This chapter overview describes the goals and essential services of public health institutions and systems in the United States. It identifies the roles of local, state, and federal public health agencies, as well as global health organizations. It also illustrates the need for collaboration between governmental and non-governmental organizations to achieve public health goals.
While the health care reform bill is a step in the right direction, medicare for all or single payer is what is really needed to control costs and insure all.
Seminar 9 health care delivery system in united states of americaDr. Ankit Mohapatra
Health care organization
Health financing in US
Payment mechanism
Health expenditure
Human and physical recourses
Public health
Patient pathway into health care
Provision of services
ACA
US vs India Healthcare
Budget RESEARCHBudget Template - page 1 of 2GRANT(For Internal Use.docxAASTHA76
Budget RESEARCHBudget Template - page 1 of 2GRANT(For Internal Use Only - see specific sponsoringTitle:Union County of Georgia cancer prevention programagency for the proper forms)Date:12-May-17RFA no.PI:Project Period:2017/2018Budget Period:2017-2018Year 1Field researchResearch assitants( Salaries & benefits)250,000Transport120,000Research tools( questionaires and interviews)50,000420,000Screening actvitiesLocal hospital staff service fees80,000Electricity consumed by equipment20,000Maintenace expenses40,000140,000MarketingNutrionists service fees150,000Local gym service15,000Formation of chamber fo commerce180,000Education workshops ( schools and community centers)50,000395,000
pasterme:
rate as of 7/1/05
subject to change
confirm with the SPH
Business Office
pasterme:
part-time student rate as of 7/1/04 subject to change confirm with the SPH Business Office
pasterme:
rate subject to change Please review all budgets with the SPH
Business Office.
Running head: COMMUNITY COALITION 1
COMMUNITY COALITION 3
Community Coalition
Kimberly Crawford
Kaplan University
January 8, 2018
Community Coalition
1. Choose 5 partnerships to engage and explain why you would invite each of these people//organizations to be a part of the coalition.
The creation of community health promotion and education programs takes into consideration several agencies or parties who help in the achievement of the desired health goals. Each of the partners will address its roles using different approaches depending on their area of expertise. This is an important factor to consider as different institutions address health promotion using different approaches and perspectives. The overall outcome from the contribution of every partner should be able to restore and promote the physical, emotional, spiritual, psychological, and social wellness of the community in relation to the health issue being suffered (Minelli, & Breckon, 2009). Chronic diseases are currently the leading causes of death in the community due to their complexity and the severe effects on human health. The community health promotion and education program will be provided by the ‘Health Concerns Coalition’ which will be made up of the following partners; community religious groups, Cancer Supportive Care Foundation, an association of cancer-survivor patients, nutritional organizations, and the local authority.
1. Cancer Supportive Care Foundation – This is an important part of the coalition as it will offer technical expertise in education and diagnosis of chronic diseases. The foundation team will include medical experts who will diagnose the community members of any chronic illnesses. Examinations for diseases such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, diabetes and blood pressure will be conducted by this partner as they will provide modern machines needed for the diagnosis of chronic illnesses.
2. Community religious groups – Community religious groups ca ...
While the health care reform bill is a step in the right direction, medicare for all or single payer is what is really needed to control costs and insure all.
Seminar 9 health care delivery system in united states of americaDr. Ankit Mohapatra
Health care organization
Health financing in US
Payment mechanism
Health expenditure
Human and physical recourses
Public health
Patient pathway into health care
Provision of services
ACA
US vs India Healthcare
Budget RESEARCHBudget Template - page 1 of 2GRANT(For Internal Use.docxAASTHA76
Budget RESEARCHBudget Template - page 1 of 2GRANT(For Internal Use Only - see specific sponsoringTitle:Union County of Georgia cancer prevention programagency for the proper forms)Date:12-May-17RFA no.PI:Project Period:2017/2018Budget Period:2017-2018Year 1Field researchResearch assitants( Salaries & benefits)250,000Transport120,000Research tools( questionaires and interviews)50,000420,000Screening actvitiesLocal hospital staff service fees80,000Electricity consumed by equipment20,000Maintenace expenses40,000140,000MarketingNutrionists service fees150,000Local gym service15,000Formation of chamber fo commerce180,000Education workshops ( schools and community centers)50,000395,000
pasterme:
rate as of 7/1/05
subject to change
confirm with the SPH
Business Office
pasterme:
part-time student rate as of 7/1/04 subject to change confirm with the SPH Business Office
pasterme:
rate subject to change Please review all budgets with the SPH
Business Office.
