Ruby for Java Programmers provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Java developers. It discusses Ruby's origins and timeline, key differences from Java like duck typing and mixins, and how Ruby approaches concepts like classes, objects, and closures differently. The document aims to explain Ruby's philosophy and help Java programmers transition to Ruby's more dynamic style.
This document provides an overview of Ruby for Java developers, covering the history and culture of both languages, their technical backgrounds, key differences in their languages and frameworks, and how Ruby on Rails works. It demonstrates Ruby concepts through examples and concludes with a discussion on performance and common use cases for each language.
Groovy is a dynamic language for the Java Virtual Machine that aims to bring dynamic capabilities like Python and Ruby to Java developers. It has many features inspired by dynamic languages like closures, duck typing and metaprogramming, but also maintains compatibility with Java by having a Java-like syntax and the ability to interoperate with Java code. Groovy code can either be run directly from scripts or compiled into Java bytecode to be used within Java applications.
This document provides an overview of the JavaScript programming language, including its history, key concepts, values, objects, and functions. It summarizes JavaScript as a dynamic language that unifies objects and functions, uses prototype-based inheritance, and loosely typed values. Everything in JavaScript is an object, which can be used to represent records, trees, and other data structures using dynamic object literals.
The document discusses the evolution of functional programming features in Java and Scala over time. It notes that Scala was able to adopt features like generics, higher-order functions, and pattern matching earlier than Java due to not having backwards compatibility constraints. Java gradually added these features in pieces (generics in 2004, higher-order functions in 2014, pattern matching is upcoming) while Scala incorporated them as a whole when it launched in 2004. The document also examines some of the challenges Java faced in implementing these features due to its type erasure approach to generics and desire to maintain backwards compatibility.
EmberConf 2021 - Crossfile Codemodding with Joshua LawrenceJoshua Lawrence
1) Joshua Lawrence discussed codemods to migrate Ember component argument type checking from decorators to template helpers using JSON mapping files and multiple codemod passes.
2) He demonstrated mapping argument decorators in a component class to a JSON file, using the JSON to generate template helpers, and removing the decorators via codemods.
3) Putting the codemods together allows automated migration of argument type checking from decorators to template helpers across many components.
Once upon a time, there was a poor, innocent language. It was friendly and kind. Everything could have been nice and peaceful, but there was another language that was grumpy and mean. One day they met and started to argue about who the better language was…. This session compares the Java language with TypeScript. It discusses how common problems are solved with these languages. At the end, you’ll see who is the beauty and who is the beast.
This document discusses metaprogramming, metaclasses, and the metaobject protocol. It begins with an overview and definitions of key concepts like metaprogramming, metaobjects, and metaclasses. It then covers specific implementations including macros in Lisp, CLOS metaclasses, and how AllegroCache uses a persistent metaclass. Finally, it discusses the metaobject protocol and provides examples of how it allows programs to access and manipulate normally hidden language elements like classes and methods.
This document provides an overview of Ruby for Java developers, covering the history and culture of both languages, their technical backgrounds, key differences in their languages and frameworks, and how Ruby on Rails works. It demonstrates Ruby concepts through examples and concludes with a discussion on performance and common use cases for each language.
Groovy is a dynamic language for the Java Virtual Machine that aims to bring dynamic capabilities like Python and Ruby to Java developers. It has many features inspired by dynamic languages like closures, duck typing and metaprogramming, but also maintains compatibility with Java by having a Java-like syntax and the ability to interoperate with Java code. Groovy code can either be run directly from scripts or compiled into Java bytecode to be used within Java applications.
This document provides an overview of the JavaScript programming language, including its history, key concepts, values, objects, and functions. It summarizes JavaScript as a dynamic language that unifies objects and functions, uses prototype-based inheritance, and loosely typed values. Everything in JavaScript is an object, which can be used to represent records, trees, and other data structures using dynamic object literals.
The document discusses the evolution of functional programming features in Java and Scala over time. It notes that Scala was able to adopt features like generics, higher-order functions, and pattern matching earlier than Java due to not having backwards compatibility constraints. Java gradually added these features in pieces (generics in 2004, higher-order functions in 2014, pattern matching is upcoming) while Scala incorporated them as a whole when it launched in 2004. The document also examines some of the challenges Java faced in implementing these features due to its type erasure approach to generics and desire to maintain backwards compatibility.
EmberConf 2021 - Crossfile Codemodding with Joshua LawrenceJoshua Lawrence
1) Joshua Lawrence discussed codemods to migrate Ember component argument type checking from decorators to template helpers using JSON mapping files and multiple codemod passes.
2) He demonstrated mapping argument decorators in a component class to a JSON file, using the JSON to generate template helpers, and removing the decorators via codemods.
3) Putting the codemods together allows automated migration of argument type checking from decorators to template helpers across many components.
Once upon a time, there was a poor, innocent language. It was friendly and kind. Everything could have been nice and peaceful, but there was another language that was grumpy and mean. One day they met and started to argue about who the better language was…. This session compares the Java language with TypeScript. It discusses how common problems are solved with these languages. At the end, you’ll see who is the beauty and who is the beast.
This document discusses metaprogramming, metaclasses, and the metaobject protocol. It begins with an overview and definitions of key concepts like metaprogramming, metaobjects, and metaclasses. It then covers specific implementations including macros in Lisp, CLOS metaclasses, and how AllegroCache uses a persistent metaclass. Finally, it discusses the metaobject protocol and provides examples of how it allows programs to access and manipulate normally hidden language elements like classes and methods.
Java 8 came out early last year and Java 7 is now, at the end of life, making Java 8 the only Oracle supported option. However, since developers value stability over trendiness, many of us are still working with Java 7, or even 6. Let’s look at some features of Java 8, and provide some arguments to persuade your code to upgrade with best practices.
The Swift Compiler and Standard LibrarySantosh Rajan
The document discusses the Swift compiler, standard library, and key language features. It provides an overview of the Swift compiler's location and how to compile and run Swift programs from the command line. It also summarizes the main types, protocols, operators and global functions that are included in Swift's standard library.
Protocols with Associated Types, and How They Got That WayAlexis Gallagher
This talk at the 2015 Function Swift Conference summarized challenges with Swift's Protocols With Associated Types, the reasons for their behavior, their roots in features from other languages, how to workaround issues, and whether to expect them to change.
This document contains the notes from a presentation on best practices for Java 8. It discusses 10 topics: 1) general adoption of Java 8, 2) lambdas and method references, 3) functional interfaces, 4) Optional, 5) streams and collections, 6) streams outside of collections, 7) functional programming with strings, 8) parallel streams, 9) simplifying design patterns with functional programming, and 10) other Java 8 features. For each topic, it provides high-level best practices such as preferring method references to lambdas, avoiding null returns, and testing that parallel streams provide real performance benefits.
