benefit outweigh the risk?
32. Job Safety Analysis
Break down a task into its component steps
Determine hazards connected with each key step
Identify methods to prevent or protect against the hazard
34. Job Safety Analysis Priorities
New Jobs
Potential of Severe Injuries
History of Disabling Injuries
Frequency of Accidents
35. Observation of the Actual Work
Select experienced worker(s) to participate in the JSA
process
Explain purpose of JSA
Observe the employee perform the job and write
down basic steps
Completely describe each step
Note any deviations (Very Important!)
36. Identify Hazards &
Potential Accidents
Search for Hazards
Produced by Work
Produced by Environment
Repeat job observation as many times as necessary to
identify all hazards
37. Key Steps TOO MUCH
Changing a Flat Tire
Pull off road
Put car in “park”
Set brake
Activate emergency flashers
Open door
Get out of car
Walk to trunk
Put key in lock
Open trunk
Remove jack
Remove Spare tire
38. Key Steps NOT ENOUGH
Changing a Flat Tire
Park car
Take off flat tire
Put on spare tire
Drive away
39. Key Job Steps JUST RIGHT
Changing a Flat Tire
Park & set brake
Remove jack & tire from trunk
Loosen lug nuts
Jack up car
Remove tire
Set new tire
Jack down car
Tighten lug nuts
Store tire & jack
41. Job Safety Analysis
Hazards
Hit by
traffic
Back Strain
Foot/Toe
impact
Shoulder
strain
• Steps
– Park & set
brake
– Remove Spare
& Jack
– Loosen lugs
42. Job Safety Analysis
Hazards
Hit by
traffic
Back Strain
Foot/Toe
impact
Shoulder
strain
• Steps
– Park & set
brake
– Remove Spare
& Jack
– Loosen lugs
• Prevention
– Far off road as
possible
– Pull items close
before lift
– Lift in increments
– Lift and lower
using leg power
– Wide leg stance
– Use full body, not
arm/shoulder
43. Develop Solutions
Find a new way to
do job
Change physical
conditions that
create hazards
Change the work
procedure
Reduce frequency
• Fix-A-Flat
• No off-road
driving
• Buy self-sealing
tires
• Maintenance /
Change-out
program
45. Inspections
Fact-Finding vs. Fault Finding
Sound knowledge of the plant
Knowledge of relevant standards & codes
Systematic inspection steps
Method of evaluating data
47. Outcomes
Improve Safety
New Way to Do Job
Change Physical Conditions
Change Work Procedures
Reduce Frequency of Dangerous Job
48. New Way To Do The Job
Determine the work goal of the job, and then analyze the
various ways of reaching this goal to see which way is safest
Consider work saving tools and equipment
49. Change in Physical Conditions
Tools, materials, equipment layout or location
Study change carefully for other benefits (costs, time savings)
50. Change in Work Procedures
What should the worker do to eliminate the hazard?
How should it be done?
Document changes in detail
51. Reduce Frequency of
Dangerous Job
What can be done to reduce the frequency of the job??
Identify parts that cause frequent repairs - change
Reduce vibration save machine parts
53. Guide for Personal Audits
The guide has five steps
• Audit
• React
• Communicate
• Follow up
• Raise standards
54. Audit
Get into one of the work areas on a regular basis
Develop your own system
Do not combine a safety audit with other visits
Audit must be designed to evaluate safety
Take notes
55. React
How you react is the strongest element in
improving the safety culture
Your reaction tells what is acceptable and not
acceptable
You must come away from each inspection with a
reaction:
1. Acceptable because...
2. Not acceptable because...
3. Deteriorated because...
4. Improved because…
56. Communicate
In order for the contact to be productive, your
subordinate/co-worker must understand that:
You inspected his or her area
You are pleased (or displeased) with what you saw
because of…
You expect him or her to react to your comments and to
improve
You will audit the area again in a specified number of
days
57. Follow Up
Critical for success of the safety program
Allows you to demonstrate that it is important
Must communicate your assessment to the employees
58. Raise Standards
Will see improvement if the first four steps are followed
Keep raising your expectations and help provide leadership
Solve the obvious problems then fine tune the safety and
housekeeping efforts
59. Key Points: Becoming a Good Observer
Effective observation includes:
Be selective
Know what to look for
Practice
Keep an open mind
Guard against habit and familiarity
Do not be satisfied with general impressions
Record observations systematically
60. Observation Techniques
To become a good observer, a person must:
• Stop for 10 to 30 seconds before entering an area to ascertain
where employees are working
• Be alert for unsafe practices
• Observe activity -- do not avoid the action
61. Observation Techniques
Remember ABBI -- look Above, Below,
Behind, Inside
Develop a questioning attitude
Use all senses
• sight
• hearing
• smell
• touch
63. Unsafe Acts
Conduct that unnecessarily increases the likelihood of injury
All safety rule and procedure violations are unsafe acts
All unsafe acts should be corrected immediately
64. Unsafe Conditions
An unsafe condition is a situation, not directly caused
by the action or inaction of one or more employees, in
an area that may lead to an incident or injury if
uncorrected
Unsafe conditions are normally beyond the direct
control of employees in the area where the condition is
observed
65. Audit Practices
Concentrate on people and their actions because actions of people
account for more than 96 percent of all injuries
When to audit
Where to audit
How much to audit
Auditing contractors
70. Employee Participation
Accident Prevention
Plan Development
Safety Committee
Safety Bulletin
Board
Crew-Leader
Meetings
• Day-to-Day Knowledge
comes from where the
work is actually done
and hazards actually
exist.
74. INTRODUCTION
Thousands of accidents occur throughout
the United States every day
Accident investigations determine how
and why these failures occur
Conduct accident investigations with
accident prevention in mind -
Investigations are NOT to place blame
Investigate all accidents regardless of the
extent of injury or damage
79. THE ACCIDENT
MORE SERIOUS ACCIDENTS
Such as a forklift dropping a load or someone falling
off a ladder
80. THE ACCIDENT
Accidents that occur over an extended time frame:
Such as hearing loss or an illness resulting from exposure
to chemicals
81. THE ACCIDENT
NEAR-MISS
Also know as a “Near Hit”
An accident that does not quite result in injury or
damage (but could have)
Remember, a near-miss is just as serious as an
accident!
86. OUTCOMES OF ACCIDENTS
NEGATIVE Results
Injury & possible death
Disease
Damage to equipment & property
Litigation costs, possible citations
Lost productivity
Morale
87. OUTCOMES OF ACCIDENTS
POSITIVE Results
Accident investigation
Prevent repeat of accident
Change to safety programs
Change to procedures
Change to equipment design
88. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Accidents are usually complex
An accident may have 10 or more events
that can be causes
A detailed analysis of an accident will
normally reveal three cause levels:
direct
indirect
root
89. Direct Cause
An accident results only when a person or object receives an
amount of energy or hazardous material that cannot be
absorbed safely - This energy or hazardous material is the
DIRECT CAUSE of the accident
The direct cause is usually the result of one or
more unsafe acts or unsafe conditions or both
90. Indirect and Root Causes
Unsafe acts and conditions are the
indirect causes or symptoms of accidents
Indirect causes are usually traceable to:
poor management policies and decisions
personal or environmental factors
Root causes are the actual policies and
decisions by management and the actual
personal and environmental factors of the
workplace
91. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Conduct a preliminary investigation for:
serious injuries with immediate symptoms
Document the investigation findings
You Must:
92. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Do Not move equipment involved in a work or
work related accident or incident if :
A death
A probable death
3 or more employees are sent to the hospital
(WISHA -2)
Unless, Moving the equipment is necessary to:
Remove any victims
Prevent further incidents and injuries
93. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Within 8 hours of a work-related incident or
accident you must contact the nearest office of
the OSHA in person or by phone to report
A death
A probable death
3 or more employees are sent to the hospital
(WISHA -2)
(OSHA) 1-800-321-6742
WISHA 1-800-4BE-SAFE (423-7233)
94. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Assign witnesses and other employees to
assist OSHA personnel who arrive to
investigate the incident
Include:
The immediate supervisor
Employees who were witnesses to the incident
Other employees the investigator feels are
necessary to complete the investigation
95. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
•Make sure your preliminary investigation
is conducted by the following people:
A person designated by the employer
The immediate supervisor
Witnesses
An employee representative
Other persons with experience and skills to
evaluate the facts
96. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
A preliminary investigation includes
noting information such as the following:
–Where did the accident or incident
occur?