Running head: COMMUNITY COALITION 1
COMMUNITY COALITION 3
Community Coalition
Kimberly Crawford
Kaplan University
January 8, 2018
Community Coalition
1. Choose 5 partnerships to engage and explain why you would invite each of these people//organizations to be a part of the coalition.
The creation of community health promotion and education programs takes into consideration several agencies or parties who help in the achievement of the desired health goals. Each of the partners will address its roles using different approaches depending on their area of expertise. This is an important factor to consider as different institutions address health promotion using different approaches and perspectives. The overall outcome from the contribution of every partner should be able to restore and promote the physical, emotional, spiritual, psychological, and social wellness of the community in relation to the health issue being suffered (Minelli, & Breckon, 2009). Chronic diseases are currently the leading causes of death in the community due to their complexity and the severe effects on human health. The community health promotion and education program will be provided by the ‘Health Concerns Coalition’ which will be made up of the following partners; community religious groups, Cancer Supportive Care Foundation, an association of cancer-survivor patients, nutritional organizations, and the local authority.
1. Cancer Supportive Care Foundation – This is an important part of the coalition as it will offer technical expertise in education and diagnosis of chronic diseases. The foundation team will include medical experts who will diagnose the community members of any chronic illnesses. Examinations for diseases such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, diabetes and blood pressure will be conducted by this partner as they will provide modern machines needed for the diagnosis of chronic illnesses.
2. Community religious groups – Community religious groups ca ...
Respond to this classmates like in the other posts you have done.docxinfantkimber
Respond to this classmates like in the other posts you have done
Carolina
1
Based on the needs assessment of the Carilion Clinic, they immediately began to work on investments such as new accessible health service buildings in different areas of the region and community. This was done by collaborating with a variety of organizations, such as the United Way of Roanoke Valley. For instance, New Horizons Dental Clinic was created based on the data presented by the community needs assessment demonstrating the great need for accessible dental care. Nancy Agee, President and CEO of Carilion Clinic states in the video that collaborating with many different organizations is critical in order to “look at the whole diversity of our region and strengthen relationships so we’re not replicating efforts, but rather we’re complementing and strengthening our efforts to improve health” (2015). I believe the needs assessment allowed them to specifically pinpoint what their community needed, and this allowed them to truly help the community directly. I would recommend the clinic to continue to utilize surveys and the needs assessment to focus on the community itself. This is because the alternative data sources available on a national and state level is not sufficient. The more Carilion Clinic interacts with the community directly, the more beneficial it will be for communities across the region, as well as themselves.
2
Needs assessment, program planning and evaluation are all integrated. For instance, as the book states “the evaluation of a program begins with its needs assessment. Data collected during a needs assessment can often serve as part of the baseline or “pretest” data needed for impact and outcome evaluations” (
Hodges & Videto, 2011, p.4). In other words, in order to for program planning to be successful, it is critical a needs assessment is done and followed by an evaluation of the needs assessment.
3
MAPP, as stated in the text, begins with the development of partnerships and identifying the participants for the needs assessment (Hodges & Videto, 2011, p.10). MAPP was used by Carilion Clinic though the use of their collaboration with other organizations, non-profits, health agencies, and the government. This strengthened the Carilion clinic’s goal as it provided more resources to accomplish the shared vision of improving the communities’ quality of life and delivery of care. APEXPH was used through its three parts throughout Carilion Clinic’s process. The first part, which as mentioned in the book is the self-assessment, was illustrated in the beginning of the video when Nancy, President and CEO, states the issues and goals at hand. The second part, the community process, is demonstrated with the community health needs assessment committee. This is the part where the program objective is derived from. The third part, concluding the cycle, is seen in the example of the New Horizon’s Dental Clinic, where Carilion’s decision based on the ne ...