Closures allow blocks of code to access variables from the enclosing scope even after the scope has closed. This allows closures to maintain state even when passed around or returned from functions. Closures originated in Lisp and are supported in many modern languages like Python, Ruby, and C#, providing benefits like elegant iteration, filtering, and caching of results. While objects can also be used to inject strategy or share state, closures provide a more concise syntax and avoid wrapper classes in many cases.
The document discusses parsing in Xtext and strategies for dealing with ambiguities and non-LL(*) decisions in grammars. It begins by explaining LL parsing and lookahead in Xtext. It then covers different types of ambiguities that can occur and strategies for resolving them like changing syntax, enabling backtracking, or using syntactic predicates. Finally, it discusses non-LL(*) decisions that occur due to recursion and how they can be addressed through syntactic predicates or left-factoring with actions.
Avec la version 9 sortie en septembre 2017, Java appuie sur la pédale ! Le rythme des livraisons passe à une version majeure tous les 6 mois. Java 10 est sorti en mars, prochaine version en septembre. Java 10 apporte le 'var' et l'inférence de type pour les variables locales. D'autres nouveautés sont en préparation : les constantes dynamiques, les classes de données, un nouveau switch à base de lambda, des interfaces fermées, de nouvelles choses du coté des génériques et bien plus encore.
Cela viendra-t-il en 11, 12, 15 ? Ne spéculons pas, mais quand ces nouveautés seront prêtes, elles sortiront en quelques mois. On se propose de présenter ces nouveautés, celles qui sont presque prêtes, celles qui seront prêtes bientôt, et celles qui ne seront pas prêtes avant un moment. Quels seront les impacts sur le langage, sur la JVM et donc sur les performances ? Que cela va-t-il nous apporter au quotidien, en tant que développeurs ? Quels seront les nouveaux patterns ? Voici le programme de cette présentation, avec des slides, du code, de la joie et de la bonne humeur !
1. The document discusses the history and features of the Ruby programming language. It was created in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro Matsumoto in Japan and was influenced by other languages like Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, and LISP. Ruby supports object-oriented, functional, and imperative programming paradigms.
2. The document provides an introduction to some basic concepts in Ruby including variables, data types, methods, blocks, and control structures. It explains how to define variables, write methods with parameters and returns values, pass blocks to methods, and use conditional and looping statements.
3. The document covers various Ruby string functions and regular expressions. It demonstrates
Those are the slides of the presentation we made with Maurice Naftalin à Goto: Copenhagen 2019.
Functional programmers have been saying for decades that they know the way to the future. Clearly they've been wrong, since imperative languages are still far more popular. Clearly they've also been right, as the advantages of functional programming have become increasingly obvious. Is it possible to combine the two models? Scala is one language that does this, and Java too has been on a journey, which still continues, of learning from functional languages and carefully adding features from them. In this talk, we'll review what Java has learned from functional languages, what it can still learn, and how its added features compare to Scala's original ones.
These are my slides from a mini Clojure tutorial presented at the "7 Languages in 7 Months" meetup group. The first part of the presentation faithfully presents material from Bruce Tate book, and the second part covers the more advanced topics of state management and macros
This document provides an overview of best practices for writing Java code. It discusses topics like immutability, using libraries like Guava and Joda-Time, avoiding nulls, closing resources properly, using prepared statements to prevent SQL injection, and many other practices. The document emphasizes writing code that is readable, maintainable, efficient and avoids common pitfalls. It also provides resources for tools that can analyze code and help identify areas that don't follow best practices.
This document compares key features of the C# and Java programming languages, including differences in their type systems, generics, keywords, exceptions handling, and specific features like anonymous classes, properties, delegates, and LINQ. It outlines common conventions and pitfalls between the two languages and provides code examples to illustrate differences in generics, constraints, exceptions, and language features like using blocks and lambda expressions.
The JavaScript Programming Language document provides an overview of the JavaScript programming language, including its history, key concepts, values, operators, statements, and objects. It notes that JavaScript is a multi-paradigm scripting language that is misunderstood as only for web development. The document outlines JavaScript's core data types, objects, functions, and prototypal inheritance model.
Creating Domain Specific Languages in PythonSiddhi
This document discusses domain specific languages (DSLs) and provides examples of creating DSLs in Python. It explains that DSLs allow users to work in specialized mini-languages tailored to specific problem domains. As examples, it discusses SQL as a DSL for databases and regular expressions as a DSL for patterns. It then demonstrates how to create an external DSL for defining forms using PyParsing and an internal DSL for the same using Python features like metaclasses. The document concludes that DSLs make code easier to read, write and maintain for non-programmers.
This document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Ruby is an interpreted, object-oriented scripting language that is very similar to Perl but also introduces significant differences. Both languages are suitable for tasks like text processing and system administration scripts. Ruby places a stronger emphasis on object-oriented principles and is more dynamic than Perl.
The document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Some key points:
- Ruby is an object-oriented scripting language that is interpreted, not compiled. It draws influences from Perl, Smalltalk, Lisp, and C.
- Ruby supports features like classes, modules, blocks/iterators, exceptions, regular expressions and threads. Everything in Ruby is an object.
- Compared to Perl, Ruby is more object-oriented, dynamic, and has built-in support for threads. Syntax also differs in some key ways.
- The document provides examples of basic Ruby syntax like variables, loops, conditions, classes and modules to illustrate how the language works.
This document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Ruby is an interpreted, object-oriented scripting language that is very similar to Perl in many ways, such as its syntax for regular expressions and control structures like loops and conditionals. However, Ruby differs from Perl in that it was designed from the start to be object-oriented and highly dynamic. The document discusses Ruby's core concepts like classes, modules, blocks and iterators in detail and provides many code examples to illustrate Ruby's syntax and features.
The document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Some key points:
- Ruby is an object-oriented scripting language that is interpreted, not compiled. It draws influences from Perl, Smalltalk, Lisp, and C.
- Ruby supports functional, aspect-oriented, and design-by-contract programming paradigms. It is well-suited for practices like extreme programming.
- Core concepts include classes, modules, blocks/iterators, exceptions, regular expressions and strings. Common data structures include arrays, hashes, ranges and more.
- Examples demonstrate basic syntax like variables, loops, conditions, classes and modules. Ruby emphasizes flexibility, dynamism and "
Ruby on Rails is a web application framework written in Ruby. It utilizes conventions over configurations and follows the MVC pattern. The framework aims to make development easier and faster with libraries, classes, and methods that require less code but achieve better results. Rails uses ActiveRecord for models, ActionView for views, and ActionController for controllers.
