Community safety project for public housing residents

Running head: DEVELOPMENT
1
DEVELOPMENT
14
Hi Salman
First thing is that the suggestions from me are not indicating
that you should change your assignment. You should consider
adding the suggestions throughout the assignment.
Please consider the following before submitting your
assignment:
· You should consider reconstructing your assignment (focus on
paraphrasing) more as your assignment matches with
assignments done by other students in the past.
· You should proof read the assignment a few times more as I
have found many sentences that either does not make sense or is
not complete.
· You only focused on one thing only that is “community
patrolling”. You should also consider adding the idea of how
building trust among the people of the community can also
make them feel safe and will also help them to connect with
other people in the community. This can be done in various
ways. As you mentioned that different people from different
culture and race live in the area. Maybe they can meet in the
local school every three months or maybe every school holiday
where a community get-together may take place. In the get-
together they can come up with activities such as sharing their
culture and food and also discuss and educate each other and the
community leaders about the ongoing project. This will help
them to connect more and build trust which will result in

making them feel safer to live in that area. You can also
consider the theories of networking where the local leaders can
come up with the idea of collaborating with the police to
receive some sort of training also that will help with the project.
· Time line of the project: you will never achieve anything if
your project is just for 6 months. Any community development
project should at least be more than 1 year. And the planning
should be done according to that.
· Budget: The budget should be also done according to the
timeline of the project and also consider matching the amount
you will be applying for from the NT government.
· Please keep in mind that you have to reference from good
articles. Don’t make it look like a story by writing what will
happen in the project. Back them up with good researched
references.
· Make sure when someone reads your assignment, it does not
feel like that you as a community worker is forcing your ideas
on the local people.
· Keep in mind that everything you add in this assignment
should reflect throughout the assignment.
Project Summary
To address increase in the rate of crime and violence in the
community, this development project plan concerns working
with public housing residents. The project is going to take place
in Northern Territory suburb of Rapid Creek. According to
Boyd et al (2016), there shall be not less than 50 families living
in public houses are going to participate. Such families have
been identified as low income families and are depending on
government housing program that subsidizes public funds. The
families under the study have members that are not exceeding 5
and not less than 3 members in a particular household. The
families are coming from Torres Strait Islander as well as
Aboriginal. However, a few families involved in the project are

coming from other different backgrounds in terms of race.
Project Aims
This project aims at providing crucial interventions to ensure as
well as facilitate safety in each family and individuals in the
community involved in the project. In addition, the project aims
at reducing crime and violence incidences in such communities.
Why the Project Needed
It is important that each and every community’s safety is taken
into consideration for the development of the community worker
as well as public officials and people living in the community.
Over and above this, each and every individual has a right to
live safely in the community as well as within the households in
which they exist. The findings by Dum, Socia and Rydberg
(2017) indicates that the risks which members of the community
do not want to experience involve assault in streets, unknown
people ransacking houses when owners are not present as well
as cars being stolen. These are some the things that many
people in any other communities would not wish to experience.
Violence and crime incidences are on the rise in the community.
A resident notified Community development worker about the
same. This is evidence that there is willingness within the
people to cooperate with community workers. As such, a
community worker is convinced that there is somebody to
facilitate safety project in the area (Levy, Adams and
Adamkiewicz, 2017). Safety of the people is important whether
there is a rise in violence and crime or not. This is what
ultimately may lead to the prosperity of a community.
Community Work Model
The community development worker shall use Locality
development approach/model for the safety of the community in

public housing residence (Giele, 2013). The approach promotes
process goals through locality building. Such goals involve
solving problems in self-help basis terms, what is also known as
community competency, as well as through social integration.
Social integration refers to the interrelationship of different
social class groups, ethnic as well as different races and among
everybody. This approach is the most important model in
solving community problem in the public housing residence.
This is because there is interest by the community members to
involve themselves and cooperate with the community workers
in addressing and solving the issues at hand. This approach
assumes that to solve a community problem and community
change, broad participation should be pursued and people in
local community should be involved in identifying goals and
civic actions in achieving such goals (Ruiu, 2016). The social
worker along with locality development model shall take the
opportunity of the community’s strengths to encourage
activities that that are geared towards ensuring their safety
concerns. Even though the cooperation seems to be helpful,
sometimes it is not easy for one to tell whether such cooperation
shown by the community may not be easy to sustain till the
project comes to an end. A number of people lost their
motivation in cooperating with community workers to the end of
the project. Attitude which appreciates human dignity, rights,
and capacity as well as respect diversity is what strength
diversity demands. It is also important to note that it is not easy
to maintain cooperative ethos. Studies indicate that cooperation
shown by many people had never survived for a long time.
When coming up with the plan of community project,
development worker shall include some theories in practice.
Social movement theory is the most important theory which may
be linked with the condition of public housing residence. The
social movement theory refers to a kind of collective action that
is geared towards attaining social change as well as social
reorganisation. Achieving social change is what the public

housing residence is attempting to gather. The main goal was to
achieve peaceful and safe community. The change was made
possible by people working together within the community. In
addition, action is what prompts community change, whereas
existence of preconditions is what makes such changes to take
place.
Objectives, strategies and Activities of the Project
OBJECTIVE
To encourage activities which may promote security and safety
at Rapid Creek in the public housing residence? In addition, is
to assist in reducing crime and violence incidence in the project
community.
STRATEGIES
Community development worker shall utilize the strategies
below to attain the above mentioned objectives:
· Development of strategic programme to implement the
activities.
· Volunteer recruitment to help in facilitating the activities.
· Location of common areas in which crime and violence
incidences happened.
· Make use of manpower at the community level.
· Understand external and internal resources to assist
development plan organisation.
ACTIVITIES
· Development of a programme that rotates for men coming
from the same community to do a patrol in specific streets that
violence and crime commonly happen.

· Organising a meeting with the leaders, including local leaders,
to come up with a plan necessary in curbing the problem of
crime and violence.
· Involving the closest police station within the community and
requesting for increased presence of the police apparatus in
those areas that appear to have a rise in the cases of violence
and crime incidences.
· Mobilise the community people and engage them in a meeting
that is aimed at sensitizing them on crime and violence and how
it can be brought to an end.
· Disseminate security numbers or any numbers to the members
of the community, which they can, use whenever they witness
anything that is peculiar and suggesting violence or crime.
· Ensure facilitation of cooperation of people in the community
to encourage them to watch over their neighbours through
conducting door to door education on security and violence.
Evaluation
The effectiveness of the activities carried out as mentioned
above to curb violence and crime incidences are dependent on
whether the implementation of such activities would be
effective or not. The findings by Crawford and Sainsbury
(2017) shows that to bring together people from the community
including the leaders on around table to discuss issues affecting
them in light of crime and violence, would assist the community
worker to gather internal resources as well as manpower in such
a community. However, it is important to know the type of local
leaders that the community worker would talk to in such
meetings to come up a development plan for the community. For
instance, the community worker would talk to; action leaders
that can be followed by the other and make things happen,
opinion leaders whose opinions matter a lot as it’s able to

change the point of view of other people in the community.
Representative leaders that is instrumental in ensuring that
members of the community are represented inside and outside
the community. All the three groups of leaders are important to
the community development worker because they give insight to
issues affecting the community.
Using persons in the community involve using volunteer men to
go around the areas that are considered hot spots for security
and safety and are known by the community to have rampant
crime and violence incidences (Giele, 2013). In addition to this
activity, community development worker involve police officers
so as to appeal with them to increase their numbers in those
areas that are considered dangerous in terms of security of the
community members of such areas. The community worker
should ensure that he coordinates with such police apparatus to
reduce violence and crime in the area. Research shows that
patrols are done in order to ensure that harm is stopped and that
there is community security, peace and safety are maintained.
Studies show that such strategies have been adopted in a number
of countries including Australia to prevent violence and crime.
Giele, (2013) asserts that sensitization of the community
members on the ways of dealing with crime and violence
incidences is important in creation of a safe and violence free
place of residence. People from the community know which
number to call for help when faced with violence and insecurity
is also very imperative. Another effective method to prevent
violence and crime is sensitization and education.
Budget
Brochures with emergency numbers used to make a call when
one witnesses crime and violence in the community.
Printing brochures - $98
Coordinating with closest police station within the community
and requesting for more police officers in areas with high rate
crime and violence