Partnering with Patients, Families and Communities for Health: A Global Imper...EngagingPatients
Engagement is an essential tool to improving global health. This report introduces a new framework for engagement to help countries assess current programs and think strategically about future engagement opportunities. It spotlights barriers to engagement and offers concrete examples of effective engagement from around the globe.
Public health is defined as “the approach to medicine that is concerned with the health of the community as a whole” ("Definition of Public Health", 2013). Without public health, health care would be in vain. A person could be in perfect health one day, come in contact with a person with a contagious disease, and be dead within twenty-four hours. This paper will discuss the local health department.
Foundational Learning in Social Determinants of Health for Health Professionals by Dr. Haydee Encarnacion Garcia. Presented at the Emerging Trends in Nursing Conference at Indiana Wesleyan University on June 1, 2017.
To accomplish community health goals and its aims the following approaches are to be utilized by community health professionals:-
1)persuasive approach 2)enforcement 3)team approach 4)community involvement 5)Intersectorial approach
For adventurous travel blog please visit http://wilsontom.blogspot.com
A Career in Public Health Essay examples
Public Health Principles
Public Health Assessment Essay
Public Vs. Public Health Essay
Public Health Research Paper
Master In Public Health
Public Health Entrance Paper
The Ethics Of Public Health Essay
Global Public Health Essay
Public Health Nursing Essay
Running head APPLICATIONS OF THE PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL 1.docxSUBHI7
Running head: APPLICATIONS OF THE PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL 1
APPLICATIONS OF THE PRECEDE-PROCEED MODEL 4
Applications of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model
Joseph Toole
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
3 Jan 2016
Unprotected sexual intercourse among teens is one of the major negative health behaviors in the current society. The sexual intercourse among teens has predisposed teenagers to sexually transmitted diseases and early pregnancy. The rate of intercourse among the teenagers has been on the rise and this raises eyebrows on the intervention strategies that need to be adopted in reducing the behavior among the teenagers. The major reason why the health behavior has been on the increase is due to influence by the media and lack of information among the teenagers. It is therefore important to address the problem before it becomes a major disaster in the society.
The behavior of intercourse is problematic to the society. One of the factors that make it problematic is how the teenagers are predisposed to sexually transmitted diseases. Most of the teenagers are not informed on the health dangers of their behaviors and end up risking their lives. Some of the sexually transmitted diseases are very dangerous and could lead to death such as HIV/AIDs, which means that if the health behavior is not taken care of, then more teenagers are expected to die. It is therefore important that the behavior is paid the attention that it deserves before the mortality rate resulting from the behavior increases (Li, 2009).
There are a number of predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors that influence unprotected sexual intercourse among the teenagers. One of these factors is the media. The media has played a major role in influencing sexual intercourse among teenagers. Nowadays, the media brings programs that even show the people having sexual intercourse. Since teenagers always want to experiment what they see, they will want to try it out, leading to unprotected sexual intercourse. With the introduction of internet and smart phones, teenagers nowadays can watch anything and since it is difficult to filter the content from the internet, it becomes impossible to control what the teenagers are watching. The other PRE factor considered to increase the prevalence of unprotected sexual intercourse among the teenagers is lack of information about sex by the teenagers. Even though many teenagers are exposed to the internet and other sources of information, they do not have information on how to practice safe sex. The parents are also shying away from educating their children, an aspect that makes the teenagers oblivious of the dangers involved in practicing unprotected sex. Most of the teenagers practice unsafe sex since they do not know the health dangers involved. Some of them think that pregnancy is the only thing that should be avoided during sex not knowing that there are other many health dangers that can be avoided by having safe sex ...