This document provides an overview of ITIL service strategy. It discusses key concepts of utility, warranty, service providers, delivery models, and service models. It also summarizes the processes of service portfolio management, demand management, and financial management which are part of developing an effective service strategy.
The document discusses key concepts and processes related to service operation, including event management, incident management, request fulfillment, and problem management. Event management monitors events through the IT infrastructure to detect exceptions and ensure normal operation. Incident management aims to restore service as quickly as possible when incidents occur. Request fulfillment handles standard user requests. Problem management seeks to prevent problems and reduce the impact of incidents that do occur.
This document provides an overview of service transition concepts and processes including:
- The V model for service transition
- Configuration items and the configuration management system
- Knowledge management concepts
- Change management, service asset and configuration management, and release and deployment management processes
- Key roles, activities, and objectives for managing changes to services in a controlled manner throughout the service lifecycle
Java 8 came out early last year and Java 7 is now, at the end of life, making Java 8 the only Oracle supported option. However, since developers value stability over trendiness, many of us are still working with Java 7, or even 6. Let’s look at some features of Java 8, and provide some arguments to persuade your code to upgrade with best practices.
The Swift Compiler and Standard LibrarySantosh Rajan
The document discusses the Swift compiler, standard library, and key language features. It provides an overview of the Swift compiler's location and how to compile and run Swift programs from the command line. It also summarizes the main types, protocols, operators and global functions that are included in Swift's standard library.
Protocols with Associated Types, and How They Got That WayAlexis Gallagher
This talk at the 2015 Function Swift Conference summarized challenges with Swift's Protocols With Associated Types, the reasons for their behavior, their roots in features from other languages, how to workaround issues, and whether to expect them to change.
This document contains the notes from a presentation on best practices for Java 8. It discusses 10 topics: 1) general adoption of Java 8, 2) lambdas and method references, 3) functional interfaces, 4) Optional, 5) streams and collections, 6) streams outside of collections, 7) functional programming with strings, 8) parallel streams, 9) simplifying design patterns with functional programming, and 10) other Java 8 features. For each topic, it provides high-level best practices such as preferring method references to lambdas, avoiding null returns, and testing that parallel streams provide real performance benefits.
Closures allow blocks of code to access variables from the enclosing scope even after the scope has closed. This allows closures to maintain state even when passed around or returned from functions. Closures originated in Lisp and are supported in many modern languages like Python, Ruby, and C#, providing benefits like elegant iteration, filtering, and caching of results. While objects can also be used to inject strategy or share state, closures provide a more concise syntax and avoid wrapper classes in many cases.
The document discusses parsing in Xtext and strategies for dealing with ambiguities and non-LL(*) decisions in grammars. It begins by explaining LL parsing and lookahead in Xtext. It then covers different types of ambiguities that can occur and strategies for resolving them like changing syntax, enabling backtracking, or using syntactic predicates. Finally, it discusses non-LL(*) decisions that occur due to recursion and how they can be addressed through syntactic predicates or left-factoring with actions.
Avec la version 9 sortie en septembre 2017, Java appuie sur la pédale ! Le rythme des livraisons passe à une version majeure tous les 6 mois. Java 10 est sorti en mars, prochaine version en septembre. Java 10 apporte le 'var' et l'inférence de type pour les variables locales. D'autres nouveautés sont en préparation : les constantes dynamiques, les classes de données, un nouveau switch à base de lambda, des interfaces fermées, de nouvelles choses du coté des génériques et bien plus encore.
Cela viendra-t-il en 11, 12, 15 ? Ne spéculons pas, mais quand ces nouveautés seront prêtes, elles sortiront en quelques mois. On se propose de présenter ces nouveautés, celles qui sont presque prêtes, celles qui seront prêtes bientôt, et celles qui ne seront pas prêtes avant un moment. Quels seront les impacts sur le langage, sur la JVM et donc sur les performances ? Que cela va-t-il nous apporter au quotidien, en tant que développeurs ? Quels seront les nouveaux patterns ? Voici le programme de cette présentation, avec des slides, du code, de la joie et de la bonne humeur !
1. The document discusses the history and features of the Ruby programming language. It was created in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro Matsumoto in Japan and was influenced by other languages like Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, and LISP. Ruby supports object-oriented, functional, and imperative programming paradigms.
2. The document provides an introduction to some basic concepts in Ruby including variables, data types, methods, blocks, and control structures. It explains how to define variables, write methods with parameters and returns values, pass blocks to methods, and use conditional and looping statements.
3. The document covers various Ruby string functions and regular expressions. It demonstrates
Those are the slides of the presentation we made with Maurice Naftalin à Goto: Copenhagen 2019.
Functional programmers have been saying for decades that they know the way to the future. Clearly they've been wrong, since imperative languages are still far more popular. Clearly they've also been right, as the advantages of functional programming have become increasingly obvious. Is it possible to combine the two models? Scala is one language that does this, and Java too has been on a journey, which still continues, of learning from functional languages and carefully adding features from them. In this talk, we'll review what Java has learned from functional languages, what it can still learn, and how its added features compare to Scala's original ones.
These are my slides from a mini Clojure tutorial presented at the "7 Languages in 7 Months" meetup group. The first part of the presentation faithfully presents material from Bruce Tate book, and the second part covers the more advanced topics of state management and macros
This document provides an overview of best practices for writing Java code. It discusses topics like immutability, using libraries like Guava and Joda-Time, avoiding nulls, closing resources properly, using prepared statements to prevent SQL injection, and many other practices. The document emphasizes writing code that is readable, maintainable, efficient and avoids common pitfalls. It also provides resources for tools that can analyze code and help identify areas that don't follow best practices.
This document compares key features of the C# and Java programming languages, including differences in their type systems, generics, keywords, exceptions handling, and specific features like anonymous classes, properties, delegates, and LINQ. It outlines common conventions and pitfalls between the two languages and provides code examples to illustrate differences in generics, constraints, exceptions, and language features like using blocks and lambda expressions.
The JavaScript Programming Language document provides an overview of the JavaScript programming language, including its history, key concepts, values, operators, statements, and objects. It notes that JavaScript is a multi-paradigm scripting language that is misunderstood as only for web development. The document outlines JavaScript's core data types, objects, functions, and prototypal inheritance model.
Creating Domain Specific Languages in PythonSiddhi
This document discusses domain specific languages (DSLs) and provides examples of creating DSLs in Python. It explains that DSLs allow users to work in specialized mini-languages tailored to specific problem domains. As examples, it discusses SQL as a DSL for databases and regular expressions as a DSL for patterns. It then demonstrates how to create an external DSL for defining forms using PyParsing and an internal DSL for the same using Python features like metaclasses. The document concludes that DSLs make code easier to read, write and maintain for non-programmers.
