Running head EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK STUDY LITERATURE REVIEW.docx

Running head: EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK STUDY
LITERATURE REVIEW
1
EVERGLADES NATIONAL PARK STUDY LITERATURE
REVIEW
10
Everglades National Park Study Literature Review
Shadelly Guzman
West Coast University
Everglades National Park Literature Review
Introduction
The Everglades national Park is one of the largest National
parks in the United States. It is situated in Florida and plays the
role of protecting the southern 20 percent of the well-
recognized original Everglades. It is also the largest tropical
wilderness in the United States. The park is visited by
approximately one million individuals as tourists who enjoy the
large number of features and beautiful views that the park
provides, from the natural features to the large variety of
animals that wildly exist in the park. This park is ranked third
largest national park, when considering only the lower 48 states,
after Death Valley and Yellowstone (Ogden, 2011). Another
unique aspect of the park is that it is among the only three main
national parks in the world to be declared in the categories of
World Heritage Site, Biosphere Reserve and Wetland of
International importance. The park is however, currently facing
significant challenges in its existence, due to significant
changes that occur on a daily basis. In this section, a review of
other literal sources is carried out, to determine the existing

correlation between the animal life and the water in this park.
The paper is stratified into two main sections, the scientific
section and the cultural section. Each one of these sections is
essential in understanding the topic (Stewart, 2013).
Scientific
A large number of authors that evaluate the Everglades National
park have evaluated the scientific aspects that clearly describe
the existing relationship between the water of the park and the
animals whose habitat is the park. Scientifically, living
organisms with animals included move to regions that have
favorable environmental conditions for their existence. This
implies that for a long time, even before the park was
established and officially made a permanent home for the
animals, many animals had been attracted to the region because
of its original environment which they considered to be
beneficial and effective for their existence. Being a wetland,
many animals that are highly comfortable with these regions are
currently successful and in preference of the region. They rely
on these foods and environment to survive (Scholz, 2015).
With clarity and understanding of the facts that the Everglades
National park has significantly important vegetation that plays a
major role in making sure that the large numbers of organisms
that rely on them survive, the need to ensure that the vegetation
remains in its current productive and beneficial state is
paramount. Perry (2008) explain that the government and
national park preservation agencies involve in the activities of
vegetation treatment, aimed at making sure that the vegetation
of the park remains in the state that is beneficial to the animals
relying on it to survive (Kraehmer, 2009). Earlier when more
land was allowed to remain natural, the forest lands extended to
large areas and thus animals did not have significant challenges
when some parts of the regions did not remain productive. They
simply decided to migrate to other regions with better
conditions. With the significant development that has been
currently taking place, however, a large number of forest

regions have been cleared for the purposes of urbanization and
clearing of bushes. With this regard, animals are currently not
able to migrate to other regions. There is therefore the need to
ensure that the available and reserved regions are beneficial and
capable of sustaining the large number of organisms living in
the region (Knotts, 2018).
The scientific explanation of habits of the living organisms that
reside in the everglades National park reveals that these
organisms completely relies on each other to complete their
eco-system and completely avoid the extinction of any single
species residing in these regions. Infestations and vegetation
diseases have however been significant challenges to the forest
conversation agencies and the national park conservation
authorities, since they have the mandate of formulating
strategies that they can use to combat these forest negative
conditions (Kalman, 2014). The main challenge is brought by
the fact that the Everglades National Park has a significantly
large area with massive vegetation. According to Repanshek
(2017), when there is a vegetation disease, the spread of such
diseases take place fast, mostly because they are easily
transmitted from one plant to another by insects of even pollen
grains which are moved by mediums like wind. With this regard
it becomes difficult to control such vegetation issues, and when
they occur, they become responsible for the death of a large
number of living organisms, which could have however been
avoided with the implementation and utilization of other means
and methods of plant conservation methods (Knotts, 2018).
Another essential and highly important challenge that a large
number of plants and methods require to implement is establish
effective strategies that are essentially important and capable of
making sure that information is highly beneficial and effective
in the process of making sure that information is obtained in a
highly beneficial way. One of the main causes to significant
challenges in the ecosystem of this par is human activities.
Centuries ago, the ecosystem was much more preserved in a
much better way, compared to the current condition that the

