S9 c impl_ethics
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Ethics deals with what is good for individuals and society by establishing obligations and duties between people. It judges behaviors as right or wrong based on the motives and outcomes of actions, following principles like honesty and doing unto others as you would have them do unto you. While laws influence some professions, many ethical issues cannot be settled in courts and what is ethical is sometimes independent of legality. Ethical standards may conflict with existing laws, and there are no absolute ways to resolve all ethical dilemmas.
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INTRODUCTION THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decisio.docx
INTRODUCTION:
THINKING ETHICALLY A Framework for Moral Decision Making
***This article updates several previous pieces from Issues in Ethics by Manuel Velasquez - Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics at Santa Clara University and former Center director - and Claire Andre, associate Center director. "Thinking Ethically" is based on a framework developed by the authors in collaboration with Center Director Thomas Shanks, S.J., Presidential Professor of Ethics and the Common Good Michael J. Meyer, and others. The framework is used as the basis for many programs and presentations at the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics.
TAKEN FROM: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/framework.html
Moral issues greet us each morning in the newspaper, confront us in the memos on our desks, nag us from our children's soccer fields, and bid us good night on the evening news. We are bombarded daily with questions about the justice of our foreign policy, the morality of medical technologies that can prolong our lives, the rights of animals or perhaps the fairness of our children's teachers dealing with diverse students in their classrooms.
Dealing with these moral issues is often perplexing. How, exactly, should we think through an ethical issue? What questions should we ask? What factors should we consider?
WHAT IS ETHICS?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
According to The National Institute of Health: “Ethics seeks to determine what a person should do, or the best course of action, and provides reasons why. It also helps people decide how to behave and treat one another, and what kinds of communities would be good to live in.”
“Bioethics is a subfield of ethics that explores ethical questions related to the life sciences. Bioethical analysis helps people make decisions about their behavior and about policy questions that governments, organizations, and communities must face when they consider how best to use new biomedical knowledge and innovation”.
WHAT ETHICS IS NOT:
• Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
• Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it..
A Framework for Thinking EthicallyThis document is designed as a.docx
A Framework for Thinking Ethically
This document is designed as an introduction to thinking ethically. We all have an image of our better selves-of how we are when we act ethically or are "at our best." We probably also have an image of what an ethical community, an ethical business, an ethical government, or an ethical society should be. Ethics really has to do with all these levels-acting ethically as individuals, creating ethical organizations and governments, and making our society as a whole ethical in the way it treats everyone.What is Ethics?
Simply stated, ethics refers to standards of behavior that tell us how human beings ought to act in the many situations in which they find themselves-as friends, parents, children, citizens, businesspeople, teachers, professionals, and so on.
It is helpful to identify what ethics is NOT:
· Ethics is not the same as feelings. Feelings provide important information for our ethical choices. Some people have highly developed habits that make them feel bad when they do something wrong, but many people feel good even though they are doing something wrong. And often our feelings will tell us it is uncomfortable to do the right thing if it is hard.
· Ethics is not religion. Many people are not religious, but ethics applies to everyone. Most religions do advocate high ethical standards but sometimes do not address all the types of problems we face.
· Ethics is not following the law. A good system of law does incorporate many ethical standards, but law can deviate from what is ethical. Law can become ethically corrupt, as some totalitarian regimes have made it. Law can be a function of power alone and designed to serve the interests of narrow groups. Law may have a difficult time designing or enforcing standards in some important areas, and may be slow to address new problems.
· Ethics is not following culturally accepted norms. Some cultures are quite ethical, but others become corrupt -or blind to certain ethical concerns (as the United States was to slavery before the Civil War). "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" is not a satisfactory ethical standard.
· Ethics is not science. Social and natural science can provide important data to help us make better ethical choices. But science alone does not tell us what we ought to do. Science may provide an explanation for what humans are like. But ethics provides reasons for how humans ought to act. And just because something is scientifically or technologically possible, it may not be ethical to do it.
Why Identifying Ethical Standards is Hard
There are two fundamental problems in identifying the ethical standards we are to follow:
1. On what do we base our ethical standards?
2. How do those standards get applied to specific situations we face?
If our ethics are not based on feelings, religion, law, accepted social practice, or science, what are they based on? Many philosophers and ethicists have helped us answer this critical question. They have suggested .
