This presentation introduces various topics in social statistics. It defines social statistics as a set of procedures to organize, arrange, and communicate data. It discusses grouped and ungrouped data, including discrete and continuous frequency distributions. Descriptive statistics are defined as data presented in words, while inductive statistics are used to draw conclusions and predict future behavior. Different scales of measurement are also introduced, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.

2. Presentation By Muhammad Saad
Nizamani
Presentation to Dr Muhammad javad
Shaikh Chairman RS S.A.U Tandojam

3. Introduction to Statistic for Social Scientist
Fallowing are the subtopics
• Meaning and definition of Social Statistics.
• Use of Statistics in Modern Sociology.
• Grouped and Un-Grouped data.
• Descriptive and Inductive Statistics.
• Scales: nominal, ordinal interval, and ratio.
• Problem of Measurements in statistics.

4. Meaning and definition of social statistics.
• What is statistics?
• A set of procedures to organize, arrange and communication data
• What is data?
• Information represented by number is called data
Statistics is the large part of Scientific or Research Process. However
Scientific Research process starts from Research Question

5. RESEARCH
QUESTION
ANALYZE
DATA
COLLECTION
DATA
• The research process circle pattern. It never ends Answering one
Question leads Another
• Statistics and Analyzes of Data is the final Step of Scientific/
Research process.

6. What is Grouped and Un-grouped Data?
• Grouped data
A data which is grouped by an attribute within the data
being used for querying
There are two types of date's in group data. Fallowing are names
1. Discrete frequency distribution
2. Continues frequency distribution

7. Discrete Frequency Distribution
• Based on Discrete variables.
• Integral value of the discrete variable along with there respective
frequencies are represented in form of a table
• Example
There is a joint family house with 40 member and there

8. Discrete Frequency Distribution
• Example
xi fi
3 2
4 2
5 3
6 10
7 3
8 10
9 5
10 5
Σfi 40

9. Continuous Frequency Distribution
• A frequency distribution is a series in which the data are classified
into different class interval with gapes along with there respective
frequencies
• If data is long and there range is long like 100 marks in maths paper
and 100 students attended that example there marks should be
classified in continues frequencies.
• Example

10. Continues frequency distribution
Xi (Marks) fi (# of students)
0-10 4
10-20 5
20-30 10
30-40 12
40-50 10
50-60 20
60-70 20
70-80 7
80-90 8
90-100 4
Σfi 100

11. • Now there are 2 different methods to read given range data
• 1st read it as 1-9
• 2nd is read it as 0-10

12. What is Descriptive and Inductive statistics
• Descriptive statistics means the data which is asked in words shape
like, How many? What dose subject we are interested or how many
of them are.
• Example :-
• We might be interested in Average salary of Pakistani earns in one
month or Annually.

13. Inductive
• Inductive Statistics
• Inductive statistics (or inductive reasoning) is a branch
of statistics that deals with taking samples from a
larger population and using that data to:
• Draw conclusions,
• Make decisions,
• Forecast,
• Predict future behaviour.

14. Scales of measurements Nominal, Ordinal,
Interval, Ratio
• Nominal
• Assign numbers to objects where different numbers indicates
different objects.
• The numbers have no real ‘meaning’ other then differentiation
between objects.
• Example Gender: 1=Male and 2=Female
• Example Cricket uniform number

15. • Ordinal
• Assign number to objects (Like Nominal), but here the numbers also
have meaningful orders:-
• Example:- place finished in race 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and so on.
• Example :- place finished in election 1st, 2nd, 3rd,4th, etc.
• Number indicates placement or order: 1st is better then 2nd and so
on

16. • Interval
• Numbers have order (like ordinal), but there are also equal intervals
between them adjacent categories.
• Example
• Temperature in Degree Fahrenheits: the different between 78
degrees and 79 degrees is (1 Degree) is the same as 45 and 46
degrees

17. • Ratio
• Differences are meaningful (like interval), plus Ratio are meaningful
and there is a true zero point
• Example
• 10 Ibs. Is twice as much as 5 Ibs. (ratio are meaningful: 10/5 = 2)
• Zero pounds means no weight or an absence of weight (True Zero
Point)