The document summarizes a case study analyzing the decision traps faced by Uber. It discusses how Uber has faced sunk cost and status quo traps due to continually expanding operations while incurring losses. Despite raising $11 billion from investors, Uber lost $2.8 billion in 2016 alone and losses continue to increase each year. While expansion continues in new markets, competitors are gaining market share by challenging Uber's approach. The case study examines how Uber's decisions reflect sunk cost and status quo biases that must be addressed for long term success.
Movie Reflection And Analysis Free Essay ExamJennifer Jones
Exxon Mobil believes in a diverse workforce and investing in its employees. It is working to provide energy that lowers global warming while investing in research. It uses a bidding system for assignment writing help and offers revisions to ensure customer satisfaction.
Learning from MistakesAnalyzing the external environment is a cr.docxsmile790243
Learning from Mistakes
Analyzing the external environment is a critical step in recognizing and understanding the opportunities and threats that organizations face. And here is where some companies fail to do a good job.
Consider the example of Salemi Industries and the launch of its product, Cell Zone, in 2005. Although it tried to carefully analyze its potential market, it misread the market’s demand for the product and paid a steep price for its mistake.1 Mobile phone usage was sharply increasing, and its founder observed that patrons in places such as restaurants would be annoyed by the chatter of a nearby guest having a private (but loud!) conversation. Salemi Industries interpreted this observation as an opportunity to create the Cell Zone: a “commercial sound resistant cell phone booth that provides a convenient and disturbance-free environment to place and receive phone calls … with a design feature to promote product or service on its curvilinear outer shell,” according to the firm’s website.
Salemi Industries’ key error was that it failed to take into consideration an emerging technology—the increasing popularity of text messaging and other
35
nonvoice communication technology applications and how that would affect the sales of their product. For example, the Pew Internet & American Life Project estimated that the number of text messages that were sent each day would soar from 500,000 in 2001 to 4 billion in 2009. In addition to this technology shift, the target locations (restaurants) were not interested in or willing to give up productive square footage for patrons to hold private conversations. Not surprisingly, the firm has sold only 300 units (100 of them in college libraries), and Salemi Industries has lost over $650,000 to date.
Discussion Questions
1. What is the biggest stumbling block for Cell Zone?
2. Are there other market segments where Cell Zone might work?
Successful managers must recognize opportunities and threats in their firm’s external environment. They must be aware of what’s going on outside their company. If they focus exclusively on the efficiency of internal operations, the firm may degenerate into the world’s most efficient producer of buggy whips, typewriters, or carbon paper. But if they miscalculate the market, opportunities will be lost—hardly an enviable position for their firm. As we saw from the Cell Zone example, misreading the market can lead to negative consequences.
In Competing for the Future, Gary Hamel and C. K. Prahalad suggest that “every manager carries around in his or her head a set of biases, assumptions, and presuppositions about the structure of the relevant ‘industry,’ about how one makes money in the industry, about who the competition is and isn’t, about who the customers are and aren’t, and so on.”2 Environmental analysis requires you to continually question such assumptions. Peter
36
Drucker labeled these interrelated sets of assumptions the “theory of the business.”3 The sudd ...
Surname 4
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
Situation Analysis
Industry Outlook
GrubHub is rated as the most successful online and phone connected company for ordering food. Its main aim is to interconnect hungry customers with diners, at local nearby takeout hotels. The company allows people to order food from about 85,000 take out hotels spread around the states of America in more than 1,600 cities. The takes outs also reach London, and its services are efficient on a 24/7 basis, with customer care service always attending to customers in time and effectively. The industry has managed to make notable success within the past few years. As at the year 2017, Grubhub had assets totalling over US$1.54 billion, with equity amounting to US$ 1.12 billion. The industry has also made about US$ 98.98 regarding revenue in the year 2017, which is a sign of progress in the sector. In early 2018, the company registered a total of 2125 employees most who consist of cab drivers who distribute the food to the required regions. It serves a lot of people around the US and its beginning to expand its services in a global view. Within the third quarter of the year 2018, the company managed to serve 9.81 million customers, making around 867 million shillings, which is a lot of money for that period. It made $13 million of profit. GrubHub has its food delivery system, which boosts their company a great deal because they make more money from delivery services (Mukherjee & Bernard, n.p)
Customers of GrubHub love the quality of their food, efficiency in delivery and their availability at any time of the day. GrubHub can remain the best and largest hotel food ordering platform in America because its food is rated as fresh, and healthy and reaching the standards of many customers. Their online services are also very reliable, and hence customers enjoy the efficiency in ordering food (Mukherjee & Bernard, n.p).
GrubHub takes the lead in the US with a market share of 34% which indicates that Americans prefer it more as opposed to other food suppliers. The company offers a range of many healthy foods, which keep the health of consumers on the frontline. People want to cook less; buts still want to enjoy a well-balanced, healthy meal which doesn’t have to compose of fast foods. Grub hub ensures customers get their health and quality meal, which is what customers now seek in food restaurant online companies (Mukherjee & Bernard, n.p).
COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
Due to the upcoming demand for the delivery market, a couple of companies have risen try and offer the best services in that line. GrubHub's number one competitor is DoorDash. It has its headquarters at San Francisco in California. It works in the field of retail food field and manages to make an income ranging 1.19% of what GrubHub makes. DoorDash has recently increased its valuation to about $4 billion in a matter of six months. It also covers about 1000 US and Canadian cities and still has an aspiratio.
Relationship Between Money And Happiness EssDustin Pytko
HelpWriting.net provides writing assistance services. Users can create an account, submit a request with instructions and sources, and choose a writer to complete the paper. Writers bid on requests and users can choose a writer. The user receives the completed paper and can request revisions if needed. HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality content and refunds are offered if papers are plagiarized.
The document discusses emerging trends that will impact businesses in the new economy. It outlines 8 trends: 1) businesses can no longer throw money at problems and must understand ROI; 2) the new business model will be lean and outsource non-core functions; 3) customers will be more discriminating and demand flexibility; 4) continuous innovation is needed; 5) businesses must create new revenue streams to self-finance; 6) commodities will face long-term pricing pressures; 7) exports will be key to survival; and 8) public-private partnerships can help small businesses. Understanding these trends is important for strategic planning going forward.
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS2EXTERNAL AND INTER.docxgitagrimston
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 2
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 12
External and Internal Environmental Analysis
UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX
STR/581
Running head: EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 1
External and Internal Environmental Analysis
Weight Loss Singles Dating Agency is an online dating service tailored to provide companionship services to individuals over the age of 18 who have undergone any form of weight loss surgery. For effective strategic formulation of implementing this new business, it is critical that the company’s external and internal environmental environments are analyzed to ensure competitive advantage is achieved. The following is the analysis of the external and internal environments for the company, its competitive position and possibilities as well as the organizational structure and impact on the organizational performance.
Environmental Analysis
To perform an efficient external and internal environmental analysis it is imperative that the researcher scrutinize all factors affecting implementation of the proposed business. These factors include:
· Evaluate strategic position of Weight Loss Singles Dating Agency
· Assess the online dating market
· Assess proposed business of online dating industry
· Assess the competition
External Environmental Analysis
To provide conclusions needed for successful implementation the researcher will commence with external environmental investigation. Major factors to explore include:
· Barriers to entry
· Threats of new entrants
· Threats of substitutes
· Rivalry between existing firms and
· The power of buyers and suppliers
Barriers to Entry
The company will have very few competitors in contention. Currently, the researcher has discovered that a strong brand recognition does not currently exist as this is a relatively new niche market. Start-up costs will be kept at a minimum as investors will also provide employee assistance in operations. However, increased proposed regulations on the online dating industry will prove to be a challenge when implementing the business model. Currently the industry is not regulated by Federal law, but many US states have proposed bills in legislature to increase protection of users on online dating sites through mandating background checks of all customers (Internet Business Law Services, 2015).
To ensure that barriers to entry will be kept at a minimum the organization will foster a third party association with an outside research firm. This partnership will aid in the determination of illegitimate online dating companies as a strategy for ensuring privacy and integrity concerns (Marsden, 2010). The company will also apply for membership with organizations such as Online Dating Association and Global Dating Insights for the purpose of being recognized as a legitimate business that takes responsibility to maintain high standards in the industry (The Online Dating Association, 2015). This ...
Yoyo is a startup mobile payments company that created a smartphone app to make purchases easier. The app allows users to scan a barcode to pay for retail transactions and collect rewards from multiple retailers. Yoyo aims to replace cash and credit cards. The founders are targeting college campuses as an entry point, with plans to launch at Imperial College London and spread to other universities. By analyzing Yoyo using the six steps of strategic planning - analyzing the situation, generating goals and plans, evaluating goals and plans, selecting goals and plans, implementing goals and plans, and monitoring and controlling performance - one can better understand the company's strategy and chances of success.
- Leadership on sustainability issues is coming not just from business bosses but also from activists and grassroots supporters. Marketing must educate customers that sustainability is important rather than just promoting it as a niche issue. Effective communication of sustainability messages needs to get personal by utilizing social networks and peer-to-peer channels. Both legislation and influencing consumer habits will be needed to limit consumption and place a value on environmental and social impacts of business.
Movie Reflection And Analysis Free Essay ExamJennifer Jones
Exxon Mobil believes in a diverse workforce and investing in its employees. It is working to provide energy that lowers global warming while investing in research. It uses a bidding system for assignment writing help and offers revisions to ensure customer satisfaction.
Learning from MistakesAnalyzing the external environment is a cr.docxsmile790243
Learning from Mistakes
Analyzing the external environment is a critical step in recognizing and understanding the opportunities and threats that organizations face. And here is where some companies fail to do a good job.
Consider the example of Salemi Industries and the launch of its product, Cell Zone, in 2005. Although it tried to carefully analyze its potential market, it misread the market’s demand for the product and paid a steep price for its mistake.1 Mobile phone usage was sharply increasing, and its founder observed that patrons in places such as restaurants would be annoyed by the chatter of a nearby guest having a private (but loud!) conversation. Salemi Industries interpreted this observation as an opportunity to create the Cell Zone: a “commercial sound resistant cell phone booth that provides a convenient and disturbance-free environment to place and receive phone calls … with a design feature to promote product or service on its curvilinear outer shell,” according to the firm’s website.
Salemi Industries’ key error was that it failed to take into consideration an emerging technology—the increasing popularity of text messaging and other
35
nonvoice communication technology applications and how that would affect the sales of their product. For example, the Pew Internet & American Life Project estimated that the number of text messages that were sent each day would soar from 500,000 in 2001 to 4 billion in 2009. In addition to this technology shift, the target locations (restaurants) were not interested in or willing to give up productive square footage for patrons to hold private conversations. Not surprisingly, the firm has sold only 300 units (100 of them in college libraries), and Salemi Industries has lost over $650,000 to date.
Discussion Questions
1. What is the biggest stumbling block for Cell Zone?
2. Are there other market segments where Cell Zone might work?
Successful managers must recognize opportunities and threats in their firm’s external environment. They must be aware of what’s going on outside their company. If they focus exclusively on the efficiency of internal operations, the firm may degenerate into the world’s most efficient producer of buggy whips, typewriters, or carbon paper. But if they miscalculate the market, opportunities will be lost—hardly an enviable position for their firm. As we saw from the Cell Zone example, misreading the market can lead to negative consequences.
In Competing for the Future, Gary Hamel and C. K. Prahalad suggest that “every manager carries around in his or her head a set of biases, assumptions, and presuppositions about the structure of the relevant ‘industry,’ about how one makes money in the industry, about who the competition is and isn’t, about who the customers are and aren’t, and so on.”2 Environmental analysis requires you to continually question such assumptions. Peter
36
Drucker labeled these interrelated sets of assumptions the “theory of the business.”3 The sudd ...
Surname 4
Student’s Name
Professor’s Name
Course
Date
Situation Analysis
Industry Outlook
GrubHub is rated as the most successful online and phone connected company for ordering food. Its main aim is to interconnect hungry customers with diners, at local nearby takeout hotels. The company allows people to order food from about 85,000 take out hotels spread around the states of America in more than 1,600 cities. The takes outs also reach London, and its services are efficient on a 24/7 basis, with customer care service always attending to customers in time and effectively. The industry has managed to make notable success within the past few years. As at the year 2017, Grubhub had assets totalling over US$1.54 billion, with equity amounting to US$ 1.12 billion. The industry has also made about US$ 98.98 regarding revenue in the year 2017, which is a sign of progress in the sector. In early 2018, the company registered a total of 2125 employees most who consist of cab drivers who distribute the food to the required regions. It serves a lot of people around the US and its beginning to expand its services in a global view. Within the third quarter of the year 2018, the company managed to serve 9.81 million customers, making around 867 million shillings, which is a lot of money for that period. It made $13 million of profit. GrubHub has its food delivery system, which boosts their company a great deal because they make more money from delivery services (Mukherjee & Bernard, n.p)
Customers of GrubHub love the quality of their food, efficiency in delivery and their availability at any time of the day. GrubHub can remain the best and largest hotel food ordering platform in America because its food is rated as fresh, and healthy and reaching the standards of many customers. Their online services are also very reliable, and hence customers enjoy the efficiency in ordering food (Mukherjee & Bernard, n.p).
GrubHub takes the lead in the US with a market share of 34% which indicates that Americans prefer it more as opposed to other food suppliers. The company offers a range of many healthy foods, which keep the health of consumers on the frontline. People want to cook less; buts still want to enjoy a well-balanced, healthy meal which doesn’t have to compose of fast foods. Grub hub ensures customers get their health and quality meal, which is what customers now seek in food restaurant online companies (Mukherjee & Bernard, n.p).
COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
Due to the upcoming demand for the delivery market, a couple of companies have risen try and offer the best services in that line. GrubHub's number one competitor is DoorDash. It has its headquarters at San Francisco in California. It works in the field of retail food field and manages to make an income ranging 1.19% of what GrubHub makes. DoorDash has recently increased its valuation to about $4 billion in a matter of six months. It also covers about 1000 US and Canadian cities and still has an aspiratio.
Relationship Between Money And Happiness EssDustin Pytko
HelpWriting.net provides writing assistance services. Users can create an account, submit a request with instructions and sources, and choose a writer to complete the paper. Writers bid on requests and users can choose a writer. The user receives the completed paper and can request revisions if needed. HelpWriting.net guarantees original, high-quality content and refunds are offered if papers are plagiarized.
The document discusses emerging trends that will impact businesses in the new economy. It outlines 8 trends: 1) businesses can no longer throw money at problems and must understand ROI; 2) the new business model will be lean and outsource non-core functions; 3) customers will be more discriminating and demand flexibility; 4) continuous innovation is needed; 5) businesses must create new revenue streams to self-finance; 6) commodities will face long-term pricing pressures; 7) exports will be key to survival; and 8) public-private partnerships can help small businesses. Understanding these trends is important for strategic planning going forward.
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS2EXTERNAL AND INTER.docxgitagrimston
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 2
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 12
External and Internal Environmental Analysis
UNIVERSITY OF PHOENIX
STR/581
Running head: EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 1
External and Internal Environmental Analysis
Weight Loss Singles Dating Agency is an online dating service tailored to provide companionship services to individuals over the age of 18 who have undergone any form of weight loss surgery. For effective strategic formulation of implementing this new business, it is critical that the company’s external and internal environmental environments are analyzed to ensure competitive advantage is achieved. The following is the analysis of the external and internal environments for the company, its competitive position and possibilities as well as the organizational structure and impact on the organizational performance.
Environmental Analysis
To perform an efficient external and internal environmental analysis it is imperative that the researcher scrutinize all factors affecting implementation of the proposed business. These factors include:
· Evaluate strategic position of Weight Loss Singles Dating Agency
· Assess the online dating market
· Assess proposed business of online dating industry
· Assess the competition
External Environmental Analysis
To provide conclusions needed for successful implementation the researcher will commence with external environmental investigation. Major factors to explore include:
· Barriers to entry
· Threats of new entrants
· Threats of substitutes
· Rivalry between existing firms and
· The power of buyers and suppliers
Barriers to Entry
The company will have very few competitors in contention. Currently, the researcher has discovered that a strong brand recognition does not currently exist as this is a relatively new niche market. Start-up costs will be kept at a minimum as investors will also provide employee assistance in operations. However, increased proposed regulations on the online dating industry will prove to be a challenge when implementing the business model. Currently the industry is not regulated by Federal law, but many US states have proposed bills in legislature to increase protection of users on online dating sites through mandating background checks of all customers (Internet Business Law Services, 2015).
To ensure that barriers to entry will be kept at a minimum the organization will foster a third party association with an outside research firm. This partnership will aid in the determination of illegitimate online dating companies as a strategy for ensuring privacy and integrity concerns (Marsden, 2010). The company will also apply for membership with organizations such as Online Dating Association and Global Dating Insights for the purpose of being recognized as a legitimate business that takes responsibility to maintain high standards in the industry (The Online Dating Association, 2015). This ...
Yoyo is a startup mobile payments company that created a smartphone app to make purchases easier. The app allows users to scan a barcode to pay for retail transactions and collect rewards from multiple retailers. Yoyo aims to replace cash and credit cards. The founders are targeting college campuses as an entry point, with plans to launch at Imperial College London and spread to other universities. By analyzing Yoyo using the six steps of strategic planning - analyzing the situation, generating goals and plans, evaluating goals and plans, selecting goals and plans, implementing goals and plans, and monitoring and controlling performance - one can better understand the company's strategy and chances of success.
- Leadership on sustainability issues is coming not just from business bosses but also from activists and grassroots supporters. Marketing must educate customers that sustainability is important rather than just promoting it as a niche issue. Effective communication of sustainability messages needs to get personal by utilizing social networks and peer-to-peer channels. Both legislation and influencing consumer habits will be needed to limit consumption and place a value on environmental and social impacts of business.
At Globant, we decided to make sustainability an internal and external strategic pillar. As a company, we think long-term, and are committed to improving our community.
This document is a very useful tool to show our Triple Bottom line: Financial, Social, and Environmental results.
We hope you enjoy it!
Globant Sustainability Council
sustainability@globant.com
9110E576-754D-4768-8CA8-516BFD738853.JPG
F35447F1-7CAB-4F6D-86AD-A0F4EF21612C.JPG
BUS 499 Assignment 4 Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies
Your Name here
Name of the university
Professor name here
Date
Mergers and Acquisitions: Assuming rationality from all players, mergers and acquisitions deals originate out of specific strategic corporate requirements. In reality, the advisors (both legal & financial) and middlemen also play a significant role in the original activity. Acquirers / targets may focus on players for a potential acquisition. Buying players implies horizontal integration. There are lot of risks (financial as well as operational) involved and challenges in mergers and acquisitions face by company which is acquiring and target companies as which are listed below:-
· Synergies sometimes do not generate real cash flows as expected.
· Financial Risk arises from the amount of debt (taken to acquire other corporation) in a company’s capital structure. Impact of changing debt on valuation
· Increase in debt increases value over surge in interest tax yield
· Interest Tax shield gain is partially offset by increase in cost of equity
· There are complex processes involved in mergers and acquisition .It is difficult to compare betas measured against different indices due to differences in composition of index.
· Changing financial leverage affects the systematic risk that shareholder’s face.
· Risks when the acquirer and the Acquirer-Target merging entities are in two different countries
For the corporation that has acquired another company, merged with another company, or been acquired by another company, evaluate the strategy that led to the merger or acquisition to determine whether or not this merger or acquisition was a wise choice. (Facebook acquiring WhatsApp)
There are many reasons that a company consider before doing any merging or acquisition activity. Hence it can be safely considered that Facebook too has considered the factors related to the same.
First of all, the number of users of WhatsApp is around 450 million. WhatsApp was initially released in the year of 2009. In the span of just over 4 years having over 450 million users itself suggests that the growth of the company is phenomenal. Facebook have achieved just over 100 million in the initial 4 years. This provides the past history of growth for the company.
Another factor is the future growth. WhatsApp is adding around 1 million users daily which is one of the highest in the industry. These are the number of new users that the company is able to add. This shows the future growth potential of the company. Hence the valuation would increase a lot.
Another important factor is the synergy between the two companies. Facebook too has a messenger integrated in their website. But they are unable to provide direct strong competition to the WhatsApp. This means Facebook is left with two options:
· First one is that the company must change the .
The document summarizes key points from a breakfast meeting hosted by BMGI to discuss strategic trends. Participants analyzed external factors influencing business using the STEEPLE framework and prioritized technology trends. These included driverless cars, ecommerce, and advances in supply chain transportation and energy storage. Common strategic themes that emerged were the shift from ownership to usage-based models, time as a critical resource, and the need for businesses to evolve their models to maintain relevance in a changing market.
This document discusses 10 truths that are reshaping the corporate world according to a study by Havas Worldwide. It focuses on the first truth, which is that companies are expected to be transparent in their operations as consumers want to know what happens behind closed doors. The public and media now scrutinize companies' labor practices, sourcing, and environmental impact. Transparency has become imperative for businesses to earn trust and loyalty. Consumers have various tools to research companies' social and environmental records.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was a legislative response to several major corporate and accounting scandals including Enron and Worldcom. The act established new or enhanced standards for all U.S. public company boards, management, and public accounting firms. It aims to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures. The act created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to oversee the audits of public companies and strengthen independence standards. It also mandated CEOs and CFOs to personally certify the accuracy of financial reports, and increased criminal penalties for fraud and other white-collar offenses.
The World PR Report 2013, produced by the Holmes Report and ICCO, is a definitive report on the trends and issues facing the global PR industry, based on a survey of global agency heads. The report also includes research on the size and growth of the global PR industry, and a ranking of the world's 250-biggest PR firms.
Running head CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES 1CRIMINOLOGICAL THEOR.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
1
CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
5
Criminological Theories
MCJ 5135 Theory of Crime and Criminology
The Relevance of Psychological Theories in Criminology
The engagement of an individual in criminal activities is often influenced by various underlying factors. As such various theories have been developed to explain the behavioral patterns of criminals and enable the criminal justice departments to operate effectively. Among the developed theories, the psychological theories are perhaps the most accurate in the field of criminology. Psychological theories are based on an interaction between biological and social-cultural factors that either promote or deter criminal behavior, (Walters, 2016). Classical theories of criminology did not account for the state of mind of criminals. As such, many criminals in the past were convicted of crimes they committed unknowingly. This has changed since the adoption of psychological theories. Both individuals as well as criminal justice officials now understand that psychological factors influence criminal behavior. Appropriate measures have been implemented to ensure that the criminal justice department treats all persons fairly by assessing underlying psychological factors. As such, psychological theories have not only promoted the work of the criminal justice department but also promoted individual awareness about underlying mental conditions that affect an individual’s behavior, (Byrne & Hummer, 2016).
