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Running head: ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 1
(Including a Running head and page numbers help to keep your
assignment organized.)
Are Contributions to Political Campaigns Ethical?
Joanna Student
SOC120: Introduction to Ethics & Social Responsibility
Dr. Ashford Instructor
June 20, 20XX
Sticky Note
Please be sure to note the format for the Final Paper. This paper
contains an organized heading, a succinct and relevant title,
page numbers, and a running header.
ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 2
Ethical Contributions to Political Campaigns
A question that comes up frequently in political discussions is
whether organizations
like corporations have too much influence over the political
landscape today. Corporations
have many resources through which to effect political change,
including lobbyists, quid pro
quo back door arrangements and campaign contributions.
Because these funds can have a
large influence on who wins elections and the legislation that
politicians support, it is
important for an educated citizenry to be aware of these
contributions, and to consider their
ethical implications. I will argue that from the utilitarian
perspective, indirect contributions to
political campaigns by organizations like corporations and
unions can be ethical and should
be allowed so long as there are sufficient regulations in place to
prevent undue harm that
might result from giving large organizations too much influence
over the political process. I
will contrast this view with that of ethical egoism, which would
argue that such contributions
are ethical inasmuch as they allow corporations to pursue their
own long term interests.
According to the Federal Elections Commission (2004), “The
Federal Election Campaign
Act (the Act) places monetary limits on contributions to support
candidates for federal office
and prohibits contributions from certain sources.” However,
corporations are allowed to create
separate bank accounts and then make donations from these
accounts to political campaigns as
long as they are not connected directly to the operation of the
business. The Final Paper will
discuss what happens when corporations set up political action
committees or PACs.
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is the moral theory that actions are right or wrong
in proportion to the
degree to which they promote the happiness of all concerned
(Mill, 2008). Accordingly,
whether or not corporate campaign contributions are ethical will
depend on the overall
Sticky Note
Begin the paper by identifying a social issue clearly and
accurately.
Sticky Note
This section includes a comprehensive introduction and a clear
thesis statement that effectively reflects the argument of the
paper and links the chosen ethical theories and perspective to
the chosen social issue.
Sticky Note
Government websites can be useful sources of information.
Consider using information from relevant Government websites
to support an argument related to the paper. When quoting
sources, keep direct quotes brief and phrase related ideas in
your own words.
Sticky Note
This section describes an ethical theory in a thorough, accurate
and concise manner.
Sticky Note
It is good to begin with a clear statement of the meaning of the
moral theory, followed with a citation.
ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 3
consequences of such contributions. If a corporation’s making a
contribution results in better
overall consequences than not making it, or than making a
different contribution, then the
contribution would be considered ethical. On the other hand, if
the contribution results in
more harm than good, then the contribution would be unethical.
For instance, a contribution
to a candidate could be unethical if it results in benefits to the
corporation itself, but does so at
the expense of many others in the society. The primary question
of this paper is not whether
particular cases of such contributions are wrong, but whether
corporate contributions to
political campaigns are wrong in general; that is, does
permitting them have greater overall
consequences than banning them would have? I will argue that
with careful oversight, the
benefits of such contributions can outweigh their potential
harms, so allowing them is ethical
from a utilitarian point of view.
There are various reasons that representatives of a corporation
may want to donate to a
political campaign. Corporations may be trying to advance their
particular organizational
objectives or they may stand to garner an economic benefit.
While a corporation will always
be concerned with its own future profits, this does not
necessarily conflict with the interests of
society as a whole. In many cases, attempting to have a political
influence that benefits the
corporation can also benefit society as a whole. For example, a
contribution that helps a
corporation to succeed in the market place can result in the
continued employment of
thousands of people, as well as the provision of important goods
and services at lower prices.
Another example of the positive use of political contributions
comes not from
corporations but from unions. According to the Center for
Responsive Politics (2016), the
largest all-time contributors to campaigns has been labor unions
such as the Service
Employees International Union (SEIU), which ranked number
one with $228,096,452 in
Sticky Note
Apply ethical viewpoints independently and accurately.
Sticky Note
Examples can help to clarify important points.
Sticky Note
This passage clarifies the specific issue being addressed and the
thesis of the paper.