Public officials do not charge any amount of money hence there
is no budget for the request.
Development of rotating program for groups of men in the
community to patrol in the streets and areas with cases of crime
and violence incidences.
Man power in this case is dependent on individuals who
volunteer to do the work. As such, the activity is not budgeted
for.
Mobilise the community people and engage them in a meeting
Sound system-89$
Refreshment—142$
Venue- 226$
Facilitation of cooperation of people in the community to
encourage them to watch over their neighbours through
This does not need any budget since volunteers would do the
work
Organising a meeting with the leaders, including local leaders,
crime and violence.
61$ for refreshments
Potential Sources of Funds
The funds that shall be used for the project are grants from the
Northern Territory. Community Benefit Funds is one source of
funding for the project. SKYCITY Casino, licensed hotels and
Lasseter Casino is where this fund is collected. Darwin base
non-profit organisation is what the type of funding is meant for
(Garland, Wodahl and Saxon, 2017). . As such, they give two

kinds of grants. One of the types is major community grants
which is up to $200, 000 whereas the other one is small
community grants that is up to $100,000. The project requires
about $100,000 since it does not involve a lot of expenses. As
such, the community worker will go for the small community
grant.
An NT regional council or NT-based non-profit community
organisation should be incorporated for one to qualify for the
grant. This is in accordance to corporation act 2001, association
act, association act 1976 as well as aboriginal council and other
relevant acts of parliament.
Project timeline
Brochures with emergency numbers used to make a call when
one witnesses crime and violence in the community.
3 weeks
Done with door to door visit.
Coordinating with closest police station within the community
and requesting for more police officers in areas with high rate
crime and violence
2 days
Development of rotating program for groups of men in the
community to patrol in the streets and areas with cases of crime
and violence incidences.
Development of a schedule-3days
Rounds in risky areas are up to 6 months
The patrol to take place after two days.
Mobilise the community people and engage them in a meeting

1 day
Up to 3 months
Facilitation of cooperation of people in the community to
encourage them to watch over their neighbours through
3 weeks
Organising a meeting with the leaders, including local leaders,
crime and violence.
2 days
Limitations and Weaknesses of Project
This project is entirely dependent on the man power and the
utilization of the same in most of its activities. In addition, it is
also dependent on volunteerism of the men to ensure its success
enhancing safety in the community. People must get engaged in
order for the project to progress accordingly. As such, the
community worker is supposed to engage in a continuous
communication in terms of how the project is progressing
(Giele, 2013). This is also crucial in ensuring that volunteers
develop interest in the kind of work they do. Studies show that
levels of involvement by people frequently change. Strong
affiliations are developed through communication and not
whether one is actively involved in a role or less active words
(Meth and Buthelezi, 2017). As such, the community worker
should try as much as possible to reach everybody whether they
have interest or not. This is important as it will enable those
who are less interested in the engagement to access information
on what to do when they come face to face with violence or
crime. He should give them the information on where to call.
Another limitation that could affect the community worker is
the model of the project. The goals with mutual agreement are
what to consider legitimate in the model used in the project. As
such, it ignores the incompatible interests.

References
Boyd, J., Cunningham, D., Anderson, S., & Kerr, T. (2016).
Supportive housing and surveillance. International Journal of
Drug Policy, 34, 72-79.
Crawford, B., & Sainsbury, P. (2017). Opportunity or loss?
Health impacts of estate renewal and the relocation of public
housing residents. Urban policy and research, 35(2), 137-149.
Dum, C. P., Socia, K. M., & Rydberg, J. (2017). Public support
for emergency shelter housing interventions concerning
stigmatized populations: Results from a factorial survey.
Criminology & Public Policy, 16(3), 835-877.
Garland, B., Wodahl, E., & Saxon, C. (2017). What influences
public support of transitional housing facilities for offenders
during reentry?. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 28(1), 18-40.
Giele, J. Z. (2013). Family policy and the American safety net.
Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE.
Levy, D. E., Adams, I. F., & Adamkiewicz, G. (2017).
Delivering on the promise of smoke-free public housing.
American journal of public health, 107(3), 380-383.
Meth, P., & Buthelezi, S. (2017). New housing/new crime?
Changes in safety, governance and everyday incivilities for
residents relocated from informal to formal housing at
Hammond’s Farm, eThekwini. Geoforum, 82, 77-86.
Ruiu, M. L. (2016). The social capital of cohousing
communities. Sociology, 50(2), 400-415.
1

CDU APA 6th
Referencing Style Guide
(February 2019 version)
2
Contents
APA Fundamentals
.......................................................................................... 3
Reference List
...............................................................................................
.... 3
Citing in the text
...............................................................................................
5
Paraphrase
....................................................................................... ........
.... 5
Direct
quotes.....................................................................................
............ 5
Secondary source

.......................................................................................... 6
Personal
communications.......................................................................
...... 6
Examples
...............................................................................................
........... 7
Book
...............................................................................................
............... 7
eBook
...............................................................................................
............. 7
Journal article with doi
................................................................................ 7
Journal article without doi
........................................................................... 7
Web page
......................................................................................... ......
....... 7
Books - print and online
................................................................................... 8
Single author
...............................................................................................
. 8
eBook/electronic book

................................................................................ 11
Journal articles, Conference papers and Newspaper articles
........................ 13
Multimedia
...............................................................................................
...... 16
YouTube or Streaming video
..................................................................... 16
Online images
........................................................................................... ....
.. 17
Web sources and online documents
................................................................ 20
Web page
...............................................................................................
..... 20
Document from a website
........................................................................... 21
Legislation and cases
...................................................................................... 23
Common abbreviations
.................................................................................. 24
Appendix 1: How to write an APA reference when information
is missing .. 25
Appendix 2: Author layout for in-text citations

............................................. 26
3
APA Fundamentals
Reference List
The reference list identifies the items cited in a document in
enough detail, so they can be located by another person. The
elements
required for a reference list are outlined below:
• The reference list appears at the end of the
article/report/document, starting on a new page.
• The reference list is headed by the title References, centred
and bold.
• The reference list is organised in alphabetical order by first
named authors or title if there is no author (ignore the words
‘A’,
‘An’, and ‘The’ when alphabetising by title). See “How do
I…?” on the APA Referencing Guide.