–What time did it occur?
–What people were present?
–What was the employee doing at the
time?
–What happened during the accident or
incident?
97. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
Provide the following information to OSHA
within 30 days concerning any accident
involving a fatality or hospitalization of 3 or
more employees:
Name of the work place
Location of the incident
Time and date of the incident
Number of fatalities or hospitalized employees
Contact person
Phone number
Brief description of the incident
98. Why Not Rely On OSHA &
Police To Investigate?
Focus On Culpability
Minor Accidents Not
Investigated
PREVENTION
Protect Company
Interests
OSHA Requirements
101. Acts Conditions
Near Misses
Minor Injuries
Reportable Injury
Lost Time
Injury
Death
Knowledge
Ability
Motivation
Design
Maintenance
Action
of
Others
At which level do we investigate?
102. Investigation Strategy
Need For Investigation
Control the Scene
Gather Facts
Analyze Data
Establish Causes
Write Report
Take Corrective Action
103. Investigative Procedures
The actual procedures used in a
particular investigation depend on the
nature and results of the accident
All investigations start with a collection
of data and are followed by analysis of
that data
An investigation is not complete until
all data is analyzed and a final report is
completed
104. The Aim of the Investigation
The key result should be to prevent a repeat of the
same accident
Fact finding:
What happened?
What was the root cause?
What should be done to prevent repeat of the
accident?
105. The Aim of the Investigation
IS NOT TO:
Exonerate individuals or management
Satisfy insurance requirements
Defend a position for legal argument
Or, to assign blame
109. COMPANY ACCIDENT FORMS
Must be filled out completely by the employee and
employee’s immediate supervisor (this includes foremen)
Must be turned in to Safety within 24 hours of incident
110. BENEFITS OF ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
Prevent repeat of the accident
Identifying outmoded procedures
Improvements to the work environment
Increased productivity
Improvement of operational & safety procedures
Raise safety awareness level
111. BENEFITS OF ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
WHEN AN ORGANIZATION REACTS SWIFTLY AND
POSITIVELY TO ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES, ITS
ACTIONS REAFFIRM ITS COMMITMENT TO THE
SAFETY AND WELL-BEING OF ITS EMPLOYEES!
112. Who Should Investigate?
Investigation TEAM
Employer Designee (Management)
Immediate Supervisor of affected area/personnel
Experts (if needed)
Employee Representative (one of the following:)
Employee selected representative
Employee representative of safety committee
Union representative or shop steward
113. **Immediate Actions
Assess the scene
CALL 911
Activate In-House Response
Scene Safety
Provide Aid to Injured
Provide Assistance to Affected
Secure the Scene of Accident
114. Isolate the Scene
Barricade the area of the accident, and keep everyone
out!
The only persons allowed inside the barricade should
be Rescue/EMS, law enforcement, and investigators
Protect the evidence until investigation is complete
115. Provide Care to the Injured
Ensure that medical care is provided to the injured
people before proceeding with the investigation
116. Secure the Scene for Safety
Eliminate the hazards:
Control chemicals
De-energize
De-pressurize
Light it up
Shore it up
Ventilate
117. Fact Finding
Gather evidence from many sources
during an investigation
Get information from witnesses and
reports as well as by observation
Don’t try to analyze data as evidence is
gathered
118. Gather Evidence
Examine the accident scene - Look for
things that will help you understand
what happened:
Dents, cracks, scrapes, splits, etc. in
equipment
Tire tracks, footprints, etc.
Spills or leaks
Scattered or broken parts
Any other possible evidence
119. Gather Evidence
Diagram the scene:
Use blank paper or graph paper. Mark
the location of all pertinent items;
equipment, parts, spills, persons, etc.