This document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Ruby is an interpreted, object-oriented scripting language that is very similar to Perl but also introduces significant differences. Both languages are suitable for tasks like text processing and system administration scripts. Ruby places a stronger emphasis on object-oriented principles and is more dynamic than Perl.
The document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Some key points:
- Ruby is an object-oriented scripting language that is interpreted, not compiled. It draws influences from Perl, Smalltalk, Lisp, and C.
- Ruby supports features like classes, modules, blocks/iterators, exceptions, regular expressions and threads. Everything in Ruby is an object.
- Compared to Perl, Ruby is more object-oriented, dynamic, and has built-in support for threads. Syntax also differs in some key ways.
- The document provides examples of basic Ruby syntax like variables, loops, conditions, classes and modules to illustrate how the language works.
This document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Ruby is an interpreted, object-oriented scripting language that is very similar to Perl in many ways, such as its syntax for regular expressions and control structures like loops and conditionals. However, Ruby differs from Perl in that it was designed from the start to be object-oriented and highly dynamic. The document discusses Ruby's core concepts like classes, modules, blocks and iterators in detail and provides many code examples to illustrate Ruby's syntax and features.
The document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Some key points:
- Ruby is an object-oriented scripting language that is interpreted, not compiled. It draws influences from Perl, Smalltalk, Lisp, and C.
- Ruby supports functional, aspect-oriented, and design-by-contract programming paradigms. It is well-suited for practices like extreme programming.
- Core concepts include classes, modules, blocks/iterators, exceptions, regular expressions and strings. Common data structures include arrays, hashes, ranges and more.
- Examples demonstrate basic syntax like variables, loops, conditions, classes and modules. Ruby emphasizes flexibility, dynamism and "
Ruby on Rails is a web application framework written in Ruby. It utilizes conventions over configurations and follows the MVC pattern. The framework aims to make development easier and faster with libraries, classes, and methods that require less code but achieve better results. Rails uses ActiveRecord for models, ActionView for views, and ActionController for controllers.
This document provides an overview of ITIL service strategy. It discusses key concepts of utility, warranty, service providers, delivery models, and service models. It also summarizes the processes of service portfolio management, demand management, and financial management which are part of developing an effective service strategy.
The document discusses key concepts and processes related to service operation, including event management, incident management, request fulfillment, and problem management. Event management monitors events through the IT infrastructure to detect exceptions and ensure normal operation. Incident management aims to restore service as quickly as possible when incidents occur. Request fulfillment handles standard user requests. Problem management seeks to prevent problems and reduce the impact of incidents that do occur.
This document provides an overview of service transition concepts and processes including:
- The V model for service transition
- Configuration items and the configuration management system
- Knowledge management concepts
- Change management, service asset and configuration management, and release and deployment management processes
- Key roles, activities, and objectives for managing changes to services in a controlled manner throughout the service lifecycle
Understanding san ( storage area network )sagaroceanic11
A storage area network (SAN) uses fibre channel technology to connect servers to blocks of storage on separate disk arrays. It consists of fibre channel switches to connect host bus adapters in servers to enterprise storage devices. This allows for sharing of storage independently of servers, higher performance, availability through redundancy, scalability by adding storage as needed, centralized management, and reduced costs.
This document provides an overview comparison of key concepts between Java and C# programming languages. It covers differences in language syntax, frameworks, and platforms. Some key differences highlighted include C# using the .NET framework instead of Java's JVM, C# properties instead of getter/setter methods, and C# supporting structs as value types while Java only supports classes as reference types. The document also provides examples of implicit and explicit interface implementation in both languages.
This document provides an introduction to ITIL v.3 Foundation. It outlines the learning objectives which are to understand the ITIL service management lifecycle and its five core practices. It describes how ITIL has evolved over time to become best practice for IT service management. Key concepts discussed include services, service providers, service management, service owners, processes, and roles like process owners. The RACI model for defining roles and responsibilities is also introduced.
1. Server virtualization involves dividing the resources of a physical server, such as CPU, memory and storage, into multiple isolated virtual machines to run multiple operating systems and applications.
2. Early virtualization technology from the 1960s allowed identical "copies" of hardware to run on IBM mainframes, enabling time-sharing of computing resources.
3. Modern server virtualization provides increased hardware utilization, consolidation of servers, mobility of workloads, business continuity, and simplified development/testing environments.
This document provides an overview of storage systems and business continuity options. It discusses various storage types including DAS, NAS and SAN. It then covers business continuity concepts like RTO, RPO and disaster recovery. Several potential architectures are presented that utilize server virtualization, data replication software, and hardware replication to provide resilience and enable disaster recovery.
Virtualization provides abstraction between hardware and software. It allows multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical machine, sharing resources. There are two approaches - hosted virtualization runs on a standard OS, while hypervisor architecture installs directly on hardware for better efficiency. VMware offers virtualization software for data centers, desktops, and mobile devices to optimize resource use across hardware, storage, and networks. Standards like OVF and VMDK help define virtual machine packaging and disk formats.
The document discusses the key concepts and processes in the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) framework. ITIL describes best practices for IT service management and is broken down into five core publications: Service Strategy, Service Design, Service Transition, Service Operation, and Continual Service Improvement. Each publication focuses on a different stage of the service lifecycle to help align IT services with business needs and ensure quality service delivery.
Virtualization has its origins in mainframe computing from the 1960s. It allows a single physical server to run multiple virtual machines, each with its own operating system and applications. This addresses challenges from the 1990s and 2000s as companies had many single-purpose physical servers with low utilization rates, high costs, and management complexity. Virtualization software introduces a hypervisor layer that partitions resources and isolates virtual machines so multiple operating systems can run independently on the same physical hardware. Today virtualization delivers benefits like server consolidation, high availability, disaster recovery, and rapid provisioning to improve efficiency and reduce costs.
Understanding nas (network attached storage)sagaroceanic11
The document discusses network attached storage and storage area networks. It covers various storage models including direct attached storage (DAS), network attached storage (NAS), storage area networks (SANs) and content addressed storage (CAS). For SANs specifically, it describes the key components which include host bus adapters, fibre cabling, fibre channel switches/hubs, storage arrays and management systems. It also discusses SAN connectivity, topologies, management functions and deployment examples.
