Policy Making
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The document discusses different types of policy making processes and provides examples of each. Majoritarian politics involve broadly distributed costs and benefits debated through public discussion. Interest group policies involve special interests negotiating behind closed doors. Client policies benefit special interests at a cost to the general public, while entrepreneurial politics benefit the public at the expense of narrow interests. Several acts are also summarized, relating to civil service political activity, disabilities rights, unfunded mandates, education, and campaign finance reform.
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Chapter 9Many businesses have utilized the services of the Ameri.docx
Chapter 9
Many businesses have utilized the services of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), well known for its role in shaping conservative legislation and lobbying influ- ence. It has advocated against health care reform, to reduce state taxes on businesses, and to limit the political influence of labor unions. ALEC also was instrumental in many states in the creation of “stand your ground” laws, under which citizens were given the right to use guns or other weapons to protect themselves against assailants. After the public back- lash in the Treyvon Martin case in 2012—in which a black teenager was shot to death in Florida and his assailant defended his actions by claiming protection under Florida’s “stand your ground” law—many businesses began to distance themselves from ALEC. In 2012 Walmart joined other firms, such as Amazon.com, Coca-Cola, Kraft Foods, McDonald’s, General Electric, Sprint Nextel, and a dozen more, bending to pressure from civil rights groups. Walmart was the largest seller of firearms in the country and the largest employer of black workers and thus particularly vulnerable to protests surrounding the Treyvon Martin case. Walmart’s public affairs vice president explained the company’s action by saying, “ALEC had strayed from its core mission to advance the Jeffersonian principles of free markets.”
One industry that has been active in the political arena is solar power. Because solar energy has historically been more expensive to produce than fossil fuel energy, the indus- try has relied heavily on government incentives and subsidies to level the playing field. Although some major energy companies have entered the solar business, most of the 3,400 solar companies in the United States are small, such as Namasté Solar, a Boulder, Colorado, firm of 60 employees that installs solar energy systems for commercial and residential customers. The solar industry’s trade association, the Solar Energy Industries Association, has been very active in government affairs and advocacy, winning a number of policy victories. The federal stimulus bills of 2008 and 2009 provided tax credits, grants, and loans for solar installations and companies that made solar equipment (one of which, Solyndra, later failed). States—such as Hawaii, which required all new construc- tion to have solar water heaters by 2010—and cities—such as Berkeley, California, which loans money to residents to install solar panels—have also helped the industry with friendly policies.1
As the examples above demonstrate, many businesses—big and small—have become active participants in the political process to promote a variety of goals, from supporting organizations charged with developing legislation to support economic development and job growth to lobbying government regulators through a trade association to receive tax credits and grants. They are not always successful, however, as seen in the political part- nership of businesses with ALEC, which took on a ...
Getty ImagesLearning ObjectivesIn this c.docx
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Learning Objectives
In this chapter you will learn to:
•Demonstrate knowledge of the key concepts in public policy formulation and adoption.
•Identify the key actors involved in public policy formulation and adoption.
•Identify the different arenas of influence and contexts in which public policy formulation and
adoption occur.
Formulating, Designing,
and Adopting Policy
5
the80472_05_c05_145-188.indd 145 11/21/12 12:48 PM
Section 5.1 What Is Policy Formulation? CHAPTER 5
Federal public policies do not just appear; they have to be created or designed and then adopted by an authoritative decision-making body. If policies are to solve per-ceived problems or emerging issues, then analysis of the most appropriate action
to address the problem must take place. As Chapter 1 discussed, policy makers can then
choose which type of policy to formulate and adopt. The choice of policy type will also
include decisions about who will benefit and who will bear the burden of the policy, based
on how groups are socially constructed. In essence, this amounts to which target popula-
tion will be affected by the policy. Groups that society perceives negatively will either be
ignored or negatively affected by the policy. Analysis involves policy makers’ choosing
among alternative courses of action. Inherent in this process is the fact that policy makers
must deal with the question of policy design—selecting the correct set of instruments that
can actually be adopted and best match the problem. Simply, for successful policy formu-
lation, a policy must be politically adoptable. Ideally, the best policy formulation solves
the identified problem. In actuality, policy formulation is a political exercise in which the
best policy is often sacrificed in favor of an adoptable policy. In sum, the policy must be
acceptable to those who adopt policy as well as to target populations. Just as a football
team needs support to help it play well, policy formulation is influenced heavily by policy
makers’ need to win support for their proposed policy from policy actors within the for-
mal institutions of government and society as a whole.
Once policy alternatives are designed, however, some kind of governmental decision must
be made regarding the direction and type of governmental action that will follow. This
seemingly simple act of making the decision to adopt a proposed course of policy action
represents a defining moment in the policy process. Only by adopting policies can a pro-
posed course of action garner legitimacy within the political and public arena. In sum, the
policy adoption stage represents the critical stage in which policy makers politically explore
alternatives in the law-making arenas, conduct debate and negotiate within the legislative
bodies, and take official actions to promote specific legislative positions over others.
5.1 What Is Policy Formulation?
Once a problem or issue is on the public age ...