• Each reference should be separated from the next reference by
one empty line.
• All references should have a hanging indent (of 5-7 spaces)
for the second and subsequent lines of each entry. See “How
do I…?” on the APA Referencing Guide.
• Remove hyperlinks from URLs and DOIs. See “How do I…?”
on the APA Referencing Guide.
• When the reference entry includes a URL that must be divided
between two lines, break it before a slash or dash or at
another logical division point. i.e.:
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/mf/4102.0
/opendocument#frombanner=LN
/socialtrends/Australia/Northern Territory
• Capitalisation in APA style is very specific. In titles and
subtitles of articles, chapters, books, reports and webpage titles,
capitalise only the first letter of the first word of the title, the
sub title and any proper nouns.
For journal titles you must capitalise the first letter of every
word (except for words like ‘in’, ‘at’, ‘of’, ‘the’)
• Italicise book titles, journal titles, and volume numbers. Do
NOT italicise issue numbers.
• References cited in text must appear in the reference list and
vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule are personal

communications and entire websites; they are cited in text only
and are not included in the reference list.
http://libguides.cdu.edu.au/cdureferencing/apa
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/mf/
CDU APA 6th Reference Style Guide 2019
4
• Use only the initial(s) of the author’s given name(s), not the
full name. E.g. Robert Mark Smith will appear as Smith, R. M.
• If no date is listed on a resource, use n.d. (no date) instead.
Example of citation: (Author, n.d.) / Example of reference:
Author. (n.d.). Title. Retrieved from URL
• If the reference list includes 2 or more entries by the same
author(s), list them in chronological order with the earliest first:
Reference: Jones, J. (2012). Travel tips. Retrieved from URL
In-text citation: (Jones, 2012)
Reference: Jones, J. (2016). Worst holidays ever. Retrieved
from URL In-text citation: (Jones, 2016)
If the sources were published by the same author in the same
year add a letter after the date in-text and in the reference:

Reference: Smith, J. (2014a). Best food ever. Retrieved from
URL In-text citation: (Smith, 2014a)
Reference: Smith, J. (2014b). Chocolate is great. Retrieved
from URL In-text citation: (Smith, 2014b)
If the sources were published by the same author, and don’t
have a date, use (n.d.) and list as follows:
Reference: St John. (n.d.-a). Burns. Retrieved from URL In-
text citation: (St John, n.d.-a)
Reference: St John. (n.d.-b). Scalds. Retrieved from URL In-
text citation: (St John, n.d.-b)
• Place of publication: Follow the city name with the
abbreviation for the state or the full name of the country, e.g.
Melbourne,
Vic., or London, England. If you do not have the city, use the
state, e.g. NSW, Australia
• If a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is listed on an electronic
source it is included in the reference. A DOI is a unique
alphanumeric string that is used to identify a certain source
(typically journal articles). It is often found on the first page of
an
article. An acceptable DOI does not include any CDU or
‘ezproxy’ information:
▪ Acceptable DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014 - see
‘Journal article online: with doi’ (p. 13)
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/arc0000014 - see ‘Journal article
online: with doi’ (p. 13)
doi:10.1037/arc0000014 - see ‘Journal article with doi’ (p. 7)

▪ Not acceptable DOI:
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/10.1016/j.colegn.2015.09.0
02
• If the article doesn’t have a DOI then provide the URL. E.g.
Retrieved from http://pit.sagepub.com/lookup/pmid =272
• It is possible to use an abbreviated version of an
organisational author in text, but you must use it in full the first
time. In-text
example: (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014). Use
square brackets if it is within parentheses. In your reference list
use the full name of the author.
5
Citing in the text
The purpose of citing in-text is to provide brief information
about the source used. The complete information about the
source is
listed in the alphabetical list of references at the end of the
document.
Paraphrase When paraphrasing only include author and year in
your citation – e.g. (Jones, 2015). However,
your lecturer may request you include a page number in your
citation – e.g. (Jones, 2015, p. 3).
Direct quotes

When you use a direct quotation in your writing you must
enclose the quote in double quotation
marks and cite the source including page numbers.
For example:
Issues surround the imitation of real world buildings as they
“serve the important function of
grounding users’ expectations and providing affordances for
them to effectively move through
space, they can also be limiting” (Ball & Bainbridge, 2008, p.
118).
Block Quotes If a quote is 40 words or more, omit quotation
marks and use a block format with the quote
indented about 1cm (or 5 spaces) from the left margin and
double-space the entire paragraph.
They had a less good walk back, simply because they hit the
upper waters of the north
west river at the wrong place and had to walk two miles
upstream to cross it. In the
middle of the crossing Thelma found a thalloid liverwort and to
Hugh’s astonishment
stopped to collect it. (Davies, 2010, p. 62)
Altering a direct quote
When you need to leave out part of a quotation to make it fit
grammatically or because it contains
irrelevant/unnecessary information, insert ellipses (three dots).

If you add or slightly change words
within a quotation for reasons of grammar or clarity, indicate
the change with square brackets.
“Drug prevention…[efforts] backed this up” (Gardner, 2007, p.
49).
Anonymous author When a work's author is designated as
"Anonymous", cite in the text the word Anonymous
followed by a comma and the date. For example: (Anonymous,
2006)
Multiple authors When citing multiple authors check the
“Author layout for in-text citations”
6
Pinpointing a specific part
of a resource with no
page number
Often electronic sources don’t include page numbers, or you
want to pinpoint a specific section of
a document. It may be useful to include a paragraph number;
section number or use the words
the source uses instead if the source is lengthy. For example:
ACARA (n.d., ACELA1443) aptly phrased it…
… (Beutler, 2000, para. 5)

Secondary source
(secondary citation)
You read Lister’s article. In that article Lister refers to Miller’s
ideas. You are encouraged to find
Miller’s work. If you can’t find Miller’s work, cite Miller’s
ideas like this:
… simple definition of social justice (Miller, as cited in Lister,
2007).
OR
Miller’s simple definition of social justice (as cited in Lister,
2007).
Do not include the date of Miller’s work.
You include the Lister article in your reference list:
Lister, R. (2007). Social justice. Benefits, 15(2), 113–125.
doi:10.33.44.555/list
Two or more references
within the same
parentheses
Order citations of two or more works by different authors
within the same brackets alphabetically
in the same order they appear in the reference list. Separate the
citations with semicolons.
For example: (Megarrity, 2018; Sullivan, 2014; Tafransky &
Mahoney, 2016).

Personal communications Cite personal communications in text
only, for example, personal unpublished photos,
conversations, emails, interviews, personal files, documents
from an intranet (e.g. hospital policy)
i.e. any resource that is not accessible to your reader.
Format: (Author, personal communication, Month date, year):
…as stated in the Infection control guideline (Royal Darwin
Hospital, personal communication,
September 4, 2018).
… guidelines were provided in a conversation with the Director
of Nursing (R. Smith, personal
communication, September 4, 2018).
Materials from Learnline should be referenced because they are
available to the reader (e.g. your
lecturer or marker).
7
Examples
Here are some basic examples of CDU-APA 6th style. More
detailed examples are included throughout this guide. Where no
exact
example is provided these general principles should be
followed.
Book

author date book title in italics edition place of
publication publisher
Dinham, J. (2014). Delivering authentic arts education (2nd
ed.). South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning.
eBook
author date book title in italics edition URL
Dinham, J. (2014). Delivering authentic arts education (2nd
ed.). Retrieved from https://ebookcentral-proquest
-
com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/lib/cdu/reader.action?ppg=2&docID=19
90987&tm=1545024544990
Journal article with doi
authors date article title journal title in
italics volume in italics(issue)
Fowler, M. D., & Davis, A. J. (2013). Ethical issues occurring
within nursing education. Nursing Ethics, 20(2), 126-141.
doi:10.1177/0969733012474290 doi
page numbers
Journal article without doi
author date article title journal
title in italics volume in italics(issue) page numbers
Levy, L. (2018). The role of podiatric medicine in public health.
Podiatry Management, 37(2), 119-122. Retrieved from

http://ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=rzh&AN=1290
92815&site=ehost-live URL
Web page
author date web page title
webpage URL
Better Health Channel. (2013). Smoking tobacco is deadly.
Retrieved from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health
/healthyliving/smoking-tobacco-is-deadly
8
Books - print and online
Important elements
Print book:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of
book (edition). Location of publication: Publisher.
eBook:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year of
publication). Title of book: Subtitle. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxx OR
Retrieved from URL of

the eBook
Reference Type
In-text example Reference list example EndNote
Reference
Type
Single author
… in relation to northern
developments
(Megarrity, 2018).
OR
Megarrity (2018) states
that ...
Megarrity, L. (2018). Northern dreams: The politics of northern
development in Australia. North Melbourne, Vic.: Australian
Scholarly Publishing.
Book
2 authors
Roitman and La
Fontaine (2012) ...
OR