4Seeking an Effective Care ContinuumLearning Objective.docxblondellchancy
4
Seeking an Effective Care Continuum
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
• Identify programs that address the health issues surrounding workplace accidents.
• Assess the need for a continuum of care that comprises a comprehensive approach to
health care for vulnerable populations.
• Identify the preventive care services available to vulnerable populations.
• Examine the treatment services available to vulnerable populations.
• Explain the options that vulnerable populations have for accessing long-term care.
Courtesy of Kurhan/Fotolia
bur25613_04_c04_111-148.indd 111 11/26/12 10:30 AM
CHAPTER 4
Critical Thinking
OSHA provides many programs to ensure workers’ health and safety. Is there a similar program for
health care elsewhere? If not, could OSHA be used as a model to create or redesign existing programs?
Introduction
Introduction
Workplace injuries, deaths, and work-related illnesses cost the United States approximately $693.5 billion a year (National Safety Council, 2009). The Occu-pational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), established in 1970,
ensures safe and healthy working conditions for men and women by setting standards
and providing training, outreach, and education. In other words, OSHA focuses on the
prevention of injuries by regulating the workplace.
In contrast, workers’ compensation programs, which are administered through the
Department of Labor, help workers who have already sustained a work-related injury or
an occupational disease. These programs focus on wage replacement, medical treatment,
and rehabilitation services coverage. Employers pay into the workers’ compensation
programs through companies that work to mitigate costs to insurance companies, called
insurance underwriters, or government programs to help cover these expenses. Although
paying into the national workers’ compensation program represents a significant expense
for employers, lost employee productivity is more costly. To minimize workers’ compen-
sation and lost productivity expenses, many employers have preventive workplace safety
programs that include educational sessions on safety and even posters with images and
safety messages to remind workers of best practices for safety. These preventive programs
aim to minimize risks both to the workers and the employers. Some of these programs
are available through OSHA, the national programs for workers’ compensation, or their
company insurance or liability underwriter.
Workplace safety programs and workers’ compensation programs provide a continuum
to address the health issues surrounding workplace accidents. From prevention to treat-
ment to rehabilitation to return-to-work, workplace safety and workers’ compensation
programs address the specific health care needs of America’s working population. This is
one example of the way a continuum of care works and how programs can work together
to create a continuum of care. E ...
A retrospective review of the Honduras AIN-C program guided by a community he...HFG Project
Factors that influence performance of community health workers (CHWs) delivering health services are not well understood. A recent logic model proposed categories of support from both health sector and communities influence CHW performance and program outcomes. This logic model has been used to review a growth monitoring program delivered by CHWs in Honduras, known as Atención Integral a la Niñez en la Comunidad (AIN-C). A retrospective review of AIN-C was conducted through a document desk review and supplemented with in-depth interviews. Documents were systematically coded using the categories from the logic model, and gaps were addressed through interviews. Authors reviewed coded data for each category to analyze program details and outcomes as well as identify potential issues and gaps in the logic model.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. CHAPTER OVERVIEW
(1 OF 3)
Identifies goals of governmental public health
Identifies the 10 essential services of public health
Describes basic features of local, state, and federal public health agencies in
the United States
3. CHAPTER OVERVIEW
(2 OF 3)
Identifies global public health organizations and agencies and describe their
basic roles
Identifies roles in public health for federal agencies not identified as health
agencies
4. CHAPTER OVERVIEW
(3 OF 3)
Illustrates the need for collaboration by governmental public health
agencies with other governmental and nongovernmental organizations
Describes approaches to connecting public health and the healthcare system
5. SCENARIOS: PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
AND SYSTEMS
(1 OF 5)
A young man in your dormitory is diagnosed with
tuberculosis. The health department works with the
student health service to test everyone in the dorm as
well as those in his classes with a TB skin test. Those
who are positive for the first time are advised to take
a course of a medicine called INH. You ask:
Is this standard operating procedure?
