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Rubella for undergraduate nursing students
- 1. Hafiz M. Irfan RN, BSN, MSPH Rubella
- 2. RUBELLA
- 3. RUBELLA Known as German measles Derived from the Latin, meaning little red. This disease is often mild and attacks often pass unnoticed Discovered in 18th century - thought to be variant of measles
- 4. PATHOGEN Toga virus RNA virus Rapidly inactivated by chemical agents, ultraviolet light, low pH, and heat
- 5. Reservoir Human Transmission Respiratory Communicability Average six days after rash onset Infants with CRS may shed virus for a year or more Incubation period 14-21 days
- 6. PATHOGENESIS Respiratory transmission of virus Replication in nasopharynx and regional lymph nodes Viremia 5-7 days after exposure with spread to tissues Placenta and fetus infected during viremia
- 7. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Low grade fever Swollen glands (post cervical lymphadenopathy) Fever rarely rises above 38 oC (100.4 oF). Joint pains, Headache & conjunctivitis. Appearance of a rash on the face which spreads to the trunk and limbs and usually fades after three days.
- 9. CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME Rubella can cause (CRS) Intrauterine infection by Rubella virus Leads to defects; cardiac Cerebral Ophthalmic auditory defects. Prematurity low birth weight neonatal thrombocytopenia Anaemia
- 10. CONT… Cataracts Microcephaly Mental retardation Bone alterations Spleen damage hepatitis. The skin manifestations are called blueberry muffin lesions. The risk of defects is highest for infection in the first trimester. (miscarriage or a still born baby)
- 12. COMPLICATIONS Arthralgia or arthritis Encephalitis Neuritis Orchitisis (inflammation of the testes)
- 13. DIAGNOSIS Isolation of rubella virus from clinical specimen (e.g., nasopharynx, urine) Positive serologic test for rubella IgM antibody Significant rise in rubella IgG by any standard serologic assay (e.g., enzyme immunoassay)
- 14. TREATMENT No tx self-limiting and often asymptomatic infection Tx of newly born babies is focused on management of the complications. Bed rest Fluids Fever reduction
- 15. NURSING CARE
- 17. Droplet precautions No specific treatment or antiviral treatment Keep patient’s skin clean and dry Isolate precaution until 5 days after rash disappear Bed rest and take acetaminophen or another non-aspirin pain reliever to bring down the fever. Ensure pt receive care from non pregnant caregivers
- 20. Vaccination Isolation precautions Exclusion from school at least 7-10 days Avoid sharing of articles Avoid contact Wash hands Disinfect surfaces Wash articles, linen of patients separately Keep utensils of patient separate