“... achieve consistency”
(Roitman & La Fontaine,
2012, p. 45)
Cite both names every time
the in-text citation occurs
Roitman, J. L., & La Fontaine, T. P. (2012). The exercise
professional’s
guide to optimizing health: Strategies for preventing and
reducing chronic disease. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer
Health.
Book
9
3-5 authors First citation:
(Kerridge, Lowe, &
Stewart, 2013)
Subsequent citations:
(Kerridge et al., 2013)
Cite all the names the first
time the in-text citation
occurs; in subsequent

citations, use the surname
of the first author followed
by et al.
Kerridge, I., Lowe, M., & Stewart, C. (2013). Ethics and law for
the
health professions (4th ed.). Annandale, NSW: Federation
Press.
These rules for referencing and citing multiple authors also
apply for journal
articles, reports … see “Author layout for in-text citations”
Book
6 or 7 authors
Bergin et al. (2018)
found that...
OR
(Bergin et al., 2018)
Cite only the surname of
the first author followed by
et al.
Bergin, C. C., Bergin, D. A., Walker, S., Daniel, G., Fenton, A.,
&
Subban, P. (2018). Child and adolescent development for

educators. South Melbourne, Vic.: Cengage Learning Australia.
Include all authors in the reference.
apply for journal
Book
8 or more
authors
(Kersemakers et al.,
2017)
Cite only the surname of
the first author followed by
et al.
Kersemakers, A., Klesch, R., George, K., Royal, B., Williams,
A.,
Cartwright, J., … Bailey, K. (2017). The chocolate eating habits
of CDU librarians. Darwin, NT: CDU Press.
For works with 8 or more authors, list the first 6 authors,
followed by 3 full
stops (...) then the last author’s name.

apply for journal
Book
10
No author
(Employment the
professional way, 2000)
OR
the book Employment
the professional way
(2000)
Shorten title and put in
italics
Employment the professional way: A guide to understanding the
Australian job search process for professionally qualified
migrants. (2000). Carlton, Vic.: Australian Multicultural
Foundation.
Book

Book: different
editions
(Howitt & Cramer, 2016) Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2016).
Introduction to research methods
in psychology (5th ed.). Melbourne, Vic.: Pearson Australia.
Edition
Book: editor (Smith, 2015) Smith, J. A. (Ed.). (2015).
Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to
research methods (3rd ed.). London, UK: Sage.
Edited
book
Book:
organisation as
author
(Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare,
2018)
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018). Australia’s
health
2018. Canberra: Author.
Where the author and publisher are identical, use the word
‘Author’ as the

name of the publisher. (In EndNote place a comma after the
corporate author)
Book
Chapter in an
edited book or
book series
(Germov & Belcher,
2018)
Germov, J., & Belcher, H. (2018). Power, politics and
healthcare. In J.
Germov (Ed.), Second opinion: An introduction to health
sociology (6th ed., pp. 448-477). Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford
University Press.
Chapter author. (year of publication). Chapter title. In Book
editor(s) (Ed. or Eds.),
Book title in italics (edition information, pp. chapter page
numbers). Place of
publication: Publisher or Retrieved from URL
If an author(s) is listed at the beginning of a chapter follow this
format,
otherwise reference as a whole book.

Edited
book
11
Book with
volumes
(Mizrahi, 2008)
(Kable & Govind, 2016)
Authored book:
Mizrahi, T. (2008). Encyclopedia of social work (20th ed., Vol.
1).
Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Chapter in an edited book:
Kable, A., & Govind, N. (2016). Nursing care of people having
surgery.
In P. LeMone, K. M. Burke, G. Bauldoff, P. Gubrud-Howe, T.

Levett-Jones, T. Dwyer, … D. Raymond (Eds.), Medical
surgical
nursing: Critical thinking for person-centered care (3rd
Australian ed., Vol. 1, pp. 35-66). Melbourne, Vic.: Pearson
Australia.
Book
eBook/electronic
book online or
from library
database, incl.
eReadings
(Vandenberg, 2018)
eBook with doi
(Davies & Beech, 2018)
eBook with URL
(Robertson, 2014)
book in eReadings
Vandenberg, A. (2018). Education policy and the Australian
Education
Union. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68047-7
Davies, G., & Beech, A. (2018). Forensic psychology: Crime,
justice,

law interventions (3rd ed.). Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/login?url=http://ebookcentral.proques
t.
com/lib/cdu/detail.action?docID=5018401
Robertson, M. (2014). Sustainability: Principles and practice.
Retrieved
from https://ereadings.cdu.edu.au/eserv/cdu:53362
/ER09416.pdf
Electronic
book
Dictionary and
Encyclopedia -
eBook
See p. 21 for an
example of an
online dictionary
“Acid Rain” (2014) is …
OR
“… atmospheric
pollution” (“Acid Rain”,
2014, p. 3)
Acid rain. (2014). In D. Kemp (Ed.), The environment
dictionary (pp. 3-

9). Retrieved from http://ebookcentral.proquest.com.ezproxy.
cdu.edu.au/lib/cdu/reader.action?docID=165278&ppg=8
Edited
book
12
Dictionary - print (“Bathyorographical”,
1993)
Bathyorographical. (1993). In R. H. Hill (Ed.), Dictionary of
difficult
words (p. 61). New York, NY: Wiley.
Book
Brochure or
pamphlet
(Cancer Council
Australia, 2012)
Cancer Council Australia. (2012). Skin cancer [Brochure].
Sydney,
Australia: Author.