Business and Government Relations How Do Government and Business
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The Sustainable Business Casebook, v.1
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2012
Since businesses are strongly affected by public policies, it is in their best interest to stay informed about public policies and to try to influence governmental decision making and public policy. There are different general ways that businesses view and act on their relationship with government. One perspective is for businesses to consider business and government on “two sides” and in opposition to each other. Some have argued that this was the prevailing dominant mainstream business view in the aftermath of the Great Recession at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century. It has been characterized as the “antiregulatory” or “limited government” view, and it has been associated with those who believe that free markets with a minimal government role is best for the workings of the economy. This perspective most often focuses businesses’ interactions with government on efforts to minimize government and reduce the costs and burdens on private business and the general economy associated with government taxes, regulations, and policies.
Another business perspective on government is that government should favor businesses and incentivize business performance and investment because businesses are the main source of jobs, innovation, and societal economic well-being, and therefore government should support businesses with grants, tax credits, and subsidies.
A third general view of businesses and government relations is with business in partnership with government in addressing societal matters. This is in contrast to government being the regulator to ensure businesses act in a socially responsible manner.
These views are not mutually exclusive. For example, the same solar business can use some of its interaction with government to try to maximize the benefits, such as favorable tax credits, it receives from government and at the same time work in partnership with government to achieve a social purpose, such as reducing carbon emissions, and then try to minimize its tax obligations. It is also important, as described by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) CEO Peter Darbee, that the focus of business and government relationships should be on the type of policies required in response to societal challenges rather than an ideological response about the proper role of government in a free market economy.
Sustainable businesses tend to focus on their responsibility to the environment and societal impact and also tend to recognize that government policies and programs are often necessary to help them achieve their objectives and therefore are inclined to try to work with and even partner with government to achieve desired ends. It is always important for sustainable businesses to understand how their efforts to achieve profits and to serve a social purpose are both strong ...
Running head ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 1 (Including a Runni.docx
Running head: ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 1
(Including a Running head and page numbers help to keep your assignment organized.)
Are Contributions to Political Campaigns Ethical?
Joanna Student
SOC120: Introduction to Ethics & Social Responsibility (Course Section)
Week 5 Final Paper
Dr. Ashford Instructor
July, 1, 20XX
Sticky Note
Please be sure to note the format for the final paper. This paper contains a an organized heading, a succinct and relevant title, page numbers and a running header.
ETHICAL CONTRIBUTIONS 2
Ethical Contributions to Political Campaigns
A question that comes up frequently in political discussions is whether organizations like
corporations have too much influence over the political landscape today. Corporations have
many resources through which to effect political change, including lobbyists, quid pro quo back
door arrangements and campaign contributions. Because these funds can have a large influence
on who wins elections and the legislation that politicians support, it is important for an educated
citizenry to be aware of these contributions, and to consider their ethical implications. I will
argue that from the utilitarian perspective, indirect contributions to political campaigns by
organizations like corporations and unions can be ethical and should be allowed so long as there
are sufficient regulations in place to prevent undue harm that might result from giving large
organizations too much influence over the political process. I will contrast this view with that of
ethical egoism, which would argue that such contributions are ethical inasmuch as they allow
corporations to pursue their own long term interests.
According to the Federal Elections Commission (2004), "The Federal Election Campaign
Act (the Act) places monetary limits on contributions to support candidates for federal office and
prohibits contributions from certain sources." However, corporations are allowed to create
separate bank accounts and then make donations from these accounts to political campaigns as
long as they are not connected directly to the operation of the business. Regarding this type of
donation, the FEC (2004) stated that, "Contributions may…be made from separate segregated
funds (also called political action committees or PACs) established by corporations, labor
organizations, national banks, and incorporated membership organizations.” In other words,
corporations can set up PACs that in turn give large amounts of money to support candidates.
Because these funds can have a large influence on who wins elections and the legislation that
Sticky Note
This section includes a comprehensive introduction and a clear thesis statement that effectively reflects the argument of the paper and links the chosen ethical theories and perspective to the chosen social issue.
Sticky Note
Government websites can be useful sources of information. Consider using info ...
Definitions of Social Welfare PolicyThe English social scientis
"Definitions of Social Welfare Policy
The English social scientist Richard Titmuss defined social services as “a series of collective interventions that contribute to the general welfare by assigning claims from one set of people who are said to produce or earn the national income to another set of people who may merit compassion and charity.”8 Welfare policy, whether it is the product of governmental, voluntary, or corporate institutions, is concerned with allocating goods, services, and opportunities to enhance social functioning.
William Epstein defined social policy as “social action sanctioned by society.”9 Social policy can also be defined as the formal and consistent ordering of human affairs. Social welfare policy, a subset of social policy, regulates the provision of benefits to people to meet basic life needs, such as employment, income, food, housing, health care, and relationships.
Social welfare policy is influenced by the context in which benefits are provided. For example, social welfare is often associated with legislatively mandated programs of the governmental sector, such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). In the TANF program, social welfare policy consists of the rules by which the federal and state governments apportion cash benefits to an economically disadvantaged population. TANF benefits are derived from general revenue taxes (often paid by citizens who are better-off). But this is a simplification of benefits provided to those deemed needy. Benefits provided through governmental social welfare policy include cash, along with noncash or in-kind benefits, including personal social services.10 Cash benefits can be further divided into social insurance and public assistance grants (discussed in depth in Chapters 10 and 11).
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