park is currently in (Kraehmer, 2009). The many changes that
have occurred are mainly from the many human activities that
have increasingly impacted the environmental condition of the
park. A good example of these large numbers of changes is the
sugarcane companies that are currently involved in the activities
of farming sugarcanes for sugar. These companies are located
near the park. To begin with, they drain farming water from the
park, thus significantly impacting the large number of
organisms, which reside in the park (Jose, 2016).
Draining water from the park impacts many organisms in the
park, which relies on that water. The water plays a major part in
the ecosystem of the park. To begin with, organisms like
crocodiles, fish and other salty water organisms depend on that
water to survive. Within the same plants, a large number of
other animals rely on these organisms from the water to survive
in the park. A good example is the fish eating birds that eat fish
from the water among other organisms. The change that these
organizations cause to the park thus impacts the park in a
significant way (Doyle, 2012). After draining water from the
park, the companies also play a major role in polluting the park
through fertilizers and other chemicals, which pollute the water.
Like draining it, polluting water is another significant challenge
that causes significant problems to the ecosystem of the park.
Since many organisms rely on the water in the wetlands, when
that water is polluted, significant problems occur which cause
major problems to the ecosystem and to a number of species
whose number reduce significantly due to the spoilt water
(Douglas, 2017).
Cultural
In this section the cultural aspect and their impact on how they
affect the existing relationship between the Everglades national
park’s animals and the water or ecosystem is evaluated. A large
number of authors explain effectively the many impactful
aspects that clearly link the cultural aspects of this region and

the ecosystem of the place. The first main cultural aspect that
significantly impacts the park and the animals residing within it
is the aspect of urbanization. Recently, there has been a
significant need for development of towns and settlement
places, which has caused many individuals to consider the
involvement in certain unfortunate and unexpected actions of
clearing the Park Forest in order to farm in the land, build
towns and even use the trees as raw materials for involvement
in other activities. This challenge has been a significant
problem to the park, and a major cause to the massive reduction
of the park (Deszcz-Pan, 2012).
According to Jones (2014), massive reduction of the park area
has been witnessed within the previous decade. An individual
that had managed to visit the park a decade ago can clearly
notice the difference caused by these negative and significant
changes that have occurred. There is therefore the need to
ensure that strategies have been established, in which the land
of the park will be maintained and people will be warned
completely from using resources of the park to benefit
themselves (Davis, 2010). The park authorities have established
strategies that are aimed at protecting the park from the
negative impact caused by their surrounding human activities
taking place within the park of on a daily basis. The major
challenge to these activities are mainly resources in terms of the
man power to cover the massive areas of the park, effective
strategies of operation and the required physical resources like
disinfectants and chemicals to maintain the vegetation in its
initial state that is beneficial and preferred by the animals that
have it as a habitat (Coffey, 2008).
Douglas (2017) explain that due to these among many other
challenges, the park is only able to protect about a quarter of
the park and thus the rest of the largest sections of the park is
vulnerable to the many human resource and cultural activities
that occur on a daily basis. The significant reduction of
resources to protect the park makes the park authorities less
capable of protecting the whole park. These occurrences have

resulted in the park being enlisted among the many parks that
are currently endangered, despite its being a home to many
endangered species of animals like the Florida panther
crocodiles. A large number of numerous activities from the
people and societies surrounding the park are the attributing
causes that have resulted to these challenges (Carr, 2016).
The first activity that has caused major challenges and
extinction of species within this park is hunting. A number of
poachers have been involving in poaching activities within the
regions of the park, which the park authorities have lacked the
ability to protect. In their activities, they involve in activities of
killing animals that reside in the park like crocodiles, which are
considered to be beneficial in many ways. These individuals
also involve in actions of cutting trees and spoiling the water.
All these activities are a significant and major causes to the
negative impact that the animals in this park face. The activities
have made a significant contribution to the endangerment of the
park animals residing in the area. A large number of species of
animals in the park are currently in danger of extinction, since
most of their original habitats have been significantly altered by
human activities.
The section of the park that the park authorities manage to
protect also has a large number of animals. To this section, the
parks manage to make sure that all the animals are protected
from poachers. It also ensures that the vegetation, which plays a
major role in maintaining the region in its original state is well
maintained and protected from any form of natural negativities
that may result in its destruction. Despite this reason, however,
it still becomes extremely difficult for the park to manage
protecting the region from other occurrences that happen in its
surroundings. The park authorities can for example not manage
to protect the park from natural occurrences like draught or
communicable diseases. Due to this reason, the whole park is in
danger of most of its indigenous animals becoming extinct and
losing a large number of animals in the process (Ake, 2015).
Another danger causing aspect of this pack is the challenge of