Where the author and publisher are identical, use the word
‘Author’ as the
name of the publisher. (In EndNote place a comma after the
corporate author)
Book
13
Journal articles, Conference papers and Newspaper articles
Important elements
See Books-print and online for information on multiple authors.
Journal article:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of
article. Journal Title, volume number(issue number), page–page.
doi:xxxx OR Retrieved from URL
Newspaper article:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Month Day). Article title:
Subtitle. Newspaper Title. Retrieved from URL
Conference paper:

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Conference paper title.
Paper presented at the Conference Title, Place, State/Country.
Retrieved from URL
Reference Type
In-text example Reference list example EndNote
Reference
Type
Journal article-
print
(Birbilis, 2018) Birbilis, J. (2018). When psychology and
politics commingle. Journal
of Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 730-733.
For journal titles you must capitalise the first letter of every
word (except for
words like ‘in’, ‘at’, ‘of’, ‘the’)
Journal
article
Journal article
online: with doi
(Levenson, 2017) Levenson, J. (2017). Trauma-informed social
work practice. Social
Work, 62(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swx001

Electronic
article
14
Journal article
online: no doi
(Moss, White, & Lee,
2018)
Moss, S., White, B., & Lee, J. (2018). A systematic review into
the
psychological causes and correlates of plagiarism. Ethics &
Behavior, 28(4), 261-283. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/login?url=https://www.tandfonline.co
m/doi/abs/10.1080/10508422.2017.1341837
Electronic
article
Article retrieved
from Learnline,
eSpace or
eReadings
(Arnold & Boggs,

2007)
Arnold, E., & Boggs, K. U. (2007). Structuring the relationship.
Developmental Psychology, 25(2), 264-276. Retrieved from
http://ereadings.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:18679
Electronic
article
Newspaper article
online: available
via the Web or
electronic
database
(Parnell, 2018) Parnell, S. (2018, October 11). Health risk with
early obesity. The
Australian. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.co
m/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=nfh&AN=9X9
A
USNEWSMMGLSTRY000376781678&site=ehost-live
Newspaper
article
Newspaper article:
no author
(“Two teen migrants”,
2018)
Use first few words of

article title in quotation
marks
Two teen migrants caught crossing Mediterranean on truck tyre.
(2018, December 16). The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved
from https://www.smh.com.au/world/europe/two-teen-migrants-
caught-crossing-mediterranean-on-truck-tyre-20181216-
p50mj0.html
Newspaper
article
Newspaper article:
print
(Kelly, 2018) Kelly, P. (2018, December 15). Political catch-up
splits the nation.
Weekend Australian, p. 29.
Newspaper
article
Conference paper
(in published
proceedings)
Burton (2017) outlines
…
Burton, D. (2017). Flare: A national flash flood warning
resource. In
2017 Floodplain Management Australia National Conference
(pp. 1-9). Retrieved from
http://www.floods.org.au/site/index.cfm?display=730745

Conference
paper
http://ereadings.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:18679
15
Conference
Presentation
(Garces, 2017) Garces, E. (2017, July). Regulation of digital
and intangible assets.
Paper presented at ACCC/AER Regulatory Conference,
Brisbane, QLD. Retrieved from https://www.accc.gov.au/about-
us/conferences-events/accc-aer-regulatory-conference
Conference
proceedings
Theses-print
version
Rorrison (2006)
examines …
Rorrison, D. (2006). Jumping through spinning hoops, chance or
a
carefully constructed learning journey? A critical view of
learning in the secondary practicum. (Unpublished Master’s

thesis). Charles Darwin University, NT, Australia.
Thesis
Theses - online Azam’s analysis (2016,
p. 208) shows the
“spectral peak …
Azam, S. (2016). Detection of binaural processing in the human
brain.
(PhD Thesis, Charles Darwin University, 2016). Retrieved from
http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:59624
Electronic
article
Pre-print
submitted, before
peer review
Post –Print
accepted & peer
reviewed - not yet
published
It is recommended to
use the published
version of a paper if

it is available
Barclay (pre-print)
suggests that…
(Turnbull, post-print)
Barclay, L. (pre-print). Women and midwives: Position,
problems and
potential. Midwifery. Retrieved from
http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:6640
Turnbull, B. (post-print). Scholarship and mentoring: An
essential
partnership? International Journal of Nursing Practice.
Retrieved from http://espace.cdu.edu.au/view/cdu:10014
Electronic
article
16

Multimedia
Important elements
DVD or Film:
Producer Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Producer), &
Director Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Director).
(Year). Title
of movie [Format e.g. Motion picture or DVD]. Country where
movie was produced: Name of Studio.
Video streaming: i.e. YouTube or Vimeo
Author, A. A. OR Author screen name. (Year, Month Day).
Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL of specific
video
Reference Type
In-text example
Reference list example
EndNote
Reference
Type
DVD or

videorecordings
(Hallam & Lam, 2010) Hallam, J. (Producer, Writer), & Lam,
K. (Producer, Director). (2010).
Staff relations in healthcare: Working as a team [DVD]. New
York, NY: Insight Media.
Film or
broadcast
Television
programs
(McDermott, 2013) McDermott, Q. (Reporter). (2013, February
4). Lance and the truth
[Television broadcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au
/4corners/stories/2013/02/04/3680186.htm
Online
Multimedia
YouTube or
Streaming video
... paraphrasing other’s
work (CDUniLibrary,
2017)
CDUniLibrary. (2017, August 21). Cat capers: Adventures in
academic
integrity [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzCipTk71Bc

Online
Multimedia
Software (Physicians Interactive,
2017)
Physicians Interactive. (2017). Omnio: Clinical resource
(Version
3.24.6) [Mobile application software]. Retrieved from
http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id293170168?mt=8&ign=uo%3D
4
Computer
program
iPad and other
apps
(WebMD Health
Corporation, 2012)
WebMD Health Corporation. (2012). Medscape (Version 4.0)
[Mobile
application software]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com
Computer
program
http://itunes.apple.com/

17
Online images
When using images, you must be aware of copyright and
licencing restrictions. Not all images are freely available to use.
The best types of images to use are those with a Creative
Commons (CC) licence. Watch this video on how to find and
cite an appropriately licenced image.
Image caption: From “Title of Image,” by A. Author, Year
(URL). Licence (e.g. CC BY 2.0).
Reference: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of image. Retrieved from
URL
Place the in-text citation directly beneath the image as a
caption. It is acceptable to resize the caption to a smaller font if
it is too
long.
Example:
From “Sustainable Transport,” by A. Wellings, 2012
(https://flic.kr/p/cpBHSJ). CC BY-NC 2.0.
Reference:
Wellings, A. (2012). Sustainable transport. Retrieved from

https://flic.kr/p/cpBHSJ
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/
https://youtu.be/MJmTYP2Qz4E
18
Reference
Type
In-text/caption example Reference list example
Online image
– personal
author
From “Zebra Finch,” by C. Williamson, 2009
(https://flic.kr/p/6Jepim). CC BY 2.0.
From “Friendly Male Koala,” by Quartl, 2009
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Frien
dly_Male_Koala.JPG). CC BY-SA 3.0.
Give the author’s name exactly as it appears on the
source page of the image.
Williamson, C. (2009). Zebra finch. Retrieved from
https://flic.kr/p/6Jepim
Quartl. (2009). Friendly male koala. Retrieved from

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Friendly_Male_Koala.JPG
Online image
-
organisation
as author
From “Instituting an Electronic Medical Record
System,” by CDC Global, 2014
(https://flic.kr/p/oGi1bs). CC BY 2.0.
If the image has a long title, use only the first few
words of the title in the in-text citation.
CDC Global. (2014). Instituting an electronic medical record
system reduces the need to manage and store growing
volumes of patient charts, a major challenge in resource-
limited settings. Retrieved from https://flic.kr/p/oGi1bs
Include the full title of the image in the reference.
Image in the
public
domain or
with CC0
Licence
From “Schematic Diagram of the Human Eye,”
by Rhcastilhos, 2007
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sche
matic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg). In

the public domain.
From “Dog Swimming,” by P. Singhto, 2013
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dog_
swimming.jpg). CC0 1.0.
Cite images that are in the public domain or have a
CC0 Licence even if no attribution is required.
Rhcastilhos. (2007). Schematic diagram of the human eye.
Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Schematic_diagram_of_the_human_eye_en.svg
Singhto, P. (2013). Dog swimming. Retrieved from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dog_swimming.jpg
19
Image with
no title
The photo of a brown bear is by Rasmus
Svinding, 2006
(https://www.pexels.com/photo/zoo-bear-
35435/). CC0.
Provide a brief description of the image.