Review of the Literature
1. Byrne, J., & Hummer, D. (2016). An examination of the impact of criminological theory on community corrections practice. Fed. Probation, 80, 15.
According toByrne & Hummer (2016), psychological theories have the most direct influence on probation and parole compared to other theories of criminology. The authors have comprehensively analyzed the impact of various theories used to evaluate criminal behavior. They suggest that behavior is intertwined with unconscious motives. Therefore, understanding the reasons behind a crime requires a psychological evaluation to understand the interaction of the two factors. This article is suitable for this research because it captures the relevance of psychological theories in criminology.
2. Dippong, J., & Fitch, C. (2017). Emotions in criminological theory: Insights from social psychology. Sociology Compass, 11(4), e12473.
Few formal theories have been developed to capture the role of emotional processes as facilitators or inhibitors of crime, (Dippong & Fitch, 2017). According to the authors, gaps in criminology can be filled by focusing on the underlying psychological factors of the offenders. The article highlights the effect that practices such as interrogation have on the mental state of an individual thus resulting in inaccurate findings during criminal investigations. As such, this article is a reliable source of information about the relevance of applying psychological theories in criminology. .
Running head COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS .docxtodd271
Running head: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 3
A comparative analysis between Korean melodrama and other local melodrama
Student name
Institution
Most studies in recent times have discovered that Korean dramas have come with a “Korean wave” in media in the global stage. Audiences have been reconceptualised due to the availability of internet and computer that have facilitated the digital revolution. Korean melodrama has earned more views than local melodrama, a result of its marketing its content without owning a means of distribution.
Korean melodrama is a representation of a product that is a hybrid of Hollywood, since Korean melodrama makes use of practices, tools, and conventions in the narrative that comes with the preoccupation of the Korean socio-political and historical aspects. The aspect of familiarity that lacks in local melodrama exists in Korean melodrama. Studies in have shown that audiences tend to respond positively to things they are familiar to and that is exactly what Korean melodrama is.
The use of genre by Korean melodrama is a huge success to its big audiences from the west, as a study by the Korean Creative Content Agency (KOCCA) back in 2015 estimated that around 19 million Americans enjoy Korean melodrama compared to five million who preferred local melodrama as they are a definition of what the world is in reality. The aspect of what is good and what is bad entangled with emotional narratives that give the audience an opportunity to select a hero or a heroine (Martin, 2019).
Korean melodrama are structured in a way that the audience can critique structures of institutional powers and explore a world with aspects of complex social issues. Korean melodrama has a vital element of their characters not being complex and this does not place a huge burden of danger or any sort of conflict in their existing world (Smith, 2017). The study also found out that Korean dramas have integrated aspects of adventures, romance and included professional fields like doctors and police, and lawyer, which are familiar genres to the audience. The structure of the Korean melodrama comes along with themes and selective iconography that make Korean melodrama suitable for global audiences.
Korean drama has earned viewers more than local dramas in the local stage given the Korean dramas depict the actual Korean culture. Most people are attracted to Korean melodrama since they are interested with the reality. A study by a Korean television found out that their supervisor had received more than five hundred emails from people who were not Korean to include English subtitles in their videos. This proves to be a massive support comparing people have less interest in their local drama. Korean drama have earned a huge fan base due to the license agreement of online streaming that was agreed by Korea (Moon, 2019). Studies have recorded that the market of Korean melodrama has around 12% of them wh.
Running Head Critical Evaluation on Note Taking1Critical Ev.docxtodd271
Running Head: Critical Evaluation on Note Taking
1
Critical Evaluation of Four Articles On Note Taking
Critical Evaluation of Four Articles On Note Taking
Note taking is the process of recording information from another source and is an integral part of university studies. Comprehensive studies have been conducted to underline the cognitive process of note taking. This essay aims to critique four research articles pertaining to the study of note taking namely by highlighting several pros and cons of certain methodologies used, to improve future researches done on the topic of note taking.
The first article aims to examine whether the use of laptops in note taking impairs learning compared to people who were using the longhand method (Mueller & Oppenheimer, 2014). They conducted three experiments to investigate whether taking notes on a laptop versus writing longhand would affect academic performance, and to explore the potential mechanism of verbatim overlap as a proxy for the depth of processing. They used an experimental design in order to achieve a quantitative result. Using five 15 minutes TED talks lectures, the use of either laptop or longhand method for note taking as a categorical variable, and 67 participant samples from different university research subject pools, they concluded that participants using laptops were more inclined to take verbatim notes than participants using the longhand method. An overlooked procedure of this methodology is that in their first study, either one or two students were placed in an enclosed room.Mueller & Oppenheimer (2014) unknowingly made this a variable in their experiment. Additionally, typical university lectures are done in an occupied lecture hall. Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) should have had his experiments in a lecture hall with students while testing his participants, emulating an environment similar to the real world. Doing so would increase external validity without sacrificing internal validity. Participants were taken randomly from a pool of voluntary university students, which is a good representation of the larger population for their hypothesis of the experiment. Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) did not account for how the participants usually took notes in their classes. Instructing the participants to take down notes in a medium they are not used to could have affected their implicit processing of information, affecting results. The experimenters should have divided the participants into two separate groups based on which medium they were more comfortable in using. A third control group whereby participants did not take notes would have been beneficial to this experiment, eliminating compromising factors such as selection threats (Trochim, 2006).
The next article alleviates most of the previously stated concerns. This experiment was conducted to determine whether students’ note-taking and online chatting can influence their recalls of lecture content and note quality (Wei , Wang .
Running head CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS.docxtodd271
Running head: CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
5
CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies
Adenike George
Walden University
NURS 6052: Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
April 11, 2019
Critique of Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Method Design
Both quantitative and qualitative methods play a pivotal role in nursing research. Qualitative research helps nurses and other healthcare workers to understand the experiences of the patients on health and illness. Quantitative data allows researchers to use an accurate approach in data collection and analysis. When using quantitative techniques, data can be analyzed using either descriptive statistics or inferential statistics which allows the researchers to derive important facts like demographics, preference trends, and differences between the groups. The paper comprehensively critiques quantitative and quantitative techniques of research. Furthermore, the author will also give reasons as to why qualitative methods should be regarded as scientific.
The overall value of quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative studies allow the researchers to present data in terms of numbers. Since data is in numeric form, researchers can apply statistical techniques in analyzing it. These include descriptive statistics like mean, mode, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, t-tests, correlation and regression analysis. Statistical analysis allows us to derive important facts from data such as preference trends, demographics, and differences between groups. For instance, by conducting a mixed methods study to determine the feeding experiences of infants among teen mothers in North Carolina, Tucker and colleagues were able to compare breastfeeding trends among various population groups. The multiple groups compared were likely to initiate breastfeeding as follows: Hispanic teens 89%, Black American teens 41%, and White teens 52% (Tucker et al., 2011).
The high strength of quantitative analysis lies in providing data that is descriptive. The descriptive statistics helps us to capture a snapshot of the population. When analyzed appropriate, the descriptive data enables us to make general conclusions concerning the population. For instance, through detailed data analysis, Tucker and co-researchers were able to observe that there were a large number of adolescents who ceased breastfeeding within the first month drawing the need for nurses to conduct individualized follow-ups the early days after hospital discharge. These follow-ups would significantly assist in addressing the conventional technical problems and offer support in managing back to school transition (Tucker et al., 2011).
Qualitative research allows researchers to determine the client’s perspective on healthcare. It enables researchers to observe certain behaviors and experiences amo.
Running head CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY .docxtodd271
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 9
Crime Analysis Technology
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Crime Analysis Technology
Peer-Reviewed Article Analysis
Technology has evolved over the years in various sectors, with new technological innovations being developed. One of the areas that has witnessed great applications of technological evolution is in the detection and prevention of crime. This article will analyze the various technologies that are used to prevent and detect crime.
Byrne and Marx (2011) in their article reviews the topic in detail and gives insight in the role of technology in combating crime.
The key data that will be used in this research is secondary data from various peer-reviewed sources that review the topic of Crime Analysis Technology from various perspectives. Byrne and Marx (2011) presents various data on crime and the use of Information Technology in crime detection and prevention. For instance, it highlights that the percentage of schools in the United States that deploy metal detectors is approximately 2%. The article also approximates that as of 2006, one million CCTV cameras had been deployed in the United States, although the article does not provide current estimates on the same.
The article plays a great role in my final research. It gives a highlight of the various technological applications for crime prevention and detection. This can provide a background for further research, especially the technological innovations that are currently being developed. The article also presents figures about various elements of technology in crime prevention and detection such as the number of CCTV cameras, the crime rates such as the registered sex offenders, among others. Projections can therefore be made to the future.
The article mentions several significant facts. First, it classifies technological innovations in criminal justice as hard technology versus soft technology. Hard technology innovations include hardware and materials while soft technology innovations include information systems and computer software. Examples of hard technology is the CCTV cameras, metal detectors, and security systems at homes and schools. Examples of soft technology include predictive policing technology, crime analysis techniques, software, and data sharing techniques, among others. Both of the two categories of technological innovations are important in criminal justice. Another fact is the new technology of policing. The article identifies hard policing technological tools such as non-lethal weaponry and technologies for officer safety. It highlights soft policing technologies such as data-driven policies in policing and information sharing. Another important fact that the article mentions is the issues that should be con.
Running head CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART1CRIMINAL JUSTICE FL.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART 1
CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART 11
Introduction
The purpose of a flowchart is to graphically present information in a logical pattern according to whatis.com (2018), usually showing the progression within a process from beginning to end. This flowchart will illustrate the pattern of progression in the criminal justice systems of Canada and India. In most countries policing, the courts, and the correctional systems are interdependent in this relationship, the police are the first step and the other steps follow in a logical progression. The purpose of mapping the steps of these countries criminal justice systems is to give visual context to this progression.
Criminal Justice of Canada
Police
Canada’s criminal justice system is not that different from other systems from around the world. The Canadian system comprised of the police who investigate crimes, collects evidence, and apprehend suspects for trial in the court system. Canada’s policing uses a decentralized multiple coordination model. In Canada, the federal government is constitutionally responsible for legislating in all areas that relate to criminal matters Braiden (2006), but legislating police activity is the responsibility of the provinces.
Each province has passed a Police Act to meet their responsibilities. Police forces in Canada deal with all types of crimes, from Crimes against Persons to Crimes Against Property according to the Canadian Department of Justice (2017). The crime being investigated will dictate the course of the investigation that will follow. To satisfy their role in the criminal justice flowchart the police must collect evidence and this evidence will be used at trial.
The gathering and preserving of evidence according to rules established within the Police Act and federal legislation spelled out in the Canadian Constitution Canadian Department of Justice (2017). Once an investigation occurs with the collection of evidence, and this evidence obtained through interviews and legally issued search warrants the police will develop a most likely and viable suspect and the police will request an arrest warrant for the suspect spelling out who they are looking to arrest and for what crime they wish to arrest them for.
Courts
The arrest is one of the final steps for the police in this matter and the beginning of the court process. The first step in this process is to put the person in custody into a holding cell usually at a detention center, the person is typically seen by a judge or a justice of the peace as soon as possible, this is usually done in twenty-four hours according to the Canadian Department of Justice (2017). At this point, the judge determines a pre-trial date in some cases will release the party on bail.
A bail hearing allows the prosecution to present evidence in hopes to keep the accused in custody. In the Canadian system, the state has all the expense of investigatio.
Running head COMPANY OVERVIEW1COMPANY OVERVIEW2Co.docxtodd271
Running head: COMPANY OVERVIEW
1
COMPANY OVERVIEW
2
Company Overview
Name: John Blair
Institutional Affiliation: Rasmussen College
Founded in 2001, Global Inc. is one of the leading manufacturers of consumer electronics such as personal computers, smartphones, and household appliances among other products. As a limited liability company members are not liable for the organization’s liabilities or debts (Deering & Murphy, 2003). It has experienced growth currently with approximately 13, 500 workers and an annual revenue of $14 billion as of December 2017. Smartphones and personal computers form its major source of revenue which currently comprises 45% of all the revenues. Starting 2009, the company expanded to the international market and has since experienced a growing revenue due to the expanding market share. More so, due to benefits such as cheap and readily available labor, the organization moved some of its manufacturing processes to Indonesia, Bhutan and Hong Kong which has greatly impacted the operational cost enabling it to provide goods at competitive prices.
In 2016, the company faced issues related to labor management as it was established that some of its suppliers employ underage workers and also utilizes bonded labor. It has been an ethical issue faced by the organization whether it should cut ties with the suppliers and find other suppliers. The company did not have any policies that controlled labor management practices by the suppliers hence it was not likely for the organization to act with speed. On the other hand, in the established manufacturing plants in Asian countries, it emerged that some workers received wages lower than the minimum wages in the said countries. These have been the two major issues that have recently tarnished the organization’s public image. However, it has put efforts to turn around the situation and regain its previous public image.
Reference
Deering, A., & Murphy, A. (2003). The Partnering Imperative: Making Business Partnerships Work (1st ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Running head: ETHICAL ISSUES IN CONSUMER ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
1
ETHICAL ISSUES IN CONSUMER ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
4
Trending Ethical Issues in Consumer Electronics Industry
Name: John Blair
Institutional Affiliation: Rasmussen College
Trending Ethical Issues in Consumer Electronics Industry
In the consumer electronics industry, players are competing with each other to create cutting edge devices that are more appealing to the consumers. Due to this need, majority of the manufacturers have employed various strategies such as partnering with third party manufacturers in a bid to lower operational costs hence being able to present consumers with competitively priced devices. However, it is imperative to note that adoption of the various strategies by the industry players has led to a number of ethical issues such as unfair labor practices as looked into in the following section.
One, partnering with third party manufacturers.
Running head CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS 1CRIMINAL BACKGROUND .docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS 1
CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS
2
Criminal Background CheckNameENG/100
Erica Letourneau
September 1, 2019
Thesis Statement:
Criminal background checks help in determining a new employee’s behavior on the job, aids in identifying illegal immigration or harbored a fugitives, and acts as a societal norm.
Determining the behaviors of a new employee
One-way Criminal background checks helps employers is through acting as a guide in determining employee behavior before joining their task force. The character of an employee is a factor that should be considered before the employee is offered an opportunity to work for any organisation (Harris & Keller, 2005).
Hiring a criminal puts the security of the customers and employees at risk. Without past information about an employee, an organization is likely to employ a criminal. In this respect, a background check comes in place to make sure that the potential employee has no tarnished background.
Aids in illegal immigration or harboring a fugitive
Criminal background checks can also aid identifying illegal immigrants or harbored fugitives in workplaces. In the modern day, illegal immigration has become a norm in the society. Considering that the illegal immigrants are not citizens of the country, it is evident that any person cannot access their records. A criminal background check does not only help to know the previous criminal engagement activities of a person, but it also helps to know if a person is in the country's system or not.
Acts as a societal norm
Criminal background checks act as a social norm which can help in a nation’s economic growth. The productivity of its citizens dictates the economy of any nation. Ethics and productivity go hand in hand. When one is involved in criminal activities, it is evident that the level of his or her productivity can be questioned (Blumstein & Nakamura, 2009). It has become a norm for the society to try and look if one is associated with shady dealings in the past. The norm has been essential in two different ways. The first way is associated with the aspect of making sure that the people who are engaged in business activities are people with a good reputation and trustworthy (Harris & Keller, 2005). The second way is associated with the influence that the background check has on the members of the society. Most members of the society try as much as they can to avoid engaging in criminal activities because such can affect their future and that promotes a norm of avoiding and staying away from crime.
References
Blumstein, A., & Nakamura, K. (2009). Redemption in the presence of widespread criminal background checks. Criminology, 47(2), 327-359.
Harris, P. M., & Keller, K. S. (2005). Ex-offenders need not apply: The criminal background checks in hiring decisions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(1), 6-30.
Concerns
Areas that Need Work
Criteria
Standards for This Performance
Strengths
Evidence.
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 2
Crime analysis is a function that usually involves the systemic analysis in identifying as well as analyzing the crime patterns and trends. Crime analysis is very important for law enforcement agencies as it helps law enforcers effectively deploy the available resources in a better and effective manner, which enables them to identify and apprehend suspects. Crime analysis is also very significant when it comes to arriving at solutions devised to come up with the right solution to solve the current crime problem and issues as well as coming up with the right prevention strategies. Since the year 2014, crime rates in the USA have increased steadily as per a study done by USAFacts, which is a non-partisan initiative (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). With this increase in crime rates, which has majorly resulted in massive growth in technology, it is essential to come up with better means and ways of dealing with the increased crime rates. With the current advancement in technology, better law enforcement tools developed, which has enabled better crime deterrence in better and efficient ways. All this has been facilitated by the efforts of crime analysts who have come up with better tools and thus enabling the law enforcers to better deal with the crimes (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). In this paper, I will consider the application of crime analysis technology and techniques in fighting crimes. Application of crime analysis technology and techniques used to make crime analysis more accurate and efficient.
Currently, the two technological tools that are used in predictive policing software have enabled security agencies to effectively use predictive policing ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). Application of this software has enabled better crime prevention as with data obtained in the previous crimes have been used to predict possible future severe crimes in a specific area.
Through the adoption and use of crime analysis, law enforcement agencies have been able to fight against crimes as when compared with the past effectively. The use of crime analysis comes at the right time, where there has been an increase in crime rates in the current digital error. In a survey done by Wynyard group in 2015, the study revealed that for every 10 law enforcement officials 9 of them believe that the use of current technology in crime analysis has had positive effects in helping the agencies in solving crimes as they can identify essential links and trends in crimes ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). In the same way, other sectors have benefited from data analysis with spreadsheets, databases, and mapping, law enforcers have been able to use data analysis to come up with a better decision. Crime analysis ha.
Running Head CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS .docxtodd271
Running Head: CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2
CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2
In the wake of technological advances, the use of computers has played a major role especially in criminal justice (Moriarty, (2017). This paper has focused on the use of computer application technologies in criminology and the potential it has in legal systems. From enabling easy access for witnesses to search for accused peoples’ photographs on the screen and go through the whole court procedural activities. Moreover, criminals’ records can be monitored using databases and it is easy to make a follow-up on crimes they have committed in the past and the charges against them. Forensics can also be conducted and investigations can now be carried out easily and very fast. Also, when one is linked to cases, they can be easily identified using forensics and fingerprints. Portable laptops have also helped police officers in getting information and any important details related to a crime at any place without having to go back to their working stations. James (2017), argues that unlike in the past, investigations are done faster due to internet connections and ease of communication between community members and investigative officers through the use of phone gadgets.
Computers have broad variance in usage which has been enhanced by computer applications. For instance, massive record keeping systems have relied for reference on criminal accounts, case records and unresolved warranties. Incorporation of technology in criminology has just made the career easy and also improved livelihoods. Many police units now use computerized applications to keep up with the ever-rising crimes. There are different applications being used nowadays, from mobile technology, to use in-car computers, CCTV camera installations and also software such as the Computer Aided Dispatch. Investigators often use programmed record management systems to monitor information they obtain and guard it properly. With the current technology, it is possible to detect impending crimes, track stolen goods and the culprits, tell which time a crime occurred and also who committed it and where.
Computer applications:
1. In-Car Computer installations in police cars.
Blumstein (2018), contends that this application that allows traffic patrol police to effectively carry out their activities especially when vehicles violate traffic rules. In the current world, things are drifting toward being more computerized than handwritten (Maxfield & Babbie, 2014). Thus event arrest reports are being typed. It also means that after traffic references are written down, they are generated by the computers installed duplicating a copy to the person who breaks the rules. This is seen to reduce paperwork and improve the efficiency of police officers' work.
2. Computer Aided Dispatch
In the past, correspondents would use hand.
Running Head CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES .docxtodd271
Running Head: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES 1
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES AND PROTECTION 5
Doctor of Business Administration- Finance
Track- ADRP
Flexible Design Methods
Critical Analysis of the Whistleblower incentives and protection: Are a way of applying investment banking incentives to control management unethical and illegal practices
Introduction
Whistleblower incentives and protection refers to the monetary reward as well as protection which the United States Government offers to the individuals who exposes certain wrongdoings in the community more especially in government institutions. The Federal law requires the government to reward the whistleblowers a certain percentage of money that is recovered following their tips of exposing the wrongdoing acts. This percentage may go up to 30 percent of the total recovered money. In this paper, I will critically analyze whether Whistleblower Incentives and Protection are ways of applying investment banking incentives to control management unethical and illegal practices. And maybe are the whistleblowers rewarded accordingly in terms of security and money.
Problem Statement
What happened?? This is not anything like what was approved or what was in the white paper. Follow the instructions and make a paragraph out of the bullet outline problem
The Problem statement, which will be addressed in this paper, is that, whistle blowers are not given adequate incentives and protection resulting in the difficulty of reporting wrongdoing, misconduct and unethical behaviors. According to Andon, et al., (2018), Lack of whistle blower incentives and protection makes it difficult for whistle blowers to report wrongdoing, as they feel insecure. “The current whistle blowing system is not effective and therefore does not provide the basis for investigation of corruption cases and any misconduct within a company (Ballan, 2017). In support of Ballan’s views on the whistle blowing system, Keith, Todd & Oliver, (2016) indicated that the managers aren’t empowered to sanction employees involved in unethical behaviors because of lack of whistle blower incentives which are reinforced by the Federal laws.
Specifically, failure of finance department to offer adequate whistleblowers incentives as well as protection within the investment – banking sector in the United States. As per Keith, Todd & Oliver, (2016), in their recent research, they recommended that the finance department in any organization is a very critical area that can determine the overall performance of an organization. Failure to provide whistleblower incentives and protection to finance staff makes it difficult for them to report unethical behaviors.