Note distances and sizes, pressures and
temperatures
Note direction (mark north on the map)
120. Gather Evidence
Take photographs
Photograph any items or scenes which may provide an
understanding of what happened to anyone who was not
there
Photograph any items which will not remain, or which will
be cleaned up (spills, tire tracks, footprints, etc.)
35mm cameras, Polaroids, and video cameras are all
acceptable
Digital cameras are not recommended -
digital images can be easily altered
122. Gather Data
Data includes:
Persons involved
Date, time, location
Activities at time of accident
Equipment involved
List of witnesses
123. Review Records
Check training records
Was appropriate training provided?
When was training provided?
Check equipment maintenance records
Is regular PM or service provided?
Is there a recurring type of failure?
Check accident records
Have there been similar incidents or injuries
involving other employees?
124. Documents
Collect All Related
Documents
Inspection Logs
Policy & Procedures Manual
JSA (Job Safety Analysis)
Equipment Operations
Manuals
Insurance Records
Employee Records
Police Reports
125. Those who do not know the
past are destined to:
Repeat
Repeat
Repeat
Repeat
Repeat
Repeat
It.
126. ISOLATE FACT FROM FICTION
Use NORMS-based analysis of information
Not an interpretation
Observable
Reliable
Measurable
Specific
If an item meets all five of above, it is a fact
127. NORMS OF OBJECTIVITY
Objective
Not an Interpretation - Based
on a factual description.
Observable - Based on what is
seen or heard.
Reliable - Two or more people
independently agree on what
they observed.
Measurable - A number is used to
describe behavior or situation.
Specific - Based on detailed
definitions of what happened.
Subjective
Interpretations - Based on
personal
interpretations/biases.
Non-observable - Based on
events not directly
observed.
Unreliable - Two or more people
don’t agree on what they
observed.
Non-Measurable - A number isn’t
used.
General - Based on non-
detailed descriptions.
128. INVESTIGATION TRAPS
Put your emotions aside!
Don’t let your feelings interfere - stick to the facts!
Do not pre-judge
Find out the what really happened
Do not let your beliefs cloud the facts
Never assume anything
Do not make any judgements
129. Record Evidence
Keep All Notes in Bound Notebook
Include Date - Time - Place – Vantage
Point
Keep Originals
Rewrite in Report Form
131. Interviews
Experienced personnel should conduct interviews
If possible the team assigned to this task should
include an individual with a legal background
After interviewing all witnesses, the team should
analyze each witness' statement
132. Interviews
Analyze this information along with data from the accident site
Not all people react in the same manner to a particular stimulus
A witness who has had a traumatic experience may not be able
to recall the details of the accident
A witness who has a vested interest in the results of the
investigation may offer biased testimony
133. Interviews
Excellent Source of first hand knowledge
May Present Pitfalls in form of:
Bias
Perspective
Embellishment
Omissions
134. Ask “What Happened”
Get a brief overview of the situation
from witnesses and victims
Not a detailed report yet, just
enough to understand the basics of
what happened
135. Interview Victims &
Witnesses
Interview as soon as
possible after the incident
Do not interrupt medical
care to interview
Interview each person
separately
Do not allow witnesses to
confer prior to interview
136. The Interview
Put the person at ease
People may be reluctant to
discuss the incident, particularly
if they think someone will get in
trouble
Reassure them that this is a
fact-finding process only
Remind them that these facts
will be used to prevent a
recurrence of the incident
137. The Interview
Take Notes!
Ask open-ended questions
“What did you see?”
“What happened?”
Do not make suggestions
If the person is stumbling over a word or concept, do not
help them out
138. The Interview
Use closed-ended questions later to gain more detail
After the person has provided their explanation, these
type of questions can be used to clarify
“Where were you standing?”
“What time did it happen?”
139. The Interview
Don’t ask leading questions
Bad: “Why was the forklift operator driving
recklessly?”
Good: “How was the forklift operator driving?”
