This document provides an overview of root cause analysis techniques that will be used to address skill gaps. It discusses the objectives of learning and applying why reality charting, Ishikawa diagramming, multivoting, and the importance-difficulty matrix. A case study will be used to demonstrate why reality charting, which involves defining the problem, determining causal relationships through questioning "why", and establishing evidence to support identified causes. Ishikawa diagramming or "fishbone diagrams" will also be demonstrated, with groups asked to draw one for the case study by labeling categories and adding causes. The document aims to equip participants to select and complete a root cause analysis process to address critical skill needs.
1. Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is a technique used to identify the underlying cause of problems by tracing events and causal factors. It involves five steps: defining the problem, collecting data, identifying possible causes, determining the root cause, and recommending solutions.
2. RCA seeks to identify the origin of problems to determine what happened, why it happened, and how to prevent it from happening again. It examines physical, human, and organizational causes using tools like 5 Whys, cause-and-effect diagrams, and failure mode and effects analysis.
3. RCA is useful for understanding complex systems and identifying key points of failure to address the root causes of problems and minimize future issues through continuous improvement.
Name : Dr. Narayanan Namboothiri, MBBS, MD (Community medicine)
Designation : Senior resident, MES Medical college, Perinthelmanna
ppt done during pg period, post graduation
Cause and Effect Analysis is a technique for identifying all the possible causes (inputs) associated with a particular problem / effect (output) before narrowing down to the small number of main, root causes which need to be addressed.
A short slide deck to introduce what is RCA, why is it valuable, and what is the return. It also has some introductory slides about the process of the Apollo RCA methodology
FISH BONE DIAGRAM IS OFTEN USED FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS AND IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR M.D. COMMUNITY MEDICINE POST GRADUATES .THIS PRESENTATION COULD BE OF SOME HELP TO THEM .
The document provides a step-by-step approach to applying analytics that includes defining the problem, developing hypotheses, gathering and analyzing data, synthesizing findings, and gaining commitment to recommendations. It emphasizes validating assumptions, keeping analyses simple, and asking "so what" to derive practical implications. The approach involves building logic trees to break problems into components and develop a shared understanding, as well as creating a storyline and "ghost pack" to remain output-oriented.
Problem Solving and Analytical Thinking in the Public Sector.pptJaySeetohul1
The document discusses problem solving in the public sector. It outlines the overall process as having 6 steps: [1] defining the problem, [2] formulating hypotheses, [3] collecting facts, [4] conducting analysis, [5] developing solutions, and [6] implementing solutions. It then provides details on various tools and techniques that can be used for each step of the problem solving process. These include root cause analysis, force field analysis, benchmarking and others for defining problems, and issue diagrams and brainstorming for formulating hypotheses. Data collection techniques discussed include using available information, observing, interviewing, questionnaires and focus groups. The goal is to provide public sector workers with a framework to systematically solve problems from
8D Problem Solving WorksheetGroup NumberGroup Member Nam.docxransayo
8D: Problem Solving Worksheet
Group Number:
Group Member Names:
Date:
8-D is a quality management tool and is a vehicle for a team to articulate thoughts and provides scientific determination to details of problems and provide solutions. Organizations can benefit from the 8-D approach by applying it to all areas in the company. The 8-D provides excellent guidelines allowing us to get to the root of a problem and ways to check that the solution actually works. Rather than healing the symptom, the illness is cured, thus, the same problem is unlikely to recur.
Step
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Action
The Planning Stage
Establishing the Team
Problem Definition / Statement & Description
Developing Interim Containment Action
Identifying & Verifying Root Cause
Identifying Permanent Corrective Actions (PCA)
Implementing & Validating PCA
Preventing Recurrence
Recognizing Team Efforts
0
The Planning Stage:
The 8-D method of problem solving is appropriate in "cause unknown" situations and is not the right tool if concerns center solely on decision-making or problem prevention. 8-D is especially useful as it results in not just a problem-solving process, but also a standard and a reporting format. Does this problem warrant/require an 8D? If so comment why and proceed.
Is an Emergency Response Action Needed?
(If needed document actions in Action Item Table)
1
Establishing the Team: (Your group is the team)
Establish a small group of people with the process/ product
knowledge, allocated time, authority and skill in the required technical disciplines to solve the problem and implement corrective actions.
Team Goals:
Team Objectives:
First and Last Name (put an asterisk * after the name of the team leader)
Current Job Position
Skills (related to the problem)Years of Hospitality Work Experience
2A
Problem Definition
Provides the starting point for solving the problem. Need to have “correct” problem description to identify causes. Need to use terms that are understood by all.
Sketch / Photo of Problem
Product(s):
Customer(s):
List all of the data and documents that might help you to define the problem more exactly?
Action Plan to collect additional information:
Prepare Process Flow Diagram for problem
use a separate sheet if needed
2B
IS
IS NOT
Who
Who is affected by the problem?
Who first observed the problem?
To whom was the problem reported?
Who is not affected by the problem?
Who did not find the problem?
What
What type of problem is it?
What has the problem (food, service, etc)?
What is happening with the process & with containment?
Do we have physical evidence of the problem?
What does not have the problem?