Research Questions
What happened here? Where is the list of approved RQs Where are the numbers
It’s important to note that integrity and corruption free environment can be enhanced if specifically the involved organizations are audited or watch.
Running head CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES .docxtodd271
Running head: CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES 1
CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES 10
Critical Appraisal of Research Articles on Evidence-Based Practice
Name
Institution
Course
Date
Critical Appraisal of Research Articles on Evidence-Based Practice
Full APA formatted citation of the selected article
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
Article 4
Barakat-Johnson M., Lai M., Wand T. & White K. (2019). A qualitative study of the thoughts and experiences of hospital nurses providing pressure injury prevention and management. Collegian, 26(1), 95-102.
Park S. H., Lee Y. S. and Kwon, Y. M. (2016). Predictive validity of pressure ulcer risk assessment tools for the elderly: A meta-analysis. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(4), 459-483.
Boyko T., Longaker M. T., and Yang G. (February 1, 2018). Review of the current management of Pressure Ulcers. Journal of Advances in Wound Care, vol. 7, issue No. 2. Pages 57-67.
Ferris, A., Price, A., & Harding K. (2019). Pressure ulcers in patients receiving palliative care: A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 33(7), 770-782.
Level of evidence of the article
Level 4 evidence. The article provides a summary of the individual thoughts and experiences regarding the issue of pressure ulcers
Level 2 evidence. The information comes from the meta-analysis of all the relevant and randomized, as well as the controlled trials.
Level 1 evidence. The article offers evidence from the systematic review of the randomized as well as the controlled trials from the experiments.
Level 1 evidence. The information is evidence from the systematic reviews of trials that have been relevant and controlled while the researchers were trying to carry out the research.
Conceptual Framework
The theoretical basis that led to the research was an increased number of injuries resulting from pressure ulcers, and this led to the need for having a study to find the ways that were effective for preventing such occurrences.
The theoretical framework that led to this study was that pressure ulcers have become a major challenge and a challenging goal when it came to providing healthcare for pressure ulcer patients. Therefore, it led to the need to have a study that could deal with the challenge.
The theoretical framework that necessitated this research was the incidence of pressure ulcers that were increasing because of the poor and aging population as well as the elderly that were living with incidences of disability.
Pressure ulcers were highly associated with significant mortality and morbidity and high costs of healthcare services, and this led to the need for a study to review the situation.
Design/Method
A qualitative and exploratory design using semi-structured interviews. Sampling was also done and used for obtaining the participants and information from the relevant individuals of the study.
A qualitative study w.
Running Head COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT2COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT2.docxtodd271
Running Head: COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT 2
COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT 2
Shouq Alqu.
CWL 200 SEC 03
Feb / 23 / 2020
Comparative Argumentative Critical analysis
Introduction
Plato’s allegory of the cave is a notion about human perception. Plato argued that knowledge acquired through the senses is just an opinion but for one to acquire knowledge then it must be through philosophical cognitive. Plato gives an analogy of the prisoners tied to some rocks in a cave since they were born. They cannot see anything except shadows of objects carried by people walking in the walkway. Since the prisoners had not seen the real objects ever since they were born, they believe that these shadows are real. Fortunately, one prison escapes from the cave and meets the real world and recognizes that his perception of reality was mistaken. He goes back to the cave and informs the other prisoners what he found. Unfortunately, they don’t believe him (Alam 5).
Overview of Gogol’s Overcoat and Lahiri’s Namesake
The overcoat is a story written by Nikolai Gogol about Akaky Akakievich, an underprivileged government clerk in Russia. Though he is devoted to his work, his hard work goes unrecognized by his colleagues who joke about his overcoat. When his overcoat is worn out he decides to get it fixed but his tailor advises him to get a new one because the old one was beyond repair. His tailor finally makes a new coat for Akaky which makes his colleagues celebrate him by throwing a party for him. His coat does not last long because it is stolen and Akaky’s efforts to get it back do not bear fruit. He dies of fever (Yilmaz 195).
Namesake is a story about Indian immigrants who settle in the US. Soon after, they get a baby boy who is given a temporal pet name by his father: Gogol. When he starts kindergarten Gogol is given his good name, Nikhil, which he rejects and clings to his pet name. But when he grows up Gogol knows the meaning of his name and starts to despise it. At the age of eighteen, he changes his legal name to Nikhil. He becomes acculturated and adopts the American way of life. That way he feels comfortable around his friends and especially the girlfriend. It was after his father’s death that he knew the true meaning of his name and changed it again to Gogol (Jaya 158).
The relevance of Plato’s Allegory of the cave on Gogol’s ‘Overcoat’ and Lahiri’s ‘Namesake’
The most significant insinuation of these stories is how the two main characters change their identity. Both of them were not named after they were born. Coincidentally, their fathers picked their names for them. As the writers of these two stories put it, these two characters could not be given any other names. These two characters are comfortable with their identities just like the prisoners in the cave (Ledbetter 130).
Akaky is afraid of changing his old ways of doing things. He was seen in the same position and place with the same uniform, his overcoat, and this made his supervisors believe that he was born as a r.
Running Head CREATING A GROUP WIKI1CREATING A GROUP WIKI .docxtodd271
Running Head: CREATING A GROUP WIKI 1
CREATING A GROUP WIKI 3
Title: CREATING A GROUP WIKI
Student’s Name:
Institution:
As far as the definition to my words is concerned, metacommunication can be defined as all nonverbal cues experienced by different people. Some of the metacommunications experienced by people include; tone of voice, gestures, facial expression and body language. On matters related to the facial expression, it can be used to show the feelings of the people involved in an incident. However, different people should be encouraged to understand the use of the metacommunication in ensuring that the society is able to operate in an effective manner. Again, gestures can be used in ensuring that communication is enhanced amongst different people. The use of gestures plays important roles in ensuring that different ideas are shared in the best way possible (Hazari, 2019).
On the other hand, evaluative communication can be used for the purposes of causing defensiveness by ensuring that judgment is passed. It is through that whereby majority of the people are enabled to focus on the problem experienced hence making it easy for the right solution to be found. The ability of people to focus on the problem can be used in ensuring that the required solution is identified therefore reducing the issues experienced by the people. However, majority of people should be encouraged to engage in evaluative communication for the purposes of ensuring that the solution to the issues experienced is found (Ma, 2020).
References
Hazari, S., North, A., & Moreland, D. (2019). Investigating pedagogical value of wiki technology. Journal of Information Systems Education, 20(2), 8.
Ma, Q. (2020). Examining the role of inter-group peer online feedback on wiki writing in an EAP context. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(3), 197-216.
Running Head: MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY 1
MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY 3
Title: MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY
Student’s Name:
Institution:
My first term I chose is matrilocal family. However, matrilocal family is a family whereby the husband goes to live with the family of the wife. This is a culture which allows the man to move to live with the mother and the father in law. As a result, the man is required to change his social life their living according to the cultures of the parents in law (Brown, 2020).
As far as the episode is concerned, the man had to go and hence live with the female’s family. It is through that whereby the man was required to change his lifestyle and hence adapt the live from the female’s family. Moreover, when not controlled, matrilocal family might end up bringing about conflicts amongst the people and their care has to be taken so as to ensure that the cases of misunderstanding are not experienced.
On the other hand, conjugal family is the other term which should be considered in different aspects. However, this is a term in which the marred coup.
More Related Content
Similar to Running head DECISION TRAP IN BUSINESSDECISION TRAP IN BU.docx
At Globant, we decided to make sustainability an internal and external strategic pillar. As a company, we think long-term, and are committed to improving our community.
This document is a very useful tool to show our Triple Bottom line: Financial, Social, and Environmental results.
We hope you enjoy it!
Globant Sustainability Council
sustainability@globant.com
9110E576-754D-4768-8CA8-516BFD738853.JPG
F35447F1-7CAB-4F6D-86AD-A0F4EF21612C.JPG
BUS 499 Assignment 4 Merger, Acquisition, and International Strategies
Your Name here
Name of the university
Professor name here
Date
Mergers and Acquisitions: Assuming rationality from all players, mergers and acquisitions deals originate out of specific strategic corporate requirements. In reality, the advisors (both legal & financial) and middlemen also play a significant role in the original activity. Acquirers / targets may focus on players for a potential acquisition. Buying players implies horizontal integration. There are lot of risks (financial as well as operational) involved and challenges in mergers and acquisitions face by company which is acquiring and target companies as which are listed below:-
· Synergies sometimes do not generate real cash flows as expected.
· Financial Risk arises from the amount of debt (taken to acquire other corporation) in a company’s capital structure. Impact of changing debt on valuation
· Increase in debt increases value over surge in interest tax yield
· Interest Tax shield gain is partially offset by increase in cost of equity
· There are complex processes involved in mergers and acquisition .It is difficult to compare betas measured against different indices due to differences in composition of index.
· Changing financial leverage affects the systematic risk that shareholder’s face.
· Risks when the acquirer and the Acquirer-Target merging entities are in two different countries
For the corporation that has acquired another company, merged with another company, or been acquired by another company, evaluate the strategy that led to the merger or acquisition to determine whether or not this merger or acquisition was a wise choice. (Facebook acquiring WhatsApp)
There are many reasons that a company consider before doing any merging or acquisition activity. Hence it can be safely considered that Facebook too has considered the factors related to the same.
First of all, the number of users of WhatsApp is around 450 million. WhatsApp was initially released in the year of 2009. In the span of just over 4 years having over 450 million users itself suggests that the growth of the company is phenomenal. Facebook have achieved just over 100 million in the initial 4 years. This provides the past history of growth for the company.
Another factor is the future growth. WhatsApp is adding around 1 million users daily which is one of the highest in the industry. These are the number of new users that the company is able to add. This shows the future growth potential of the company. Hence the valuation would increase a lot.
Another important factor is the synergy between the two companies. Facebook too has a messenger integrated in their website. But they are unable to provide direct strong competition to the WhatsApp. This means Facebook is left with two options:
· First one is that the company must change the .
The document summarizes key points from a breakfast meeting hosted by BMGI to discuss strategic trends. Participants analyzed external factors influencing business using the STEEPLE framework and prioritized technology trends. These included driverless cars, ecommerce, and advances in supply chain transportation and energy storage. Common strategic themes that emerged were the shift from ownership to usage-based models, time as a critical resource, and the need for businesses to evolve their models to maintain relevance in a changing market.
This document discusses 10 truths that are reshaping the corporate world according to a study by Havas Worldwide. It focuses on the first truth, which is that companies are expected to be transparent in their operations as consumers want to know what happens behind closed doors. The public and media now scrutinize companies' labor practices, sourcing, and environmental impact. Transparency has become imperative for businesses to earn trust and loyalty. Consumers have various tools to research companies' social and environmental records.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was a legislative response to several major corporate and accounting scandals including Enron and Worldcom. The act established new or enhanced standards for all U.S. public company boards, management, and public accounting firms. It aims to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures. The act created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board to oversee the audits of public companies and strengthen independence standards. It also mandated CEOs and CFOs to personally certify the accuracy of financial reports, and increased criminal penalties for fraud and other white-collar offenses.
The World PR Report 2013, produced by the Holmes Report and ICCO, is a definitive report on the trends and issues facing the global PR industry, based on a survey of global agency heads. The report also includes research on the size and growth of the global PR industry, and a ranking of the world's 250-biggest PR firms.
Similar to Running head DECISION TRAP IN BUSINESSDECISION TRAP IN BU.docx (7)
Running head CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES 1CRIMINOLOGICAL THEOR.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
1
CRIMINOLOGICAL THEORIES
5
Criminological Theories
MCJ 5135 Theory of Crime and Criminology
The Relevance of Psychological Theories in Criminology
The engagement of an individual in criminal activities is often influenced by various underlying factors. As such various theories have been developed to explain the behavioral patterns of criminals and enable the criminal justice departments to operate effectively. Among the developed theories, the psychological theories are perhaps the most accurate in the field of criminology. Psychological theories are based on an interaction between biological and social-cultural factors that either promote or deter criminal behavior, (Walters, 2016). Classical theories of criminology did not account for the state of mind of criminals. As such, many criminals in the past were convicted of crimes they committed unknowingly. This has changed since the adoption of psychological theories. Both individuals as well as criminal justice officials now understand that psychological factors influence criminal behavior. Appropriate measures have been implemented to ensure that the criminal justice department treats all persons fairly by assessing underlying psychological factors. As such, psychological theories have not only promoted the work of the criminal justice department but also promoted individual awareness about underlying mental conditions that affect an individual’s behavior, (Byrne & Hummer, 2016).
Review of the Literature
1. Byrne, J., & Hummer, D. (2016). An examination of the impact of criminological theory on community corrections practice. Fed. Probation, 80, 15.
According toByrne & Hummer (2016), psychological theories have the most direct influence on probation and parole compared to other theories of criminology. The authors have comprehensively analyzed the impact of various theories used to evaluate criminal behavior. They suggest that behavior is intertwined with unconscious motives. Therefore, understanding the reasons behind a crime requires a psychological evaluation to understand the interaction of the two factors. This article is suitable for this research because it captures the relevance of psychological theories in criminology.
2. Dippong, J., & Fitch, C. (2017). Emotions in criminological theory: Insights from social psychology. Sociology Compass, 11(4), e12473.
Few formal theories have been developed to capture the role of emotional processes as facilitators or inhibitors of crime, (Dippong & Fitch, 2017). According to the authors, gaps in criminology can be filled by focusing on the underlying psychological factors of the offenders. The article highlights the effect that practices such as interrogation have on the mental state of an individual thus resulting in inaccurate findings during criminal investigations. As such, this article is a reliable source of information about the relevance of applying psychological theories in criminology. .
Running head COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS .docxtodd271
Running head: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 3
A comparative analysis between Korean melodrama and other local melodrama
Student name
Institution
Most studies in recent times have discovered that Korean dramas have come with a “Korean wave” in media in the global stage. Audiences have been reconceptualised due to the availability of internet and computer that have facilitated the digital revolution. Korean melodrama has earned more views than local melodrama, a result of its marketing its content without owning a means of distribution.
Korean melodrama is a representation of a product that is a hybrid of Hollywood, since Korean melodrama makes use of practices, tools, and conventions in the narrative that comes with the preoccupation of the Korean socio-political and historical aspects. The aspect of familiarity that lacks in local melodrama exists in Korean melodrama. Studies in have shown that audiences tend to respond positively to things they are familiar to and that is exactly what Korean melodrama is.
The use of genre by Korean melodrama is a huge success to its big audiences from the west, as a study by the Korean Creative Content Agency (KOCCA) back in 2015 estimated that around 19 million Americans enjoy Korean melodrama compared to five million who preferred local melodrama as they are a definition of what the world is in reality. The aspect of what is good and what is bad entangled with emotional narratives that give the audience an opportunity to select a hero or a heroine (Martin, 2019).
Korean melodrama are structured in a way that the audience can critique structures of institutional powers and explore a world with aspects of complex social issues. Korean melodrama has a vital element of their characters not being complex and this does not place a huge burden of danger or any sort of conflict in their existing world (Smith, 2017). The study also found out that Korean dramas have integrated aspects of adventures, romance and included professional fields like doctors and police, and lawyer, which are familiar genres to the audience. The structure of the Korean melodrama comes along with themes and selective iconography that make Korean melodrama suitable for global audiences.
Korean drama has earned viewers more than local dramas in the local stage given the Korean dramas depict the actual Korean culture. Most people are attracted to Korean melodrama since they are interested with the reality. A study by a Korean television found out that their supervisor had received more than five hundred emails from people who were not Korean to include English subtitles in their videos. This proves to be a massive support comparing people have less interest in their local drama. Korean drama have earned a huge fan base due to the license agreement of online streaming that was agreed by Korea (Moon, 2019). Studies have recorded that the market of Korean melodrama has around 12% of them wh.
Running Head Critical Evaluation on Note Taking1Critical Ev.docxtodd271
Running Head: Critical Evaluation on Note Taking
1
Critical Evaluation of Four Articles On Note Taking
Critical Evaluation of Four Articles On Note Taking
Note taking is the process of recording information from another source and is an integral part of university studies. Comprehensive studies have been conducted to underline the cognitive process of note taking. This essay aims to critique four research articles pertaining to the study of note taking namely by highlighting several pros and cons of certain methodologies used, to improve future researches done on the topic of note taking.
The first article aims to examine whether the use of laptops in note taking impairs learning compared to people who were using the longhand method (Mueller & Oppenheimer, 2014). They conducted three experiments to investigate whether taking notes on a laptop versus writing longhand would affect academic performance, and to explore the potential mechanism of verbatim overlap as a proxy for the depth of processing. They used an experimental design in order to achieve a quantitative result. Using five 15 minutes TED talks lectures, the use of either laptop or longhand method for note taking as a categorical variable, and 67 participant samples from different university research subject pools, they concluded that participants using laptops were more inclined to take verbatim notes than participants using the longhand method. An overlooked procedure of this methodology is that in their first study, either one or two students were placed in an enclosed room.Mueller & Oppenheimer (2014) unknowingly made this a variable in their experiment. Additionally, typical university lectures are done in an occupied lecture hall. Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) should have had his experiments in a lecture hall with students while testing his participants, emulating an environment similar to the real world. Doing so would increase external validity without sacrificing internal validity. Participants were taken randomly from a pool of voluntary university students, which is a good representation of the larger population for their hypothesis of the experiment. Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) did not account for how the participants usually took notes in their classes. Instructing the participants to take down notes in a medium they are not used to could have affected their implicit processing of information, affecting results. The experimenters should have divided the participants into two separate groups based on which medium they were more comfortable in using. A third control group whereby participants did not take notes would have been beneficial to this experiment, eliminating compromising factors such as selection threats (Trochim, 2006).
The next article alleviates most of the previously stated concerns. This experiment was conducted to determine whether students’ note-taking and online chatting can influence their recalls of lecture content and note quality (Wei , Wang .
Running head CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS.docxtodd271
Running head: CRITIQUE QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
5
CRITIQUE OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, OR MIXED METHODS DESIGN
Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies
Adenike George
Walden University
NURS 6052: Essentials of Evidence-Based Practice
April 11, 2019
Critique of Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Method Design
Both quantitative and qualitative methods play a pivotal role in nursing research. Qualitative research helps nurses and other healthcare workers to understand the experiences of the patients on health and illness. Quantitative data allows researchers to use an accurate approach in data collection and analysis. When using quantitative techniques, data can be analyzed using either descriptive statistics or inferential statistics which allows the researchers to derive important facts like demographics, preference trends, and differences between the groups. The paper comprehensively critiques quantitative and quantitative techniques of research. Furthermore, the author will also give reasons as to why qualitative methods should be regarded as scientific.
The overall value of quantitative and Qualitative Research
Quantitative studies allow the researchers to present data in terms of numbers. Since data is in numeric form, researchers can apply statistical techniques in analyzing it. These include descriptive statistics like mean, mode, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANOVA, t-tests, correlation and regression analysis. Statistical analysis allows us to derive important facts from data such as preference trends, demographics, and differences between groups. For instance, by conducting a mixed methods study to determine the feeding experiences of infants among teen mothers in North Carolina, Tucker and colleagues were able to compare breastfeeding trends among various population groups. The multiple groups compared were likely to initiate breastfeeding as follows: Hispanic teens 89%, Black American teens 41%, and White teens 52% (Tucker et al., 2011).
The high strength of quantitative analysis lies in providing data that is descriptive. The descriptive statistics helps us to capture a snapshot of the population. When analyzed appropriate, the descriptive data enables us to make general conclusions concerning the population. For instance, through detailed data analysis, Tucker and co-researchers were able to observe that there were a large number of adolescents who ceased breastfeeding within the first month drawing the need for nurses to conduct individualized follow-ups the early days after hospital discharge. These follow-ups would significantly assist in addressing the conventional technical problems and offer support in managing back to school transition (Tucker et al., 2011).
Qualitative research allows researchers to determine the client’s perspective on healthcare. It enables researchers to observe certain behaviors and experiences amo.
Running head CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY .docxtodd271
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 9
Crime Analysis Technology
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Crime Analysis Technology
Peer-Reviewed Article Analysis
Technology has evolved over the years in various sectors, with new technological innovations being developed. One of the areas that has witnessed great applications of technological evolution is in the detection and prevention of crime. This article will analyze the various technologies that are used to prevent and detect crime.
Byrne and Marx (2011) in their article reviews the topic in detail and gives insight in the role of technology in combating crime.
The key data that will be used in this research is secondary data from various peer-reviewed sources that review the topic of Crime Analysis Technology from various perspectives. Byrne and Marx (2011) presents various data on crime and the use of Information Technology in crime detection and prevention. For instance, it highlights that the percentage of schools in the United States that deploy metal detectors is approximately 2%. The article also approximates that as of 2006, one million CCTV cameras had been deployed in the United States, although the article does not provide current estimates on the same.
The article plays a great role in my final research. It gives a highlight of the various technological applications for crime prevention and detection. This can provide a background for further research, especially the technological innovations that are currently being developed. The article also presents figures about various elements of technology in crime prevention and detection such as the number of CCTV cameras, the crime rates such as the registered sex offenders, among others. Projections can therefore be made to the future.
The article mentions several significant facts. First, it classifies technological innovations in criminal justice as hard technology versus soft technology. Hard technology innovations include hardware and materials while soft technology innovations include information systems and computer software. Examples of hard technology is the CCTV cameras, metal detectors, and security systems at homes and schools. Examples of soft technology include predictive policing technology, crime analysis techniques, software, and data sharing techniques, among others. Both of the two categories of technological innovations are important in criminal justice. Another fact is the new technology of policing. The article identifies hard policing technological tools such as non-lethal weaponry and technologies for officer safety. It highlights soft policing technologies such as data-driven policies in policing and information sharing. Another important fact that the article mentions is the issues that should be con.
Running head CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART1CRIMINAL JUSTICE FL.docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART 1
CRIMINAL JUSTICE FLOWCHART 11
Introduction
The purpose of a flowchart is to graphically present information in a logical pattern according to whatis.com (2018), usually showing the progression within a process from beginning to end. This flowchart will illustrate the pattern of progression in the criminal justice systems of Canada and India. In most countries policing, the courts, and the correctional systems are interdependent in this relationship, the police are the first step and the other steps follow in a logical progression. The purpose of mapping the steps of these countries criminal justice systems is to give visual context to this progression.