If the witness begins to offer reasons, excuses,
or explanations, politely decline that
knowledge and remind them to stick with the
facts
140. The Interview
Summarize what you have been told
Correct misunderstandings of the events between you
and the witness
Ask the witness/victim for recommendations to
prevent recurrence
These people will often have the best solutions to the
problem
141. The Interview
Get a written, signed statement from the witness
It is best if the witness writes their own statement; interview notes
signed by the witness may be used if the witness refuses to write a
statement
142. Ask All Witnesses
Name, address, phone number
What did you see?
What did you hear?
Where were you standing/sitting?
What do you think caused the accident?
Was there anything different today?
143. Ask Supervisors
What is normal procedure for activities
involved in the accident?
What type of training persons involved in
accident have had?
What, if anything was different today?
What they think caused the accident?
What could have prevented the accident?
144. Witness Interviews
DO
Separate Witnesses
Written Statements
Open ended questions
Provide Diagrams
Encourage Details
Show Concern
Record w/permission
DON’T
• Suggest Answers
• Interrogate
• Focus on Blame
• Dismiss Details
• Bar Emotions
• Make Judgments
145. Analysis of Accident Causes
Immediate Causes
• What was done?
• What was not done?
• What hazardous condition existed?
Root Causes
• Why did they do this?
• Why didn’t they do that?
• Why did the unsafe condition exist?
• Why wasn’t it corrected?
146. Analyze Data
Gather all photos, drawings, interview material and
other information collected at the scene
Determine a clear picture of what happened
Formally document sequence of events
147. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
INVESTIGATION STRATEGY
INVESTIGATION TEAM
EVALUATES ALL FACTORS CONCERNED
ISOLATES THE KEY FACTOR(S) BY ASKING THE FOLLOWING
QUESTION....
WOULD THE ACCIDENT HAVE HAPPENED IF THIS PARTICULAR FACTOR
WAS NOT PRESENT?
148. DETERMINE CAUSES
Employee actions
Safe behavior, at-risk behavior
Environmental conditions
Lighting, heat/cold, moisture/humidity, dust, vapors,
etc.
Equipment condition
Defective/operational, guards, leaks, broken parts,
etc.
Procedures
Existing (or not), followed (or not), appropriate (or
not)
Training
Was employee trained - when, by whom,
documentation
149. Indirect Causes
Unsafe conditions – what material conditions,
environmental conditions and equipment conditions
contributed to the accident
Unsafe Acts – what activities contributed to the
accident
150. Breakdown of Unsafe
Conditions
Inadequately guarded or unguarded equipment
Defective tools, equipment or materials
Fire and explosion hazard
Unexpected movement hazard
Projection hazards
152. Breakdown of Unsafe Acts
• Operating without authority
• Operating or working at unsafe speeds
• Making safety devices inoperative
• Using unsafe equipment
• Neglecting to wear PPE
• Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining
• Taking unsafe position or posture
153. Basic Causes
Management
Environment
Equipment
Human Behavior
Systems & Procedures
Design & Equipment
154. Management
Was a hazard assessment conducted?
Were the hazards recognized?
Was control of the hazards addressed?
Were employees trained?
Did supervision detect/correct deviations?
Was Supervisor trained in job/accident
prevention?
What were the production rates?
155. FIND ROOT CAUSES
When you have determined the contributing
factors, dig deeper!
If employee error, what caused that behavior?
If defective machine, why wasn’t it fixed?
If poor lighting, why not corrected?
If no training, why not?
156. Contribution of Safety Controls
such as:
Engineering Controls - machine guards,
safety controls, isolation of hazardous
areas, monitoring devices, etc.
Administrative Controls - procedures,
assessments, inspection, records to
monitor and ensure safe practices and
environments are maintained.
Training Controls - initial new hire safety
orientation, job specific safety training
and periodic refresher training.