What could be happening but is not?
What could be the problem but is not?
Why
Why is this a problem (degraded performance)?
Is the process stable?
Why is it not a problem?
Where
Where was the problem observed?
Where does the problem occur?
Where could the problem be located but is not?
Where else could .
1. Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is a technique used to identify the underlying cause of problems by tracing events and causal factors. It involves five steps: defining the problem, collecting data, identifying possible causes, determining the root cause, and recommending solutions.
2. RCA seeks to identify the origin of problems to determine what happened, why it happened, and how to prevent it from happening again. It examines physical, human, and organizational causes using tools like 5 Whys, cause-and-effect diagrams, and failure mode and effects analysis.
3. RCA is useful for understanding complex systems and identifying key points of failure to address the root causes of problems and minimize future issues through continuous improvement.
Name : Dr. Narayanan Namboothiri, MBBS, MD (Community medicine)
Designation : Senior resident, MES Medical college, Perinthelmanna
ppt done during pg period, post graduation
Cause and Effect Analysis is a technique for identifying all the possible causes (inputs) associated with a particular problem / effect (output) before narrowing down to the small number of main, root causes which need to be addressed.
A short slide deck to introduce what is RCA, why is it valuable, and what is the return. It also has some introductory slides about the process of the Apollo RCA methodology
FISH BONE DIAGRAM IS OFTEN USED FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS AND IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT TOPIC FOR M.D. COMMUNITY MEDICINE POST GRADUATES .THIS PRESENTATION COULD BE OF SOME HELP TO THEM .
The document provides a step-by-step approach to applying analytics that includes defining the problem, developing hypotheses, gathering and analyzing data, synthesizing findings, and gaining commitment to recommendations. It emphasizes validating assumptions, keeping analyses simple, and asking "so what" to derive practical implications. The approach involves building logic trees to break problems into components and develop a shared understanding, as well as creating a storyline and "ghost pack" to remain output-oriented.
Problem Solving and Analytical Thinking in the Public Sector.pptJaySeetohul1
The document discusses problem solving in the public sector. It outlines the overall process as having 6 steps: [1] defining the problem, [2] formulating hypotheses, [3] collecting facts, [4] conducting analysis, [5] developing solutions, and [6] implementing solutions. It then provides details on various tools and techniques that can be used for each step of the problem solving process. These include root cause analysis, force field analysis, benchmarking and others for defining problems, and issue diagrams and brainstorming for formulating hypotheses. Data collection techniques discussed include using available information, observing, interviewing, questionnaires and focus groups. The goal is to provide public sector workers with a framework to systematically solve problems from
8D Problem Solving WorksheetGroup NumberGroup Member Nam.docxransayo
8D: Problem Solving Worksheet
Group Number:
Group Member Names:
Date:
8-D is a quality management tool and is a vehicle for a team to articulate thoughts and provides scientific determination to details of problems and provide solutions. Organizations can benefit from the 8-D approach by applying it to all areas in the company. The 8-D provides excellent guidelines allowing us to get to the root of a problem and ways to check that the solution actually works. Rather than healing the symptom, the illness is cured, thus, the same problem is unlikely to recur.
Step
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Action
The Planning Stage
Establishing the Team
Problem Definition / Statement & Description
Developing Interim Containment Action
Identifying & Verifying Root Cause
Identifying Permanent Corrective Actions (PCA)
Implementing & Validating PCA
Preventing Recurrence
Recognizing Team Efforts
0
The Planning Stage:
The 8-D method of problem solving is appropriate in "cause unknown" situations and is not the right tool if concerns center solely on decision-making or problem prevention. 8-D is especially useful as it results in not just a problem-solving process, but also a standard and a reporting format. Does this problem warrant/require an 8D? If so comment why and proceed.
Is an Emergency Response Action Needed?
(If needed document actions in Action Item Table)
1
Establishing the Team: (Your group is the team)
Establish a small group of people with the process/ product
knowledge, allocated time, authority and skill in the required technical disciplines to solve the problem and implement corrective actions.
Team Goals:
Team Objectives:
First and Last Name (put an asterisk * after the name of the team leader)
Current Job Position
Skills (related to the problem)Years of Hospitality Work Experience
2A
Problem Definition
Provides the starting point for solving the problem. Need to have “correct” problem description to identify causes. Need to use terms that are understood by all.
Sketch / Photo of Problem
Product(s):
Customer(s):
List all of the data and documents that might help you to define the problem more exactly?
Action Plan to collect additional information:
Prepare Process Flow Diagram for problem
use a separate sheet if needed
2B
IS
IS NOT
Who
Who is affected by the problem?
Who first observed the problem?
To whom was the problem reported?
Who is not affected by the problem?
Who did not find the problem?
What
What type of problem is it?
What has the problem (food, service, etc)?
What is happening with the process & with containment?
Do we have physical evidence of the problem?
What does not have the problem?
What could be happening but is not?
What could be the problem but is not?
Why
Why is this a problem (degraded performance)?
Is the process stable?
Why is it not a problem?
Where
Where was the problem observed?
Where does the problem occur?
Where could the problem be located but is not?
Where else could .