Ruby on Rails is a web application framework that follows the model-view-controller (MVC) architecture. It is built on Ruby, an object-oriented programming language. Rails emphasizes conventions over configuration, making common tasks simpler. The framework includes features like ActiveRecord for object-relational mapping, generators for scaffolding code, and plugins for extending functionality. Many large companies use Rails for their web applications.
One of the advantages of learning a new language is being exposed to new idioms and new approaches to solving old problems. In this talk, we will introduce the Ruby language with particular focus on the idioms and concepts that are different from what is found in Java.
We will introduce concepts such as closures, continuations and meta programming. We will also examine powerful techniques that are practically impossible in Java due to its compile time binding of types.
No experience with Ruby is assumed although an understanding of Java would be helpful.
This talk was given at the Toronto Java Users Group in April 2008
Code for Startup MVP (Ruby on Rails) Session 2Henry S
This document provides an overview and agenda for a workshop on learning to code for startup MVPs using Ruby on Rails. It covers setting up the development environment, a review of concepts from the previous session, and a focus on Ruby basics, Rails models, and using Devise for user authentication.
The document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language, including its goals, contents, key features like object oriented programming and metaprogramming. It covers Ruby statements, data types, classes, modules, inheritance, exceptions handling, and how to dynamically modify classes and objects through metaprogramming.
The document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Some key points:
- Ruby is an object-oriented scripting language that is interpreted, not compiled. It draws influences from Perl, Smalltalk, Lisp, and C.
- Ruby supports functional, aspect-oriented, and design-by-contract programming paradigms. It is well-suited for practices like extreme programming.
- Core concepts include classes, modules, blocks/iterators, exceptions, regular expressions and strings. Common data structures include arrays, hashes, ranges and more.
- Examples demonstrate basic syntax like variables, loops, conditions, classes and modules. Ruby emphasizes flexibility, dynamism and "
This document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, object-oriented scripting language that is similar to Perl in many ways but also differs in its stronger object-oriented focus. The document discusses Ruby's syntax, core classes, object model, modules, blocks and iterators, and other features.
The document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Some key points:
- Ruby is an object-oriented scripting language that is interpreted, not compiled. It borrows concepts from Perl, Smalltalk, Lisp, and C but has a stronger object orientation than Perl.
- Ruby places an emphasis on flexibility, dynamism, and a "human-oriented" design with principles like "least surprise." It aims to provide multiple ways to accomplish tasks.
- The document discusses Ruby's syntax, basic programming concepts like classes and modules, and core library classes like Array, IO, and String. It also notes Ruby's support for paradigms like functional programming.
The document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Some key points:
- Ruby is an object-oriented scripting language that is interpreted, not compiled. It draws influences from Perl, Smalltalk, Lisp, and C.
- Ruby supports functional, aspect-oriented, and design-by-contract programming paradigms. It is well-suited for practices like extreme programming.
- Core concepts include classes, modules, blocks/iterators, exceptions, regular expressions and strings. Common data structures include arrays, hashes, ranges and more.
- Examples demonstrate basic syntax like variables, loops, conditions, classes and modules. Ruby emphasizes flexibility, dynamism and "
This document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Ruby is an interpreted, object-oriented scripting language that is very similar to Perl in many ways, such as its syntax for regular expressions and special variables, but differs in its stronger emphasis on object-oriented principles and more dynamic features. The document discusses Ruby's history and influences, basic syntax, core classes and modules, functional programming capabilities, and ease of extension.
This document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Ruby is an interpreted, object-oriented scripting language that is very similar to Perl in many ways, such as its syntax for regular expressions and special variables, but differs in its stronger emphasis on object-oriented principles and more dynamic features. The document discusses Ruby's history and influences, basic syntax, core programming concepts like classes and modules, and ways that Ruby code can be easily extended.
The document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Some key points:
- Ruby is an object-oriented scripting language that is interpreted, not compiled. It draws influences from Perl, Smalltalk, Lisp, and C.
- Ruby supports features like classes, modules, blocks/iterators, exceptions, regular expressions and threads. Everything in Ruby is an object.
- Compared to Perl, Ruby is more object-oriented, dynamic, and has built-in support for threads. Syntax also differs in some areas like conditionals.
- The document provides examples of common Ruby constructs like classes, modules, loops, conditions and built-in core classes like Array, IO
The document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Some key points:
- Ruby is an object-oriented scripting language that is interpreted, not compiled. It draws influences from Perl, Smalltalk, Lisp, and C.
- Ruby supports functional, aspect-oriented, and design-by-contract programming paradigms. It is well-suited for practices like extreme programming.
- Core concepts include classes, modules, blocks/iterators, exceptions, regular expressions and strings. Common data structures include arrays, hashes, ranges and more.
- Examples demonstrate basic syntax like variables, loops, conditions, classes and modules. Ruby emphasizes flexibility, dynamism and "
This document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, object-oriented scripting language that is interpreted, not compiled. It draws influences from Perl, Smalltalk, Lisp, and other languages. Some key points covered include Ruby's object-oriented design, syntax similarities and differences compared to Perl, core classes and features like blocks/iterators, modules and mixins, exceptions, and Ruby's open and flexible nature.
The document provides an overview of the Ruby programming language for Perl programmers. Some key points:
- Ruby is an object-oriented scripting language that is interpreted, not compiled. It draws influences from Perl, Smalltalk, Lisp, and C.
- Ruby supports functional, aspect-oriented, and design-by-contract programming paradigms. It is well-suited for practices like extreme programming.
- Core concepts include classes, modules, blocks/iterators, exceptions, regular expressions and strings. Common data structures include arrays, hashes, ranges and more.
- Examples demonstrate basic syntax like variables, loops, conditions, classes and modules. Ruby emphasizes flexibility, dynamism and "
The slides for a lecture about the Ruby programming language. This language was given at FEUP, on a course called "Laboratories of Object-Oriented Programming".
This document provides an introduction to the Ruby programming language, giving an overview of its history, features, syntax, and comparisons to other languages like Perl and Python. It discusses Ruby's object-oriented capabilities and provides examples of basic programming constructs. Resources for learning more about Ruby are also listed at the end.
This document provides an introduction to the Ruby programming language. It discusses the history and origins of Ruby, its basic syntax and features, how it compares to other languages like Perl and Python, and resources for learning more. The presenter aims to get the audience interested in and started with Ruby through a quick overview rather than an in-depth tutorial.
This document provides an introduction to the Ruby programming language. It discusses the history and origins of Ruby, its basic syntax and features, how it compares to other languages like Perl and Python, and resources for learning more. The presenter aims to get the audience interested in and started with Ruby through a quick overview rather than an in-depth tutorial.