Sticky Note
Taking a few key examples that can be referenced throughout
the paper is a good way to tie ideas together. In this paper, the
learner references the SEIU as an ongoing case study.
ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 4
donations since 1989. They were far ahead of the next two
contributors, which were the
National Education Association with $96,619,681 in donations
and the American Federation
of State/County/Municipal Employees Union with $96,445,616
in total contributions. The
millions of dollars from these political contributions have
served to promote the goals of their
union, which in turn promote the well-being of the many
members of the American work
force that they represent.
The Final Paper will further explore the role of PACs in
providing benefits to their
organizational members and society. Further, it will contrast
possible negative consequences
that can result from allowing corporate contributions, with
alternative approaches to
regulation.
Ethical Egoism
Ethical egoism is the moral theory that one should do whatever
is in one’s own
interests (Mosser, 2013). This does not mean that one should do
whatever one feels like in the
moment, but that one should work hard to promote one’s
greatest long-term success. When
corporations donate to political campaigns, they generally will
do so with the goal of
promoting their own financial interests and thus are acting
ethically according to the egoist
theory. Some may feel that this kind of self-interested influence
is unethical. One can imagine
a business supporting legislation that promotes its own interests
to the detriment of society as
a whole. For example, corporations have often used their
considerable influence to create
legislation favorable to their own interests but not to the
interests of employees, human rights,
or the environment (Burley & Hoedeman, 2011). Because a lot
of harm can come to society
from such influence, some may feel that this degree of power in
the hands of self-interested
corporations should not be allowed.
Sticky Note
Throughout the paper, thoroughly explain how the rough draft
assignment will be further developed in the Final Paper.
Sticky Note
This section also begins with a clear statement of the theory,
followed by a clarification of what it means.
Sticky Note
Employ persuasive and applicable information from credible
sources to develop an ample analysis or synthesis of the topic.
Sticky Note
Considering strong objections is sometimes the best way to
strengthen your points.
ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 5
The Final Paper will further explore the metric by which we
measure the ethicality
of an action based on its overall social consequences and,
drawing from the ideas of Smith
(2007) and others, evaluate the societal implications of
corporate pursuit of self-interest.
Conclusion
Donations from organizations to political campaigns can drive
legislation and thus
have a major influence on public policy in this country. While
this influence can have
positive and negative impacts, this paper argues that such
contributions should be allowed as
they satisfy the ethical egoist goal of allowing corporations to
promote their own interests,
and, at least when regulated, can satisfy the utilitarian goal of a
promoting a happier society
as well. One significant difference between the two approaches
is that the utilitari an view
would insist on certain regulations designed to limit the harmful
results that could result from
organizations donating in ways that promote their own interests.
However, the ethical egoist
would disagree, and maintain that the freedom of organizations
to promote their interests has
the highest priority; thus, the egoist would likely oppose most
kinds of regulations on
political contributions by organizations. Both theories appear to
agree, however, that, at least
when carefully regulated, corporations should be allowed to
make political contributions that
further their long-term interests.
Sticky Note
This learner ends this paper by providing a clear succinct
conclusion that reiterates the central arguments being made in
the paper.
Sticky Note
Independently and accurately apply ethical viewpoints to the
ethical issue and considers the full ramifications of the
application.
Sticky Note
It is nice to close with a brief reiteration of one’s thesis.
ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 6
References
Burley, H., & Hoedeman, O. (2011, January). The best influence
money can buy – The 10 worst
corporate lobbyists. New Internationalist Magazine, 439.
Retrieved from
https://newint.org/features/2011/01/01/10-worst-corporate-
lobbyists
Center for Responsive Politics (2016). Service employees
international union. Retrieved from
http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=d000000077
&cycle=2010
Mill, J. S. (2008). Utilitarianism. In J. Bennett (Ed.), Early
Modern Philosophy. Retrieved from
http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/mill1863.pdf
(Original work published
1863)
Mosser, K. (2013). Ethics and social responsibility (2nd ed.).
Retrieved from
https://content.ashford.edu
Smith, A. (2007). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the
wealth of nations. In S. M. Soares
(Ed.), MetaLibri Digital Library. Retrieved from
http://www.ibiblio.org/ml/libri/s/SmithA_WealthNations_p.pdf
(Original work published
1776)
Sticky Note
The references page is separate from the main body of the paper
and is composed in an APA format.