6. SCENARIOS: PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
AND SYSTEMS
(2 OF 5)
You go to a public health meeting and learn that
many of the speakers are not from public health
agencies but from the Departments of Labor,
Commerce, Housing, and Education. You ask:
What do these departments have to do with health?
7. SCENARIOS: PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
AND SYSTEMS
(3 OF 5)
You hear that a new childhood vaccine was
developed by NIH, approved by FDA, endorsed for
federal payment by the CDC, and recommended for
use by the American Academy of Pediatrics. You
ask:
Do all these agencies and organizations always work
so well together?
8. SCENARIOS: PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
AND SYSTEMS
(4 OF 5)
A major flood in Asia leads to disease and starvation.
Some say it is due to global warming, others to bad
luck. Coordinated efforts by global health agencies
assisted by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
and outside governmental donors help get the country
back on its feet. You ask:
What type of cooperation is needed to make all of this
happen?
9. SCENARIOS: PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
AND SYSTEMS
(5 OF 5)
A local community health center identifies childhood
obesity as a problem. They collect data demonstrating
that the problem begins as early as elementary school.
They develop a plan that includes clinical interventions at
the health center and at the elementary school. They ask
the health department to help them organize an
educational campaign and help evaluate the results.
Working together, they are able to reduce the obesity rate
among elementary school children by half. This seems
like a new way to practice public health you conclude.
What type of approach is this?
10. TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICES
(1 OF 10)
Essential
service
Meaning of essential
service Example
ASSESSMENT— Core function
1. Monitor health
status to identify
and solve
community
health problems.
This service includes accurate
diagnosis of the community’s health
status; identification of threats to
health and assessment of health
service needs; timely collection,
analysis, and publication of
information on access, utilization,
costs, and outcomes of personal
health services; attention to the vital
statistics and health status of
specific groups that are at a higher
risk than the total population; and
collaboration to manage integrated
information systems with private
providers and health benefit plans.
Vital statistics
health surveys
surveillance,
including reportable
diseases
11. TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICES
(2 OF 10)
Essential
service
Meaning of essential
service Example
ASSESSMENT— Core function
2. Diagnose and
investigate health
problems and
health hazards in
the community.
This service includes
epidemiologic identification of
emerging health threats; public
health laboratory capability
using modern technology to
conduct rapid screening and
high-volume testing; active
infectious disease epidemiology
programs; and technical capacity
for epidemiologic investigation
of disease outbreaks and patterns
of chronic disease and injury.
Epidemic
investigations
CDC–Epidemiology
Intelligence Service
State public health
laboratories
12. TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICES
(3 OF 10)
Essential
service
Meaning of essential
service Example
POLICY DEVELOPMENT— Core function
3. Inform, educate,
and empower
people about
health issues.
This service includes social
marketing and media
communications; providing
accessible health information
resources at community levels;
active collaboration with
personal healthcare providers to
reinforce health promotion
messages and programs; and
joint health education programs
with schools, churches, and
worksites.
Health education
campaigns, such as
comprehensive state
tobacco programs
13. TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICES
(4 OF 10)
Essential service Meaning of essential
service Example
POLICY DEVELOPMENT— Core function
4. Mobilize
community
partnerships and
action to identify
and solve health
problems.
This service includes convening
and facilitating community
groups and associations,
including those not typically
considered to be health related, in
undertaking defined preventive,
screening, rehabilitation, and
support programs; and skilled
coalition-building to draw on the
full range of potential human and
material resources in the case of
community health.
Lead control
programs: testing and
follow-up of
children, reduction of
lead exposure,
educational follow-
up, and addressing
underlying causes
14. TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICES
(5 OF 10)
Essential
service
Meaning of essential
service Example
POLICY DEVELOPMENT— Core function
5. Develop policies
and plans that
support
individual and
community
health efforts.