Criminal Justice of Canada
Police
Canada’s criminal justice system is not that different from other systems from around the world. The Canadian system comprised of the police who investigate crimes, collects evidence, and apprehend suspects for trial in the court system. Canada’s policing uses a decentralized multiple coordination model. In Canada, the federal government is constitutionally responsible for legislating in all areas that relate to criminal matters Braiden (2006), but legislating police activity is the responsibility of the provinces.
Each province has passed a Police Act to meet their responsibilities. Police forces in Canada deal with all types of crimes, from Crimes against Persons to Crimes Against Property according to the Canadian Department of Justice (2017). The crime being investigated will dictate the course of the investigation that will follow. To satisfy their role in the criminal justice flowchart the police must collect evidence and this evidence will be used at trial.
The gathering and preserving of evidence according to rules established within the Police Act and federal legislation spelled out in the Canadian Constitution Canadian Department of Justice (2017). Once an investigation occurs with the collection of evidence, and this evidence obtained through interviews and legally issued search warrants the police will develop a most likely and viable suspect and the police will request an arrest warrant for the suspect spelling out who they are looking to arrest and for what crime they wish to arrest them for.
Courts
The arrest is one of the final steps for the police in this matter and the beginning of the court process. The first step in this process is to put the person in custody into a holding cell usually at a detention center, the person is typically seen by a judge or a justice of the peace as soon as possible, this is usually done in twenty-four hours according to the Canadian Department of Justice (2017). At this point, the judge determines a pre-trial date in some cases will release the party on bail.
A bail hearing allows the prosecution to present evidence in hopes to keep the accused in custody. In the Canadian system, the state has all the expense of investigatio.
Running head COMPANY OVERVIEW1COMPANY OVERVIEW2Co.docxtodd271
Running head: COMPANY OVERVIEW
1
COMPANY OVERVIEW
2
Company Overview
Name: John Blair
Institutional Affiliation: Rasmussen College
Founded in 2001, Global Inc. is one of the leading manufacturers of consumer electronics such as personal computers, smartphones, and household appliances among other products. As a limited liability company members are not liable for the organization’s liabilities or debts (Deering & Murphy, 2003). It has experienced growth currently with approximately 13, 500 workers and an annual revenue of $14 billion as of December 2017. Smartphones and personal computers form its major source of revenue which currently comprises 45% of all the revenues. Starting 2009, the company expanded to the international market and has since experienced a growing revenue due to the expanding market share. More so, due to benefits such as cheap and readily available labor, the organization moved some of its manufacturing processes to Indonesia, Bhutan and Hong Kong which has greatly impacted the operational cost enabling it to provide goods at competitive prices.
In 2016, the company faced issues related to labor management as it was established that some of its suppliers employ underage workers and also utilizes bonded labor. It has been an ethical issue faced by the organization whether it should cut ties with the suppliers and find other suppliers. The company did not have any policies that controlled labor management practices by the suppliers hence it was not likely for the organization to act with speed. On the other hand, in the established manufacturing plants in Asian countries, it emerged that some workers received wages lower than the minimum wages in the said countries. These have been the two major issues that have recently tarnished the organization’s public image. However, it has put efforts to turn around the situation and regain its previous public image.
Reference
Deering, A., & Murphy, A. (2003). The Partnering Imperative: Making Business Partnerships Work (1st ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Running head: ETHICAL ISSUES IN CONSUMER ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
1
ETHICAL ISSUES IN CONSUMER ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY
4
Trending Ethical Issues in Consumer Electronics Industry
Name: John Blair
Institutional Affiliation: Rasmussen College
Trending Ethical Issues in Consumer Electronics Industry
In the consumer electronics industry, players are competing with each other to create cutting edge devices that are more appealing to the consumers. Due to this need, majority of the manufacturers have employed various strategies such as partnering with third party manufacturers in a bid to lower operational costs hence being able to present consumers with competitively priced devices. However, it is imperative to note that adoption of the various strategies by the industry players has led to a number of ethical issues such as unfair labor practices as looked into in the following section.
One, partnering with third party manufacturers.
Running head CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS 1CRIMINAL BACKGROUND .docxtodd271
Running head: CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS 1
CRIMINAL BACKGROUND CHECKS
2
Criminal Background CheckNameENG/100
Erica Letourneau
September 1, 2019
Thesis Statement:
Criminal background checks help in determining a new employee’s behavior on the job, aids in identifying illegal immigration or harbored a fugitives, and acts as a societal norm.
Determining the behaviors of a new employee
One-way Criminal background checks helps employers is through acting as a guide in determining employee behavior before joining their task force. The character of an employee is a factor that should be considered before the employee is offered an opportunity to work for any organisation (Harris & Keller, 2005).
Hiring a criminal puts the security of the customers and employees at risk. Without past information about an employee, an organization is likely to employ a criminal. In this respect, a background check comes in place to make sure that the potential employee has no tarnished background.
Aids in illegal immigration or harboring a fugitive
Criminal background checks can also aid identifying illegal immigrants or harbored fugitives in workplaces. In the modern day, illegal immigration has become a norm in the society. Considering that the illegal immigrants are not citizens of the country, it is evident that any person cannot access their records. A criminal background check does not only help to know the previous criminal engagement activities of a person, but it also helps to know if a person is in the country's system or not.
Acts as a societal norm
Criminal background checks act as a social norm which can help in a nation’s economic growth. The productivity of its citizens dictates the economy of any nation. Ethics and productivity go hand in hand. When one is involved in criminal activities, it is evident that the level of his or her productivity can be questioned (Blumstein & Nakamura, 2009). It has become a norm for the society to try and look if one is associated with shady dealings in the past. The norm has been essential in two different ways. The first way is associated with the aspect of making sure that the people who are engaged in business activities are people with a good reputation and trustworthy (Harris & Keller, 2005). The second way is associated with the influence that the background check has on the members of the society. Most members of the society try as much as they can to avoid engaging in criminal activities because such can affect their future and that promotes a norm of avoiding and staying away from crime.
References
Blumstein, A., & Nakamura, K. (2009). Redemption in the presence of widespread criminal background checks. Criminology, 47(2), 327-359.
Harris, P. M., & Keller, K. S. (2005). Ex-offenders need not apply: The criminal background checks in hiring decisions. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21(1), 6-30.
Concerns
Areas that Need Work
Criteria
Standards for This Performance
Strengths
Evidence.
Running head: CRIME ANALYSIS 1
CRIME ANALYSIS TECHNOLOGY 2
Crime analysis is a function that usually involves the systemic analysis in identifying as well as analyzing the crime patterns and trends. Crime analysis is very important for law enforcement agencies as it helps law enforcers effectively deploy the available resources in a better and effective manner, which enables them to identify and apprehend suspects. Crime analysis is also very significant when it comes to arriving at solutions devised to come up with the right solution to solve the current crime problem and issues as well as coming up with the right prevention strategies. Since the year 2014, crime rates in the USA have increased steadily as per a study done by USAFacts, which is a non-partisan initiative (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). With this increase in crime rates, which has majorly resulted in massive growth in technology, it is essential to come up with better means and ways of dealing with the increased crime rates. With the current advancement in technology, better law enforcement tools developed, which has enabled better crime deterrence in better and efficient ways. All this has been facilitated by the efforts of crime analysts who have come up with better tools and thus enabling the law enforcers to better deal with the crimes (Osborne & Wernicke, 2013). In this paper, I will consider the application of crime analysis technology and techniques in fighting crimes. Application of crime analysis technology and techniques used to make crime analysis more accurate and efficient.
Currently, the two technological tools that are used in predictive policing software have enabled security agencies to effectively use predictive policing ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). Application of this software has enabled better crime prevention as with data obtained in the previous crimes have been used to predict possible future severe crimes in a specific area.
Through the adoption and use of crime analysis, law enforcement agencies have been able to fight against crimes as when compared with the past effectively. The use of crime analysis comes at the right time, where there has been an increase in crime rates in the current digital error. In a survey done by Wynyard group in 2015, the study revealed that for every 10 law enforcement officials 9 of them believe that the use of current technology in crime analysis has had positive effects in helping the agencies in solving crimes as they can identify essential links and trends in crimes ("Crime Analysis: Fighting Crime with Data," 2017). In the same way, other sectors have benefited from data analysis with spreadsheets, databases, and mapping, law enforcers have been able to use data analysis to come up with a better decision. Crime analysis ha.
Running Head CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS .docxtodd271
Running Head: CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2
CRIMINOLOGY USE OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS 2
In the wake of technological advances, the use of computers has played a major role especially in criminal justice (Moriarty, (2017). This paper has focused on the use of computer application technologies in criminology and the potential it has in legal systems. From enabling easy access for witnesses to search for accused peoples’ photographs on the screen and go through the whole court procedural activities. Moreover, criminals’ records can be monitored using databases and it is easy to make a follow-up on crimes they have committed in the past and the charges against them. Forensics can also be conducted and investigations can now be carried out easily and very fast. Also, when one is linked to cases, they can be easily identified using forensics and fingerprints. Portable laptops have also helped police officers in getting information and any important details related to a crime at any place without having to go back to their working stations. James (2017), argues that unlike in the past, investigations are done faster due to internet connections and ease of communication between community members and investigative officers through the use of phone gadgets.
Computers have broad variance in usage which has been enhanced by computer applications. For instance, massive record keeping systems have relied for reference on criminal accounts, case records and unresolved warranties. Incorporation of technology in criminology has just made the career easy and also improved livelihoods. Many police units now use computerized applications to keep up with the ever-rising crimes. There are different applications being used nowadays, from mobile technology, to use in-car computers, CCTV camera installations and also software such as the Computer Aided Dispatch. Investigators often use programmed record management systems to monitor information they obtain and guard it properly. With the current technology, it is possible to detect impending crimes, track stolen goods and the culprits, tell which time a crime occurred and also who committed it and where.
Computer applications:
1. In-Car Computer installations in police cars.
Blumstein (2018), contends that this application that allows traffic patrol police to effectively carry out their activities especially when vehicles violate traffic rules. In the current world, things are drifting toward being more computerized than handwritten (Maxfield & Babbie, 2014). Thus event arrest reports are being typed. It also means that after traffic references are written down, they are generated by the computers installed duplicating a copy to the person who breaks the rules. This is seen to reduce paperwork and improve the efficiency of police officers' work.
2. Computer Aided Dispatch
In the past, correspondents would use hand.
Running Head CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES .docxtodd271
Running Head: CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES 1
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WHISTLEBLOWER INCENTIVES AND PROTECTION 5
Doctor of Business Administration- Finance
Track- ADRP
Flexible Design Methods
Critical Analysis of the Whistleblower incentives and protection: Are a way of applying investment banking incentives to control management unethical and illegal practices
Introduction
Whistleblower incentives and protection refers to the monetary reward as well as protection which the United States Government offers to the individuals who exposes certain wrongdoings in the community more especially in government institutions. The Federal law requires the government to reward the whistleblowers a certain percentage of money that is recovered following their tips of exposing the wrongdoing acts. This percentage may go up to 30 percent of the total recovered money. In this paper, I will critically analyze whether Whistleblower Incentives and Protection are ways of applying investment banking incentives to control management unethical and illegal practices. And maybe are the whistleblowers rewarded accordingly in terms of security and money.
Problem Statement
What happened?? This is not anything like what was approved or what was in the white paper. Follow the instructions and make a paragraph out of the bullet outline problem
The Problem statement, which will be addressed in this paper, is that, whistle blowers are not given adequate incentives and protection resulting in the difficulty of reporting wrongdoing, misconduct and unethical behaviors. According to Andon, et al., (2018), Lack of whistle blower incentives and protection makes it difficult for whistle blowers to report wrongdoing, as they feel insecure. “The current whistle blowing system is not effective and therefore does not provide the basis for investigation of corruption cases and any misconduct within a company (Ballan, 2017). In support of Ballan’s views on the whistle blowing system, Keith, Todd & Oliver, (2016) indicated that the managers aren’t empowered to sanction employees involved in unethical behaviors because of lack of whistle blower incentives which are reinforced by the Federal laws.
Specifically, failure of finance department to offer adequate whistleblowers incentives as well as protection within the investment – banking sector in the United States. As per Keith, Todd & Oliver, (2016), in their recent research, they recommended that the finance department in any organization is a very critical area that can determine the overall performance of an organization. Failure to provide whistleblower incentives and protection to finance staff makes it difficult for them to report unethical behaviors.
Research Questions
What happened here? Where is the list of approved RQs Where are the numbers
It’s important to note that integrity and corruption free environment can be enhanced if specifically the involved organizations are audited or watch.
Running head CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES .docxtodd271
Running head: CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES 1
CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF RESEARCH ARTICLES 10
Critical Appraisal of Research Articles on Evidence-Based Practice
Name
Institution
Course
Date
Critical Appraisal of Research Articles on Evidence-Based Practice
Full APA formatted citation of the selected article
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
Article 4
Barakat-Johnson M., Lai M., Wand T. & White K. (2019). A qualitative study of the thoughts and experiences of hospital nurses providing pressure injury prevention and management. Collegian, 26(1), 95-102.
Park S. H., Lee Y. S. and Kwon, Y. M. (2016). Predictive validity of pressure ulcer risk assessment tools for the elderly: A meta-analysis. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(4), 459-483.
Boyko T., Longaker M. T., and Yang G. (February 1, 2018). Review of the current management of Pressure Ulcers. Journal of Advances in Wound Care, vol. 7, issue No. 2. Pages 57-67.
Ferris, A., Price, A., & Harding K. (2019). Pressure ulcers in patients receiving palliative care: A systematic review. Palliative Medicine, 33(7), 770-782.
Level of evidence of the article
Level 4 evidence. The article provides a summary of the individual thoughts and experiences regarding the issue of pressure ulcers
Level 2 evidence. The information comes from the meta-analysis of all the relevant and randomized, as well as the controlled trials.
Level 1 evidence. The article offers evidence from the systematic review of the randomized as well as the controlled trials from the experiments.
Level 1 evidence. The information is evidence from the systematic reviews of trials that have been relevant and controlled while the researchers were trying to carry out the research.
Conceptual Framework
The theoretical basis that led to the research was an increased number of injuries resulting from pressure ulcers, and this led to the need for having a study to find the ways that were effective for preventing such occurrences.
The theoretical framework that led to this study was that pressure ulcers have become a major challenge and a challenging goal when it came to providing healthcare for pressure ulcer patients. Therefore, it led to the need to have a study that could deal with the challenge.
The theoretical framework that necessitated this research was the incidence of pressure ulcers that were increasing because of the poor and aging population as well as the elderly that were living with incidences of disability.
Pressure ulcers were highly associated with significant mortality and morbidity and high costs of healthcare services, and this led to the need for a study to review the situation.
Design/Method
A qualitative and exploratory design using semi-structured interviews. Sampling was also done and used for obtaining the participants and information from the relevant individuals of the study.
A qualitative study w.
Running Head COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT2COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT2.docxtodd271
Running Head: COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT 2
COMPARATIVE ARGUMENT 2
Shouq Alqu.
CWL 200 SEC 03
Feb / 23 / 2020
Comparative Argumentative Critical analysis
Introduction
Plato’s allegory of the cave is a notion about human perception. Plato argued that knowledge acquired through the senses is just an opinion but for one to acquire knowledge then it must be through philosophical cognitive. Plato gives an analogy of the prisoners tied to some rocks in a cave since they were born. They cannot see anything except shadows of objects carried by people walking in the walkway. Since the prisoners had not seen the real objects ever since they were born, they believe that these shadows are real. Fortunately, one prison escapes from the cave and meets the real world and recognizes that his perception of reality was mistaken. He goes back to the cave and informs the other prisoners what he found. Unfortunately, they don’t believe him (Alam 5).
Overview of Gogol’s Overcoat and Lahiri’s Namesake
The overcoat is a story written by Nikolai Gogol about Akaky Akakievich, an underprivileged government clerk in Russia. Though he is devoted to his work, his hard work goes unrecognized by his colleagues who joke about his overcoat. When his overcoat is worn out he decides to get it fixed but his tailor advises him to get a new one because the old one was beyond repair. His tailor finally makes a new coat for Akaky which makes his colleagues celebrate him by throwing a party for him. His coat does not last long because it is stolen and Akaky’s efforts to get it back do not bear fruit. He dies of fever (Yilmaz 195).
Namesake is a story about Indian immigrants who settle in the US. Soon after, they get a baby boy who is given a temporal pet name by his father: Gogol. When he starts kindergarten Gogol is given his good name, Nikhil, which he rejects and clings to his pet name. But when he grows up Gogol knows the meaning of his name and starts to despise it. At the age of eighteen, he changes his legal name to Nikhil. He becomes acculturated and adopts the American way of life. That way he feels comfortable around his friends and especially the girlfriend. It was after his father’s death that he knew the true meaning of his name and changed it again to Gogol (Jaya 158).
The relevance of Plato’s Allegory of the cave on Gogol’s ‘Overcoat’ and Lahiri’s ‘Namesake’
The most significant insinuation of these stories is how the two main characters change their identity. Both of them were not named after they were born. Coincidentally, their fathers picked their names for them. As the writers of these two stories put it, these two characters could not be given any other names. These two characters are comfortable with their identities just like the prisoners in the cave (Ledbetter 130).
Akaky is afraid of changing his old ways of doing things. He was seen in the same position and place with the same uniform, his overcoat, and this made his supervisors believe that he was born as a r.
Running Head CREATING A GROUP WIKI1CREATING A GROUP WIKI .docxtodd271
Running Head: CREATING A GROUP WIKI 1
CREATING A GROUP WIKI 3
Title: CREATING A GROUP WIKI
Student’s Name:
Institution:
As far as the definition to my words is concerned, metacommunication can be defined as all nonverbal cues experienced by different people. Some of the metacommunications experienced by people include; tone of voice, gestures, facial expression and body language. On matters related to the facial expression, it can be used to show the feelings of the people involved in an incident. However, different people should be encouraged to understand the use of the metacommunication in ensuring that the society is able to operate in an effective manner. Again, gestures can be used in ensuring that communication is enhanced amongst different people. The use of gestures plays important roles in ensuring that different ideas are shared in the best way possible (Hazari, 2019).
On the other hand, evaluative communication can be used for the purposes of causing defensiveness by ensuring that judgment is passed. It is through that whereby majority of the people are enabled to focus on the problem experienced hence making it easy for the right solution to be found. The ability of people to focus on the problem can be used in ensuring that the required solution is identified therefore reducing the issues experienced by the people. However, majority of people should be encouraged to engage in evaluative communication for the purposes of ensuring that the solution to the issues experienced is found (Ma, 2020).
References
Hazari, S., North, A., & Moreland, D. (2019). Investigating pedagogical value of wiki technology. Journal of Information Systems Education, 20(2), 8.
Ma, Q. (2020). Examining the role of inter-group peer online feedback on wiki writing in an EAP context. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 33(3), 197-216.
Running Head: MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY 1
MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY 3
Title: MATRILOCAL AND CONJUGAL FAMILY
Student’s Name:
Institution:
My first term I chose is matrilocal family. However, matrilocal family is a family whereby the husband goes to live with the family of the wife. This is a culture which allows the man to move to live with the mother and the father in law. As a result, the man is required to change his social life their living according to the cultures of the parents in law (Brown, 2020).
As far as the episode is concerned, the man had to go and hence live with the female’s family. It is through that whereby the man was required to change his lifestyle and hence adapt the live from the female’s family. Moreover, when not controlled, matrilocal family might end up bringing about conflicts amongst the people and their care has to be taken so as to ensure that the cases of misunderstanding are not experienced.
On the other hand, conjugal family is the other term which should be considered in different aspects. However, this is a term in which the marred coup.
Running Head: CRITICAL ANALYSIS 1
CRITICAL ANALYSIS PAPER 7
Critical Analysis Paper #2
Professor McMahon
Waffa Elsayed
HBSE
03-25-2019
Introduction
In this paper, I will argue that “Intimate Partner” is used to represent any inclusive romantic or sexual relationship between two non-biologically-related people. Ideally, these kinds of relationships show lots of love and support for each other. Unfortunately, some people do not act like the ideal condition and abuse their partners cause considerable emotional or physical pain and injury (Belknap, Chu, & Deprince, 2012). Sometimes abusing behavior brings violence and makes the worse situation ever. Different type of abuses such as emotional abuse, economic abuse, social isolation, physical abuses takes place in case of creating intimate partner violence. Sometimes some people start to stalk their partners with generating a different motive such as anger, hostility, paranoia, and delusion towards their partners (Belknap, Chu, & Deprince, 2012). One partner verbally threats his/her partner through using emails, text messaging, and social network Internet sites. In 2012, 4th February, a 21-year-old California boyfriend had bound legs of his girlfriend with tape and threatened her with pointing a gun towards her and beaten her, and kept her for nine days. This situation occurred as the girl received a text message from another man on her cellphone (Belknap, Chu, & Deprince, 2012). It is clear that technology can lead to intimate partner abuse. In this paper, I will argue that technology in terms of electronic devices can be used as the trigger for more intimate partner violent abuse. Comment by Sarah McMahon: I would suggest having someone review your writing to help improve your ability to convey your ideas. Comment by Sarah McMahon: I am wondering what this means- different from what? From IPV? It seems to me that it is a similar motive so I am unclear. Comment by Sarah McMahon: The purpose of this assignment is: “Develop an argument that compares these types of violence in a specific way(s), such as the root causes, the impact on victims, society's perception of the crime, or our response to the crime. How are they similar or different?” I am not sure your thesis answers that question?
Causes and Impact of Intimate Partner Violence and Stalking and Electronic Abuse
These days, out of ten women, one lady murdered or badly injured by her intimate partner. Life threatening matters are the most common factor which can create physical violence among intimate partners. Comment by Sarah McMahon: This is not a full sentence. I would suggest having someone proofread your paper as I suggested last time. Comment by Sarah McMahon: I am unclear on what this means. What are the life-threatening matters and what is the most common factor that causes physical violence? If you are talking about the causes of IPV .