This paper is distinguished by the use of more than the required
number of scholarly sources. Be sure to bring in a sufficient
number of sources to support arguments presented within the
work.
Running head ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 1 (Including a Running h.docx

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Running head ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 1 (Including a Running h.docx

  • 1. Running head: ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 1 (Including a Running head and page numbers help to keep your assignment organized.) Are Contributions to Political Campaigns Ethical? Joanna Student SOC120: Introduction to Ethics & Social Responsibility Dr. Ashford Instructor June 20, 20XX Sticky Note Please be sure to note the format for the Final Paper. This paper contains an organized heading, a succinct and relevant title, page numbers, and a running header. ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 2
  • 2. Ethical Contributions to Political Campaigns A question that comes up frequently in political discussions is whether organizations like corporations have too much influence over the political landscape today. Corporations have many resources through which to effect political change, including lobbyists, quid pro quo back door arrangements and campaign contributions. Because these funds can have a large influence on who wins elections and the legislation that politicians support, it is important for an educated citizenry to be aware of these contributions, and to consider their ethical implications. I will argue that from the utilitarian perspective, indirect contributions to political campaigns by organizations like corporations and unions can be ethical and should be allowed so long as there are sufficient regulations in place to prevent undue harm that might result from giving large organizations too much influence over the political process. I will contrast this view with that of ethical egoism, which would argue that such contributions
  • 3. are ethical inasmuch as they allow corporations to pursue their own long term interests. According to the Federal Elections Commission (2004), “The Federal Election Campaign Act (the Act) places monetary limits on contributions to support candidates for federal office and prohibits contributions from certain sources.” However, corporations are allowed to create separate bank accounts and then make donations from these accounts to political campaigns as long as they are not connected directly to the operation of the business. The Final Paper will discuss what happens when corporations set up political action committees or PACs. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is the moral theory that actions are right or wrong in proportion to the degree to which they promote the happiness of all concerned (Mill, 2008). Accordingly, whether or not corporate campaign contributions are ethical will depend on the overall Sticky Note Begin the paper by identifying a social issue clearly and accurately.
  • 4. Sticky Note This section includes a comprehensive introduction and a clear thesis statement that effectively reflects the argument of the paper and links the chosen ethical theories and perspective to the chosen social issue. Sticky Note Government websites can be useful sources of information. Consider using information from relevant Government websites to support an argument related to the paper. When quoting sources, keep direct quotes brief and phrase related ideas in your own words. Sticky Note This section describes an ethical theory in a thorough, accurate and concise manner. Sticky Note It is good to begin with a clear statement of the meaning of the moral theory, followed with a citation. ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 3 consequences of such contributions. If a corporation’s making a contribution results in better overall consequences than not making it, or than making a different contribution, then the
  • 5. contribution would be considered ethical. On the other hand, if the contribution results in more harm than good, then the contribution would be unethical. For instance, a contribution to a candidate could be unethical if it results in benefits to the corporation itself, but does so at the expense of many others in the society. The primary question of this paper is not whether particular cases of such contributions are wrong, but whether corporate contributions to political campaigns are wrong in general; that is, does permitting them have greater overall consequences than banning them would have? I will argue that with careful oversight, the benefits of such contributions can outweigh their potential harms, so allowing them is ethical from a utilitarian point of view. There are various reasons that representatives of a corporation may want to donate to a political campaign. Corporations may be trying to advance their particular organizational objectives or they may stand to garner an economic benefit. While a corporation will always be concerned with its own future profits, this does not
  • 6. necessarily conflict with the interests of society as a whole. In many cases, attempting to have a political influence that benefits the corporation can also benefit society as a whole. For example, a contribution that helps a corporation to succeed in the market place can result in the continued employment of thousands of people, as well as the provision of important goods and services at lower prices. Another example of the positive use of political contributions comes not from corporations but from unions. According to the Center for Responsive Politics (2016), the largest all-time contributors to campaigns has been labor unions such as the Service Employees International Union (SEIU), which ranked number one with $228,096,452 in Sticky Note Apply ethical viewpoints independently and accurately. Sticky Note Examples can help to clarify important points. Sticky Note This passage clarifies the specific issue being addressed and the