This service requires leadership
development at all levels of public
health; systematic community- and
state-level planning for health
improvement in all jurisdictions;
tracking of measurable health
objectives as a part of continuous
quality improvement strategies;
joint evaluation with the medical
healthcare system to define
consistent policy regarding
prevention and treatment services;
and development of codes,
regulations, and legislation to guide
public health practice.
Newborn screening
program for PKU
and other genetic and
congenital diseases
15. TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICES
(6 OF 10)
Essential service Meaning of essential
service
Example
ASSURANCE— Core function
6. Enforce laws and
regulations that
protect health and
ensure safety.
This service involves full
enforcement of sanitary codes,
especially in the food industry; full
protection of drinking water
supplies; enforcement of clean air
standards; timely follow-up of
hazards, preventable injuries, and
exposure-related diseases identified
in occupational and community
settings; monitoring quality of
medical services (e.g., laboratory,
nursing home, and home health
care); and timely review of new
drug, biological, and medical device
applications.
Local: Fluoridation
and chlorination of
water
State: Regulation of
nursing homes
Federal: FDA drug
approval and food
safety
16. TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICES
(7 OF 10)
Essential
service
Meaning of essential
service Example
ASSURANCE— Core function
7. Link people to
needed personal
health services
and ensure the
provision of
health care when
otherwise
unavailable.
This service (often referred to as
“outreach” or “enabling”
service) includes ensuring
effective entry for socially
disadvantaged people into a
coordinated system of clinical
care; culturally and
linguistically appropriate
materials and staff to ensure
linkage to services for special
population groups; ongoing
“care management”; and
transportation.
Community Health
Centers
17. TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICES
(8 OF 10)
Essential
service
Meaning of essential
service Example
ASSURANCE— Core function
8. Ensure the
provision of a
competent public
and personal
healthcare
workforce.
This service includes education and
training for personnel to meet the needs
for public and personal health services;
efficient processes for licensure of
professionals and certification of
facilities with regular verification and
inspection follow-up; adoption of
continuous quality improvement and
lifelong learning within all licensure and
certification programs; active
partnerships with professional training
programs to ensure community-relevant
learning experiences for all students;
and continuing education in
management and leadership
development programs for those
charged with administrative/executive
roles.
Licensure of
physicians, nurses,
and other health
professionals
18. TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH
SERVICES
(9 OF 10)
Essential
service
Meaning of essential
service Example
ASSURANCE— Core function
9. Evaluate
effectiveness,
accessibility,
and quality of
personal and
population-
based health
services.
This service calls for ongoing
evaluation of health
programs, based on analysis
of health status and service
utilization data, to assess
program effectiveness and to
provide information
necessary for allocating
resources and reshaping
programs.
Development of
evidence-based
recommendations
19. TEN ESSENTIAL PUBLIC
HEALTH SERVICES
(10 OF 10)
Essential
service
Meaning of essential
service Example
ALL THREE IOM— Core functions
10. Research for
new insights
and innovative
solutions to
health
problems
This service includes
continuous linkage with
appropriate institutions of
higher learning and research
and an internal capacity to
mount timely epidemiologic
and economic analyses and
conduct needed health
services research.
NIH, CDC,
AHRQ, other
federal agencies
20. KEY FEDERAL HEALTH AGENCIES OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES
(1 OF 7)
Agency Roles/Authority Examples of
structures/Activities
Centers for
Disease Control
and Prevention
(CDC)
and
Agency for
Toxic
Substances and
Disease
Registry
(ATSDR)
The lead agency for
prevention, health data,
epidemic investigation,
and public health measures
aimed at disease control
and prevention
The CDC administers
ATSDR, which works with
the Environmental
Protection Agency to
provide guidance on health
hazards of toxic exposures.
The CDC and ATSDR work
extensively with state and
local health departments.
The CDC’s Epidemiology
Intelligence Service (EIS)
functions domestically and
internationally at the request
of governments.