Ethical traditions
Ethics refers to standards of right and wrong that prescribe how humans should act. These standards are based on virtues like honesty and compassion, as well as rights and obligations. Ethics also involves studying and examining one's moral beliefs and actions. There are several approaches to determining ethical standards, including considering the consequences of actions (utilitarianism), respecting individual rights, fairness and justice, the common good of society, and virtues of good character. While these approaches don't always agree, together they provide a framework for ethical decision making.
The biggest corporation, like the humblest citiz.docx
“The biggest corporation, like the humblest citizen, must be held to strict compliance with the will of the people.”
--Theodore Roosevelt
Ethics:
The values an individual uses to interpret whether any particular action or behavior is considered acceptable or appropriate.
The social rules that govern & limit our conduct, especially the ultimate rules concerning right and wrong.
The basic guidelines for cooperative social existence.
Serves to restrain the purely self-interested desires in each of us in order to make it possible for all of us to live together.
The collective values of a business organization that can be used to evaluate whether the behavior of the collective members of the organization are considered acceptable and appropriate.
Business Ethics:
Moral/Ethical problems in business:
a conflict between financial performance (revenues, costs, & profits) and social performance (obligations to all stakeholders).
Ethical standards get confused with:
Law
Etiquette
Conscience
Corporate/Professional codes
Religion
Moral or Ethical Perspectives:
Moral RelativismMoral UniversalismMoral Perspecivalism
Moral Relativism:
The belief that morality is just a function of what a particular society happens to believe, that what is right is determined by what a society says is right.
e.g. abortion is condemned as immoral in Catholic Spain, but is practiced
as a morally neutral form of birth control in Japan.
Moral relativists believe that there is no absolute moral standard, no universal definition of right or wrong.
e.g. polygamy, stealing, slavery have all been tolerated by the moral system
of one society or another
Moral Relativism Presents some unpleasant implications:
1. it undermines any moral criticism of the practices of other
societies as long as their actions conform to their own standards
e.g. can't say that slavery in the American South was immoral as long as
that society allowed it to be morally permissible
2. the concept of ethical progress does not exist
e.g. can't say that our moral standards today are more enlightened
than those in the Middle Ages
Moral Universalism: In contrast, is the belief that variations in moral standards reflect different factual circumstances rather than fundamental differences in values.
Which is right??
It is good to emphasize that in viewing other cultures we should keep an open mind and not simply dismiss their social practices.
Moral Perspectivalism:
Compromise position is between moral relativism and universalism.the consideration of multiple perspectives while at the same time asserting universal truths.through examination of a variety of perspectives, one might be able to come closer to the ideal moral standards toward which to strive.
Ethical Theories:
There are many, many ethical theories, or in other words, ethical frameworks through which we can examine and attempt to understand an ethical dilemma. In the following ...
Ethics classroom guidance
The document discusses the importance of ethics and integrity in leadership. It defines ethics as a system that guides proper conduct and values. It also discusses key ethics concepts like morality, values, integrity, character, and laws. The document presents an ethical decision making model and analyzes the famous Ford Pinto case as an example of an ethical dilemma around prioritizing profits over safety.
General ethics an introduction final 2003
This is a class lecture note in ppt which is prepared with the help of other renowned writers of the world.
LESSON 1.pptx
This document provides an overview of ethics and discusses ethics in business and information technology. It defines ethics as a set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior within a society. Various philosophical approaches to ethics are described, including virtue ethics, deontology, utilitarianism, and situation ethics. The document also notes that business ethics has become increasingly important due to greater globalization and economic pressures. It discusses the concept of corporate social responsibility and provides approaches for making ethical decisions. Finally, it covers some common ethical issues that arise with information technology.
Notes for exam 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in morality, ethical theory, and approaches to studying ethics. It discusses the distinction between morality and ethical theory, as well as morality and prudence. It introduces utilitarianism and Kantian ethical theories. It also covers additional topics like relativism, moral disagreements, and the problems with egoism. The document aims to define important terminology and explore different perspectives in ethics through examples and discussions of prominent philosophers.
Ethical issues in biotechnology
Ethical issues in biotechnology and related areas.
For soft copy of this document please feel free to contact us on info@biotechsupportbase.com or snjogdand@gmail.com
Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholderI Morals & Ethical Pri.docx
Weeks 5 & 6 – YOU as a stakeholder
I Morals & Ethical Principles
II Ethical Decision Making in Business
(Why good people do bad things)
Greg Smith
Choice of
Ethical
Perspective
Morality:
The social rules that govern & limit our conduct, especially the ultimate rules concerning right and wrong.