This document discusses various quality tools that can be used for total quality management in education. It describes 12 common quality tools including cause-and-effect diagrams, run charts, scatter diagrams, flowcharts, Pareto charts, histograms, control charts, affinity diagrams, process decision program charts, arrow diagrams, brainstorming, and affinity networks. For each tool, it provides a brief explanation of what the tool is, when it should be used, and basic steps for how to implement the tool. The document also discusses tools like force field analysis, process charting, flowcharts, Pareto analysis, career path mapping, and quality function deployment.
PROBLEM kbfb3nrioqmkandc jnojnkoj j.pptxmonisha2312
This document provides information on critical thinking and creative problem solving skills. It outlines the objectives, content, and methodologies of a program to teach these skills. The key steps in the creative problem solving process are explained, including defining the problem, analyzing causes, generating solutions, and selecting the best option. A variety of problem solving tools and techniques are also introduced, such as brainstorming, fishbone diagrams, and Pareto charts.
Basicqualitytoolspresentationleanjourneyvjen 110917194351-phpapp01Md Jawed Akbar
This document provides an overview of problem solving and basic quality tools. It begins with an agenda outlining what will be covered, including what problem solving is, the PDCA problem solving methodology, and various problem solving tools. It then defines problems, problem solving, common and special causes. Various problem types like acute and chronic problems are described. The document outlines the PDCA cycle and provides examples of tools like brainstorming, cause and effect diagrams, flow charts, check sheets, scatter diagrams, and stratification. It emphasizes that effective problem solving is data-driven and these tools provide methods for analyzing data to identify and solve problems.
This document provides an overview of problem solving and basic quality tools. It begins with an agenda outlining what will be covered, including what problem solving is, the PDCA problem solving methodology, and various problem solving tools. It then defines problems, problem solving, common and special causes. Various problem types like acute and chronic are described. The document outlines the PDCA cycle and provides examples of tools like brainstorming, cause and effect diagrams, flow charts, check sheets, scatter diagrams, and stratification. It emphasizes that effective problem solving is data-driven and these tools provide methods for analyzing data to identify and solve problems.
The document discusses various tools that can be used for continuous improvement, including problem-solving cycles, brainstorming, cause and effect diagrams, checksheets, flow diagrams, and policy deployment. It provides brief explanations and examples of how to use each tool, with the problem-solving cycle presented as a multi-step model for identifying problems, defining them, exploring solutions, selecting options, implementing changes, and evaluating results.
Provide a fundamental understanding of how analytical thinking works
Identify specific tools and techniques that students can use during the problem solving life cycle
Give students a complete framework for managing project issues – from identification to resolution
Understand the systematic process of problem solving
Define the issue as a starting point for your project
Focus on the “drivers” behind your issue
Know how to apply specific techniques, such as brainstorming, root cause analysis, and SWOT
Know how to test your proposed solutions before submission to the client
Know how to present viable solutions for solving critical problems
This document discusses critical thinking and creative problem solving skills. It outlines the objectives of the course, which are to explain concepts of creative problem solving and critical thinking, key steps in the problem solving process, and techniques to generate creative solutions. The document also describes various problem solving methodologies and tools that can be used, such as Ishikawa diagrams, check sheets, Pareto charts, and why-why analysis. The overall goal is to help individuals analyze situations and resolve problems in a creative and systematic manner.
Learn about, the problem solving method, problem definition, generating solutions, analysing and selecting solutions, planning your next steps, recording lessons learned,
Presented by Jess Orr
We will cover topics including:
A3 Thinking: A Quick Refresher
When to Use an A3 vs. Other Tools
How to Engage Others in the Process
Change Management 101
The Hardest Part: Sustaining the Gains
Hosted by KaiNexus
About the Presenter:
Jess Orr
Jess is a continuous improvement thinker and practitioner with 10+ years experience in a variety of industries, including automotive at Toyota. She holds a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Virginia Tech and two Six Sigma Black Belt certifications.
In her current role, Jess applies her passion for people and processes to empower her fellow employees to make impactful and sustainable improvements. You can connect with her on LinkedIn. Her website and blog can be found at www.yokotenlearning.com.
This document provides an overview of basic problem solving and root cause analysis techniques. It discusses the importance of fully grasping the situation in order to define the problem. Key aspects of the problem solving process covered include using tools like check sheets, brainstorming, cause-and-effect diagrams, the 5 whys technique, and developing and testing countermeasures. The document emphasizes sustaining solutions by standardizing and documenting countermeasures and regularly checking for effectiveness and opportunities for adjustment.
The document discusses decision making and problem solving. It provides definitions of problem solving and decision making. The scope of discussion includes clarifying problems, understanding collective problem solving, examining decision making models, and applying creativity in the problem solving process. It outlines the problem solving procedure as define, information/measures, analyze, generate alternatives, select alternatives, and decide/implement. Analysis techniques like cause and effect diagrams and the 5 whys are also examined.
This document outlines a course on analytical thinking. It provides an overview of the overall problem solving process, which includes defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, collecting facts, conducting analysis, and developing solutions. It then discusses specific tools and techniques that can be used for each step of the process. These include root cause analysis, fishbone diagrams, benchmarking, and various data collection methods. The goal is to equip participants with a framework for systematically solving problems from identification to resolution.