21. KEY FEDERAL HEALTH AGENCIES OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES
(2 OF 7)
Agency Roles/Authority Examples of
structures/Activities
National
Institutes of
Health (NIH)
Lead research agency; also
funds training programs and
communication of health
information to professional
community and the public
17 institutes in all—the largest
being the National Cancer
Institute. The National Library
of Medicine is part of NIH
Centers. The Centers include
the John E. Fogarty
International Center for
Advanced Study in the Health
Sciences.
NIH is the world’s largest
biomedical research enterprise
with intramural research at
NIH and extramural research
grants throughout the world.
22. KEY FEDERAL HEALTH AGENCIES OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES
(3 OF 7)
Agency Roles/Authority
Examples of
structures/Activities
Food and Drug
Administration
(FDA)
Consumer protection
agency with
authority for safety
of foods and safety
and efficacy of
drugs, vaccines, and
other medical and
public health
interventions
Divisions responsible
for food safety,
medical devices,
drug efficacy and
safety pre- and post-
approval
23. KEY FEDERAL HEALTH AGENCIES OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES
(4 OF 7)
Agency Roles/Authority
Examples of
structures/Activities
Health
Resources and
Services
Administration
(HRSA)
Seeks to ensure
equitable access to
comprehensive quality
health care
Funds community
health centers,
HIV/AIDS services,
scholarships for health
professional students
24. KEY FEDERAL HEALTH AGENCIES OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES
(5 OF 7)
Agency Roles/Authority
Examples of
structures/Activities
Agency for
Healthcare
Research and
Quality
(AHRQ)
Research agenda to
improve the outcomes
and quality of health
care, including patient
safety and access to
services
Supports U.S. Preventive
Services Task Force,
evidence-based medicine
research, and Guidelines
Clearinghouse
25. KEY FEDERAL HEALTH AGENCIES OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES
(6 OF 7)
Agency Roles/Authority
Examples of
structures/Activities
Substance
Abuse and
Mental Health
Services
Administration
(SAMHSA)
Works to improve
quality and
availability of
prevention,
treatment, and
rehabilitation for
substance abuse and
mental illness
Research, data
collection, and
funding of local
services
26. KEY FEDERAL HEALTH AGENCIES OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
SERVICES
(7 OF 7)
Agency Roles/Authority
Examples of
structures/Activities
Indian
Health
Services
(IHS)
Provides direct
health care and
public health
services to federally
recognized tribes
Services provided to
550 federally
recognized tribes in 35
states; only
comprehensive federal
responsibility for health
care, plus public health
services
27. GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS
(1 OF 4)
Type of
agency
Structure/
Governance Role(s) Limitations
World
Health
Organization
United Nations
Organization
Seven “regional”
semi-independent
components, e.g.,
Pan American
Health
Organization
covers North and
South America
Policy development,
e.g., tobacco treaty,
epidemic control
policies
Coordination of
services, e.g., SARS
control, vaccine
development
Data collection and
standardization, e.g.,
measures of healthcare
quality, measures of
health status
Limited ability
to enforce
global
recommendations,
limited funding,
and complex
international
administration
28. GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS
(2 OF 4)
Type of
agency
Structure/
Governance Role(s) Limitations
Other UN
agencies with
focused agenda
UNICEF
UNAIDS
Focus on
childhood
vaccinations
Focus on AIDS
Limited
agendas and
limited
financing
29. GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS
(3 OF 4)
Type of agency Structure/
Governance Role(s) Limitations
International
financing
organizations
The World Bank
Other multilateral
regional banks, e.g.,
InterAmerican and
Asian Development
Banks
World Bank is
largest international
funder; increasingly
supports “human
capital” projects and
reform of healthcare
delivery systems and
population and
nutrition efforts;
provides funding and
technical assistance
primarily as loans
Criticized for
standardized
approach with
few local
modifications
30. GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS
(4 OF 4)
Type of agency Structure/
Governance Role(s) Limitations
Bilateral
governmental aid
organizations
USAID;
many other
developed
countries have their
own organizations
and contribute a
higher percentage
of their gross
domestic product to
those agencies than
does the United
States
Often focused on
specific countries
and specific types
of programs, such
as the United
States’ focus on
HIV/AIDS, and
maternal and child
health
May be tied to
domestic
politics and
global
economic,
political, or
military
agendas
31. THE SIX SEQUENTIAL STEPS OF
COMMUNITY-ORIENTED PRIMARY
CARE (COPC)
(1 OF 2)
Steps in the COPC
process Questions to ask
1. Community
definition
How is the community defined based on
geography, institutional affiliation, or other
common characteristics, e.g., use of an Internet
site?