This document provides an introduction to the Ruby programming language. It discusses the history and origins of Ruby, its basic syntax and features, how it compares to other languages like Perl and Python, and resources for learning more. The presenter aims to get the audience interested in and started with Ruby through a quick overview rather than an in-depth tutorial.
This document provides an introduction to the Ruby programming language, giving an overview of its history, features, syntax, and comparisons to other languages like Perl and Python. It discusses Ruby's object-oriented capabilities and provides examples of basic programming constructs. Resources for learning more about Ruby are also listed.
Similar to Rubyforjavaprogrammers 1210167973516759-9 (20)
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Overview
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
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What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
4. Timeline: 1993 to
2000
Created in 1993 by
Yukihiro "Matz"
Matsumoto
Ruby was popular in
Japan but unknown
everywhere else
All documentation
was written in
Japanese
5. Timeline: 2000-
2004
First English language
book published in 2000
A lot of interest in the
Agile development
community but mostly
unknown elsewhere
9. Defining strong/weak
typing
Strong typing
Objects are of a specific type and will not be
converted automatically
Java: “4”/2 results in a compile error
Weak typing
Objects can be converted under the covers at
any time
Perl: ‘4’/2 => 2
Ruby is strongly typed
10. Early/late
bindingEarly binding (aka static binding)
All method invocations must be defined at compile
time
Java: foo.getUser()
Late binding (aka dynamic binding)
The runtime does not check that a given method
exists until an attempt to invoke it
Smalltalk: foo user.
Ruby uses late binding
13. Differences
Many things that you would expect to be
keywords are actually methods
throw new IllegalArgumentException("oops");
raise TypeError.new("oops")
Keywords
Methods
14. Differences
Some syntax optional unless the result is
ambiguous
These statements are equivalent
puts("foo");
puts "foo"
Idiomatic (better) style
19. With an else
if name.nil?
do_something
else
something_else
end
20. Single line if
if name.nil?
do_something
end
do_something if name.nil?
21. Both kinds of
unlessif name.nil?
do_something
end
do_something if name.nil?
unless name.nil?
do_something
end
do_something unless name.nil?
22. Dangerous methods
name = " foo "
name.strip
name.strip!
Returns a new string.
Doesn’t modify name.
Modifies name
and returns that.
Dangerous!
23. Philosophy
Java focuses on building blocks
You can build whatever you want with the
pieces
Ruby focuses on solving problems
Things you do frequently should be concise
25. Same only ruby
List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
list.add("foo");
list.add("bar");
list = Array.new
list << 'foo'
list << 'bar'
26. []
List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
list.add("foo");
list.add("bar");
list = Array.new
list << 'foo'
list << 'bar'
list = ['foo', 'bar']
27. %w()
List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
list.add("foo");
list.add("bar");
list = Array.new
list << 'foo'
list << 'bar'
list = ['foo', 'bar']
list = %w(foo bar)
28. In fairness to
java...List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
list.add("foo");
list.add("bar");
List<String> list = Arrays.asList("foo", "bar");
list = Array.new
list << 'foo'
list << 'bar'
list = ['foo', 'bar']
list = %w(foo bar)
29. Same idea with
hashes
Map<String,String> map
= new HashMap<String,String>();
map.put("foo", "one");
map.put("bar", "two");
map = {'foo' => 'one', 'bar' => 'two'}
33. Nil and Null
Java’s nullJava’s null Ruby’s nilRuby’s nil
Absence of an object An instance of NilClass
if( a != null ) {...} unless a.nil? {...}
null.toString() -> NPE nil.to_s -> “”
null.getUser() ->
Exception in thread "main"
java.lang.NullPointerException
nil.get_user ->
NoMethodError: undefined method
‘get_user’ for nil:NilClass
34. Implications of
late binding
Method dispatch is quite different
Ruby makes a distinction between “messages”
that are sent to an object and the “methods”
that get dispatched
40. Implementing a
proxyclass Proxy
def method_missing name, *args, &proc
puts name,args
end
end
Proxy.new.foo_bar ‘a’
Proxy.new.to_s
Dispatches to
method_missing
Doesn’t go to
method_missing
41. Overriding to_s
class Proxy
def method_missing name, *args, &proc
puts name,args
end
def to_s
method_missing :to_s, []
end
end
43. Implementing a proxy
class Proxy
instance_methods.each do |method|
undef_method method unless method =~ /^__/
end
def method_missing name, *args, &proc
puts name,args
end
end
Proxy.new.to_s
44. Unix was not designed to stop people
from doing stupid things, because that
would also stop them from doing
clever things.
—Doug Gwyn
45. Cultural
differences about
type
Java is very focused on the types of objects
Is the object an instance of a specific class?
Or does it implement a specific interface?
Ruby is focused on the behaviour
Does the object respond to a given message?
46. Types
public void foo( ArrayList list ) {
list.add("foo");
}
def foo list
list << 'foo'
end
What’s the type?
What’s the type?
47. Duck typing
def foo list
list << 'foo'
end
If list is a String
=> ‘foo’
If list is an Array
=> [‘foo’]
If list is an IO
=> string will be written to stream
48. Duck typing
Duck typing implies that an object is
interchangeable with any other object that
implements the same interface, regardless of
whether the objects have a related inheritance
hierarchy. -- Wikipedia
"If it walks like a duck and quacks like a duck,
it must be a duck." -- Pragmatic Dave Thomas
50. Overflow conditions
int a = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
System.out.println(" a="+a);
System.out.println("a+1="+(a+1));
a=2147483647
a+1= ??
51. Overflow conditions
int a = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
System.out.println(" a="+a);
System.out.println("a+1="+(a+1));
a=2147483647
a+1=-2147483648
oops
52. Overflow in ruby?
number = 1000
1.upto(4) do
puts "#{number.class} #{number}"
number = number * number
end
Fixnum 1000
Fixnum 1000000
Bignum 1000000000000
Bignum 1000000000000000000000000
53. Closures
A closure is a function that is evaluated in an
environment containing one or more bound variables.
When called, the function can access these variables.
The explicit use of closures is associated with functional
programming and with languages such as ML and Lisp.
Constructs such as objects in other languages can also
be modeled with closures.
-- Wikipedia
54. Closures
A closure is a block of code that you can
manipulate and query
In Ruby we call them blocks or Procs
A block is a pure closure
A Proc is a block wrapped as an object
We generally use the terms block and Proc
interchangeably
55. Closures
multiplier = 5
block = lambda {|number| puts number * multiplier }
A block
An instance
of Proc
lambda() is a
method to convert
blocks into Procs
57. Closures
multiplier = 5
block = lambda {|number| puts number * multiplier }
Able to access variables
from outside the block
58. Proc’s
multiplier = 5
block = lambda {|number| puts number * multiplier }
block.call 2
block.arity
prints 10
returns number of parameters
that the block takes. 1 in this case
59. Blocks as
parameters
multiplier = 5
1.upto(3) {|number| puts number * multiplier }
=> 5
=> 10
=> 15
Same block
as before
Called once for each time
through the loop
60. Alternate syntax
multiplier = 5
1.upto(3) {|number| puts number * multiplier }
1.upto(3) do |number|
puts number * multiplier
end
Equivalent
61. Why are closures
significant?