  • 7. thesis of the paper. Sticky Note Taking a few key examples that can be referenced throughout the paper is a good way to tie ideas together. In this paper, the learner references the SEIU as an ongoing case study. ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 4 donations since 1989. They were far ahead of the next two contributors, which were the National Education Association with $96,619,681 in donations and the American Federation of State/County/Municipal Employees Union with $96,445,616 in total contributions. The millions of dollars from these political contributions have served to promote the goals of their union, which in turn promote the well-being of the many members of the American work force that they represent. The Final Paper will further explore the role of PACs in providing benefits to their organizational members and society. Further, it will contrast possible negative consequences that can result from allowing corporate contributions, with
  • 8. alternative approaches to regulation. Ethical Egoism Ethical egoism is the moral theory that one should do whatever is in one’s own interests (Mosser, 2013). This does not mean that one should do whatever one feels like in the moment, but that one should work hard to promote one’s greatest long-term success. When corporations donate to political campaigns, they generally will do so with the goal of promoting their own financial interests and thus are acting ethically according to the egoist theory. Some may feel that this kind of self-interested influence is unethical. One can imagine a business supporting legislation that promotes its own interests to the detriment of society as a whole. For example, corporations have often used their considerable influence to create legislation favorable to their own interests but not to the interests of employees, human rights, or the environment (Burley & Hoedeman, 2011). Because a lot of harm can come to society
  • 9. from such influence, some may feel that this degree of power in the hands of self-interested corporations should not be allowed. Sticky Note Throughout the paper, thoroughly explain how the rough draft assignment will be further developed in the Final Paper. Sticky Note This section also begins with a clear statement of the theory, followed by a clarification of what it means. Sticky Note Employ persuasive and applicable information from credible sources to develop an ample analysis or synthesis of the topic. Sticky Note Considering strong objections is sometimes the best way to strengthen your points. ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 5 The Final Paper will further explore the metric by which we measure the ethicality of an action based on its overall social consequences and, drawing from the ideas of Smith (2007) and others, evaluate the societal implications of corporate pursuit of self-interest. Conclusion
  • 10. Donations from organizations to political campaigns can drive legislation and thus have a major influence on public policy in this country. While this influence can have positive and negative impacts, this paper argues that such contributions should be allowed as they satisfy the ethical egoist goal of allowing corporations to promote their own interests, and, at least when regulated, can satisfy the utilitarian goal of a promoting a happier society as well. One significant difference between the two approaches is that the utilitari an view would insist on certain regulations designed to limit the harmful results that could result from organizations donating in ways that promote their own interests. However, the ethical egoist would disagree, and maintain that the freedom of organizations to promote their interests has the highest priority; thus, the egoist would likely oppose most kinds of regulations on political contributions by organizations. Both theories appear to agree, however, that, at least when carefully regulated, corporations should be allowed to make political contributions that
  • 11. further their long-term interests. Sticky Note This learner ends this paper by providing a clear succinct conclusion that reiterates the central arguments being made in the paper. Sticky Note Independently and accurately apply ethical viewpoints to the ethical issue and considers the full ramifications of the application. Sticky Note It is nice to close with a brief reiteration of one’s thesis. ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 6 References Burley, H., & Hoedeman, O. (2011, January). The best influence money can buy – The 10 worst corporate lobbyists. New Internationalist Magazine, 439. Retrieved from https://newint.org/features/2011/01/01/10-worst-corporate- lobbyists Center for Responsive Politics (2016). Service employees international union. Retrieved from http://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=d000000077 &cycle=2010
  • 12. Mill, J. S. (2008). Utilitarianism. In J. Bennett (Ed.), Early Modern Philosophy. Retrieved from http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/mill1863.pdf (Original work published 1863) Mosser, K. (2013). Ethics and social responsibility (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu Smith, A. (2007). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. In S. M. Soares (Ed.), MetaLibri Digital Library. Retrieved from http://www.ibiblio.org/ml/libri/s/SmithA_WealthNations_p.pdf (Original work published 1776) Sticky Note The references page is separate from the main body of the paper and is composed in an APA format. This paper is distinguished by the use of more than the required number of scholarly sources. Be sure to bring in a sufficient number of sources to support arguments presented within the work.