Svinding, R. (2006). [Brown bear]. Retrieved from
https://www.pexels.com/photo/zoo-bear-35435/
Enclose the brief description of the photo in square brackets.
Image with
no author
From “Group of Female Top Tennis Players,
1902,” 2012
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grou
p_of_female_top_tennis_players,_1902.jpg). In
the public domain.
Omit the author element.
Group of female top tennis players, 1902. (2012). Retrieved
from
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Group_of_female_top_tennis_players,_1902.jpg
Put the title in place of the author.
Citing an
online image
without
reproducing
it

In-text citation without reproducing the image:
In the photo “Autumn Ivy” (Curtin University
Library, 2007) …
Curtin University Library. (2007). Autumn ivy [Image].
Retrieved
from https://www.flickr.com/photos/curtinuniversitylibrary
/1440410713
The APA blog explains what to do for images from other
sources:
https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2016/01/navigating-copyright-
part-4.html
https://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2016/01/navigating-copyright-
part-4.html
20
Web sources and online documents

Important elements
Web Page:
Personal Author or Organisation as Author. (Date, if not known,
put n.d.). Title of web page. Retrieved from URL of web page
Document from a web page (e.g. PDF, Word, Excel,
PowerPoint):
Personal Author or Organisation as Author. (Last update or
copyright date; if not known, put n.d.). Title of document on a
web
page. Retrieved from URL of specific document or page where
the document is accessed from
Reference Type
In-text example
EndNote
Reference
Type
Web page:

Organisation as
author
Web page:
Personal author
(Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare,
2016)
(Wyatt, 2012)
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2016). How many
Australians have diabetes? Retrieved from
http://www.aihw.gov.au/how-common-is-diabetes/
Wyatt, H. (2012). WWF praises people power in spurring
Australia
marine parks decision. Retrieved from http://wwf.panda.org
/who_we_are/wwf_offices/australia/great_barrier_Reef
_ecoregion/?206737/WWF-praises-people-power-in-spurring
-Australia-marine-parks-decision
Web Page
Web page: no
date
(St John, n.d.) St John. (n.d.). Burns. Retrieved from
https://www.stjohn.org.nz/First-
Aid/First-Aid-Library/Burns/

Web Page
21
Document from a
website
(Nursing and Midwifery
Board of Australia,
2016)
Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2016). Registered
nurse
standards for practice. Retrieved from
http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-
Statements/Professional-standards.aspx
Electronic
article
Document from
Learnline
(Moss, 2019) Moss, M. (2019). HSC210 – Module one:
Sociology for health
professionals. Retrieved from https://online.cdu.edu.au
/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content

_id=_2692267_1&course_id=_44041_1&mode=cpview
Electronic
article
Standards (Standards Australia,
2018)
Standards Australia. (2018). Reinforced autoclaved aerated
concrete:
Construction (AS 5146.3:2018). Retrieved from https://www-
saiglobal-com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/online/autologin.asp
Electronic
article
Government
document
(Department of the
Environment and
Energy, 2017)
Department of the Environment and Energy. (2017). Australia’s
emissions projections 2017. Retrieved from
http://www.environment.gov.au/climate-
change/publications/emissions-projections-2017
Government
document
Australian Bureau
of Statistics (ABS)

(Australian Bureau of
Statistics, 2013)
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Regional population
growth:
Australia, 2011-2012 (cat. no. 3218.0). Retrieved from
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Previousp
roducts
/3218.0Main%20Features32011-12?opendocument&tabname
=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=201112&num=&view=
Electronic
article
Australian
Curriculum Online
(Australian Curriculum,
Assessment and
Reporting Authority,
n.d.)
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority.
(n.d.).
The Australian curriculum: Literacy. Retrieved from
https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/f-10-
curriculum/general-capabilities/literacy/
Electronic
article
Reference from
eMIMS or eTG

“Panadol” (2012) as
listed in MIMS …
Panadol: Back & neck pain relief. (2012). In MIMS. Retrieved
from
https://www-mimsonline-com-au.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/Search
/ShowPDF.aspx?xmlDoc=08393.xml&XSLKey=PIxsl_pdf&Pat
hKey=AbbrevPIxmlPath
Electronic
article
22
Article from a
health database
i.e.: Cochrane,
Joanna Briggs
Institute
(Nguyen, 2017)

(Winter, Hunter, Sim, &
Crome, 2011)
Nguyen, D. H. (2017). Wound packing: Clinical information.
Joanna
Briggs Institute Evidence Summary, (JBI241), 1-3. Retrieved
from http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.ezproxy.cdu.edu.au/sp-
3.28.0a/ovidweb.cgi?&S=JCODFPAOIEDDKHDFNCFKFGMC
JNKNAA00&Link+Set=S.sh.39%7c5%7csl_190
Winter, J., Hunter, S., Sim, J., & Crome, P. (2011). Hands-on
therapy
interventions for upper limb motor dysfunction following
stroke.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 201(6), 1-35.
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006609.pub.2
Electronic
article
Online blog (Becker, 2012) Becker, D. (2012, October 4). Cite
what you see, cite what you use
[Blog post]. Retrieved from https://blog.apastyle.org
/apastyle/2012/10/cite-what-you-see-cite-what-you-use.html
Blog
Online Dictionary
or Encyclopedia
… art of teaching
(“Education”, 2016)

Education. (2016). In Dictionary.com. Retrieved January 5,
2017,
from http://www.dictionary.com/browse/education?s=t
Web page
Facebook page (Bureau of
Meteorology, 2018)
Bureau of Meteorology. (2018, December 3). Spring 2018 was
more
than a degree warmer than average for Australia. Full climate
summary at http://ow.ly/1nXc30mPQLD [Facebook update].
Retrieved from
https://www.facebook.com/bureauofmeteorology/photos/a.171
427712921137/2122857961111426/?type=3&theater
Twitter update or
Tweet
(Trump, 2018)
Trump, D. [realDonaldTrump]. (2017, May 31). Who can figure
out
the true meaning of “covfefe”? [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://
twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/869858333477523458
Instagram photo

(Fox, 2018) Fox, M. J. [@realmikejfox]. (2018, June 5). It takes
< than a min to
learn how to save a life. Watch the video at handsonly.nyc
#ICanSaveALife with #HandsOnlyCPR [Instagram photo].
Retrieved from https://www.instagram.com/p/BjppDLDBxRF/
For Instagram videos change text in square bracket
23
Legislation and cases
Important elements
Act or Bill:
Name of Act Year (Jurisdiction)
Case:
Case Name (Year) Volume Law Report Series Reporter
Abbreviated Starting Page
Reference
Type

In-text example
EndNote
Reference
Type
Acts and Bills ... according to s. 24.1 of the
Anti-Discrimination Act 2018
(NT) ...
The Social Security
Commission Bill 2018 (Cth)
establishes ...
Anti-Discrimination Act 2018 (NT)
Social Security Commission Bill 2018 (Cth)
If accessed electronically no additional details are required, cite
as you
would for print.
Legal Rule/
Regulation

Cases According to Carey v. Price
(2005) ...
... in a land rights case
(Mabo v. Queensland,
1988).
Carey v. Price (2005) 132 ALR 255
Mabo v. Queensland (1988) 166 CLR 186
Case
24
Common abbreviations
App. appendix
Art. article
Ca. Circa
Chap. chapter
Div. division

ed. edition
Ed. / Eds. Editor / Editors
et al. and others (Latin et al)
n.d. no date
No. Nos. Number / Numbers
n.p. no place
p. pp. page(s)
para. paragraph
Pt. Part
Rev. ed. Revised edition
Sec. Section
Ser. Series
Suppl. Supplement
s.v. under the word (Latin sub verso)
Trans. Translator(s)
Vol. / Vols. Volume / Volumes
All examples are based on the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association, 6th ed., 2010 available

in the Library. A sample essay is available with examples of in-
text citations and Reference list.
https://cdu-edu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-
explore/fulldisplay?docid=61CDU_Alma2131811470003446&co
ntext=L&vid=61CDU&search_scope=default_scope&tab=defaul
t_tab&lang=en_US
25
Appendix 1: How to write an APA reference when information
is missing
26
Appendix 2: Author layout for in-text citations
In-text examples for first and subsequent citation.