Analytical Thinking Training Analytical Thinking Training.pptSarimKhan86
This document outlines a course on analytical thinking. It provides an overview of the overall problem solving process, which includes defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, collecting facts, conducting analysis, and developing solutions. It then details several tools and techniques used in each step of the process. For defining the problem, techniques discussed include problem identification, root cause analysis methods like 5 whys and fishbone diagrams, and basic questions to ask. For formulating hypotheses, the document covers using an issue diagram to break down problems into issues and hypotheses. It also discusses identifying issues, formulating hypotheses, and framing key questions.
This document provides training on using root cause analysis to understand and solve problems. It explains that to solve problems, their root causes must be identified rather than just addressing symptoms. An example problem of a memory leak is used, where a better solution is finding and fixing the source rather than just buying more memory. Cause-effect diagrams are presented as a tool to trace problems to their root causes by asking "why" multiple times and looking for loops. Two example problems are analyzed using this approach to understand business impacts and identify unexpected underlying causes in order to propose effective countermeasures.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
This document outlines a 5-step process for performing a root cause analysis: 1) Define the problem by describing symptoms and what is observed. 2) Collect data on how long the problem has existed, its impact, and different perspectives using a CATWOE analysis. 3) Identify possible causal factors using tools like appreciation, 5 whys, drill down, and cause-and-effect diagrams. 4) Identify the root cause of why the causal factor exists. 5) Recommend and implement solutions to prevent future occurrences, assign responsibilities, and manage risks, using continuous improvement strategies like kaizen. It provides an example task to diagnose a network printing problem at CycleWorld using this root cause analysis model.
The document discusses problem solving techniques, specifically the fishbone diagram. It provides detailed instructions on how to construct and utilize a fishbone diagram to identify and categorize potential causes for complex problems. Major steps include:
1) Identifying the problem and drawing the backbone of the fishbone diagram
2) Brainstorming and grouping potential causes into major categories along the bones
3) Continuing to brainstorm more detailed explanations and causes within each category
4) Evaluating the causes to determine the most likely ones to investigate further
The overall purpose is to use the visual diagram to systematically explore various categories of causes and potential root causes of problems.
This document provides an overview of a 2-day training program on creative problem-solving skills and the problem-solving process. It will teach participants how to master problem-solving fundamentals, apply the 6-step creative problem-solving process, and use techniques like brainstorming, fishbone diagrams and decision matrices. The training includes activities to practice key steps like defining problems, generating and evaluating alternative solutions, and implementing the optimal solution.
The document discusses various tools and techniques for project planning and problem solving, including:
1) Problem solving steps such as identifying reasons for improvement, analyzing the current situation, developing countermeasures, and standardizing solutions.
2) Graphical tools like storyboards, fishbone diagrams, histograms, pie charts, and SWOT charts that can help structure and communicate ideas.
3) Project management methods like Gantt charts, PERT networks, and critical path methods for planning, scheduling, and tracking progress of a project.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
This document discusses various quality tools that can be used for total quality management in education. It describes 12 common quality tools including cause-and-effect diagrams, run charts, scatter diagrams, flowcharts, Pareto charts, histograms, control charts, affinity diagrams, process decision program charts, arrow diagrams, brainstorming, and affinity networks. For each tool, it provides a brief explanation of what the tool is, when it should be used, and basic steps for how to implement the tool. The document also discusses tools like force field analysis, process charting, flowcharts, Pareto analysis, career path mapping, and quality function deployment.
PROBLEM kbfb3nrioqmkandc jnojnkoj j.pptxmonisha2312
This document provides information on critical thinking and creative problem solving skills. It outlines the objectives, content, and methodologies of a program to teach these skills. The key steps in the creative problem solving process are explained, including defining the problem, analyzing causes, generating solutions, and selecting the best option. A variety of problem solving tools and techniques are also introduced, such as brainstorming, fishbone diagrams, and Pareto charts.
Basicqualitytoolspresentationleanjourneyvjen 110917194351-phpapp01Md Jawed Akbar
This document provides an overview of problem solving and basic quality tools. It begins with an agenda outlining what will be covered, including what problem solving is, the PDCA problem solving methodology, and various problem solving tools. It then defines problems, problem solving, common and special causes. Various problem types like acute and chronic problems are described. The document outlines the PDCA cycle and provides examples of tools like brainstorming, cause and effect diagrams, flow charts, check sheets, scatter diagrams, and stratification. It emphasizes that effective problem solving is data-driven and these tools provide methods for analyzing data to identify and solve problems.
This document provides an overview of problem solving and basic quality tools. It begins with an agenda outlining what will be covered, including what problem solving is, the PDCA problem solving methodology, and various problem solving tools. It then defines problems, problem solving, common and special causes. Various problem types like acute and chronic are described. The document outlines the PDCA cycle and provides examples of tools like brainstorming, cause and effect diagrams, flow charts, check sheets, scatter diagrams, and stratification. It emphasizes that effective problem solving is data-driven and these tools provide methods for analyzing data to identify and solve problems.