Running head: COUNSELOR ETHICS
1
PAGE
7
COUNSELOR ETHICS
Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities
Grand Canyon University: PCN 505
Dr
November 15, 2017
Counselor Ethics and Responsibilities
To be a successful counselor and abide within the ethical and legal guidelines, counselors must take into consideration what is involved in providing sound and ethical judgements. Being a counselor should not be taken lightly, someone is trusting us to provide them with the best care possible and assist in finding solutions that will possibly work for the betterment of their livelihood. Counselors must ensure that their clients confidentiality will not be misused and counselor’s guarantee that appropriate measures are in place to provide a professional, safe, nonjudgmental environment.
Client Rights
Principles of Ethical Practice
There are five key principles of ethical practices, and Davis and Miller (2014), references Kitchener (2000) models on the following five principles:
a.) Autonomy addresses the concept of independence. Counselors should make sure they are not pushing their own values and beliefs onto clients, but rather encourage them to make their own decisions and act within their values. He/She would ensure clients fully understand how their differences may affect others whether positive or negative. He/She would also ensure they are competent to understand the choices they are making are theirs without any other influences. Clients who are children or persons with mental limitations, he/she need to make sure they have a well-informed, competent adult making decisions in their best interest.
b.) Nonmaleficence is the concept of not causing harm to others. Professionals should ensure clients are positively engaged during sessions and are not misconstruing information given to them.
c.) Beneficence shows the responsibility of the counselor contributing to the safety of the client. Incorporate positive outlooks and thinking in sessions. Periodically asking clients about their feelings, depending on the circumstances to make sure they have no intentions on harming themselves and be proactive when necessary.
d.) Justice in counseling means “treating equals equally and unequals unequally” (Davis & Walker, 2016). If I am providing services to two clients who are depressed. One is depressed and suicidal and the other client is not, more attention would be devoted to the client who is suicidal, and the proper steps would be taken to ensure the client does no harm to himself.
e.) Fidelity includes being, loyal, faithful and committed. Maintaining and having trust within the client-counselor relationship is crucial to successful progress, once that trust is broken, the client may leave and seek treatment elsewhere, or worse harm themselves or others. Clients need to be able to talk to about their feelings no matter how bad they think their situation is.
(Davis & Miller, 2016).
Informed Consent Process
Informed consent .
Running Head COMMUNICATION TRAINING PLANCOMMUNICATION TR.docxtodd271
Running Head: COMMUNICATION TRAINING PLAN
COMMUNICATION TRAINING PLAN
Communication Training Plan
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliations
Company Culture and Communication Obstacle
Northwest Valley Community College has a culture of providing the best learning environment to its students and ensuring that school staff communicate effectively without experiencing unauthorized access to their data and information. Also, its culture is ingrained in ensuring its students are working in an environment that is healthy and safe. The management of Northwest Community understands the importance of having a healthy learning environment and effective communication network inside and outside the school premises. As such, Kelsey Elementary school is setting up measures to implement a detailed communication training plan for staff and students to gain information safety skills.
This plan will be developed by a strategic communication team selected by the school. This plan will be designed in a way that it provides a framework to manage and coordinate communication among the students, instructors and parents. The plan will identify efficient communication channels, standards, appropriate audience, and frequency. This plan will require a shared responsibility among management, students, communication team and students. After the implementation of this communication plan, the team will measure its effectiveness to ensure it meets the expected objectives and goals.
Needs and Tasks Analysis
Northwest Valley Community Collwgw communication team will conduct a needs and analysis task to determine the training needs. The management will be able to know who needs the training and the kind of training required. The following are the steps the company will use to conduct training needs analysis.
· Organizational Analysis: The school management should work with the teachers to identify the priorities of student training. In this case, the management will conduct an evaluation to ensure the training goes hand-in-hand with the school’s goals and objectives.
· Secondly, the management will list specific types of communication channels to be utilized within the school environment. Also, they will specify the skills and competencies needed by employees to ensure they clearly understand how to utilize these communication channels. By doing this, they will have a solid foundation on who should conduct the training and how it should be conducted. (Liaw, 2014)
· The last step will involve the identification of staff members who need to undergo communication training. However, since it is a learning institution, every staff member and students will be subject to training.
Research Technique
Northwest Valley management has decided to implement an external training program to address the training plan. Therefore, they need to identify and understand the organization’s communication training needs. As such, they should start by hiring an e.
Running head Commitment to Professionalism1Commitment to Prof.docxtodd271
Running head: Commitment to Professionalism 1
Commitment to Professionalism
3
Commitment to Professionalism
Your Name
Course Number & Title
Instructor's Name
Month Day, Year
Commitment to Professionalism
Advocating for _________
Identify the focus of your advocacy efforts and give an example of an issue you would like to address as an advocate. You may want to start off with something like: A great passion of mine is to advocate for __________ because___________. Research shows that this is a critical issue______________.
In the next few paragraphs be sure to:
· Identify one individual or group (local policy maker, state-level legislator, corporate leader, etc.) that you can contact for support of your issue and provide a rationale for choosing this individual/group.
· Describe the strategies you would use to gain the support needed for this issue through individual advocacy.
· Describe the strategies you would use to attract the support needed for this issue through collective advocacy.
· Create two talking points (as discussed in Chapter 13) using one concrete example (refer to key term in chapter reading for precise definition) for each point to demonstrate the importance of the issue. These talking points should be appropriate to use when talking to legislators or the media about the issue for which you are advocating.
Commitment to the Profession
In this section be sure to
· Describe how you will advocate on behalf of young children, their families, and the profession.
· Describe how you will support the development of future practitioners and leaders in the field.
· Referring to to Figure 13.1 “A Professional Continuum” and describe how your efforts will support the field away from unskilled workers and toward paradigm professionals.
Don’t forget specific details, examples, and citations to help you get a top grade
References (Text and at least TWO outside sources)
Ashford Textbook (Online edition): *
Author, A. (Year published). Title of book: Subtitle of book (edition, if other than the first) [Electronic version]. Retrieved from from URL
Example:
Witt, G. A., & Mossler, R. A. (2010). Adult development and life assessment [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/books/4
Online Journal Article (such as from the Ashford Library):**
Author, A. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), page range. doi:# or Retrieved from journal’s homepage URL
**When including a URL for an online journal, you must search for the journal’s home page and include this in your reference entry. You may not include the URL found through your university library, as readers will not have access to this library.
Examples:
Churchill, S. D., & Mruk, C. J. (2014). Practicing what we preach in humanistic and positive psychology. American Psychologist, 69(1), 90-92. doi:10.1037/a0034868
Santovec, M. (2008). Easing the transition improves grad retention at Trinity U. Women in Higher Education, 17(10), 32. Retr.
Running head: COVER LETTER 1
5
Cover Letter for Grant Proposal
Pasqualina L. Anderson
Walden University
HUMN 6207-3, Grant Writing
Dr. Frances Mills
January 17, 2019
Abstract
The homeless population in communities across the United States is vulnerable to physical and mental illnesses, largely due to a lack of medical treatment resources and harsh environmental conditions. Rehabilitation centers and programs aimed at closing the gap between this population’s lack of resources and medical needs can help address many of the problems this population faces. Social programs aimed at reducing homelessness or intervening in the lives of homeless populations do not necessarily extend beyond providing food, shelter, and a means to economically transition from being homeless to being a non-homeless member of society. Mental illness is one of the barriers to economic sustainability and sustenance that have been recorded in this population. The aim of the proposed program is to offer a means of treatment for this population, using a sample size of 20. Another vital aim of the program is to examine the correlation between the homeless population, their environmental circumstances, and mental illness. It is the program leaders’ hope that the program’s analyzation of the data will lead to new intervention, treatment methods, and deep understanding of how mental illness plays a role in homelessness.
Keywords: homelessness, mental illness, intervention treatments
Cover Letter
To Whom It May Concern,
An estimated 500,000 individuals are homeless in our community and are at risk of developing serious, uncontrollable health issues (Rogers, 2018). Our grant proposal’s main objective is to improve the well-being of the homeless population within our community. Besides physical ailments and diseases that may impact the homeless population, mental health issues and challenges will need to be addressed as part of this proposal. Specifically, our project seeks to reduce the prevalence of drug addiction and substance abuse amongst the homeless.
Utilizing a case study research design, our project will aim to analyze data pertaining to the relationship(s) between our community’s homeless population and drug addiction/substance abuse. A sample size of 20 will be selected from the Homeless Health Education Group. The projected timeline for the project is three years. It will focus on providing psychiatric intervention, reduce health problems, and provide mental health care. A rehabilitation center will be established to meet these objectives. Technology assets will be necessary to enhance efficiency and collect data reports from the 20 members of the sample population (Gitilin & Lyons, 2014; Marchewka, 2014).
Management and oversight will need to be incorporated into the proposal to ensure the project achieves its mission (Burke, 2013). The project’s projected budget expenditures total $1.638 million and its projected revenues total approx.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Running head DECISION TRAP IN BUSINESSDECISION TRAP IN BU.docx
1. Running head: DECISION TRAP IN BUSINESS
DECISION TRAP IN BUSINESS
4
Team Assignment #1
Decision Trap in Business: Case Study of Uber
Michaela Adams
Institution affiliation
Decision Trap in Business: Case Study of Uber
Introduction
The analysis of decision trap in the case study of uber is based
on a news article by Lee (2017) which elaborated on the
different scenarios of success and failure for Uber in short &
long run. The objective of this paper is to understand the
decision trap Uber is facing for quite some time, and the losses
are constant over the time. The research methodology in this
paper is based on secondary sources and desk research is
performed to analyze in detail. The need for designing a
decision tree is not there because most of the data of Uber is not
open to the public and they have no obligations to do so. The
timeline of events, like the profitability and loss phases of the
company is listed in the discussion. The two decision traps
studied in this context are the sunk-cost trap and the status-quo
trap. The company ‘Uber’ is peer-to-peer ridesharing, food
delivery, taxi-cab, and transportation network company with its
headquarter based in San Francisco, California. The USA based
company relied on technology and ushered an era of cleaner,
comfortable and cheaper rides for the common public. The
paper follows the structure where the analysis and conclusion
follow the introduction.
2. Analysis
The decision biases and traps associated with the history of
Uber are status-quo and sunk-cost traps. For example, Uber lost
approximately 2.8 billion dollars in 2016 alone. The real
question is the dilemma where Uber kept on expanding while
relying on the possibility that the company will become
profitable over long-run, despite the losses it is incurring in
short-run. The company shareholders and other stakeholders are
worried about the scenario and it is one of the big scenario
where Uber did not manage to give away the cost it already
incurred. No doubt, the company is investing heavily on growth
and R&D. The possibility of profitability is there, but the
decision trap of sunk-cost is often viewed. Since 2009, the
company is constantly facing losses and the losses are on
increase each year. The company’s initial years are often
compared to Amazon, which faced losses in the initial phases to
achieve long-term success. Amazon waited for the future
internet based and low-cost warehouse-based model which
decreased the cost of making business for Amazon. Uber CEO
Travis Kalanick raised 11 billion dollars from the venture
capital investors to pay off the bills and is of the view that the
cash in hand is still seven billion dollars. The CEO is also of
the view that the 2.3 billion dollars cred line can also be tapped
upon further growth intentions over the next couple of years.
Despite the heavy reliance on expansion in developing countries
like India and investing in the development of self-driving cars,
the company is creating a picture where different stakeholders
are of the view that the fare a customer pays on a ride is still
lower. On the contrary, the cost of allowing a low-priced rate is
bearing the loss. The situation of Uber is a perfect example of
sunk-cost trap because the company still believes that the
company can grow in the long-run. Maybe it can increase over
the long run, but that is something that no one can tell for sure
3. right now. In the present moment, analysts are of the view that
the company is justifying its past by making current choices. To
avoid this trap, the company should get the view from the
people who were not in the original decision making and remind
oneself that making mistakes is a common thing. Lastly, the
company needs to encourage failing if that is the price of
innovation.
Similarly, the status-quo trap also exists within the company
because the functioning of Uber is still in the same way and less
affected by the direction the competitors are taking away the
market share from Uber. Despite Uber being the pioneer,
different international and local competitors are giving Uber the
tough time due to its complying with the status quo. Top tier
leadership of Uber should ask themselves about the achievement
of real term goals and objectives with current status quo and
whether the current state of status-quo is the first choice of the
company at first place. Additionally, a serious approach to an
understanding alternative is necessary to bring Uber back on
profitability.
Conclusion
Uber has the ability and competence to compete for its rivals in
the market and retain the share it once had. The sacrifice of
short-term profitability for the sake of long-term sustainability
is a sound strategy, but to understand the possibility of sunk-
cost trap situation is vital for the success of its long-term
objectives. To be competitive in the market, all Uber needs is to
challenge its status-quo psychology and come up with new
approaches to becomes successful and sustainable. The ability
of Uber to replicate the example of Amazon should be averted if
there are some prejudices associated with culture and
psychology of Uber leadership. The long-term goals can be met
by remaining profitable in the present so that the gamble of a
‘golden age’ is not a suicidal attempt of the company. It is not
late for the company to bring up alternative solutions, but the
4. real phenomenon is the realization of top-tier management.
Lastly, Uber ability to innovate at first place through the use of
technology can be replicated in the near future. The way Uber
transformed the taxi transportation system shows the potential
of the company to remain market leaders in the future.
References
Buchanan, L., & O Connell, A. (2006). A brief history of
decision making. Harvard business review, 84(1), 32.
Hammond, J. S., Keeney, R. L., & Raiffa, H. (1999). The hidden
traps in decision making. Clinical laboratory management
review: official publication of the Clinical Laboratory
Management Association/CLMA, 13, 39-47.
Lee, T. (2017). Uber lost $2.8 billion in 2016. Will it ever
become profitable?. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/new-
money/2017/1/9/14194202/uber-lost-22-billion-9-months
Lessons for Creating Fair
and Successful Drug Policies
Drug
DECRIMINALIZATION
IN PORTUGAL
G L E N N G R E E N W A L D
6. “legalized.” Thus, drug possession for personal
use and drug usage itself are still legally prohib-
ited, but violations of those prohibitions are
deemed to be exclusively administrative viola-
tions and are removed completely from the crim-
inal realm. Drug trafficking continues to be
prosecuted as a criminal offense.
While other states in the European Union
have developed various forms of de facto decrim-
inalization—whereby substances perceived to be
less serious (such as cannabis) rarely lead to crim-
inal prosecution—Portugal remains the only EU
member state with a law explicitly declaring
drugs to be “decriminalized.” Because more than
seven years have now elapsed since enactment of
Portugal’s decriminalization system, there are
ample data enabling its effects to be assessed.
Notably, decriminalization has become increas-
ingly popular in Portugal since 2001. Except for
some far-right politicians, very few domestic politi-
cal factions are agitating for a repeal of the 2001 law.
And while there is a widespread perception that
bureaucratic changes need to be made to Portugal’s
decriminalization framework to make it more effi-
cient and effective, there is no real debate about
whether drugs should once again be criminalized.
More significantly, none of the nightmare scenarios
touted by preenactment decriminalization oppo-
nents—from rampant increases in drug usage
among the young to the transformation of Lisbon
into a haven for “drug tourists”—has occurred.
The political consensus in favor of decriminal-
ization is unsurprising in light of the relevant
7. empirical data. Those data indicate that decrimi-
nalization has had no adverse effect on drug usage
rates in Portugal, which, in numerous categories,
are now among the lowest in the EU, particularly
when compared with states with stringent crimi-
nalization regimes. Although postdecriminaliza-
tion usage rates have remained roughly the same or
even decreased slightly when compared with other
EU states, drug-related pathologies—such as sexu-
ally transmitted diseases and deaths due to drug
usage—have decreased dramatically. Drug policy
experts attribute those positive trends to the
enhanced ability of the Portuguese government to
offer treatment programs to its citizens—enhance-
ments made possible, for numerous reasons, by
decriminalization.
This report will begin with an examination of
the Portuguese decriminalization framework as
set forth in law and in terms of how it functions
in practice. Also examined is the political climate
in Portugal both pre- and postdecriminalization
with regard to drug policy, and the impetus that
led that nation to adopt decriminalization.
The report then assesses Portuguese drug poli-
cy in the context of the EU’s approach to drugs.
The varying legal frameworks, as well as the overall
trend toward liberalization, are examined to enable
a meaningful comparative assessment between
Portuguese data and data from other EU states.
The report also sets forth the data concerning
drug-related trends in Portugal both pre- and
postdecriminalization. The effects of decriminal-
8. ization in Portugal are examined both in
absolute terms and in comparisons with other
states that continue to criminalize drugs, partic-
ularly within the EU.
The data show that, judged by virtually every
metric, the Portuguese decriminalization frame-
work has been a resounding success. Within this
success lie self-evident lessons that should guide
drug policy debates around the world.
_____________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Glenn Greenwald is a constitutional lawyer and a contributing
writer at Salon. He has authored several books,
including A Tragic Legacy (2007) and How Would a Patriot
Act? (2006).
Executive Summary
Introduction
Around the globe, countries approach drug
policy in radically different ways. In Commu-
nist China and various Muslim nations, drug
traffickers and, in some instances, even those
found guilty of possession of narcotics, receive
draconian prison sentences and are even exe-
cuted. At the other end of the policy spectrum,
most people think of the Netherlands, which
has long been perceived as leading the way in
drug liberalization and, at least in Amsterdam,
has long maintained a drug-tolerant culture,
9. though it has never legalized drugs. Most
countries, of course, fall somewhere in be-
tween. In the 1980s, the global policy trend was
toward harsher criminalization approaches,
even at the user level. In recent years, however,
as drug policymakers have attempted to for-
mulate policy recommendations for how best
to manage drug-related problems exclusively
on empirical grounds, there are signs that
countries in every region of the world are
reversing course.1 This study will focus on one
such reversal in Europe—Portugal’s dramatic
2001 decriminalization policy.
Decriminalization, Depenalization, and
Legalization
On July 1, 2001, a nationwide law in
Portugal took effect that decriminalized all
drugs, including cocaine and heroin. Since the
enactment of that law, Portugal is and remains
the only European Union state explicitly to
“decriminalize” drug usage. The statute, in
Article 29, uses the Portuguese word descrimi-
nalização—decriminalization—to describe the
new legal framework it implements. “Decrim-
inalization” applies to the purchase, posses-
sion, and consumption of all drugs for per-
sonal use (defined as the average individual
quantity sufficient for 10 days’ usage for one
person).
Even in the decriminalization framework,
drug usage and possession remain prohibit-
ed (i.e., illegal) and subject to police interven-
tion. But “decriminalization” means that
10. infractions have been removed completely
from the framework of the criminal law and
criminal justice system. Instead, they are
treated as purely administrative violations, to
be processed in a noncriminal proceeding.
It is important to distinguish between “de-
criminalization,” the de jure scheme enacted
by Portugal, and mere “depenalization,” the
prevailing framework in several EU states that
have not decriminalized drug usage. The cen-
tral agency of the European Union for coordi-
nating drug policy data is the European
Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug
Addiction and in 2005, that agency promul-
gated the following definitional distinction
between “decriminalization” and “depenaliza-
tion”:
“Decriminalisation” comprises removal
of a conduct or activity from the sphere
of criminal law. Prohibition remains the
rule, but sanctions for use (and its
preparatory acts) no longer fall within
the framework of the criminal law.
[By contrast],“depenalization” means
relation of the penal sanction provided
for by law. In the case of drugs, and
cannabis in particular, depenalization
generally signifies the elimination of cus-
todial penalties.2
In sum, “decriminalization” means either that
only noncriminal sanctions (such as fines or
11. treatment requirements) are imposed or that
no penal sanctions can be. In a “depenalized”
framework, drug usage remains a criminal
offense, but imprisonment is no longer
imposed for possession or usage even as other
criminal sanctions (e.g., fines, police record,
probation) remain available. “Legalization”—
which no EU state has yet adopted—means
that there are no prohibitions of any kind
under the law on drug manufacturing, sales,
possession, or usage.
As set forth below, several EU states have
developed either formal or de facto forms of
depenalization, particularly for personal
cannabis usage. But no EU state other than
Portugal has explicitly declared drugs to be
“decriminalized.”
2
Portugal is the
only European
Union state
explicitly to
“decriminalize”
drug usage.
Portugal’s Decriminalization Regime:
How It Works
The 2001 Portuguese decriminalization
12. statute was enacted to revise the legal frame-
work applicable to the consumption of all nar-
cotics and psychotropic substances, together
with what the European Monitoring Center
for Drugs and Drug Addiction describes as
“the medical and social welfare of the con-
sumers of such substances without medical
prescription.” The statute’s operative decrimi-
nalization clause is set forth in Article 2(1),
which provides:
The consumption, acquisition and
possession for one’s own consumption
of plants, substances or preparations
listed in the tables referred to in the
preceding article constitute an administra-
tive offence. (emphasis added)
The referenced preceding article encompass-
es “narcotics and psychotropic substances”
and includes a table of all “plants, substances
or preparations” that were previously crimi-
nalized.
The key phrase—“for one’s own consump-
tion”—is defined in Article 2(2), as a quantity
“not exceeding the quantity required for an
average individual consumption during a peri-
od of 10 days.” Decriminalization does not ap-
ply to “drug trafficking,” which remains crimi-
nalized and is defined as “possession of more
than the average dose for ten days of use.”3
No distinction is made between the types
of drug (so-called hard drugs or soft drugs),
nor does it matter whether consumption is
13. public or private. Personal possession and
consumption of all narcotics, no matter where
they occur or for what purpose, are now
decriminalized in Portugal. As noted, “decrim-
inalization” is not synonymous with “legaliza-
tion.” Drug usage is still prohibited under the
law of Portugal, but it is treated strictly as an
administrative, not a criminal, offense.
Thus, Article 15 of the law, entitled “Penal-
ties,” sets forth the authorized administrative
sanctions for violations. In lieu of criminaliza-
tion, the Portuguese law, in Article 5, establish-
es “Commissions for Dissuasions of Drug
Addiction,” the body solely responsible for
adjudicating administrative drug offenses and
imposing sanctions, if any. The first section of
the law’s penalty section, Article 15, provides,
“Non-addicted consumers may be sentenced to
payment of a fine or, alternatively, to a non-
pecuniary penalty.” Article 17, entitled “Other
Penalties,” provides in Section (1) that “instead
of a fine, the commission may issue a warning.”
