Social and preventive pahrmacy

1. IMPROVEMENT IN RURAL SANITATION
INTRODUCTION
• Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact
with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of Sewage &
wastewater.
• Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease.
• Individual Health and hygiene are largely dependent on adequate availability of drinking
water and proper sanitation. There is, therefore, a direct relationship between water,
sanitation and health.
• Improper disposal of human excreta, improper environmental sanitation and lack of
personal and food hygiene have been major causes of many diseases in developing
countries Like INDIA.
• It was in this context that the Central Rural Sanitation Program (CRSP) was launched in
1986 primarily with the objective of improving the quality of life of the rural people and
also to provide privacy and dignity to women.
CONCEPT OF SANITATION AND HYGIENE
• The concept of sanitation was earlier limited to disposal of human excreta by open ditches,
pit latrines, bucket system etc.
• The concept of sanitation was expanded to include personal hygiene, home sanitation, safe
water, garbage disposal, excreta disposal and waste water disposal etc.
• Today it connotes a comprehensive concept, which includes liquid and solid waste
disposal, food hygiene, personal, domestic as well as environmental hygiene.
WHY SANITATION AND HYGIENE?
• 25 lakhs diarrhea deaths globally & 6 lakhs in India alone.
• 60,000 roundworm, 65,000 hookworm deaths
• 70% of Indian population resides in rural areas. 67% of rural households defecate in the
open.
• More than 1600 children under the age of 5 die daily due to diarrhea and other sanitation
related preventable diseases
• Contamination by human excrement puts at risk both toilet users as well as non toilet users.
• Rural India being the main producers of food, about 100,000 tons of excrement heads to
markets everyday on fruits and vegetables.
• Women and adolescent girls exposed to risks of assault.
• Each gram of feces in an open field contains 10 million viruses, 1 million bacteria and
1,000 parasite cysts.
WHY RURAL SANITATION?
• The concept of sanitation broadly includes liquid and solid waste disposal, personal and
food related hygiene and domestic as well as environmental hygiene.
• Most of the people still defecate in the open space, most of the villages lack waste disposal
and drainage systems and many in the villages are ignorant about the consequences of poor

2. sanitation and unhygienic conditions. As a result, many people suffer and even die of
diseases caused by unhealthy practices of personal and environmental hygiene.
IMPACTS OF POOR SANITATION
Sanitation and Health:
• Open defecation plays a primary role in polluting water sources (both under and over
ground) exposing communities dependent on these sources to several health hazards.
It is also responsible for spread of air and vectors borne disease.
Sanitation and Women:
• Practice of open defecation exposes women to risks of sexual assault. Women often
wait for darkness to descend before venturing out to relieve themselves. Holding in for
long periods causes diseases and adversely impacts health.
Sanitation and Education:
• Girls are reluctant to attend school, and parents are disinclined to send them, if there
are no safe, private toilets for them. Many girls are forced to miss class during their
menstrual cycle.
Sanitation and Productivity:
• The economic deprivation of the urban poor increases manifold when healthcare
expenses and the cost of lost potential due to sickness arising from inadequate
sanitation is added.
VISION OF GOVT. OF INDIA
• All Indian cities become totally sanitized, healthy & live able ensure good public health &
environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygiene and affordable
Sanitation facilities for poor.
MEASURES TO IMPROVE SANITATION IN RURALAREAS
The Environmental Hygiene Committee, 1948. Recommended that 90 percent of the
country's population should be covered with water supply and sanitation facilities within a
period of forty years for which the national program was to be initiated.
Introduction of sanitation program in the health sector, 1954
National Water Supply and Sanitation Program
• The Government launched the program as part of the First Five Year Plan (1951-56).
• The first five-year plan had a provision of Rs. 6 crores for rural water supply and
sanitation program.
• It was envisaged that 25 percent of rural population would be provided with sanitation
facilities by the end of the seventh five-year plan period.
• Transfer of Rural Sanitation Program to the Department of Rural Development from
the ministry of urban development, 1985.
Program to construct one million sanitary latrines in houses of SC/ST, 1986
• Program was launched under Indira Awaas Yojana and to provide 2,50,000 additional
latrines to health centers, schools, Panchayat Ghars and Anganwadis under NREP (Nat.
Rural Employment Prog.) and RLEGP (Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Prog).
• Rural sanitation was included under the Minimum Needs Program (MNP) in 1987.
CENTRAL RURAL SANITATION PROGRAMME (CRSP)