The document discusses various tools that can be used for continuous improvement, including problem-solving cycles, brainstorming, cause and effect diagrams, checksheets, flow diagrams, and policy deployment. It provides brief explanations and examples of how to use each tool, with the problem-solving cycle presented as a multi-step model for identifying problems, defining them, exploring solutions, selecting options, implementing changes, and evaluating results.
Provide a fundamental understanding of how analytical thinking works
Identify specific tools and techniques that students can use during the problem solving life cycle
Give students a complete framework for managing project issues – from identification to resolution
Understand the systematic process of problem solving
Define the issue as a starting point for your project
Focus on the “drivers” behind your issue
Know how to apply specific techniques, such as brainstorming, root cause analysis, and SWOT
Know how to test your proposed solutions before submission to the client
Know how to present viable solutions for solving critical problems
This document discusses critical thinking and creative problem solving skills. It outlines the objectives of the course, which are to explain concepts of creative problem solving and critical thinking, key steps in the problem solving process, and techniques to generate creative solutions. The document also describes various problem solving methodologies and tools that can be used, such as Ishikawa diagrams, check sheets, Pareto charts, and why-why analysis. The overall goal is to help individuals analyze situations and resolve problems in a creative and systematic manner.
Learn about, the problem solving method, problem definition, generating solutions, analysing and selecting solutions, planning your next steps, recording lessons learned,
Presented by Jess Orr
We will cover topics including:
A3 Thinking: A Quick Refresher
When to Use an A3 vs. Other Tools
How to Engage Others in the Process
Change Management 101
The Hardest Part: Sustaining the Gains
Hosted by KaiNexus
About the Presenter:
Jess Orr
Jess is a continuous improvement thinker and practitioner with 10+ years experience in a variety of industries, including automotive at Toyota. She holds a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from Virginia Tech and two Six Sigma Black Belt certifications.
In her current role, Jess applies her passion for people and processes to empower her fellow employees to make impactful and sustainable improvements. You can connect with her on LinkedIn. Her website and blog can be found at www.yokotenlearning.com.
This document provides an overview of basic problem solving and root cause analysis techniques. It discusses the importance of fully grasping the situation in order to define the problem. Key aspects of the problem solving process covered include using tools like check sheets, brainstorming, cause-and-effect diagrams, the 5 whys technique, and developing and testing countermeasures. The document emphasizes sustaining solutions by standardizing and documenting countermeasures and regularly checking for effectiveness and opportunities for adjustment.
The document discusses decision making and problem solving. It provides definitions of problem solving and decision making. The scope of discussion includes clarifying problems, understanding collective problem solving, examining decision making models, and applying creativity in the problem solving process. It outlines the problem solving procedure as define, information/measures, analyze, generate alternatives, select alternatives, and decide/implement. Analysis techniques like cause and effect diagrams and the 5 whys are also examined.
This document outlines a course on analytical thinking. It provides an overview of the overall problem solving process, which includes defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, collecting facts, conducting analysis, and developing solutions. It then discusses specific tools and techniques that can be used for each step of the process. These include root cause analysis, fishbone diagrams, benchmarking, and various data collection methods. The goal is to equip participants with a framework for systematically solving problems from identification to resolution.
Analytical Thinking Training Analytical Thinking Training.pptSarimKhan86
This document outlines a course on analytical thinking. It provides an overview of the overall problem solving process, which includes defining the problem, formulating hypotheses, collecting facts, conducting analysis, and developing solutions. It then details several tools and techniques used in each step of the process. For defining the problem, techniques discussed include problem identification, root cause analysis methods like 5 whys and fishbone diagrams, and basic questions to ask. For formulating hypotheses, the document covers using an issue diagram to break down problems into issues and hypotheses. It also discusses identifying issues, formulating hypotheses, and framing key questions.
This document provides training on using root cause analysis to understand and solve problems. It explains that to solve problems, their root causes must be identified rather than just addressing symptoms. An example problem of a memory leak is used, where a better solution is finding and fixing the source rather than just buying more memory. Cause-effect diagrams are presented as a tool to trace problems to their root causes by asking "why" multiple times and looking for loops. Two example problems are analyzed using this approach to understand business impacts and identify unexpected underlying causes in order to propose effective countermeasures.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
This document outlines a 5-step process for performing a root cause analysis: 1) Define the problem by describing symptoms and what is observed. 2) Collect data on how long the problem has existed, its impact, and different perspectives using a CATWOE analysis. 3) Identify possible causal factors using tools like appreciation, 5 whys, drill down, and cause-and-effect diagrams. 4) Identify the root cause of why the causal factor exists. 5) Recommend and implement solutions to prevent future occurrences, assign responsibilities, and manage risks, using continuous improvement strategies like kaizen. It provides an example task to diagnose a network printing problem at CycleWorld using this root cause analysis model.
The document discusses problem solving techniques, specifically the fishbone diagram. It provides detailed instructions on how to construct and utilize a fishbone diagram to identify and categorize potential causes for complex problems. Major steps include:
1) Identifying the problem and drawing the backbone of the fishbone diagram
2) Brainstorming and grouping potential causes into major categories along the bones
3) Continuing to brainstorm more detailed explanations and causes within each category
4) Evaluating the causes to determine the most likely ones to investigate further
The overall purpose is to use the visual diagram to systematically explore various categories of causes and potential root causes of problems.