Presence of closures in a language completely
changes the design of the libraries
Closure based libraries generally result in
significantly less code
62. // Read the lines and split them into columns
List<String[]> lines= new ArrayList<String[]>();
BufferedReader reader = null;
try {
reader = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("people.txt"));
String line = reader.readLine();
while( line != null ) {
lines.add( line.split("t") );
}
}
finally {
if( reader != null ) {
reader.close();
}
}
// then sort
Collections.sort(lines, new Comparator<String[]>() {
public int compare(String[] one, String[] two) {
return one[1].compareTo(two[1]);
}
});
// then write them back out
BufferedWriter writer = null;
try {
writer = new BufferedWriter( new FileWriter("people.txt") );
for( String[] strings : lines ) {
StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
for( int i=0; i<strings.length; i++ ) {
if( i != 0 ) {
builder.append("t");
}
builder.append(strings[i]);
}
}
}
finally {
if( writer != null ) {
writer.close();
}
}
# Load the data
lines = Array.new
IO.foreach('people.txt') do |line|
lines << line.split
end
# Sort and write it back out
File.open('people.txt', 'w') do |file|
lines.sort {|a,b| a[1] <=> b[1]}.each do |array|
puts array.join("t")
end
end
64. Closure File
Example
file = File.new(fileName,'w')
begin
file.puts ‘some content’
rescue
file.close
end Only one line of
business logic
65. Closure File
Example
file = File.new(fileName,'w')
begin
file.puts ‘some content’
rescue
file.close
end
File.open(fileName,'w') do |file|
file.puts ‘some content’
end
66. Ruby file IO
sample
# Load the data
lines = Array.new
IO.foreach('people.txt') do |line|
lines << line.split
end
# Sort and write it back out
File.open('people.txt', 'w') do |file|
lines.sort {|a,b| a[1] <=> b[1]}.each do |array|
puts array.join("t")
end
end
67. Closure-like things
in Java
final String name = getName();
new Thread( new Runnable() {
public void run() {
doSomething(name);
}
}).start();
Only one line of
business logic
68. Closures for
Java?
There are a couple of proposals being debated for
Java7
Unclear whether any of them will be accepted
In the past, Sun’s position has been that closures
didn’t make sense at this point in Java’s evolution
public static void main(String[] args) {
int plus2(int x) { return x+2; }
int(int) plus2b = plus2;
System.out.println(plus2b(2));
}
74. Enumerable
class Foo
include Enumerable
def each &block
block.call 1
block.call 2
block.call 3
end
end
module Enumerable
def collect
array = []
each do |a|
array << yield(a)
end
array
end
end
75. Enumerable
class Foo
include Enumerable
def each &block
block.call 1
block.call 2
block.call 3
end
end
module Enumerable
def collect
array = []
each do |a|
array << yield(a)
end
array
end
end
76. Enumerable
Requires that the class implement each()
For max, min and sort the <=> operator is also
needed
Adds many methods for modifying, searching, sorting
the items
all?, any?, collect, detect, each_cons, each_slice,
each_with_index, entries, enum_cons, enum_slice,
enum_with_index, find, find_all, grep, include?,
inject, map, max, member?, min, partition, reject,
select, sort, sort_by, to_a, to_set, zip
81. Metaprogramming
Metaprogramming is the writing of computer
programs that write or manipulate other
programs (or themselves) as their data. In many
cases, this allows programmers to get more done
in the same amount of time as they would take to
write all the code manually.
-- Wikipedia
82. What changes can
we make at
runtime?
Anything we can hand code, we can
programmatically do
Because of late binding, EVERYTHING
happens at runtime
84. class Foo
def self.attr_accessor name
module_eval <<-DONE
def #{name}()
@#{name}
end
def #{name}=(newValue)
@#{name} = newValue
end
DONE
end
my_attr_accessor :bar
end
Possible
implementation of
attr_accessor
85. class Foo
def self.attr_accessor name
module_eval <<-DONE
def #{name}()
@#{name}
end
def #{name}=(newValue)
@#{name} = newValue
end
DONE
end
my_attr_accessor :bar
end
Possible
implementation of
attr_accessor
“Here Doc”
Evaluates to
String
86. class Foo
def self.attr_accessor name
module_eval <<-DONE
def #{name}()
@#{name}
end
def #{name}=(newValue)
@#{name} = newValue
end
DONE
end
my_attr_accessor :bar
end
Possible
implementation of
attr_accessor
String
substitution
87. class Foo
def self.attr_accessor name
module_eval <<-DONE
def #{name}()
@#{name}
end
def #{name}=(newValue)
@#{name} = newValue
end
DONE
end
my_attr_accessor :bar
end
Possible
implementation of
attr_accessor
Executes the string
in the context of
the class
89. ActiveRecord
class ListItem < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :amazon_item
acts_as_taggable
acts_as_list :scope => :user
end
90. Date :: once
def once(*ids) # :nodoc:
for id in ids
module_eval <<-"end;", __FILE__, __LINE__
alias_method :__#{id.to_i}__, :#{id.to_s}
private :__#{id.to_i}__
def #{id.to_s}(*args, &block)
if defined? @__#{id.to_i}__
@__#{id.to_i}__
elsif ! self.frozen?
@__#{id.to_i}__ ||= __#{id.to_i}__(*args, &block)
else
__#{id.to_i}__(*args, &block)
end
end
end;
end
end
94. Why
continuations?
To save the state of the application across
reboots of the VM
To save the state of the application across
requests to a web server
Seaside (smalltalk) does this today
96. Implementations
Ruby 1.8.x - “reference implementation” in C
Ruby 1.9 - Next version of C interpreter
Rubinius - Ruby in Ruby (sort-of)
Cardinal - Ruby on Parrot
Iron Ruby - Ruby on the DLR (Microsoft)
Ruby.NET - Ruby on the CLR
JRuby - Ruby on the JVM (Sun)
97. Implementations
Ruby 1.8.x - “reference implementation” in C
Ruby 1.9 - Next version of C interpreter
Rubinius - Ruby in Ruby (sort-of)
Cardinal - Ruby on Parrot
Iron Ruby - Ruby on the DLR (Microsoft)
Ruby.NET - Ruby on the CLR
JRuby - Ruby on the JVM (Sun)
98. JRuby
Runs on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Full implementation of the Ruby language
Supported by Sun
Runs many benchmarks faster than the 1.8
reference implementation (written in C)
Able to easily call out to Java code
99. Ruby on Rails
Web application framework
Sweet spot - web application talking to a single
relational database
Allows very rapid development of web apps
100. Who’s using
rails?