Reproduced from American Psychological Association. (2010).
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association
(p. 177). Washington:
American Psychological Association.
Type of citation First citation with the
author being a part of your
text
Subsequent citations
with the author being
part of your text
First citation with all
citation information in
brackets
Subsequent citations with
all citation information in
brackets
One work by one author Walker (2017) Walker (2017) (Walker,
2017) (Walker, 2017)
One work by two authors Walker and Allen (2014) Walker and
Allen (2014) (Walker & Allen, 2014) (Walker & Allen, 2014)
One work by 3-5 authors Bradley, Ramirez, Soo and
Mitchell (2015)
Bradley et al. (2015) (Bradley, Ramirez, Soo, &
Michell, 2015)

(Bradley et al., 2015)
One work by 6-7 authors Jones et al. (2016) Jones et al. (2016)
(Jones et al., 2016) (Jones et al., 2016)
One work by 8+ authors Ahamad et al. (2015) Ahamad et al.
(2015) (Ahamad et al., 2015) (Ahamad et al., 2015)
Groups/Organisation
(readily identified through
abbreviation) as author
Australian Institute of Health
and Welfare (AIHW, 2018)
AIHW (2018) (Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare
[AIHW], 2018)
(AIHW, 2018)
Group/Organisation (no
abbreviation) as authors
Diabetes Australia (2017) Diabetes Australia (2017) (Diabetes
Australia, 2017) (Diabetes Australia, 2017)
Name of Project: Safety for Public Housing Residence
Community
Summary of the Project
This community development project plan is about working with
public housing residents in addressing concerns regarding the
increasing number of violence and crime incidence within the

community. The project will be carried out in Rapid Creek,
Northern Territory suburb with at least 50 family participants
that lives in a public housing. These families are identified as a
low-income family that depends on a housing from the
government, subsidizing public funds. Family members ranges
from 3 to 5 members within the household. Most of these family
is from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander decent and few
numbers are from different racial background.
Aim of the Project
The aim of the project is to provide necessary interventions to
facilitate and ensure safety in every individual or every family
within the community. It also targets to reduce violence and
crime incidence within the community.
Why this Project is Needed
Safety in every community is the major concern not just for the
community development worker or public officials but most
especially to those people who lives within the community. It is
the basic human right that every individual should feel safe
within their household or within their community. The risk of
being assaulted while walking along the street, cars being stolen
or having their houses ransacked by unknown people while
owners are away are the risked that the people within the
community cannot afford to experience.
The community development worker has been notified by the
residence about the increasing violence and crime incidence
within the community, it shows people’s willingness to
cooperate and this is the que for the community worker to think
that there should be someone to facilitate a project that
promotes safety within the area. Regardless if there is indeed an
increase crimes and violence within the community, safety of
the people is always needed for the community to prosper.
Community work approach or model

In the case of the public housing residence where in they are
concern about the safety within the community, the approach
that will be used by the community development worker is the
Locality development. This approach according to Rothman
(1968) and Tropman (1995), “fosters locality building by
promoting process goals: community competency (the ability to
solve problems in a self-help basis) and social integration
(harmonious interrelationship among different racial, ethnic and
social class groups – indeed among all people.)” (as cited in
Levy, H. 2004). This approach fits the situation of the public
housing residence since the community people express their
interest of cooperation to solve the problem. The approach
presupposes that community change should be pursued through
broad participation by a wide spectrum of people at the local
community level in determining goals and taking civic action
(Levy, H., 2004 pp 28). Along with the locality development
approach, the social worker will take advantage of the strengths
from the people within the community in order to facilitate an
activity that would address their safety concern. According to
Tesoriero, F (2010), a strength perspective “demands an attitude
that acknowledges the inherent human dignity of every person,
their capacities and rights and that respects the diversity and
commonality among people and group.” Ife, J. (2013 pp 177)
emphasizes that, “maintaining cooperative ethos amid a
competitive society is not easy, and many people that shows
cooperation have been unable to survive more than a short
time.” One of the main problem with the cooperation that the
community exhibits is that sometimes this cooperation failed to
sustain itself until the end of the project, some people just lost
the drive when they first decided to cooperate along the way to
materializing the project.
The community development worker will also incorporate some
theories in practice when developing the community project
plan. The most appropriate theory that can be linked in the
situation for the public housing residence is that Social

movement theory. According to Kenny, S. & Connors, P.
(2017), social movement theory is a “form of collective action
aimed at achieving social reorganization and/or social change”.
The residence of the public housing is trying to gather to
achieve a social change within the community. They wanted to
achieve a safe and peaceful community. It is the collective
action of the people within the community that made the change
possible. Homan, M. S. (2008) explains that, “community
change only occurs through action, and actions can only occur
when a certain number of preconditions exist”.
Project objectives, strategies and activities
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of the project is to facilitate activities that would
promote safety and security among the residence of public
housing in Rapid Creek and to help reduce the violence and
crime incidence within the community.
STRATEGIES:
To achieve the above objective, the community development
worker will use the following strategies:
· Utilization of manpower within the community.
· Will recruit volunteers that would help facilitate activities
· Develop a strategic schedule for the implementation of the
activity
· Locate common areas where violence and/or crime incidence
took place
· Know the internal and external resources that could assist and
help in organizing the development plan
ACTIVITIES:
· Arrange a meeting with the leaders in the community and
discuss the plan
· Develop a rotating schedule for a group of man from the
community to do rounds in areas where common violence and

crime incidence took place.
· Coordinate with the nearest police station in the area and
request for increased police presence to those areas where
violence and crime are commonly taking place.
· Organize a meeting with the people in the community and
educate them on how to deal situations of crime and violence.
· Facilitate a cooperation of all the people within the
community for a neighborhood watch by conducting a house to
house visit for educating them about safety and security.
· Segregate brochures that contains emergency numbers to call
when they witnessed violence and crime within the community.
Evaluation
The effectivity of each activities being carried out to prevent
violence and crime incidence within the community is based on
how effective the implementation would be. Arranging a
meeting with the leaders of the community to discuss the plan
would help the community worker in gathering man power and
know the internal resources within the community. Homan, M.
S. (2008 p141), identifies three types of leaders that the
community worker should talk to when developing a community
development plan, these are the “opinion leaders, whose point
of view shape other people within the community’s points view,
action leaders, who can get other people to follow and do things
and representative leaders, those who represent the community
to people outside the community. He also added that these
leadership group could “provide you with important insights
about the community”.
Utilizing the people in the community for safety includes
utilizing men volunteers that would do rotating patrols within
those areas that is commonly affected by violence and crime
incidence. Along with this activity, the community worker
should also coordinate with police officers and request an
increase police in areas that are vulnerable to crime and
violence incidence. According to Australian Institute of