This document provides an overview of a 2-day training program on creative problem-solving skills and the problem-solving process. It will teach participants how to master problem-solving fundamentals, apply the 6-step creative problem-solving process, and use techniques like brainstorming, fishbone diagrams and decision matrices. The training includes activities to practice key steps like defining problems, generating and evaluating alternative solutions, and implementing the optimal solution.
The document discusses various tools and techniques for project planning and problem solving, including:
1) Problem solving steps such as identifying reasons for improvement, analyzing the current situation, developing countermeasures, and standardizing solutions.
2) Graphical tools like storyboards, fishbone diagrams, histograms, pie charts, and SWOT charts that can help structure and communicate ideas.
3) Project management methods like Gantt charts, PERT networks, and critical path methods for planning, scheduling, and tracking progress of a project.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
3. Objectives
• Learn and apply in a case study the concepts and
techniques of
– Why Reality Charting
– Ishikawa Diagramming
– Multivoting
– Importance-Difficulty Matrix
• Be prepared to
– Select a root cause analysis (RCA) process by May 13, 2015
– Complete the RCA for your selected mission-critical occupations
(MCOs) by July 15, 2016
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7. Fresh Look at RCA
• Although an RCA process was introduced during the previous
Closing Skills Gaps cycle, in hindsight, it was not comprehensive
enough and was not conducted consistently
• Therefore, we are taking a fresh look as well as an integrated and
comprehensive approach to RCA
• A new RCA should be conducted even if there may have been a
previously conducted analysis, because
– Circumstances, people, and skill needs may have changed
– It may not have looked into all areas for which an MCO was
selected for this current effort
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8. Purpose
• The purpose of any root cause analysis is to find effective
solutions to problems such that they do not reoccur
• RCA “is a process of analysis to define the problem,
understand the causal mechanism underlying transition from
desirable to undesirable condition, and to identify the root
cause of the problem in order to keep the problem from
recurring by using a structured procedure ”
Okes, D., Improve your root cause analysis. Manufacturing Engineering, 2005.
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9. An Investigative Approach
• RCA is to be an investigative, data-driven
approach to determine the foundation of
problems and consequently inform
where solutions might be found
• An investigative, data driven approach will include:
– Sources (quantitative and qualitative data)
– Intermediate findings (answers that lead to additional questions)
– Findings (conclusions)
• Research is the essential element, not intuition or “gut-feeling”
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10. Digging Deep
• We really have to dig deep to find most roots
• They usually are not the most immediate,
obvious, or proximate causes
• Often, they are three, four, or five layers down
into the system
• This will require time, carefully selected RCA
members, thoughtful input, and executive
commitment and support
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11. RCA Process Criteria
An effective RCA process should meet the following four criteria:
1. Clearly defines the problem(s)
2. Clearly establishes causal relationships between the root
cause(s) and the defined problem
3. Clearly delineates the known dynamics among those causal
relationships on how they combined to cause the problem
4. Clearly presents the evidence used to support the existence of
identified causes
Note: If a FAST chooses to use an already established process for the RCA that is
different from the techniques discussed today, it must meet these criteria.
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12. Cautions
• There may be several root causes for an event or a problem, thus
requiring persistence in sustaining the effort to locate them
• In cases of human error, people are rarely the true root cause.
Seek the system, policy, or process that allowed the error to occur.
• RCA is not designed to establish blame for a non-conformity, but
to correct the underlying cause and prevent re-occurrence
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14. Why Brainstorming?
• Brainstorming and group idea generation will likely be needed
several times in the RCA process
•
• When beginning to address a
given question, you will likely
start with brainstorming
RCA is an iterative process from question to answer to question…
Where might
we look for
answers?
What might be
causing this
problem?
Where might
we find
evidence?
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15. Guidelines
To get the most out of your brainstorming:
• Defer judgment –
There are no bad ideas at this point;
there will be plenty of time to judge
ideas later
• Encourage wild ideas –
It’s the wild ideas that often create
real innovation
- It is always easy to bring ideas
down to earth later
• Build on the ideas of others –
Think in terms of “and” instead of
“but”
– If you dislike an idea, challenge yourself
to build on it and make it better
• Stick to one conversation at a
time – Allow ideas to be heard and
built upon
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16. Guidelines (cont’d)
You should also:
• Stay focused – • Go for quantity –
You will get better output if everyone Remember there is no need to make
is disciplined a lengthy case for your idea since no
one is judging
• Be visual – - Ideas should flow quickly
Try to engage the logical and the
creative sides of the brain
- A quick sketch can help make
your idea more
understandable to someone
else
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18. Today’s Processes
• We will engage in two root cause identification processes
Why Reality Charting Ishikawa Fishbone Diagramming
• Both processes are pre-approved by OPM in meeting the criteria
for an effective RCA process (slide 30)
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20. Apollo RCA Principles
1. Cause and effect are the same thing
2. Each effect has at least two causes in the form of
actions and conditions
3. Causes and effects are part of an infinite
continuum of causes
4. An effect exists only if its cause exists in the same
space and time frame
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23. 5 Steps to Problem Solving
Step 1:
Define the problem
– What is the problem?