In theory, offenders can be fined an amount
between 25 euros and the minimum national
wage. But such fines are expressly declared to be
a last resort. Indeed, in the absence of evidence
of addiction or repeated violations, the imposi-
tion of a fine is to be suspended.
While the Dissuasion Commissions are not
authorized to mandate treatment, they can
make suspension of sanctions conditioned on
the offender’s seeking treatment. This is typi-
14. cally what is done, though in practice, there are
very few ways to enforce the condition, since
violations of a commission’s rulings are not,
themselves, infractions of any law.4 In fact,
Dissuasion Commissions are directed by Ar-
ticle 11(2) to “provisionally suspend proceed-
ings”—meaning to impose no sanction—where
an alleged offender with no prior offenses is
found to be an addict but “agrees to undergo
treatment.”
Where the offender is deemed to be a non-
addicted consumer of drugs and has no prior
offenses, the commissions are mandated by
Article 11(1) of the decriminalization law to
“provisionally suspend proceedings,” whereby
no sanction is imposed. Article 11(3) vests the
commissions with discretion to “provisionally
suspend proceedings” even for an addict who
has a prior record, provided he or she agrees to
undergo treatment. Alternatively, under Article
14, a commission, in the case of an addict with
a prior record, can impose sanctions but then
immediately suspend them contingent on
ongoing treatment. In the event that treatment
is completed and there is no subsequent
offense, the proceeding will be deemed closed
after a specified time period.
In theory, the Dissuasion Commissions are
able to impose on offenders found to be
3
Personal
possession and
15. consumption of
all narcotics,
no matter where
they occur or for
what purpose,
are now
decriminalized
in Portugal.
addicts a wider range of sanctions under
Article 17, including suspension of the right to
practice a licensed profession (doctor, lawyer,
taxi driver); a ban on visiting high-risk locales
(nightclubs); a ban on associating with speci-
fied individuals; requiring periodic reports to
the commission to show there is no ongoing
addiction or abuse; prohibitions on travel
abroad; termination of public benefits for sub-
sidies or allowances; or a mere oral warning.
Article 15(4) sets forth a variety of factors
the commissions should consider in determin-
ing what sanction, if any, should be imposed.
Such factors include the seriousness of the act;
the type of drug consumed; whether consump-
tion was public or private; and whether usage is
occasional or habitual. The commissions are
vested with the sole discretion to determine the
extent to which these factors should be consid-
ered and how they should determine the
appropriate disposition of cases.
Minors who are cited for drug possession
or usage enter the same process and, pur-
16. suant to Article 3, are aided by a legal repre-
sentative, who is authorized to make deci-
sions for the minor. But furnishing drugs to
a minor (or people with mental illness) con-
tinues to be forbidden by the general law that
regulates drug issues and is considered an
aggravating circumstance to the ongoing
prohibition on “trafficking and other illicit
activities,” which is punishable by imprison-
ment of between 4 to 12 years.
Decriminalization in Practice
Pursuant to the 2001 law, each of the 18
administrative districts in Portugal estab-
lished at least one Dissuasion Commission to
oversee the administrative process for those
cited for drug usage or possession (large dis-
tricts, such as the one encompassing Lisbon,
have more than one). As provided for by
Article 7 of the decriminalization law, each
commission consists of three members—one
who is appointed by the Ministry of Justice
and the other two members appointed jointly
by the Minister of Health and the govern-
ment’s coordinator of drug policy. The mem-
ber appointed by the Ministry of Justice will
have a legal background, while at least one of
the other two members (usually both) will
have a medical or social services background
(physician, psychologist, social worker).
Even in the decriminalization framework,
police officers who observe drug use or pos-
session are required to issue citations to the
17. offender, but they are not permitted to make
an arrest. The citation is sent to the commis-
sion, and the administrative process will then
commence. The cited offender appears before
the commission within 72 hours of the cita-
tion’s issuance. If the commission finds com-
pelling evidence of drug trafficking, it will
refer the case to criminal court.
The effect that the decriminalization regime
has had on police conduct with regard to drug
users is unclear and is the source of some debate
among Portuguese drug policy experts. There
are, to be sure, some police officers who largely
refrain from issuing citations to drug users on
the grounds of perceived futility, as they often
observe the cited user on the street once again
using drugs, leading such officers to conclude
that the issuance of citations, without arrests or
the threat of criminal prosecution, is worthless.
Other police officers, however, are more
inclined to act when they see drug usage now
than they were before decriminalization, as
they believe that the treatment options offered
to such users are far more effective than turn-
ing users into criminals (who, even under the
criminalization scheme, were typically back on
the street the next day, but without real treat-
ment options). One 2007 paper contended:
The law enforcement sector was seen as
supportive of the reform, particularly
because they perceived decriminaliza-
tion and referral to education and treat-
ment as offering a better response to
18. drug users than under the previous leg-
islative approach. Key informants assert-
ed law enforcement have embraced the
more preventative role for drug users.5
Some Portuguese drug officials believe
this dichotomized reaction among police
officers to be split largely along generational
4
Furnishing
drugs to a minor
(or people with
mental illness)
continues to be
forbidden by the
general law.
5
Many physicians
believe that
reporting
suspected drug
use to the
authorities
would violate
doctor-patient
confidentiality.
19. lines: older officers are inclined to believe
that the decriminalization scheme makes
issuing citations a waste of their time, where-
as younger officers view the administrative
process as the best hope for containing
addiction. The inability to quantify negative
events—that is, officers who refrain from
issuing citations on the grounds of perceived
futility—renders anecdotal evidence the most
reliable for assessing police behavioral reac-
tion to decriminalization.
What is clear is that the number of cases
referred to the administrative process has in-
creased slowly and more or less steadily since
the enactment of decriminalization in 2001,
suggesting (without proving) that officers
are issuing citations at least at the same rates,
if not more enthusiastically, than when the
law was first enacted (see Figure 1).6
In theory, under Article 3 of the decrimi-
nalization law, both private and government
physicians are permitted to notify the
Dissuasion Commissions if they have reason
to suspect drug use in their patients. In reali-
ty, however, such reporting is extremely rare
for several reasons, including the widespread
belief among physicians that such reporting
violates doctor-patient confidentiality.
As noted, the decriminalization law sets
forth numerous criteria that Dissuasion
Commissions are to consider in determining
the proper disposition of each case. Article 10
20. of the decriminalization law directs the com-
mission to hear from the alleged offender
and to “gather the information needed in
order to reach a judgment as to whether he or
she is an addict or not, what substances were
consumed, the circumstances in which he
was consuming drugs when summoned, the
place of consumption and his economic situ-
ation.” Which of these are to be weighed, and
the weight they are to receive, are left to the
sole discretion of the commission members.
The alleged offender has the right to request
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Figure 1
Administrative Infraction Proceedings and Decisions, by Year*
Year
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
21. (Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal),
“The National Situation Relating to Drugs and Dependency,”
2006 Annual Report (2007), p. 35.
*Year in which the deed punishable as a misdemeanor occurred.
Information gathered as of March 31 of the year after
the occurrence of the deed punishable as a misdemeanor.
that a therapist of his choice take part in the
proceedings and/or that a medical examina-
tion be conducted to aid in determining the
various factors the commission might con-
sider.
Portuguese and European officials familiar
with the Dissuasion Commission process
emphasize that the overriding goal of that
process is to avoid the stigma that arises from
criminal proceedings. Each step of the process
is structured so as to de-emphasize or even
eliminate any notion of “guilt” from drug
usage and instead to emphasize the health and
treatment aspects of the process.
The alleged offender, for instance, can
request that notice of the proceedings not be
sent to his home in order to preserve privacy.
Commission members deliberately avoid all
trappings of judges, and the hearing is inten-
tionally structured so as to avoid the appear-
ance of a court. Members dress informally.
The alleged offender sits on the same level as
the commission members, rather than having
22. the members sit on an elevated platform.
Commission members are legally bound to
maintain the complete confidentiality of all
proceedings. At all times, respect for the
alleged offender is emphasized.
In determining what, if any sanction,
should be imposed, the commission often
takes account of the seriousness of the drug
that was used. The EMCDDA identifies the
probable sanction for possession of cannabis
as “suspension of sanction with probation.”7
In 2005, there were 3,192 commission rul-
ings. Of those, 83 percent suspended the pro-
ceeding; 15 percent imposed actual sanctions;
and 2.5 percent resulted in absolution.8 That
distribution has remained constant since the
law’s enactment.9 Of the cases where sanctions
were imposed, the overwhelming majority
merely required the offenders to report peri-
odically to designated locales.10
Cannabis continues to be the substance for
which the greatest percentage of drug offenders
are cited. The percentages for the other sub-
stances remain roughly the same (see Figure 2).11
Before the enactment of the decriminaliza-
tion law, opponents insisted that the pro-
posed change in law would make Portugal a
center of so-called drug tourism. Paulo Portas,
leader of the conservative Popular Party, said:
“There will be planeloads of students heading
for [Portugal] to smoke marijuana and take a
23. lot worse, knowing we won’t put them in jail.
We promise sun, beaches and any drug you
like.”12 Such fears have turned out to be com-
pletely unfounded.13 Roughly 95 percent of
those cited for drug offenses every year since
decriminalization have been Portuguese.14
Close to zero have been citizens of other EU
states (see Table 1).15
Political Climate in Portugal Pre- and
Postdecriminalization
The political impetus for decriminalization
was the perception that drug abuse—both in
itself and its accompanying pathologies—was
becoming an uncontrollable social problem,
and the principal obstacles to effective govern-
ment policies to manage the problems were the
treatment barriers and resource drain imposed
by the criminalization regime. Put another
way, decriminalization was driven not by the
perception that drug abuse was an insignifi-
cant problem, but rather by the consensus view
that it was a highly significant problem, that
criminalization was exacerbating the problem,
and that only decriminalization could enable
an effective government response.
In fact, Portuguese decriminalization oc-
curred only after extensive study by an elite com-
mission, Comissão para a Estratégia Nacional de
Combate à Droga (Commission for a National
Anti-Drug Strategy). That commission was cre-
ated “in response to a rapidly rising drug prob-
lem in the 1990s, principally, but not exclusively,
24. involving heroin use.”16 Notably, the 2001
change to the Portuguese legal framework was
intended to implement “a strong harm-reduc-
tionistic orientation,” and “the flagship of these
laws is the decriminalization of the use and pos-
session for use of drugs.”17
In its 1998 report, the Portuguese commis-
sion ultimately recommended decriminaliza-
tion as the optimal strategy for combating
Portugal’s growing abuse and addiction prob-
lems. The commission emphasized that the
6
Fears of
“drug tourism”
have turned out
to be completely
unfounded.
objective of its decriminalization strategy was
to reduce drug abuse and usage. Thus, as its report
stated, its recommendations were intended to
• redirect the focus to primary prevention;
• extend and improve the quality and re-
sponse capacity of the health care net-
works for drug addicts so as to ensure
access to treatment for all drug addicts
who seek treatment;
• guarantee the necessary mechanisms to
25. allow the enforcement by competent
bodies of measures such as voluntary
treatment of drug addicts as an alterna-
tive to prison sentences.18
The commission concluded that legaliza-
tion, as opposed to mere decriminalization,
was not a viable option due, in large part, to the
fact that numerous international treaties
impose the “obligation to establish in domes-
tic law a prohibition” on drug use. Decriminal-
ization was consistent with that obligation as
Portuguese law continued to prohibit usage,
but simply no longer classified violations as a
criminal offense.
Following issuance of the commission’s
report, the federal government’s Council of
Ministers, in 1999, approved the commis-
sion’s report almost in its entirety. In 2000,
the council produced its own policy recom-
mendations, which were consistent with the
commission’s, including recommending full-
scale decriminalization.
With both the expert commission and the
government’s council agreeing on the need for
a harm-reduction approach generally, and
decriminalization specifically, the proposal
encountered relatively little political resistance.
Thereafter, in October 2000, the Portuguese
Parliament, supported by the national presi-
dent, enacted legislation implementing the
council’s recommendations in full, and
26. decriminalization took effect on July 1, 2001.
Interviews with Portuguese drug officials
confirmed that before decriminalization, the
most substantial barrier to offering treatment
to the addict population was the addicts’ fear
7
In its 1998 report,
the Portuguese
commission
recommended
decriminalization
as the optimal
strategy for
combating
addiction
problems.
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
27. 500
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Figure 2
Administrative Infraction Proceedings, by Year,* by Type of
Drug
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
Year
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
(Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal),
“The National Situation Relating to Drugs and Dependency,”
2005 Annual Report (2006), p. 37.
*Year in which the deed punishable as a misdemeanor occurred.
Information gathered as of March 31 of the year after
the occurrence of the deed punishable as a misdemeanor.
of government officials as a result of criminal-
28. ization. João Castel-Branco Goulão, the chair-
man of Portugal’s principal drug policy agency,
the Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction
(Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência—
or IDT), emphasized that before the 2001
decriminalization law, his principal challenge
was drug addicts’ fear of seeking treatment—
8
The most sub-
stantial barrier
to offering
treatment to the
addict population
was the addicts’
fear of arrest.
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
(Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal), “The
National Situation Relating to Drugs and Dependency,” 2005
Annual Report (2006), p. 99.
*Individuals acquitted and repeat offenders (repeat offenders
are only entered one time for the year in question) are not
included for analysis purposes.
**Year in which the deed punishable as a misdemeanor
occurred.
aInformation gathered as of March 31 of the year after the
occurrence of the deed punishable as a misdemeanor.
29. Between March 31, 2002, and March 31, 2003, commissions
entered 282 more cases from the courts, with a date of
occurrence of the deed punishable as misdemeanor referring to
the year 2001; between March 31, 2003, and March 31,
2004; 496 more cases from the courts referring to the year 2002;
between March 31, 2004, and March 31, 2005, 725
more cases from the courts referring to 2003, and between
3/31/2005 and 3/31/2006, 770 more cases from the courts
referring to 2004.
Table 1
Individuals* in Misdemeanor Case, according to Year,**
Country of Nationality
particularly from the state agencies offering
it—because they were afraid of being arrested
and prosecuted. One prime rationale for
decriminalization was that it would break
down that barrier, enabling effective treatment
options to be offered to addicts once they no
longer feared prosecution. Moreover, decrimi-
nalization freed up resources that could be
channeled into treatment and other harm-
reduction programs.
A related rationale for decriminalization
was that removal of the stigma attached to
criminal prosecution for drug usage would
eliminate a key barrier for those wishing to
30. seek treatment. Even in those nations where
drug users are not typically punished with
prison—such as Spain—the stigma and burden
of being convicted of a criminal offense
remain. “It is this stigmatization that the
Portuguese policy explicitly aims to prevent.”19
Even before decriminalization, prosecution
—and certainly imprisonment—for mere pos-
session or use were rare, but not unheard of. At
times, the use of the criminal process against
those accused solely of usage approached the
levels of those accused of trafficking (see
Figure 3).20 The citizenry’s fear of being iden-
tified as a user was thus immense, and the
stigma attached to such accusations was sub-
stantial, even in the absence of a prison sen-
tence.
Indeed, interviews with Portuguese politi-
cal officials and drug policy experts confirm
that they did not embrace decriminalization
despite their belief that it would lead to in-
creased usage. Rather, they embraced decrim-
inalization as the best option for minimizing
all drug-related problems, including addic-
tion:
Decriminalization is not expected to
increase the amount of drugs available
or the use of new types of drugs.
However, there is a general belief that
decriminalization increases the need
for prevention, for example, to com-
31. 9
The citizenry’s
fear of the stigma
attached to such
accusations was
substantial, even
in the absence of
a prison sentence.
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Figure 3
Individuals Charged, By the Year and Drug-Related Status
In
d
iv
id
u
32. a
ls
C
h
a
rg
e
d
Year
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
(Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal),
“The National Situation Relating to Drugs and Dependency,”
2005 Annual Report (2006), p. 150.
User Dealer/UserDealer
municate to the public that decrimi-
nalization does not condone drug use.
. . . There is a consensus that decrimi-
nalization, by destigmatizing drug use,
will bring a higher proportion of users
into treatment, thereby increasing the
need for treatment.21
Put another way, Portuguese decriminaliza-
tion was never seen as a concession to the
inevitability of drug abuse. To the contrary, it
was, and is, seen as the most effective govern-
ment policy for reducing addiction and its
33. accompanying harms. For that reason, the
National Plan against Drugs and Drug Addictions
for 2005–2012 (prepared in 2004) centers on
ongoing strategies for prevention, demand
reduction, and harm-reduction, as well as
maximizing treatment resources and avail-
ability for those who seek it.
The Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction
remains the leading agency in Portugal for over-
seeing drug policy. It continues to define its
core mission, and the core purpose of the
decriminalization law, as follows:
This law reinforces the resources in the
context of demand reduction by send-
ing to treatment drug addicts and
[includes] those that are not addicts
but need a specialized intervention.
With this Law, we expect to contribute
to the resolution of the problem in an
integrated and constructive way, look-
ing at the drug addict as a sick person,
who nevertheless must be responsible
for a behavior that is still considered an
offense in Portugal.22
As the institute puts it, “Demand reduction
is clearly IDT’s central task.”23
Portugal Viewed in
the Context of the
European Union
Although there is still wide variance in
drug policy among the EU states, there are
34. certain clear trends that have emerged in the
EU generally, particularly with regard to how
the law ought to deal with personal drug con-
sumption. Although many EU states contin-
ue to emphasize criminal aspects in dealing
with drug users, many states are increasingly
moving toward a health-based approach,
viewing personal drug usage as a health prob-
lem rather than a criminal one.
Danilo Balotta, the institutional coordina-
tor for the EMCDDA, uses the French term
“healthification” to describe the clear trend in
the EU’s consensus approach to drug policy.
Specifically with regard to cannabis, a de facto
move away from criminalization is virtually
unanimous. The EMCDDA’s 2007 annual
report put it this way: “A general trend in
Europe has been to move away from criminal
justice responses to the possession and use of
small amounts of cannabis and towards
approaches oriented towards prevention or
treatment.”24 An excerpt from the EMCDDA’s
2005 paper, Illicit Drug Use in the EU: Legislative
Approaches, observes:
In the EU Member States, notwith-
standing different positions and atti-
tudes, we can see a trend to conceive the
illicit use of drugs (including its prepara-
tory acts) as a relatively “minor” offence,
to which it is not adequate to apply
“sanctions involving deprivation of lib-
erty.”25
35. Despite this, the agency warns that “it would
be a mistake to define [these changes] as a
trend in a ‘relaxation’ or a ‘softening’ of the
drug laws in Europe.”26 Even where there is a
strong de-emphasis on incarceration and
other criminal sanctions for drug use, the
aim in most EU countries is merely to for-
mulate more efficient and proportionate
sanctions—not legalize drug use.
The ongoing generalized belief in crimi-
nalization notwithstanding, all EU states
have agreed within the last several years to
broad principles for formulating drug policy.
The EMCDDA refers to this consensus as
GBE: a global, balanced, evidence-based ap-
10
Portuguese
decriminalization
was never seen as
a concession to
the inevitability
of drug abuse.
proach to drug policy. In this formulation,
“global” designates an acknowledgment that
all aspects of drug policy—prevention and
anti-trafficking efforts—require international
efforts. “Balanced” requires a sense of both
proportion and a roughly equal emphasis on
36. supply reduction and demand reduction.
“Evidence-based” requires that all policy judg-
ments be grounded in data and exclude moral
and ideological considerations.
This trend is evident not only in the slow
de facto movement away from criminaliza-
tion of small amounts of cannabis, but also
in the increasing acceptance across the EU of
even more controversial “harm reduction”
policies. As EMCDDA’s 2007 annual report
documented:
Historically, the topic of harm reduc-
tion has been more controversial. This
is changing, and harm reduction as a
part of a comprehensive package of
demand reduction measures now ap-
pears to have become a more explicit
part of the European approach. This is
evident in the fact that both opioid
substitution treatment and needle and
syringe exchange programmes are now
found in virtually all EU Member
States. . . .27
In 10 years, the availability of harm-reduction
measures, such as opioid substitution treat-
ment, has increased tenfold across the EU.28
As noted above, other EU nations have
adopted what amounts to de facto decriminal-
ization, but have not explicitly declared drug
usage “decriminalized.” In Spain, for instance,
“a drug consumer will still be judged by a crim-
inal court, although he or she will never be sent
37. to prison for drug consumption alone.”29
Moreover, a gap in Spain’s drug laws exists
whereby public drug consumption is prohibit-
ed, but private drug usage is not, and Spanish
legislatures have left this gap standing.
Other forms of de facto decriminalization
have occurred in Germany, where a court ruled
that imprisonment for petty drug possession
offenses implicates constitutional concerns,
and in Luxembourg, which only permits pun-
ishment by a fine for cannabis usage. None-
theless, Portugal remains the only EU state to
decriminalize explicitly, and the criminaliza-
tion framework continues to predominate in
the EU for most drug offenses.
Effects of Portuguese
Decriminalization
Since Portugal enacted its decriminaliza-
tion scheme in 2001, drug usage in many cat-
egories has actually decreased when measured
in absolute terms, whereas usage in other cat-
egories has increased only slightly or mildly.
None of the parade of horrors that decrimi-
nalization opponents in Portugal predicted,
and that decriminalization opponents around
the world typically invoke, has come to pass. In
many cases, precisely the opposite has hap-
pened, as usage has declined in many key cate-
gories and drug-related social ills have been far
more contained in a decriminalized regime.
38. The true effects of Portuguese decriminal-
ization can be understood only by comparing
postdecriminalization usage and trends in
Portugal with other EU states, as well as with
non-EU states (such as the United States,
Canada, and Australia) that continue to crimi-
nalize drugs even for personal usage. And in
virtually every category of any significance,
Portugal, since decriminalization, has outper-
formed the vast majority of other states that
continue to adhere to a criminalization regime.
Effects Viewed in Absolute Terms
Usage Rates. Since decriminalization, life-
time prevalence rates (which measure how
many people have consumed a particular drug
or drugs over the course of their lifetime) in
Portugal have decreased for various age groups.