Amazon • BBC • Cap Gemini
Chicago Tribune • Barclays • BPN • Cisco
CNET Electronic Arts • IBM • John Deere
JP Morgan Chase • LA Times • Limewire
Linked In • NASA • NBC • New York Times
Oakley • Oracle • Orbitz • Turner Media
twitter.com • Siemens • ThoughtWorks Yahoo!
101. JRuby on Rails?
Yes! You can run a rails application on JRuby
in a servlet container
Goldspike is the servlet that dispatches to rails
Tested on WebLogic, WebSphere, GlassFish,
Jetty, Tomcat
Warbler is the packaging tool that makes the
WAR
Supported on: WebLogic, WebSphere,
GlassFish, Jetty, Tomcat
102. Recap
Learning a new language will make you better
with all the languages you know
Ruby has a much more concise syntax which
means that it takes much less code to solve the
same problems
Ruby is able to run on the JVM which makes it an
option for shops with heavy investments in J2EE
infrastructure
103. Recap
Everything is an object
The language is extremely malleable
New classes/methods can be created on the
fly
Existing classes can be modified at any time
Sign language analogy New concepts new culture/idioms Become a better programmer in all languages
Coming from a Java background, Ruby offers many new concepts Ruby has become very popular with Java people so there are lots of people to help you get through the initial learning curve It’s a “hot” technology It can be run on existing J2EE infrastructure
Influenced by many other languages
A lot of confusion around terminology Let’s start with definitions
the java example will result in a compile error The perl example will automagically convert the string to an int
The java sample will fail at compile time if the Foo class does not contain a getUser() method The smalltalk sample will wait until the getuser message is sent to the object before seeing if there is a method
Ruby classes are first class objects, java classes are not Ruby class methods are methods on a real object (can be overridden etc) Java static methods are functions scoped to a Class name Ruby this will be null when executing a static method Everything in Ruby is an object
Inheritance is < Enforced naming - Constants start with capital, variable with lower - @ for instance, @@ for class Naming by convention - Methods: all lowercase with underscores - Variables: camel case Others - Scope is private, protected, public. Default scope is public - attr_accessor generates zebras() and zebras=() - default values Object construction - new is a method on the class - is not required to return an instance of this class - initialize is the second stage of object creation Self is the equivalent of this except that it always has a value
Methods that return a boolean will end in “?”
Methods that return a boolean will end in “?”
Methods that return a boolean will end in “?”
Methods that return a boolean will end in “?”
Methods that return a boolean will end in “?”
Bang means the method is dangerous in some way Often this means that it modifies the receiver but not always This is convention only - not mandated by the compiler
To create a new list with two strings we do it in three separate steps
Special case where the hash is the last parameter to a method :symbol notation
Java requires double escaping because it’s a string Requires two explicit temporary objects
ActiveRecord::Base uses method_missing to convert the first method into the second
method_missing can be used to create a proxy object Problem: Object has quite a few methods already so you can’t proxy those
Works really well for new methods Methods already defined in Object don’t get passed to method_missing
Works really well for new methods Methods already defined in Object don’t get passed to method_missing
We can override the methods in Object and have them call method_missing
Problem: Object implements a lot of methods method_missing only gets called when there isn’t a method by that name
doesn’t work for to_s as that method was inherited from Kernel This removes all methods (except __send__ and __id__) from the instance
In java, we care what the type is In Ruby, we don’t All we care about is the fact that it responds to <<
Since objects are so malleable in ruby, it makes less sense to care about the exact class of an object We care about the behaviour (or interface) This allows us to do interesting things like quietly changing the return type of an object
Let’s look at an example
In Java, integers will quietly overflow and wrap around to negative numbers Problem: Java does not throw an exception during overflow conditions Problem: Overflow is possible at all
In Java, integers will quietly overflow and wrap around to negative numbers Problem: Java does not throw an exception during overflow conditions Problem: Overflow is possible at all
The * method will return Fixnum’s until the number is too big to fit inside a Fixnum It will then return Bignum Bignums are slower but are able to handle much larger values Wouldn’t be possible without duck typing
The method ‘lambda’ returns a Proc instance
The method ‘lambda’ returns a Proc instance
The method ‘lambda’ returns a Proc instance
The method ‘lambda’ returns a Proc instance
The block will get passed into the method
Idiom: Use curlies for single line blocks and do/end for multiple line blocks Difference in precedance
Some size difference due to optional syntax Most due to use of closures
Open file for writing begin/rescue == try/finally
All the business logic is inside the closure
Sort takes a closure foreach takes one File.open takes one
The closest thing Java has to closures are anonymous inner classes. The inner class has access to final local variables as well as instance and static variables (final or not) from the enclosing class One of the characteristics of proper closures is that they are syntactically clean. These are not.
There have been several rounds of proposals for this It’s not clear if they’ll ever be added to Java
C++ allows multiple inheritance Issues when the same method is declared in multiple branches
No issues with inheriting an interface twice as no methods are implemented in the interface
Mixin is a collection of methods that are grouped together A class can include as many mixins as it wants Mixins can work together with existing methods - ie Enumerable
Create class Define method
Reopen class Add second method Now Foo has two methods
C++ would expand this using a pre-processor Ruby adds new methods at run time
ActiveRecord uses meta programming to establish relationships between model objects acts_as_* methods modify multiple classes and can make significant change to the behaviour
Much more complicated example One of the more interesting methods in the Ruby source Takes a method and ensures that after it’s been called once, the result is cached See my slides from the TSOT talk
Allows you to walk through all “live” objects in the heap
Allows you to walk through all “live” objects in the heap
You may never use these directly but the fact that the language supports them means that frameworks can be built that you can use
1.9 - Faster - Somewhat incompatible Parrot - Common runtime for perl and python and other dynamic languages - Name came from a 2001 april fools joke Definitions DLR = Dynamic Language Runtime (sits on top of CLR) CLR = Common Language Runtime (runtime for .NET)
1.9 - Faster - Somewhat incompatible Parrot - Common runtime for perl and python and other dynamic languages - Name came from a 2001 april fools joke Definitions DLR = Dynamic Language Runtime (sits on top of CLR) CLR = Common Language Runtime (runtime for .NET)