– When did it happen?
– Where did it happen?
– What is the significance of the problem?
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24. 5 Steps to Problem Solving
Step 2:
Determine the Causal Relationships
– For each primary effect, ask why
– Look for causes in actions and conditions
– Connect all causes with “Caused By” statements
– End each cause path with a question mark or a reason for
stopping
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25. 5 Steps to Problem Solving
Step 3:
Clearly establish causal relationships between the root
cause(s) and the defined problem
– You begin creating the graphical representation
– As you collect causes and effects, begin sequencing them
– Though software is available, you can use a low-tech method:
a. Write each action or condition on a Post-It Note.
b. Place the Post-It Notes on a whiteboard.
c. Sequence the Post-It Notes from cause to effect. When you are sure
that the cause and effect are linked, connect the Post-It Notes with a
caused-by line drawn on the whiteboard.
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26. 5 Steps to Problem Solving
Step 4:
Clearly present the evidence used to support the
existence of identified causes
– Using our low-tech method:
d. Create a second Post-It Note for each Post-It Note in your diagram.
e. On these second Post-It Notes, record the evidence for the action or
condition. Write “observation,” “document,” or any appropriate
evidence type. If you don’t know what evidence supports the action or
condition, make sure to note that for further research.
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27. 5 Steps to Problem Solving
Step 5:
Determine if the Causes are Sufficient and Necessary
Sagan’s Baloney Detection Kit
1. Seek independent facts
2. Welcome open debate on all points of view
3. Always challenge authority
4. Consider more than one hypothesis
5. Don’t defend a position because it is yours
6. Try to quantify what you know
7. Every link must work in a chain of causes
8. Use Occam’s razor to decide between hypothesis
9. Try to prove the hypothesis wrong
10.Use carefully designed experiments to test all hypothesis
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28. Why Reality in Practice
• Please take about 5 minutes to read the case study handout
• Within your groups, take about 20 minutes to:
– Define the problem (slide 42)
– Establish and define the causal relationships in a graphical representation
(slides 41, 43, 44)
– Present the evidence to support the identified causes (slide 45)
• Groups will report out their results
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30. What is an Ishikawa Diagram?
• Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa, noted for his quality management innovations,
invented the fishbone diagram in 1968
• Also referred to as the herringbone diagram, Fishikawa, and a
cause-and-effect diagram
• Technique that provides a systematic way of understanding effects
(problems) and the root causes that created them
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31. Primary Benefit
When used correctly, the Ishikawa
diagramming and analysis technique is an
excellent tool in assisting teams in
categorizing, without biases, the potential
causes of problems or issues via a
systematic approach that also helps
identify the root cause(s) of a effect,
issue, or problem.
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32. Components of the Fishbone Diagram
The spine is the large arrow going horizontally
from left to right and points to the effect
Category
Cause (-)
Cause (+)
Problem
Primary causes are listed on arrows that
connect to the categories
Arrows going from right to
left indicate causes that
diminish the problem
Arrows going from left to
right indicate causes that
increase(+) the main
problem
Rectangles at the end show
the main category causes
of the problem. Diagonal
arrows point to the spine.
Category
Cause
Reasons are secondary causes that
further explain the primary causes
The problem (or effect)
you are investigating is
placed on the right side
of the diagram
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34. Steps to Creating a Fishbone Diagram
Using a flip chart, Microsoft Word or Visio, etc.
1. Draw a fishbone head and spine.
2. List the problem/effect to be studied in the head of the fish.
3. Add and label the bone categories. Common categorizations are:
{Service Process}
• 4 P’s (People, Place, Procedure, Policies)
• 4 S’s (Surroundings, Suppliers, Systems, Skills)
{Non- Service Process}
• 6 M’s (Methods, Machines, Materials, Manpower, Measurement,
Management)