For students in the 7th–9th grades (13–15
years old), the rate decreased from 14.1 per-
cent in 2001 to 10.6 percent in 2006.30 For
those in the 10th–12th grades (16–18 years
old), the lifetime prevalence rate, which
increased from 14.1 percent in 1995 to 27.6
percent in 2001, the year of decriminalization,
11
Prevalence
rates for the
15–19 age group
have actually
decreased
in absolute
terms since
39. decriminalization.
has decreased subsequent to decriminaliza-
tion, to 21.6 percent in 2006.31 For the same
groups, prevalence rates for psychoactive sub-
stances have also decreased subsequent to
decriminalization.32
In fact, for those two critical groups of
youth (13–15 years and 16–18 years), preva-
lence rates have declined for virtually every
substance since decriminalization (see Figures
4 and 5).33
For some older age groups (beginning with
19- to 24-year-olds), there has been a slight to
mild increase in drug usage, generally from
2001 to 2006, including a small rise in the use
of psychoactive substances for the 15–24 age
group,34 and a more substantial increase in the
same age group for illicit substances general-
ly.35 For other age groups of older citizens, in-
creases in lifetime prevalence rates for drugs
generally have ranged from slight to mild.
Such an increase in lifetime prevalence rates for
the general population is virtually inevitable in
every nation, regardless of drug policy and regardless
of whether there is even an actual increase in drug
usage. The IDT’s Goulão explained why:
This is an expected result, even when
there is not an increase in drug use,
because of the cohort effect (in the
40. sample, from one study to the other,
older people that never try drugs are
replaced for a new generation among
whom a significant percentage already
had that experience).36
12
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Cannabis Cocaine Ecstasy Amphetamines Heroin
Hallucinatory
Mushrooms
LSD GHB Ketamine Methadone
Figure 4
National Investigation in School Environment, 2001 and 2006,
3rd Cycle (7th, 8th, and 9th years), Portugal,
Prevalence Over Entire Life
P
41. e
rc
e
n
t
Illicit Substances
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal,
Draft 2007 Annual Report, slide 13.
2001 2006
When it comes to assessing the long-term
effects of drug policy and treatment approach-
es, Portuguese drug policy specialists, like pol-
icy specialists in most countries, consider the
adolescent and postadolescent age groups
(15–24) to be the most significant. The behav-
ior of those younger age groups is widely con-
sidered by drug policymakers around the
world to be the most malleable, and trends
that appear during those years are far and
away the most potent harbingers for long-
term behavioral changes. The University of
Michigan’s Lloyd Johnston, the principal
researcher behind a 2003 study revealing some
increasing trends in the drug usage rates
among American youth, put it this way:
The 8th-graders have been harbingers
of change observed later in the upper
grades, so the fact that they are no
42. longer showing declines in their use of
a number of drugs could mean that the
declines now being observed in the
upper grades also will come to an end
soon.37
A 2008 study of drug usage trends in 17
nations on five different continents similarly
found that the late adolescent years are key in
determining future, lifelong drug usage:
In most countries, the period of risk
for initiation of use was heavily concen-
13
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Cannabis Ecstasy Cocaine Amphetamines LSD Hallucinatory
Mushrooms
Heroin GHB Ketamine Methadone
Figure 5
43. National Investigation in School Environment, 2001 and 2006,
Secondary (10th, 11th, and 12th years), Portugal,
Prevalence Over Entire Life
P
e
rc
e
n
t
Illicit Substances
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal,
Draft 2007 Annual Report, slide 14.
2001 2006
trated in the period from the mid to late
teenage years; there was a slightly older
and more extended period of risk for
illegal drugs compared to legal drugs.38
As one would expect, then, Portuguese offi-
cials emphasize the dramatic trends seen in
these younger groups since the decriminaliza-
tion law was enacted. Prevalence rates for the
15–24 age group have increased only very
slightly, whereas the rates for the critical
15–19 age group—critical because such a sub-
stantial number of young citizens begin drug
44. usage during these years—have actually de-
creased in absolute terms since decriminalization
(see Figure 6).39
Perhaps most strikingly, while prevalence
rates for the period from 1999 to 2005, for the
16–18 age group, increased somewhat for
cannabis (9.4 to 15.1 percent) and for drugs
generally (12.3 to 17.7 percent), the prevalence
rate decreased during that same period for
heroin (2.5 to 1.8 percent),40 the substance
that Portuguese drug officials believed was far
and away the most socially destructive:
At the time of introducing decriminal-
ization the Portuguese drug problem
was notable due to a high level of prob-
lematic drug use and drug-related prob-
lems. This was associated primarily with
use of heroin, with a particular problem
of injecting drug use and the related
risks of HIV/AIDS and viral hepatitis.41
These postdecriminalization decreases were
preceded by significant increases in drug-relat-
ed problems in Portugal in the 1990s.
Throughout the 1990s, the number of arrests
for drug offenses generally, and heroin use
specifically, rose steadily.42 By 1998, more than
60 percent of drug-related arrests were for use
or possession, rather than for sale or posses-
sion to sell. The amount of drugs seized during
that decade rose significantly as well.43
In almost every category of drug, and for
45. 14
In almost every
category of drug,
and for drug
usage overall,
the lifetime
prevalence rates
in the predecrimi-
nalization era
of the 1990s
were higher
than the post-
decriminalization
rates.
15–2415–1920–24
0
5
10
15
20
25
46. Figure 6
Portugal, 2001 and 2007, General Population (15–24 years old),
Lifetime Prevalence
(any illicit drug)
20072001
P
e
rc
e
n
t
Age Ranges
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal,
Draft 2007 Annual Report, slide 8.
15–24 15–19 20–24
drug usage overall, the lifetime prevalence rates
in the predecriminalization era of the 1990s
were higher than the postdecriminalization
rates.44 Moreover, the level of drug trafficking,
as measured by the numbers of those convict-
ed of that offense, has steadily declined since
2001 as well (see Figure 7).45
Drug-Related Phenomena. As predicted, and
47. desired, when Portugal enacted decriminaliza-
tion, treatment programs—both in terms of
funding levels and the willingness of the popu-
lation to seek them—have improved substantial-
ly.46 That, in turn, has enhanced the ability of
local and state government officials to provide
disease-avoiding services to the population:
The number of people in substitution
treatment leapt from 6,040 in 1999 to
14,877 in 2003, an increase of 147% . . . .
The number of places in detoxification,
therapeutic communities and half-way
houses has also increased. . . . The
national strategy has led directly to in-
creases in the scale of treatment and pre-
vention activities in Portugal.47
While proponents of criminalization some-
times depict an increase in the number of indi-
viduals seeking treatment as indicative of wors-
ening drug problems, empirical evidence
suggests that the opposite is almost certainly
true. Between (a) addicts who are afraid to seek
treatment due to fear of criminal penalties and
(b) addicts who freely seek treatment in a
decriminalized framework, the latter option is
clearly preferable, as such increased treatment
decreases the amount of addiction and, as
important, enables the management and
diminution of drug-related harms. For precisely
that reason, as treatment enrollment has in-
creased in the postdecriminalized setting, drug-
related harms have decreased substantially.
48. According to the 2006 report of the
Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of the
Portuguese Health Ministry, “Available indica-
tors continue to suggest effective responses at
15
The number of
newly reported
cases of HIV and
AIDS among
drug addicts
has declined
substantially
every year since
2001.
2,400
2,000
1,600
1,200
800
400
2000 2001
a
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Figure 7
49. Individuals Sentenced by Year, and by Drug-Related Status
In
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
S
e
n
te
n
c
e
d
Year
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
(Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal),
“The National Situation Relating to Drugs and Dependency,”
2006 Annual Report (2007), p. 53.
aWith the entry into effect, starting July 1, 2001, of Law no.
30/2000 of November 29, the use of illegal drugs was
decriminalized and became a misdemeanor. However, growing
drugs—as provided under Article 40 of Legislative
Decree no. 15/93 of January 22—continues to be considered a
felony.
50. Dealer Dealer/UserUser
treatment level . . . and [at] the harm reduction
level.”48 Moreover, the percentage of drug
users among newly infected HIV-positive indi-
viduals continues to decline.49 Since 2004,
general infection rates for HIV have remained
stable—a positive trend, which, according to
the 2006 report,
may be related . . . to the implementa-
tion of harm reduction measures,
which may be leading to a decrease in
intravenous drug use . . . or to intra-
venous drug use in better sanitary con-
ditions, as indicated by the number of
exchanged syringes in the National
Programme “Say no to a second hand
syringe.”50
Most significant, the number of newly
reported cases of HIV and AIDS among drug
addicts has declined substantially every year
since 2001 (see Figure 8).51
The percentage of newly diagnosed HIV
and AIDS patients who are drug addicts has
steadily decreased over the same time (see
Figure 9).52
Likely for the same reasons, there has
been, since 2000, a mild decrease in the rates
51. of new hepatitis B and C infections nation-
wide,53 all of which are attributed by analysts
to the enhanced treatment programs enabled
by decriminalization:
With its relatively high rates of heroin
use by injection, Portugal has had a seri-
ous problem with the transmission of
HIV and other blood-borne viruses. For
example, in 1999 Portugal had the high-
est rate of HIV amongst injecting drug
users in the European Union . . . . This is
a major target of a public health ap-
proach to drug use, with opiate substi-
16
Drug-related
mortality rates
have decreased
as well.
1,400
1,200
1,600
1,000
800
600
400
52. 200
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005* 2006
Figure 8
HIV/AIDS Notifications: Drug Users and Nondrug Users, by
Year of Diagnosis
In
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
Year
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
(Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal),
“The National Situation Relating to Drugs and Dependency,”
2006 Annual Report (2007), p. 26.
*Infection by HIV was integrated into the list of diseases of
mandatory declaration.
AIDS Drug UsersHIV Drug Users
AIDS Nondrug UsersHIV Nondrug Users
53. tution treatment and needle exchange
being an important element of the
Portuguese response. Between 1999 and
2003, there was a 17% reduction in the notifi-
cations of new, drug-related cases of HIV . . . .
There were also reductions in the numbers of
tracked cases of Hepatitis C and B in treat-
ment centres, despite the increasing num-
bers of people in treatment.54
Beyond disease, drug-related mortality rates
have decreased as well. Although the number
of toxicological exams undertaken as part of
postmortem investigations has increased sub-
stantially every year since 2002, the number of
positive results is far lower than the levels dur-
ing 2000 and 2001 (see Figure 10).55
In 2001, for instance, 280 toxicological
tests found a positive result (out of 1,259 tests
undertaken). In 2006, the number of positive
results was only 216 (out of a much higher
2,308 tests undertaken).
In absolute numbers, drug-related deaths
from 2002 to 2006 for every prohibited sub-
stance have either declined significantly or
remained constant compared with 2001. In
2000, for instance, the number of deaths from
opiates (including heroin) was 281. That num-
ber has decreased steadily since decriminaliza-
tion, to 133 in 2006 (see Figure 11).56
As is true for drug usage rates, these post-
54. decriminalization decreases were preceded by
significant increases in drug-related problems
in Portugal throughout the 1990s. Through-
out the predecriminalization 1990s, the num-
ber of acute drug-related deaths increased
every year, increasing more than tenfold from
1989 to 1999, reaching a total of almost 400
by 1999 (see Figures 12 and 13).57
The total number of drug-related deaths
has actually decreased from the predecriminal-
ization year of 1999 (when it totaled close to
400) to 2006 (when the total was 290).
Like drug-related deaths, predecriminal-
ization drug-related AIDS cases skyrocketed
throughout the 1990s,58 while the prevalence
17
The total number
of drug-related
deaths has
actually decreased
from the prede-
criminalization
year of 1999
(when it totaled
close to 400)
to 2006 (when the
total was 290).
80
70
55. 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005* 2006
Figure 9
HIV/AIDS Notifications, Percent Drug Users and Nondrug
Users, by Year of Diagnosis
HIV Drug Users
HIV Non drug Users
AIDS Drug Users
AIDS Non drug Users
P
e
rc
e
n
t
56. Year
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
(Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal),
“The National Situation relating to Drugs and Dependency,”
2006 Annual Report (2007), p. 26.
*Infection by HIV was integrated into the list of diseases of
mandatory declaration.
18
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
2,500
2,000
1,500
59. n
s
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
(Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal),
“The National Situation Relating to Drugs and Dependency,”
2006 Annual Report (2007), p. 30.
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Figure 11
Deaths,* by Year, by Substance
D
e
a
th
s
60. Year
CannabisCocaine Methadone AmphetaminesbOpiatesa
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
(Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal),
“The National Situation Relating to Drugs and Dependency,”
2006 Annual Report (2007), p. 31.
*Cases of death with positive results in toxicological exams of
drugs or narcotics conducted in the National Institute of
Legal Medicine.
aIncludes heroine, morphine, and codeine.
bIncludes amphetamines, methamphetamines, MDA, and
MDMA.
rates for HIV and hepatitis were far higher.59
Thus, even in those drug-related categories
that have worsened in absolute terms since
decriminalization, those categories compare
quite favorably with predecriminalization
trends in the 1990s.
Although education and awareness efforts
in the 1990s began to stem the tide of HIV
infection and those of other sexually transmit-
ted diseases even before decriminalization,
these trends, as demonstrated above, accelerat-
ed even more favorably postdecriminalization.
Researchers who interviewed numerous drug
policymakers in Europe generally and Portugal
specifically found unanimity in support of the
61. view that these positive trends were due to
decriminalization, and specifically to Portugal’s
ability to provide more extensive and effective
treatment and education programs:
All the interviewees agreed that decrim-
inalization has been beneficial for exist-
ing drug users, principally because
decriminalization has resulted in earlier
intervention and the provision of more
therapeutic and targeted responses to
both drug and drug-related problems.
Through providing problematic drug
users with a better system of detection
and referral to treatment, the [Dissua-
sion Commissions] increase the ability
to address the causes of and harms from
problematic drug use.60
Decriminalization Effects Viewed in
Context of Trends in the European Union
Beyond comparing postdecriminalization
trends in Portugal with predecriminalization
trends, the effects of Portuguese decriminal-
ization should be assessed in the context of
trends in Europe generally during the same
period. There is, however, a serious difficulty
in undertaking such a comparison. Although
the EMCDDA is tasked with coordinating
the compilation of uniform drug statistics
among EU states, its lack of compulsory
authority, as well as the lack of resources in
many EU states, means that there is very little
real reporting uniformity. Many EU states,
62. particularly the poorer ones, often allow
many years to elapse before undertaking
19
The effects
of Portuguese
decriminalization
should be
assessed in the
context of trends
in Europe
generally during
the same period.
1987
0
100
200
300
400
500
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
1999
Source: Mirjam van het Loo, Ineke van Beusekom, and James P.
Kahan, “Decriminalization of Drug Use in Portugal:
The Development of a Policy,” Annals of the American
63. Academy of Political and Social Science 582, Cross-National
Drug Policy (July 2002): 53.
Figure 12
Number of Acute Drug-Related Deaths, 1987–1999
Year
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
D
e
a
th
s
20
500
400
300
64. 200
100
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Figure 13
Deaths,* According to Year
D
e
a
th
s
Year
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
(Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal),
“The National Situation Relating to Drugs and Dependency,”
2005 Annual Report (2006), p. 71.
*Cases of death with positive results in drug toxicological
exams conducted in the National Institute of Legal Medicine.
2000 2001
50
75
100
65. 125
150
175
2002 2003 2004 2005
Figure 14
Indexed Trends in Reports for Drug Law Offenses in EU
Member States, 2000–2005
Cocaine All reports Cannabis Heroin
Source: European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug
Addiction, “The State of the Drug Problem in Europe,”
Annual Report (2007), p. 25.
In
d
e
x
(
1
5
–
1
7
5
)
66. Year
comprehensive drug-related surveys, and
even those states that report more regularly
often measure metrics that are slightly differ-
ent—when compared with both prior metrics
they surveyed and the metrics surveyed by
other EU states.
Despite these difficulties, some meaning-
ful comparisons can still be made. Drug sta-
tistics rarely change radically from one year
to the next. Thus, comparisons between EU
states of metrics such as prevalence rates and
drug-related social problems can still be use-
ful even if they are taken from different years
or measuring population clusters that are
defined slightly differently. Comparisons
with slightly different statistics lack mathe-
matical exactitude, but they still afford sub-
stantial analytical utility.
Across EU states, according to the
EMCDDA’s 2007 annual report (“The State of
the Drug Problem in Europe”), “drug use in
general remains at historically high levels, but
it has stabilised in most areas, and in some
areas there are even signs that merit cautious
optimism.”61 That EU trend of historically
high usage rates can be seen for cannabis and
cocaine, the two most widely used drugs in the
EU, respectively (followed far behind by ecstasy
and amphetamines; usage of crack cocaine
remains negligible in the EU).62 Across the EU,
67. the number of drug offenses in absolute terms
has risen steadily since 2000 (see Figure 14).63
For cannabis usage, “current levels are by
historical standards very high” (“although
only a relatively small proportion of cannabis
users are using the drug on a regular and
21
Despite
difficulties,
some meaningful
comparisons can
still be made.
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
U
ni
71. e
rc
e
n
t
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
(Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal),
Draft 2007 Annual Report, slide 9.
Member States
intensive basis”).64 For cocaine, it is estimated
that in 2007, 4.5 million Europeans used it,
up from 3.5 million the year before.65 All met-
rics point to an “upward trend” in cocaine
usage across the EU.66
In the context of these EU-wide trends,
usage rates in postdecriminalization Portugal
are notably low. Indeed, as a 2006 report on
Portuguese drug policy concluded, five years
after decriminalization, “The prevalence of
drugs in Portugal, both in general and the
school populations, is below EU average.”67
For the period 2001–2005, Portugal—for
the 15–64 age group—has the absolute lowest
lifetime prevalence rate for cannabis, the most
used drug in the EU. Indeed, the majority of
EU states have rates that are double and triple
the rate for postdecriminalization Portugal
72. (see Figures 15 and 16).68
Similarly, for usage rates of cocaine (the sec-
ond-most commonly used drug in Europe) for
the same period and the same age group, only five
countries had a lower prevalence rate than the
Portuguese rate. Most EU states have double,
triple, quadruple, or even higher rates than Portu-
gal’s, including some with the harshest criminal-
ization schemes in the EU (see Figure 17).69
Indeed, subsequent to decriminalization in
Portugal, for almost every narcotic, the lifetime
prevalence rates—the percentage of adults who
will use a particular drug over the course of
their lifetime—is far lower in Portugal than in
Europe generally. For cannabis, compare the
2006 lifetime prevalence rate for Portugal (8.2
percent)70 with the rate in Europe generally (25
percent).71 Indeed, the 8.2 percent lifetime preva-
lence rate in Portugal (meaning 8.2 percent of
Portuguese citizens in the studied age range
consumed cannabis at least once in their life) is
almost the equivalent of the prevalence rate for
EU states just from the last year alone (7.1 percent)
(meaning that 7.1 percent of EU citizens have
consumed cannabis in the last year).72
Country-by-country prevalence rates in the
EU for amphetamine73 and ecstasy usage sim-
ilarly show Portugal with among the lowest
usage rates in the EU (compare, for instance,
Portugal’s ecstasy prevalence rate [1.6 percent]
with the higher rates in virtually every EU
country).74 One finds the same conclusions
73. for the EU country-by-country prevalence rate
for heroin and injection usage (compare the
2006 prevalence rate for students for heroin
use in Portugal of 2.6 percent75 with the sever-
al EU countries with substantially higher
rates; see Figure 18).76
For cocaine, the lifetime prevalence rate for
the student age group in Portugal is 1.6 per-
cent whereas for Europe generally, it is sub-
stantially higher—4 percent.77 As the EMCD-
DA reported in its 2007 report, “Based on
recent national population surveys in the EU
and Norway, it is estimated that cocaine has
been used at least once . . . by more than 12 mil-
lion Europeans, representing almost 4 percent
of all adults.”78
Again, postdecriminalization, Portugal—
with 1.6 percent—is near the bottom of preva-
lence rates, whereas across the EU, “national
figures on reported lifetime use range from 0.2
percent to 7.3 percent, with three countries re-
porting values of more than 5 percent (Spain,
Italy, the United Kingdom).”79 For cocaine
usage, Europe is generally experiencing an
“overall increase in use.”80 Increases (in the
15–34 age group) can be seen in most EU
states (see Figure 19).81
By and large, usage rates for each category
of drugs continue to be lower in the EU than
in non-EU states with a far more criminal-
ized approach to drug usage:
Estimated cannabis use is, on average,
74. considerably lower in the European
Union than in the USA, Canada or
Australia. As regards stimulant drugs,
levels of ecstasy use are broadly similar
worldwide, although Australia reports
high prevalence levels, and, in the case
of amphetamine, prevalence is higher
in Australia and the USA than in
Europe and Canada. The prevalence of
cocaine use is higher in the USA and
Canada than in the European Union
and Australia.82
Indeed, a 2008 survey of drug usage among
Americans found that the United States has the
22
The majority of
EU states have
rates that are
double and triple
the rate for post-
decriminalization
Portugal.
23
Czech Republic
Ireland
76. Malta
Faroe Islands
Sweden
Cyprus
0 10 20 30 40 50
2003 1999 1995
Figure 16
European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs
Sixteen-Year-Old Students
Prevalence over Entire Life, Cannabis (percent)
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
(Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal),
“Os Adolescentes e a Droga” (“Adolescents and Drugs”), 2003,
p. 6.
highest level of illegal cocaine and cannabis use
in the world. The findings were the result of sur-
veys conducted in 17 countries, in the Americas
(Colombia, Mexico, and the United States),
Europe (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the
Netherlands, Spain, and Ukraine), the Middle
East and Africa (Israel, Lebanon, Nigeria, and
77. South Africa), Asia (China and Japan), and
Oceania (New Zealand).83 As reported by Science
Daily on July 1, 2008:
A survey of 17 countries has found that
despite its punitive drug policies the
United States has the highest levels of ille-
gal cocaine and cannabis use. The study,
by Louisa Degenhardt (University of New
South Wales, Sydney, Australia) and col-
leagues, is based on the World Health
Organization’s Composite International
Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and is pub-
lished in this week’s Plos Medicine.