new species, which have been introduced in the pack. In the
attempt to increase the variety of species that exists in this
pack, the government has introduced a number of new species
into this pack. While this action was introduced in this region
with good intention, it has also increased the dangers of having
the indigenous and rare species initially existing in the park
extinct. This is because the newly introduced species, which
however exist in many other regions also compete with these
other species for food and resources (Repanshek, 2017). This
competition has resulted in a large number of the indigenous
species being defeated in competition and not managing to
survive within the ecosystem. Despite the many challenges, the
park has however still managed to maintain the current species
in the park and remain ranked among the largest parks in the
United States that are home of the endangered animal species
(Adams, 2015).
Despite the many efforts that the organization has been making,
making a few more changes could be more beneficial and it
could help the organization manage to protect more of the park
in a much better way. Coffey (2008) explain that the first
important change that should be made is soliciting for more
funds in order to ensure that the park authorities have the
ability to protect the rest of the park from the many forces that
make impact of increasing the large number of danger causes to
the rare species of the park. Another essential step of
improvement that the organization should implement is making
sure that it ceases to introduce new species that are not
indigenous in the park. This action will ensure that all species
that are already in the park which are indigenous have a
significantly higher chance of survival and thus the park will be
more effective (Jones, 2014).
References
Perry, W. (2008). Everglades restoration and water quality
challenges in south Florida: Ecotoxicology. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18679794

Repanshek, K. (2017). Concern Voiced Over Protection Of
Everglades National Park: National Parks Traveller. Retrieved
from https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2017/07/concern-
voiced-over-protection-everglades-national-park
Jones, A. (2014). Florida's Everglades National Park an
ecosystem in distress: Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from
http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-disappearing-florida-
everglades-threatened-20140601-story.html
Adams, C. (2015). The Everglades: analyzing graphs, tables,
and charts. New York: Rosen
Ake, A. (2015). Everglades: An Ecosystem Facing Choices and
Challenge. Thousand Oaks, CA: Jones and Bartlett .
Carr, A. .. (2016). Everglades. Las Vegas, NV: KC Publ.
Coffey, R. C. (2008). Bear Mountain. Charleston, SC: Arcadia
Pub.
Davis, S. M. (2010). Everglades: the ecosystem and its
restoration. Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press.
Deszcz-Pan, M. (2012). Geophysical mapping of saltwater
intrusion in Everglades National Park. Denver, CO: U.S.
Geological Survey.
Douglas, M. S. (2017). The Everglades: river of grass. Sarasota,
FL: Pineapple Press, Inc.
Doyle, M. (2012). Large-Scale Ecosystem Restoration Five Case
Studies from the United States. Washington: Island Press.
Jose, S. (2016). Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: ecology, silviculture,
and restoration. S.l.: Springer-Verlag New York.
Kalman, R. (2014). Everglades national park. Place of

publication not identified: Natl Geographic.
Knotts, B. (2018). Florida plants and animals. Chicago, IL:
Heinemann Library.
Kraehmer, S. T. (2009). 100 great places ... just north of New
York City: an a to z topical guide to Hudson Valley tourist
sites. Modena, NY: TWS Resources.
Ogden, L. (2011). Swamplife: people, gators, and mangroves
entangled in the Everglades. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press.
Scholz, J. T. (2015). Adaptive governance and water conflict:
new institutions for collaborative planning. Washington, DC:
Resources for the Future.
Stewart, M. (2013). Life in a wetland. Minneapolis: Lerner
Publications Co.
Microeconomics Applications
Week 6 includes four (4) applications in major areas in
Microeconomics: 1) Scarcity/Incentives; 2) Opportunity Costs;
3) Supply and Demand; and 4) Market Equilibrium. You must
complete all four applications. The options for each application
are located in the textbook.
Students will complete a draft essay for each of the
applications. The drafts will be submitted for grading by the end
of Week 1.
The Week 6 Assignment grading is as follows.

Applications 1, 2, 3, and 4: 9 points each
Articulation and APA: 2 points
Students will complete your Final Essay for each application as
part of the Economics Assessment due by the end of Week 3.
Final Assessment grading is as follows:
Applications 1, 2, 3, and 4: 27 points each
Articulation and APA: 12 points
Student Should demonstrates a complete examination with in-
depth and insight of all Applications how they are determinants
of demand and supply .
Text:EConomic:Principles, Applications, and TOOLS by
O’Sullivan,Authur
APPLICATION 1 - SCARCITY/INCENTIVES:
Prior to completing the application, it is highly recommended
that students review Chapters 1 and 2 to gain a solid foundation.
Option 1: “INCENTIVES TO BUY HYBRID VEHICLES”
APPLICATION 2: OPPORTUNITY COSTS:
Option 1: DON’T FORGET THE COSTS OF TIME AND
INVESTED FUNDS
APPLICATION 3: Law of SUPPLY AND DEMAND:

that students review Chapter 3 to gain a solid foundation.
Option 1: LAW OF SUPPLY AND WOOLYMPICS
APPLICATION 4: Market Analysis (Equilibrium)
Option 1: Equilibrium: CHINESE DEMAND AND PECAN
PRICES
Student Should demonstrates a complete examination with in-
depth and insight of all Applications how they are determinants
of demand and supply .
TEXT: ECONOMIC:Principles,Applications, and TOOLS by
O’Sullivan,Authur
APPLICATION1 Incentives to Buy Hybrid VehiclesAPPLYING
THE CONCEPTS #1: How do people respond to incentives?
Consider the incentives to buy a hybrid vehicle, which is more
fuel efficient but more expensive than a gas-powered vehicle.
Between 2000 and 2007, the number of hybrid vehicles
increased from fewer than 10,000 vehicles to more than 340,000
vehicles. Over this period, the price of gasoline increased
significantly, and the higher price of gasoline was responsible
for roughly one-third of the hybrid vehicles purchased in 2007.
An additional factor in hybrid purchases was a federal subsidy
of up to $3,400 per hybrid vehicle. The subsidy was responsible
for roughly one-fifth of the hybrid vehicles purchased in 2007.
The increase in the number of hybrid vehicles decreased the
emission of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2).
How efficient is the hybrid subsidy in reducing CO2? On
average, the cost of abating one ton of CO2 through the hybrid

subsidy is $177. There are less costly ways to
reduce CO2emissions, including building insulation, energy-
efficient lighting, reforestation, and switching to electric power
systems that use fuels that generate less CO2. For example, a
switch from coal to natural gas in power plants
reduces CO2 emissions at less than one-third the cost associated
with the hybrid subsidy.
.
APPLICATION1 Don’t Forget the Costs of Time and Invested
FundsAPPLYING THE CONCEPTS #1: What is the opportunity
cost of running a business?
Suppose you run a lawn-cutting business and use solar-
powered equipment (mower, edger, blower, truck) that you
could sell tomorrow for $5,000. Instead of cutting lawns,
you could work as a janitor for $300 per week. You have a
savings account that pays a weekly interest rate of 0.20 percent
(or $0.002 per dollar). What is your weekly cost of cutting
lawns?
We can use the principle of opportunity cost to compute the cost
of the lawn business. The opportunity cost of the $5,000 you
have invested in the business is the $10 weekly interest you
could have earned by selling the equipment and investing the
$5,000 in your savings account. Adding in the opportunity cost
of cutting lawns instead of earning $300 as a janitor, the weekly
cost is $310. Related to Exercise 1.7.
PPLICATION2 Law of Supply and WoolympicsAPPLYING
THE CONCEPTS #2: What is the law of supply?
In the 1990s, the world price of wool decreased by about 30
percent, and prices have remained relatively low since then.
Based on the law of supply, we would expect the quantity of
wool supplied from New Zealand and other exporters to
decrease, and that’s what happened. Land formerly used to grow

grass for wool-producing sheep has been converted into other
uses, including dairy products, forestry, and the domestication
of deer.
There have been several attempts to revive the wool industry by
boosting the demand for wool and thus increasing its price. The
United Nations General Assembly declared 2009 as the
International Year of Natural Fibres, with the objective “to raise
awareness and stimulate demand for natural fibres.” In 2012,
the Federated Farmers of New Zealand proposed that sheep
shearing be added to the Commonwealth Games and Olympics
as a demonstration sport. The favorites for Olympic titles are
the current world record holders Ivan Scott (744 sheep in 24
hours) and Kerry-Jo Te Huia (507 sheep in 24 hours). Of
course, it’s not obvious that Olympic shearing would increase
the demand for wool, and then there is the problem of what to
do with all the sheared wool. Speed knitting? Related to
Exercises 2.6 and 2.10.
APPLICATION4 Chinese Demand and Pecan PricesAPPLYING
THE CONCEPTS #4: How does a change in demand affect the
equilibrium price
Between 2006 and 2009, Chinese imports of U.S. pecans
increased from 9 million pounds per year to 88 million pounds.
The increase in demand from China is roughly 30 percent of the
total annual crop. The increase in demand was caused in part by
widespread reports in the Chinese media that pecans promote
brain and cardiovascular health. As a result of the increase in
demand, the equilibrium price of pecans increased by about 50
percent, increasing the price of pecan pie, a holiday favorite.
Related to Exercises 4.6 and 4.10.

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