2. Community
characterization
What are the demographic and health
characteristics of the community and what are
its health issues?
3. Prioritization What are the most important health issues
facing the community and how should they be
prioritized based on objective data and
perceived need?
32. THE SIX SEQUENTIAL STEPS OF
COMMUNITY-ORIENTED PRIMARY
CARE (COPC)
(2 OF 2)
Steps in the COPC
process Questions to ask
4. Detailed assessment of
the selected health
problem
What are the most effective and efficient
interventions for addressing the selected health
problem based on an evidence-based
assessment?
5. Intervention What strategies will be used to implement the
intervention?
6. Evaluation How can the success of the intervention be
evaluated?
33. ESSENTIAL PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES AND INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE’S CORE
FUNCTIONS
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). The public health system & the 10 essential public health services. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/stltpublichealth/publichealthservices/essentialhealthservices.html
34. FRAMEWORK FOR VIEWING GOVERNMENTAL PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCIES AND THEIR COMPLICATED
CONNECTIONS
36. CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Describes the meaning and importance of the
“no-duty-to-treat” principle
Explains generally how the U.S. approach to health
rights differs from that of other high-income
countries
Describes the types and limitations of individual legal
rights associated with health care
Describes the balancing approach taken when
weighing individual rights against the public’s health
37. BACKGROUND
“No-duty-to-treat” principle
Individuals have no legal right to health care services or
to public health insurance
No general legal duty to provide care for health care
providers
38. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND
HEALTH CARE:
A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
United States is one of the only high-income
nations that does not guarantee health care
as a fundamental right.
Some two-thirds of constitutions worldwide
address health or health care.
Including language respecting health rights
in a constitution does not guarantee that the
right will be recognized or enforced.
39. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND THE
HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
(1 OF 3)
Healthcare rights categorized in three ways:
1. Rights related to receiving services explicitly provided under health
care, health financing, or health insurance laws
For example, rights under EMTALA, Medicaid, or the Affordable
Care Act (ACA)
40. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND THE
HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
(2 OF 3)
2. Rights concerning freedom of choice and freedom from government
interference when making health care decisions
One of the most important healthcare rights is the right of
individual patients to make informed decisions about the scope
and course of their own care. This includes the right to refuse
treatment.
41. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND THE
HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
(3 OF 3)
3. The right to be free from unlawful discrimination when accessing or
receiving health care
Discrimination in health care can occur on the basis of
race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, disability, age, and gender.
42. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS IN A
PUBLIC HEALTH CONTEXT
(1 OF 3)
One simple way to think about individual rights in a public health
context is to use a balancing approach—what might the appropriate
legal trade-offs be between private rights and public health and
welfare?
43. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS IN A
PUBLIC HEALTH CONTEXT
(2 OF 3)
Police powers
Represent government authority to require individual conformance with
established standards of conduct
Standards are designed to promote and protect the public’s health,
safety, and welfare, and to permit government control of personal,
corporate, and other private interests.
44. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS IN A
PUBLIC HEALTH CONTEXT
(3 OF 3)
Prevailing view is that the Constitution empowers
government to act in the name of public health but
does not require it to do so.
This interpretation refers to what is known as the
“negative constitution”—the idea that the
Constitution does not require government to provide
any services, public health or otherwise.
This approach to constitutional law derives from the
fact that the Constitution is phrased mainly in
negative terms.