4. Add and label the causes and reasons under the appropriate categories.
53
35. Your Turn
• Use the same information from our case study
• Reference slides 51 and 53
• Within your groups, take about 20 minutes to:
– Draw a fishbone diagram
– Label the “head” with the problem/effect
– Choose and add categories
– Add the causes (primary) and reasons (secondary) under the appropriate
categories
• Groups will report out their results
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37. Today’s Methods
• Prioritization will be needed when you won’t be able to address
every identified root cause
• The two processes we will engage in today are
– Multivoting
– Importance-Difficulty Matrix
• They rely on and systematically organize the opinion and judgment
of the FAST subject-matter experts
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39. About Multivoting
• Used by groups to reduce a list from a large number to a more
manageable number of items through a series of votes
• Aims to garner consensus around a feasible list of priorities
(not used for consensus around a single option)
• Applied in many variations and is also
referred to as N/3 voting, nominal
prioritization, dot voting, and more
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40. Benefits
Serves as an efficient Provides a clear
process to quickly move on understanding on how the
to next steps, when facing team will reduce the list to a
time constraints manageable number
Reduces pressure and lets
everyone participate
equally, whether highly or
minimally vocal
Allows an item that is
favored by all, but not the
top choice of any, to rise to
the top (asq.org)
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41. How it Works
1. Assign a number or letter to each unique item on your list
and have your ordered list visible for reference
2. Determine how many votes each person will cast
(typically ⅓ of the available items)
3. Cast your votes and tally the results
4. Remove items from your list that have few to no votes
5. Repeat steps 2 – 4 on the reduced list until there is a
manageable list of items
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42. Voting Procedures
Voting Options
Anonymity
is not
desired
Show of hands–members raise their hands to cast a vote, which
are counted and noted as you proceed through each option
Tally marks—members place a tally mark next to each of their
selections on one central sheet
Stickers—members place stickers or other adhesive items (such
as dots) next to each of their selections on one central sheet
Anonymity
is desired
Ballots—members write their selections on a piece of paper,
post-it, or 3x5 card, which are then collected, shuffled, and tallied
All votes must be cast, with each
person casting only one vote per item
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43. Trimming the List
threshold used to remove an
item from the list, after a
given voting round
• The following is a suggested rule of
thumb (balancedscorecard.org):
• Teams will determine the
≤ 5
Number of Team
Members
Eliminate Items
with:
0 – 2 Votes
6 - 15 0 – 3 Votes
> 15 0 – 4 Votes
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44. Let’s Multivote!
• Using the collective unique root causes identified, we will facilitate
one multivoting exercise for the room
• In each round, every person will vote for ⅓ of the options
– Round 1: ____ options ÷ 3 = ____ votes per person
– Round 2: ____ options ÷ 3 = ____ votes per person
– Round 3: ____ options ÷ 3 = ____ votes per person
• We will conduct our voting using a show of hands
– Raise your hand when an item you wish to cast your vote for is read aloud
– Keep your hand raised until you’re certain it has been counted
• Please ensure you cast all of your allocated votes in each round
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46. The Matrix
• A quad chart to plot options according to their relative
importance (x-axis) and difficulty (y-axis)
• Approaches decision-making based on relative return-on-
investment by balancing the two competing forces
• Facilitates deliberation to resolve differences in opinion
Importance Difficulty
The impact an item has on your vs. The amount of effort, resources,
problem statement and the and time potentially needed to
extent to which addressing it address an item, including
could better the situation overcoming anticipated barriers
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47. How to Plot Items
1. On a large sheet of paper, draw your quad chart and label the
horizontal line “Importance” and the vertical line “Difficulty”
2. Write each unique item on individual post-its
3. Rank the items from least (left) to most (right) important
a. Place any one post-it on the middle of the Importance axis
b. Select a second post-it and decide as group if it is more or less important
than the first. If more, place it to the right. If less, place it to the left.
c. Continue to determine as a group if each remaining post-it is more or
less important than the others and place them in the appropriate spot.
Note: No two items can be ranked the same (e.g., tie) on importance
4. Keeping your post-its in their Importance rankings, move them
up (high) or down (low) based on their relative difficulty
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48. Interpreting Results
Luxuries Strategic
Quick Wins High-Value
Difficulty
Importance
Costly
endeavors
with little
return
Little return
but easy to
realize
Great impact
from minimal to
moderate effort
Great impact
from significant
investment
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49. Matrix Exercise
• Use the same list of root causes from our multivoting exercise
• Reference slides 48 and 49
• Within your groups, take about 10 minutes to:
– Draw your quad charts
– Write the root causes on post-its
– Plot the post-its on the Importance axis, in a forced ranking
– Move the post-its vertically (only!) on the Difficulty axis
– Select the root causes you recommend for action planning
• Groups will report out their results on what they
recommend and why
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51. RCA Deliverables
Regarding RCA, all FASTs are required to:
Select an RCA process
and notify OPM by
May 13, 2016
Conduct an RCA and
submit the results to
OPM by July 15, 2016
Email all submission to: closingskillsgaps@opm.gov
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52. Selecting Your RCA Process
• FASTs may select
a) The RCA techniques presented in the OPM-hosted training
b) Other established processes an organization already has in place
c) A combination of both
• Selections must include
– A root cause identification technique (how you’ll investigate the problem)
– A prioritization technique (how you’ll select causes for action planning)
• Root cause identification techniques must meet the four criteria
for an effective RCA process (slide 30)
• FASTs will notify OPM of their selections through the RCA Process
Certification Form due May 13, 2016
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53. Conducting Your RCA
• FASTs must use the techniques submitted to and vetted by OPM,
according to their final RCA Certification Forms
• A separate RCA will be conducted for each MCO, as the issues
they face should differ
• Why at Risk = Problem Statement
Factors from the Multi-Factor Model (and/or any supplemental
factors) whose risk levels were used to select an MCO will be used
as the starting points/problem statements for the RCA
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54. Submitting Your Results
• There is no specified template for submitting RCA results
• However, the following elements must be included in the FAST
submissions due July 15, 2016:
List of all root causes identified
List of the root causes selected for action planning and why they were
selected (e.g., prioritization results)
Graphical representation of the causal linkages from the root causes to
the problem statement
Evidence supporting the identification of the root causes
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