Criminology (2009), “the common element of night patrols is
the aim of preventing or stopping harm and maintaining
community peace, security and safety.” (retrieve from
http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/current%20series/crm/21-
40/crm026.html). This approach to preventing crimes and
violence has been adopted to different parts of Australia and is
known to be effective in crime prevention.
Education within the people of the community about how to
deal with violence and crime incidence if they witness one is
very important for prevention and safety for the community. It
is also important that people within the community would know
where to call for help if ever they are a victim of the incident.
There is no method that is effective in prevention other than
education.
Budget
Arrange a meeting with the leaders in the community and
discuss the plan
Refreshments – 50$
Develop a rotating schedule for a group of man from the
This activity does not require any budget since man power will
be relying on volunteers.
Coordinate with the nearest police station in the area and
This does not require a budget since, public officials such as
police are free of charge.
Organize a meeting with the people in the community and

Location/Venue – 250$
Refreshments – 150$
Sound system – 100$
Facilitate a cooperation of all the people within the community
for a neighborhood watch by conducting a house to house visit
for educating them about safety and security.
Rely on volunteers to do the house to house visit.
Segregate brochures that contains emergency numbers to call
Brochures printing – 100$
Potential funding sources
Funding sources for this project will be coming from funding
grants in Northern Territory. One potential funding source is the
CBF (Community Benefit Funds), which is collected through
electronic gaming machine revenue in SKYCITY Casino,
Lasseters Casino and licensed hotels (retrieve from
https://nt.gov.au/community/community-grants-and-
volunteers/small-and-major-community-grants). This type of
funding is for Darwin base Non-profit organizations. They offer
two types of funding, the small community grants which costs
$10,000 and the major community grants which costs $200,000.
Since the project does not need too much expenses, the
community worker will be applying for the small community
grant.
Qualifications for this grant includes, an NT-based non-profit
community organization or an NT regional council, organization
must be incorporated under one of the following, the association
act, corporation act 2001, aboriginal council and association act
1976 and any other act of parliament.

Project timeline
Arrange a meeting with the leaders in the community and
discuss the plan
2 days
Develop a rotating schedule for a group of man from the
Developing a schedule – 3 days
*rounds in high risk areas will run for minimum of 6 months
*rounds will be done every after two days.
Coordinate with the nearest police station in the area and
2 days
Organize a meeting with the people in the community and
1 day
*at least every 3 months
Facilitate a cooperation of all the people within the community
for a neighborhood watch by conducting a house to house visit
for educating them about safety and security.
3 weeks
Segregate brochures that contains emergency numbers to call

3weeks
*this will be done together with house to house visit
Limitations and weaknesses of the project
The project involved utilization of man power and most of its
activity depends on volunteerism, one of the main concern that
the community worker should always address when depending a
project through volunteers is the engagement of the people as
the project progresses. Constant communication regarding the
progress of the project should always be done by the community
worker in order to maintain interest among those volunteers.
According to Homan, M. S. (2008 p208), “people will change
their level of involvement from time to time. Even if they move
from a more active to less active role, they may still feel a
strong affiliation with the effort of communication with others
in the organization continues to occur.” The weakness in
engagement is not only applicable for the volunteers, some
community residence may not be interested in cooperating
because of some personal reasons. The community worker
should do all the necessary means to reach out to everyone in
the community and at least give them information regarding
where to call in case of witnessing violence or crime within the
area.
The model that will be used by the community worker can also
become a weakness of the project. Using this approach can also
have a consequence identified. Levy, H. (2004 p39) pointed out
that “one consequence of this might well be that in this
approach only goals that have mutual agreement become
legitimate or relevant; goals that involve incompatible interests
are ignored or discarded as inappropriate.” Since the approach
is more of democratic style, consensus is the main basis for
decision making. Therefor the community worker should make
sure that all angles should be foreseen and that every goal
including those that have incompatible interest should be

addressed.
References
Homan, M. (2011). Promoting community change : Making it
happen in the real world (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole--
Cengage Learning.
Ife, J. (2013). Community development in an uncertain world :
Vision, analysis and practice.
Ife, J. (2001). Community development : Community-based
alternatives in an age of globalisation (2nd ed.). Frenchs Forest,
N.S.W.: Pearson Education.
Levy, H. (2004). Approaches to Community Intervention,
Strategies of Community Intervention , 6th edn, Jack Rothman
et al ., eds, F. E. Peacock Publishers, Itasca, IL, 2001,
2764. Community Development Journal,39(2), 190-193.
Kenny, S., & Connors, P. (2017). Developing communities for
the future (Fifth ed.).
Tesoriero, F., & Ife, J. (2010). Community development :
Community-based alternatives in an age of globalisation (4th
ed.). Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia.
So I have this assignment which I need you to do. But the thing
is i need really good marks on it. So I will be sending you the
question and the example assignment. You have to recreate the
example assignment. The example assignment got really good
marks last year. You have paraphrase everything and shuffle
around so that there is no plagiarism. Also you have add more
facts from articles and add more references. I need it by
Tuesday night so that I can show it to my lecturer on
Wednesday morning. She will have a read and say what changes
she wants and then I will send it to you again to make those
changes.
Words: 2000 words excluding references
Time and date: 14th of May 2019 (6:00 pm Darwin Time)
Question:
Develop a plan for a community development project that will

address the concerns and desired changes.
Be creative in the type of issues your community targets, the
kind of project you are describing, and how it would operate.
The plan is written up in prose style (like an essay). Use the
headings listed below to set out each section.
References will be needed (most likely in sections headed 5, 7,
9 and 11). The Reference list is not included in the word limit.
Use the following headings;
1. Title of Project
2. Summary of the Project (no more than 100 words)
3. Aim(s) of the Project
4. Why this Project is needed (background to issue)
5. Community work approach or model
6. Project objectives, strategies and activities
7. Evaluation
8. Budget
9. Potential funding sources
10. Project timeline
11. Limitations and weaknesses of the project
12. References
Presentation
Word processed document, 12 point font, double line spacing.
Assessment criteria: This is very important. After you finish
your assignment, match with the assignment criteria to see if
you have included everything. Marks will be given according to
this list.
· Project plan follows the 12 heading format provided and the
presentation guidelines (Weight: 10%)
· Project idea and aims are clearly stated - and suit a community
work approach (Weight: 10%)

· Community work model or approach is well defined and a
rationale for its selection is provided (Weight: 20%).
· Strategies and activities are designed to meet the objects of
the project (Weight: 20%).
· Evaluation ideas or tools are able to demonstrate the extent to
which the project aims and outcomes have been achieved
(Weight: 10%).
· Project budgeting and potential project funding sources are
explained (Weight: 10%).
· Critical analysis of the limitations and weakness of your
project plan and approach/model (Weight: 10%).
· Use of at least five (8) references and consistent use of a
referencing system (preferably APA 6th) (Weight: 10%).
The example assignment is really good.
Do not just paraphrase it, shuffle it and add more facts where
needed. Add facts only those you can relate with the assignment
situation and also reference it. Do not add something that you
cannot reference.
The example assignment has less references. Make sure there
are at least 8 references.
Make sure that the assignment does not look like it has been
copied from the example assignment. Read each paragraph from
the example assignment. Understand how wonderfully
everything is connected and well explained. Keep the same
theme. Add more facts and references. Paraphrase and shuffle it
in a way that it looks like a new assignment.

Community safety project for public housing residents

Community safety project for public housing residents

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Community safety project for public housing residents