3. A centrally sponsored Rural Sanitation Program, launched in 1986. The CRSP is
implemented in different states and union territories for improving sanitation facilities
through construction of sanitary latrines for individual households.
The program provided 100% percent subsidy for construction of latrines for SCS/STs and
landless laborer’s and subsidy as per the rates prevailing in the states for the general public.
Objectives (CRSP)
• To improve the quality of life of the rural people and provide privacy and dignity to
women.
• To provide sanitary latrines to the SCS/STS, landless laborer’s and people living below
poverty line.
• To provide clean, healthy and environmentally acceptable disposal of excreta with a
view to create good sanitation and consequent improved health standards.
Activities
• The important components of this program are Information, Education and
Communication (IEC), which raise the demand for sanitary facilities in rural areas for
households, schools, Anganwadi’s, Bal wadies, and women complexes.
• Activities carried out under these components should be area specific and should also
involve all sections of rural population in a manner to generate willingness among the
people to construct latrines.
TOTAL SANITATION CAMPAIGN (TSC)
Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) was launched after restructuring Central Rural Sanitation
Program and initiated on 1st April 1999 under sector reform process and is operational in
451 districts.
Component (TSC)
• Construction of household latrines.
• Construction of sanitary complex for women.
• Toilets for schools.
• Toilets for Baladi/Anganwadi etc.
• Funds are being provided for Start-Up Activities, Information, Education and
Communication and Administrative Charges.
Objectives (TSC)
• 1)To improve the general quality of life in rural areas,
• 2) To accelerate maximum sanitation coverage in rural areas,
• 3) To generate felt need for sanitation facilities by creating awareness and
• imparting health education,
• 4) To provide sanitation facilities in schools/Anganwadi’s of rural areas and
• promote hygiene education and sanitary habits among students,
• 5) To encourage cost-effective and appropriate technologies in sanitation,
• 6) To eliminate open defecation to lower the risk of contaminating drinking
• water sources and food, and
• 7) To convert dry latrines to pour-flush latrines, and eliminate manual

4. • scavenging practice in rural areas.
Features (TSC)
• Greater household involvement and participation.
• Technology options as per choice of beneficiary households.
• Stress on Information, Education and Communication (IEC) as part of the campaign.
• Emphasis on school sanitation, women sanitary complexes.
• Integrating with various rural development program.
• Involvement of NGOs and local groups.
• Promoting access to institutional finance and social marketing concept.
NIRMAL GRAM PURUSKAR
• 2003-Nirmal Gram Puruskar, reward for 100% sanitation.
• In October 2003, elected local representatives of Gram Panchayats were involved to
promote collective community action through sanitation. Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP)
was instituted for this purpose.
• NGP awards were given to districts, blocks, and Gram Panchayats that have achieved 100
per cent sanitation coverage of individual households, 100 per cent school sanitation
coverage and free from open defecation and clean environment.
• In this, an amount ranging from 50,000 to 5,00,000 is given.
• On 24 February, 2005, former President of India, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam gave away NGP
awards 40 Gram Panchayats from six States for open defecation free status.
NIRMAL BHARAT ABHIYAN
• Total Sanitation Campaign closed in 2012 after striving for 13 years in achieving universal
rural sanitation coverage.
• 2012 - Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, community led and people centered approach: IEC; solid
and liquid waste management.
• NBA program has been initiated with a clear-cut strategy to make grassroots institutions as
focal points and integrate planning and implementation of sanitation.
• To create awareness, Brand Ambassadors are identified to undertake nation wide
campaigns on water, sanitation and hygiene issues.
VISION OF NBA
• Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas.
• Motivate communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions promoting sustainable sanitation
facilities through awareness creation and health education.
• Develop community managed environmental sanitation systems focusing on solid & liquid
waste management for overall cleanliness in the rural areas.
SWACHH BHARAT MISSION
• Bharat Abhiyan abbreviated as SBA or SBM, is a national campaign by the Government
of India, covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns, to clean the streets, roads and
infrastructure of the country.
• The campaign was officially launched on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi, by Prime
Minister Narendra Modi.

5. • It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million government employees and school
and college students of India participated in this event.
• SBM aims to eradicate open defecation by 2019, thus restructuring the Nirmal Bharat
Abhiyan, by constructing 12 crores toilets in rural India, at a projected cost of 1.96 lakh
crore.
• The program has also received funding and technical support from the World Bank,
corporations as part of corporate social responsibility initiatives, and by state governments
under the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan and Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan schemes.
• An amount of 90 billion was allocated for the mission in 2016 Union budget of India.
• Government and the World Bank signed a US$1.5 billion loan agreement on 30 March
2016 for the Swachh Bharat Mission to support India's universal sanitation initiative.
• "Swachch Bharat Swachch Vidhalaya" campaign was launched by Smriti Irani, Minister
of Human Resource Development.
• REFERENCES