The basic guidelines for cooperative social existence.
Serves to restrain the purely self-interested desires in each of us in order to make it possible for all of us to live together.
When we make a decision or take an action we can be:
Moral - in compliance with moral standards
key operating questions of management is "is this action or decision fair to us and all stakeholders involved?"
Immoral - in opposition to moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision regardless of what it takes?"
Amoral - without consideration of moral standards
key operating question of management is "can we make money with this action or decision?"
Nonmoral - outside the sphere of moral concern
Moral standards get confused with:
Law Etiquette
Conscience
Corporate/Professional Codes
Religion
Moral Relativism:
The belief that morality is just a function of what a particular society happens to believe, that what is right is determined by what a society says is right.
abortion is condemned as immoral in Catholic Spain, but is practiced as a morally neutral form of birth control in Japan
Moral relativists believe that there is no absolute moral standard independent of culture, no universal definition of right or wrong.
polygamy, stealing, slavery have all been tolerated by the moral system of one society or another
Moral Universalism is the belief that variations in moral standards reflect different factual circumstances rather than fundamental differences in values.
Which is right?
It is good to emphasize that in viewing other cultures we should keep
an open mind and not simply dismiss their social practices.
Compromise position is Moral Perspectivalism,
the consideration of multiple perspectives while at the same time asserting universal truths.
Kohlberg’s Levels of Moral Development
*
1. Preconventional Level:
- how we behave as infants & children
- emphasis in decisions is on ourselves
Stage 1 - Reaction to punishment - pain avoidance
Stage 2 - Seeking of rewards - praise, candy, trip to a movie
2. Conventional Level:
- child learns the importance of conforming to norms of society
Stage 3 - Good boy/nice girl morality - rewards such as feelings of warmth, loyalty acceptance from family & peers
Stage 4 - Law and order morality - certain norms are expected in society - individual sees himself as part of a larger social system
3. Postconventional Level:
- a more advanced notion of right or wrong than that which is conventionally articulated
- moral principles are internalized, seen as "right"
- focus is on humanity as a whole
- f.
Ethics
The document discusses different views of what ethics means and settles on two key definitions. First, ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe human behavior in terms of rights, obligations, virtues, and benefits to society. Second, ethics refers to continually studying and developing one's moral standards and examining whether institutions align with reasonable, well-founded principles. It notes feelings, laws, and social norms can deviate from ethics, so self-examination is needed.
Ethical theories
The document outlines several major ethical theories: consequentialist theories like utilitarianism which focus on producing the greatest good for the greatest number; deontological/duty-based theories like Kantianism which emphasize adherence to moral rules and duties; social contract theories which view morality as arising from implicit agreements between individuals; and virtue ethics which focuses on developing good moral character. Each theory is discussed in terms of its core principles, examples of how it applies to moral dilemmas, and potential strengths and weaknesses.
Ethics IIIrd sem MBA
This document discusses business ethics, including definitions, key elements, importance, and how businesses can implement ethics. It defines business ethics as the study and examination of moral and social responsibility in business practices and decision-making. A proper ethics framework requires standards of right and wrong that prescribe obligations to stakeholders. Business ethics are important to protect consumer rights, ensure social responsibility, and maintain good relationships with society. Businesses should implement ethics through codes of conduct, separating ownership from management, and recognizing that ethical practices can be profitable in the long run.
Lecture on koma bia free kege yar 1-1.pptx
This document provides information about a course on Professional Practices in IT. It discusses:
- The course code, name, and objective to make students aware of their professional responsibilities in the IT sector.
- The marks distribution including assignments, quizzes, presentations, class participation, midterm and final exams.
- Course learning outcomes such as evaluating ethical decisions, professional codes of ethics, and the impact of technology on privacy and social interaction.
- Recommended resources on ethics in information technology.
- An assignment on plagiarism including defining it, how to avoid it, and penalties.
Ethics Essay
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Importance Of Ethics Essay
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Sources of Ethics
Ethics in Science Essay
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Analysis of bioethical issues
This document discusses bioethical issues and ethical methodology. It defines bioethics as the study of ethical issues arising in medicine and life sciences concerning human life. Some key bioethical issues discussed include abortion, cloning, euthanasia, and assisted suicide. The document also outlines standards for ethical methodology including impartiality, fairness, comprehensiveness, and universality. It then discusses deontological ethical methods focused on duty and obligation over consequences, such as legalism, deontologism, and legal positivism.
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