The authors found that 16.2% of
people in the United States had used
cocaine in their lifetime, a level much
higher than any other country sur-
veyed (the second highest level of co-
caine use was in New Zealand, where
4.3% of people reported having used
cocaine). Cannabis use was highest in
the US (42.4%), followed by New Zea-
land (41.9%).84
The prevalence rate for cocaine usage in the
United States was so much higher than the
other countries surveyed that the researchers
formally characterized it as an “outlier”:
The US was an outlier in lifetime cocaine
use, with 16% of respondents reporting
that they had tried cocaine at least once
compared to 4.0%–4.3% in Colombia,
Mexico, Spain, and New Zealand, and
78. 24
By and large,
usage rates for
each category of
drugs continue to
be lower in the
EU than in
non-EU states
with a far more
criminalized
approach to
drug usage.
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
6.1
84. P
e
rc
e
n
t
Member State
Source: Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de Portugal
(Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction of Portugal),
Draft 2007 Annual Report, slide 10.
*Excludes Scotland and Northern Ireland.
extremely low proportions in countries
in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.85
The study also found that “the proportions
of respondents who ever used cannabis were
highest in the US (42%).”86 The magnitude of
the United States’ drug usage rates compared
with every other country surveyed is illustrat-
ed in Table 2, which shows the lifetime preva-
lence rates for cannabis and cocaine for each.
A similar table (Table 3), reflecting preva-
lence rates in each country among the nations’
youth (15 years and younger and, separately,
21 years and younger), also reflects the vastly
higher rates in the United States.
The report explicitly found that stringent
85. criminalization laws do not produce lower
drug usage, and that some data suggest the
opposite may be true:
Countries with more stringent policies
towards illegal drug use did not have
lower levels of such drug use than
countries with more liberal policies. In
the Netherlands, for example, which
has more liberal policies than the US,
1.9% of people reported cocaine use
and 19.8% reported cannabis use.87
A draft of this Cato report was submitted
to several U.S. drug policy officials—in the U.S.
Drug Enforcement Administration’s head-
quarters, the DEA office in Madrid (which has
jurisdictional responsibility for interacting
25
A 2008
survey of drug
usage among
Americans found
that the United
States has the
highest level of
illegal cocaine
and cannabis use
in the world.
8
6
92. 2
0
0
5
)
C
R
Figure 18
Estimates of the Prevalence of Problem Opioid Use, Ages 15–
64, 2001–2005
Source: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug
Addiction, “The State of the Drug Problem in Europe,” 2007
Annual Report (2007), p. 65.
Note: The symbol indicates a point estimate; a bar indicates an
estimation uncertainty interval, which can be either a
95% confidence interval or an interval based on sensitivity
analysis. Target groups may vary slightly owing to differ-
ent estimation methods and data sources; therefore, comparisons
should be made with caution. Where no method is
indicated, the line given represents an interval between the
lowest lower bound of all existing estimates and the high-
est upper bound of them. Estimation methods: CR = capture–
recapture; TM = treatment multiplier; TP = truncated
Poisson; MM = mortality multiplier.
95. P
e
rc
e
n
t
Year
Sources: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug
Addiction, “The State of the Drug Problem in Europe,” Annual
Report (2007), p. 59.
aEngland and Wales.
bIn Denmark, the value for 1994 corresponds to “hard drugs.”
Region
Americas
Europe
Middle East
and Africa
Asia
Oceania New Zealand
China
Japan
South Africa
Nigeria
Lebanon
Israel
Ukraine
Spain
101. Table 2
Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use in Selected
Countries, 2008
Source: Louisa Degenhardt and others, “Toward a Global View
of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use:
Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys,” Public
Library of Science Medicine 5, no. 7 (2008): p. 1057.
with Portuguese drug officials), and the Office
of National Drug Control Policy—along with
a list of specific questions for which a response
was requested. Those questions focused on
the rationale for the U.S. approach to drug
criminalization in light of the far higher drug
usage rates among Americans, trends that, in
general, appear to be worsening, contrasted
with the far better rates in decriminalized
Portugal. Despite repeated requests, none
responded to those questions.
According to EU drug policy officials, the
United States has displayed very little interest
in understanding the improving trends in
Europe generally, and in Portugal specifically,
that have clearly resulted in an environment of
drug liberalization and decriminalization.
Quite the contrary, over the last two decades,
the United States has single-mindedly agitat-
ed for greater criminalization approaches and
appears, at least to EU officials, interested sole-
102. ly in enforcement actions, rather than empiri-
cally vindicated policy changes at the user lev-
el designed to manage usage rates and amelio-
rate drug-related harms.
Around the world, it is apparent that
stringent criminalization policies do not pro-
duce lower drug usage rates. If anything, the
opposite trend can be observed. The sky-high
and increasing drug usage rates in the highly
criminalized United States, juxtaposed with
the relatively low and manageable rates in
decriminalized Portugal, make a very strong
case for that proposition.
Conclusion
None of the fears promulgated by oppo-
nents of Portuguese decriminalization has
come to fruition, whereas many of the benefits
predicted by drug policymakers from institut-
27
Region Country Unweighted n
Americas
Europe
Middle
East and
Africa
Asia
103. Oceania New Zealand
Japan
South Africa
Nigeria
Lebanon
Israel
Ukraine
Spain
Netherlands
Italy
Germany
France
Belgium
United States
Mexico
Colombia
China
12,790
109. Percent SE
By 21 years old
Percent SE
By 15 years old
Percent SE
By 21 years old
Percent SE
By 15 years old
Percent SE
By 21 years old
Percent SE
—a
—a
11.0
6.9
18.0
8.9
46.0
—a
120. 0.8
0.8
—
—
—
—
—
Cocaine
Table 3
Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use for Youths 15
Years and Younger and 21 Years and Younger in
Selected Countries, 2008
Source: Louisa Degenhardt et al., “Toward a Global View of
Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Findings from
the WHO World Mental Health
Surveys,” Public Library of Science Medicine 5, no. 7 (2008):
1059.
a
Not asked in this country.
b
Fewer than 30 persons in the entire sample of this country used
this drug, so estimates have not been produced.
121. ing a decriminalization regime have been real-
ized. While drug addiction, usage, and associat-
ed pathologies continue to skyrocket in many
EU states, those problems—in virtually every rel-
evant category—have been either contained or
measurably improved within Portugal since
2001. In certain key demographic segments,
drug usage has decreased in absolute terms in the
decriminalization framework, even as usage across
the EU continues to increase, including in those
states that continue to take the hardest line in
criminalizing drug possession and usage.
By freeing its citizens from the fear of prose-
cution and imprisonment for drug usage,
Portugal has dramatically improved its ability
to encourage drug addicts to avail themselves of
treatment. The resources that were previously
devoted to prosecuting and imprisoning drug
addicts are now available to provide treatment
programs to addicts. Those developments,
along with Portugal’s shift to a harm-reduction
approach, have dramatically improved drug-
related social ills, including drug-caused mor-
talities and drug-related disease transmission.
Ideally, treatment programs would be strictly
voluntary, but Portugal’s program is certainly
preferable to criminalization.
The Portuguese have seen the benefits of
decriminalization, and therefore there is no
serious political push in Portugal to return to
a criminalization framework. Drug policy-
makers in the Portuguese government are vir-
122. tually unanimous in their belief that decrimi-
nalization has enabled a far more effective
approach to managing Portugal’s addiction
problems and other drug-related afflictions.
Since the available data demonstrate that they
are right, the Portuguese model ought to be
carefully considered by policymakers around
the world.
Notes
1. See Elisabeth Malkin and Marc Lacey, “Mexican
President Proposes Decriminalizing Some Drugs,”
New York Times, October 2, 2008; Helen Popper,
“Argentina Eyes Legalizing Paco,” Toronto Sun, Aug-
ust 19, 2008; “Swiss Voters Back Legalized Heroin,”
New Zealand Herald, December 1, 2008; and “Cana-
dian Government Tries Anew to Decriminalize Ma-
rijuana,” Reuters, November 2, 2004. Note also Jose
De Cordoba, “Latin American Panel Calls U.S. Drug
War a Failure,” Wall Street Journal, February 12, 2009.
2. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and
Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), “Illicit Drug Use in
the EU: Legislative Approaches,” 2005, p. 4.
3. Mirjam van het Loo, Ineke van Beusekom, and
James P. Kahan, “Decriminalization of Drug Use
in Portugal: The Development of a Policy,” Annals
of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
582, Cross-National Drug Policy (July 2002): 59.
4. Ibid.
5. Caitlin Hughes and Alex Stevens, “The Effects
of Decriminalization of Drug Use in Portugal,”
123. Briefing Paper no. 14, the Beckley Foundation
Drug Policy Programme, December 2007, p. 6.
6. Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de
Portugal (IDT), “The National Situation Relating to
Drugs and Dependency,” 2006 Annual Report
(2007), p. 35.
7. EMCDDA, “Illicit Drug Use in the EU,” (2005)
p. 27.
8. Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de
Portugal (Institute on Drugs and Drug Addiction
of Portugal), “The National Situation Relating to
Drugs and Dependency,” 2005 Annual Report
(2006), p. 87.
9. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2007) p. 88.
10. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2006) p. 35.
11. Ibid., p. 37.
12. Quoted in Daniel McGrory, “Portugal Police
Won’t Arrest Drug Takers,” Times (London), July
14, 2001.
13. Fernando Negrão, a former police chief and the
head of Portugal’s Institute on Drugs and Drug
Addiction, says, “There were fears Portugal might
become a drug paradise [for tourists], but that sim-
ply didn’t happen.” Quoted in Alison Roberts,
“How Portugal Dealt with Drug Reform,” BBC
News, December 29, 2007.
14. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2006) p. 39.
124. 15. Ibid., p. 99.
16. Van het Loo, van Beusekom, and Kahan,
“Decriminalization of Drug Use in Portugal,” p. 54.
17. Ibid., p. 49.
28
There is no
serious political
push in Portugal
to return to a
criminalization
framework.
18. Ibid., p. 54.
19. Ibid., p. 58.
20. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2006) p. 150.
21. Van het Loo, van Beusekom, and Kahan,
“Decriminalization of Drug Use in Portugal,” p. 60.
22. Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de
Portugal, pamphlet intended for public con-
sumption by the citizenry.
23. Ibid.
125. 24. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and
Drug Addiction, “The State of the Drug Problem
in Europe,” 2007 Annual Report, pp. 12–13.
25. EMCDDA, “Illicit Drug Use in the EU,”
(2005) p. 22.
26. Ibid.
27. EMCDDA, “The State of the Drug Problem in
Europe,” (2007) p. 13.
28. Ibid., p. 33.
29. Van het Loo, van Beusekom, and Kahan, “De-
criminalization of Drug Use in Portugal,” p. 58.
30. Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência de
Portugal, Draft 2007 Annual Report, slide 3.
31. Ibid., slide 4.
32. Ibid., slides 5–6.
33. Ibid., slides 13–14.
34. Ibid., slide 7.
35. Ibid., slide 8.
36. Communication with author, July 2008.
37. Quoted in Bob Curley, “Youth Drug Use De-
clines, but Alcohol, Future Trends Are Concerns,”
Join Together, December 19, 2003.
126. 38. Louisa Degenhardt, Wai-Tat Chiu, Nancy
Sampson, Ronald C. Kessler, James C. Anthony,
Matthias Angermeyer, Ronny Bruffaerts, Giovanni
de Girolamo, Oye Gureje, Yueqin Huang, Aimee
Karam, Stanislav Kostyuchenko, Jean Pierre Lepine,
Maria Elena Medina Mora, Yehuda Neumark, J.
Hans Ormel, Alejandra Pinto-Meza, José Posada-
Villa, Dan J. Stein, Tadashi Takeshima, and J.
Elisabeth Wells, “Toward a Global View of Alcohol,
Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Findings
from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys,”
Public Library of Science Medicine 5, no. 7 (2008): e141
DOI, 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141 (emphasis
added).
39. IDT, Draft 2007 Annual Report, slide 8.
40. L. V. Tavares, P. M. Graça, O. Martins, and M.
Asensio, “External and Independent Evaluation
of the ‘National Strategy for the Fight against
Drugs’ and of the ‘National Action Plan for the
Fight against Drugs and Drug Addiction—Hori-
zon 2004,’” Portuguese National Institute of Pub-
lic Administration, Lisbon, 2005.
41. Hughes and Stevens, “The Effects of Decrim-
inalization of Drug Use in Portugal,” pp. 2, 5.
42. Van het Loo, van Beusekom, and Kahan, “De-
criminalization of Drug Use in Portugal,” p. 52.
43. Ibid., p. 53.
44. Ibid.
127. 45. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2007) p. 53.
46. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2006) p. 3.
47. Hughes and Stevens, “The Effects of Decrim-
inalization of Drug Use in Portugal,” pp. 2, 5.
48. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2006) p. 3.
49. Ibid., p. 4.
50. Ibid.
51. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2007) p. 26.
52. Ibid., p. 26.
53. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2006) p. 4.
54. Hughes and Stevens, “The Effects of
Decriminalization of Drug Use in Portugal,” p. 3.
55. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2007) p. 30.
56. Ibid., p. 31.
57. Van het Loo, van Beusekom, and Kahan, “De-
criminalization of Drug Use in Portugal,” p. 53;
IDT, “The National Situation,” (2006) p. 71.
58. Van het Loo, van Beusekom, and James P.
Kahan, “Decriminalization of Drug Use in Portu-
gal,” p. 52.
59. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2006) pp. 59–60.
128. 60. Hughes and Stevens, “The Effects of Decrim-
inalization of Drug Use in Portugal,” p. 6.
29
61. EMCDDA, “The State of the Drug Problem in
Europe,” (2007) p. 5.
62. Ibid., p. 14.
63. Ibid., p. 25. The figures refer to cited offenses—
the number of people ticketed or arrested for
drug law violations, not convictions.
64. Ibid., p. 13.
65. Ibid., p. 14.
66. Ibid.
67. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2006) p. 2.
68. IDT, Draft 2007 Annual Report, slide 9; IDT,
“Os Adolescentes e a Droga” (“Adolescents and
Drugs”), (2003) p. 6.
69. IDT, Draft 2007 Annual Report, slide 10.
70. IDT, “The National Situation,” 2007, p. 63.
The last study to determine lifetime drug preva-
lence rates for the general population of Portugal
was undertaken in 2001. The 2006 study refer-
enced here examined the prevalence rates for stu-
dents 18 years old or younger. Typically, the
129. prevalence rate for the general population is slight-
ly lower than the prevalence rate for the student
population.
71. EMCDDA, “The State of the Drug Problem in
Europe,” p. 12.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., p. 51.
74. Ibid., p. 53.
75. IDT, “The National Situation,” (2007) p. 69.
76. EMCDDA, “The State of the Drug Problem in
Europe,” (2007) p. 65.
77. Ibid., p. 13.
78. Ibid., p. 57.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid., p. 14.
81. Ibid., p. 59.
82. IDT, Draft 2007 Annual Report, slide 11.
83. Degenhardt and others, “Toward a Global
View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine
Use,” p. 1053.
84. Science Daily, July 1, 2008, http://www.science
daily.com/releases/2008/06/080630201007.htm.
130. 85. Degenhardt and others, “Toward a Global View
of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use,”
p. 1056.
86. Ibid.
87. Science Daily, July 1, 2008, http://www.sci
encedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080630201007
.htm.
30
Cato Institute
Founded in 1977, the Cato Institute is a public policy research
foundation dedicated to broad-
ening the parameters of policy debate to allow consideration of
more options that are consistent
with the traditional American principles of limited government,
individual liberty, and peace. To
that end, the Institute strives to achieve greater involvement of
the intelligent, concerned lay pub-
lic in questions of policy and the proper role of government.
131. The Institute is named for Cato’s Letters, libertarian pamphlets
that were widely read in the
American Colonies in the early 18th century and played a major
role in laying the philosophical
foundation for the American Revolution.
Despite the achievement of the nation’s Founders, today
virtually no aspect of life is free from
government encroachment. A pervasive intolerance for
individual rights is shown by govern-
ment’s arbitrary intrusions into private economic transactions
and its disregard for civil liberties.
To counter that trend, the Cato Institute undertakes an extensive
publications program that
addresses the complete spectrum of policy issues. Books,
monographs, and shorter studies are
commissioned to examine the federal budget, Social Security,
regulation, military spending, inter-
national trade, and myriad other issues. Major policy
conferences are held throughout the year,
from which papers are published thrice yearly in the Cato
Journal. The Institute also publishes
the quarterly magazine Regulation.
In order to maintain its independence, the Cato Institute accepts
no government funding.
132. Contributions are received from foundations, corporations, and
individuals, and other revenue is
generated from the sale of publications. The Institute is a
nonprofit, tax-exempt, educational foun-
dation under Section 501(c)3 of the Internal Revenue Code.
CATO INSTITUTE
1000 Massachusetts Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20001
www.cato.org
1000 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N.W. ● WASHINGTON,
DC 20001 ● WWW.CATO.ORG
$10.00
Additional details and ordering information for Cato’s books
and Policy Studies are available online at www.cato.org.
C
ato’s publications, including the
Policy Analysis series, offer detailed
and authoritative studies of a wide
range of pressing public policy issues. Each
study presents a sharply focused look behind
and inside the topic covered. Available online
at Cato.org, these incisive studies form the
heart of Cato’s important work.
133. PREVIOUS TITLES INCLUDE
● “Overkill: The Rise of Paramilitary Police
Raids in America”
● “Treating Doctors as Drug Dealers: The
DEA’s War on Prescription Pain Killers”
● “Troubled Neighbor: Mexico’s Drug
Violence Poses a Threat to the United States”
● “Misguided Guidelines: A Critique of
Federal Sentencing”
Studies from the
$19.95 HARDBACK
$14.95 HARDBACK
$5.00 PAPERBACK
“
— FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Leading judges and scholars respond to Harvard
law professor Henry M. Hart Jr.’s classic article
The Aims of the Criminal Law, offering perspectives
on what should be considered when proposing
new criminal laws; should prisons focus on pun-
ishment or rehabilitation; the current system’s
weakest points; needed reforms, and more.
A refreshingly candid,
controversial, and hard-hitting
134. assessment of Washington’s ...
campaign against illegal drugs.
A concise overview of how, in the aftermath
of the Enron scandal, laws like Sarbanes-Oxley,
and recent changes to the federal sentencing
guidelines, have substantially increased the
penalties on companies and individuals for
white-collar offenses and have jeopardized
our adversary system of justice.
”
Uber Research
Efrati, A. March 22, 2017. How Travis Kalanick’s Iron Grip
Weakened Uber. The Information. Retrieved from
https://www.theinformation.com/articles/how-travis-kalanicks-
iron-grip-weakened-
uber?jwt=eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJleHAi
OjE0OTMyODUwODksInN1YiI6Im5vYW0uc2NoZWliZXJAbnl
0aW1lcy5jb20iLCJwZXJtcyI6WyJlbWFpbCJdfQ.nehhd8a0PI61
U4cOnVztVclkYIkAJw2ALVlJTkzlw7s
Uber Press Team. March 22, 2017. Remarks from Uber Press
Call. Uber Newsroom. Retrieved from
https://www.uber.com/newsroom/press-call
Swisher, K. November 5, 2014. Man and Uber Man. Vanity
Fair. Retrieved from
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/12/uber-travis-kalanick-
controversy
135. https://www.susanjfowler.com/blog/2017/2/19/reflecting-on-
one-very-strange-year-at-uber
Myers, S. April 22, 2017. Uber: The good, the bad, and the
really, really ugly. TNW. Retrieved from
https://thenextweb.com/opinion/2017/04/22/uber-in-a-nutshell/
Bershidsky, L. November 29, 2017. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved
from
http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/commentary/ct-
perspec-uber-dishonest-culture-hacked-khosrowshahi-
20171129-story.html
Bhuiyan, J. February 5, 2018. Drivers don’t trust Uber. This is
how it’s trying to win them back. Recode. Retrieved September
7, 2018 from https://www.recode.net/2018/2/5/16777536/uber-
travis-kalanick-recruit-drivers-tipping
O’Kane, S. July 16, 2018. Uber’s gender discrimination
problems are the focus of a federal investigation. The Verge.
Retrieved from
https://www.theverge.com/2018/7/16/17576808/uber-gender-
discrimination-federal-investigation
Byford, S. June 21, 2017. Travis Kalanick resigns as Uber CEO.
The Verge. Retrieved from
https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/21/15844836/uber-ceo-
resigns-travis-kalanick
Carson, B. & Gould, S. June 26, 2017. Uber’s bad year: The
stunning string of blows that upended the world’s most valuable
startup. Business Insider. Retrieved from
https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-scandal-crisis-complete-
timeline-2017-6
Hempel J. April 19, 2018. Can this man help Uber recover from
136. the Travis Kalanick Era? Wired. Retrieved from
https://www.wired.com/story/uber-move-slow-test-things/
della Cava, M. July 11, 2018. Uber HR boss out after charges
she ignored complaints about racist behavior. USA Today.
Retrieved September 7, 2018 from
https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/07/11/uber-hr-boss-
out-wake-charges-she-ignored-employee-complaints-racist-
behavior/774878002/
Newcomb, A. May 15, 2018. Uber changes course, will not push
sexual assault victims into arbitration. NBC News. Retrieved
from https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/uber-changes-
course-will-not-push-sexual-assault-victims-arbitration-n874356
Benner, K. & Isaac, M. July 13, 2018. The New York Times.
Retrieved from
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/13/technology/uber-barney-
harford-behavior.html
Gibbs, S. July 11, 2018. Uber’s head of HR resigns amid
allegations of racial discrimination. The Guardian. Retrieved
from
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/11/ubers-
head-of-hr-resigns-amid-allegations-of-racial-discrimination
Davies, A. February 23, 2017. Google accuses Uber of stealing
its self-driving car tech. Wired. Retrieved from
https://www.wired.com/2017/02/googles-waymo-just-dropped-
explosive-lawsuit-uber-stealing-self-driving-tech/
Guynn, J. January 23, 2018. Uber hires chief diversity officer,
the third but most senior person to lead those efforts. USA
Today. Retrieved from
https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2018/01/23/uber-hires-
chief-diversity-officer-third-but-most-senior-person-lead-those-