157. What controls failed?
List the specific engineering, administrative and
training controls that failed and how these failures
contributed to the accident
158. What controls worked?
List any controls that prevented a more serious
accident or minimized collateral damage or injuries
159. Determine
What was not normal before the accident
Where the abnormality occurred
When it was first noted
How it occurred
160. Report Causes
Analysis of the Accident – HOW & WHY
a. Direct causes (energy sources; hazardous materials)
b. Indirect causes (unsafe acts and conditions)
c. Basic causes (management policies; personal or
environmental factors)
161. Unable to Identify Root Causes
Timeliness
Poor development of information
Reluctance to accept responsibility
Narrow interpretations of environmental causes
Erroneous emphasis on a single cause
Allowing solutions to determine causes
Wrong person(s) investigating
162. PREPARE A REPORT
Accident Reports should contain the following:
Description of incident and injuries
Sequence of events
Pertinent facts discovered during investigation
Conclusions of the investigator(s)
Recommendations for correcting problems
163. PREPARE A REPORT, (CONT.)
Be objective!
State facts
Assign cause(s), not blame
If referring to an individual’s actions, don’t use names in
the recommendation
Good: All employees should…….
Bad: George should……..
164. Recommendations
Action to remedy
Basic causes
Indirect causes
Direct causes
Recommendations - as a result of the finding is
there a need to make changes to:
Employee training?
Work Stations Design?
Policies or procedures?
166. Accepting Inadequate
Reports
There is no surer way to destroy a program's
effectiveness than to accept substandard work
This immediately sends a signal to subordinates that
accident investigation is not a high priority and does
not receive significant attention from management
167. Common Problems
Accidents not reported
Unable to identify basic causes
Accepting inadequate reports
Neglecting to implement corrective actions
168. Accidents Not Reported
Nothing is learned from unreported accidents
Accident causes are left uncorrected
Infections and injury aggravations result
Neglecting to report tends to spread and become a
common practice
169. Why Workers Fail to Report
Fear of discipline
Concern for reputation
Fear of medical treatment
Desire to keep personal record clean
Avoidance of red tape
Concern about attitudes of others
Poor understanding of importance
170. Combat Reporting Problems
Indoctrinate new employees
Encourage workers to report minor
accidents
Focus on accident prevention and loss
control
Be positive
Discuss past accidents
Take corrective action promptly
171. Neglecting to Implement
Corrective Action
The whole purpose of the investigation process is
negated if management fails to remedy the causes
Here again, management sends a signal to
subordinates that it's not important, and subordinates
develop the attitude that it's an exercise in futility and
"why bother?
172. Improving the Quality of
Accident Investigation
Insist on reporting of all injuries
Adopt a well-designed accident
report form
Train all levels of management
Insist on the investigation of all
accidents
Participate actively in serious accident
investigations
173. Improving the Quality of
Accident Investigation
Review and comment
Refuse to accept inadequate reports
Establish controls to follow up on corrective
actions
Be responsive to recommendations
Hold responsible persons accountable
Emphasize that accident investigations are
FACT-finding, not FAULT-finding
Encourage investigators to challenge the
system
174. Summary
Most accident investigations follow formal procedures
An investigation is not concluded until completion of a final
report
A successful accident investigation determines what happened
and how and why the accident occurred
Investigations are an effort to prevent a similar or perhaps more
disastrous sequence of events
176. Problem Solving
Fault Tree
Deductive, top-down method of analyzing
Identify all elements that could cause Accident
Performed graphically using AND and OR gates
Create symbolic representation of events resulting in
the Accident
Entire system and human interactions are analyzed
177. Problem Solving
Fault Tree
Wet Floor
Environmental
Sudden Release
No Preshift Inspection
Slow Leak
Break Line Leak
No Fluid
Brakes Fail Steering Fails
Equipment
No Training
Procedural
NoTraining
Did Not Know Intentional Omission
No Inspection
Human
Failure To Stop
PIT Hits Wall
178. Problem Solving
Fault Tree
Sudden Release
No Preshift Inspection
Slow Leak
Break Line Leak
No Fluid
Brakes Fail
Equipment
NO TRAINING
Supv. sick
Sup.Resp.
Training Req'd
Procedural
Training Not Received
Did Not Know
Time ltd.
Intentional Omission
Did not Conduct Inspection
Human
Failure To Stop
PIT Hits Wall
179. FIVE WHYs DIAGRAM
Undesired Event
Why?
Direct Cause
Why?
Contributing Cause
Why?
Contributing Cause
Why?
Contributing Cause
Why?
Root Cause