Rome began as a small settlement along the Tiber River in 753 BC and grew to become one of the largest and most powerful empires in history. Its strategic location in central Italy along major trade routes and defensible position on seven hills contributed to its rise. As the Roman Republic expanded throughout the Mediterranean world from the 4th century BC onward, it developed an extensive network of roads and waterways. Notable monuments like the Colosseum and Pantheon showcased Rome's architectural achievements and cultural dominance during its peak.

1. ROME: The
World’s First
Superpower
Represented By:
BANSARI MEHTA - 21
MOXA SHAH - 40
TANMAY TRIVEDI - 51
VISHAD JHAVERI - 54

5. EKISTICS- Rome
ROME
Physical
Factor
Activity
Factor
Network Aesthetics

7. INTRODUCTION
– The rise of Rome, from the mythically simple beginnings of a few dwellings
above the river Tiber to dominion over the whole Mediterranean world.
– This was a region were many of the great civilization of antiquity-
1. Egyptian
2. Babylonian
3. Carthaginian
4. Etruscan
5. Greek
6. Italian
– Rome an unrivalled cultural as well as political superpower, that continuous to
inspire and influence the world long after its fall.

9. Roma
– 753 BC: Rome is founded
– 509 BC: Rome becomes a Republic
– 218 BC: Hannibal invades Italy
– 44 BC: Julius Caesar is assassinated
– 27 BC: Roman Empire begins
– 64: Much of Rome burns
– 80: Colosseum is built
– 306: Constantine becomes Emperor
– 380: Christianity
– 395: Rome splits
– 410: The Visigoths sack Rome
– 476: End of Western Roman Empire and fall of Ancient Rome

10. THE BEGINNING
– According to legend Rome was founded in 753 B.C by
Romulus and Remus, twin princes of Alba Longa.
– The early settlements : the first romans were actually Latin
farmers or shepherds.
– The settlements remained extremely primitive until the
arrival of Etruscan kings.
– Rome was influenced by Bronze Age and Iron Age dwellings.

12. PHYSICAL
FACTORS
GEOGRAPHY CLIMATE

13. GEOGRAPHY
– The development of civilization is affected by Geography.
– It began as a tiny village along the river Tiber.
– The crops were irrigated due to fertile soil of Rome.
– It was surrounded by the seven hills, offering a natural defensive barrier.
– Located on the Italian Peninsula, in the centre of Mediterranean sea.
– The Alps are in the north.
– The Apennine Mts. Are on the eastern coast.
– Broad, fertile plains are in the north and west.

15. CLIMATE
– The Mediterranean climate prevails in Rome characterized by dry
and hot summers, humid and cold winter.
– During the warmest months of July and August the average
temperature during the day is 30C while at night, it is 18C.
– In coldest months of January, the average day temperature is 12C,
and at night is 3C.
– Heavy snowfall is extremely rare, but light snowfall occurs every
winter.

17. ACTIVITY
FACTOR
SOCIAL
FACTORS
COMMUNITY
& RELIGION

18. SOCIAL FACTOR
– Social factors in ancient Rome was hierarchical, but there were multiple and
overlapping social hierarchies, and an individuals relative positions in one might be
higher or lower than another.
– Roman society was patriarchal in purest sense;
1. The male head of household held special legal powers and gave him jurisdiction.
2. “Family” that included adult sons, his wife, married daughters, various
dependent relatives and slaves.
3. Citizenship – of which there were grades with varying rights and privileges.
4. For example: Men who lived in towns outside Rome might hold citizenship, but
lack the right to vote; free born Roman women were citizens, but could not vote or
hold political office.
5. There were also classes of non-citizens with different legal rights, such as
peregrine.

20. COMMUNITY AND RELIGION
– Religion and Community in Rome includes the ancestral ethnic religion of the
city Rome that the Romans used to define themselves as a people, as well as
the religious practices of people brought under Roman rule.
– The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious, and attributed their
success as a world power in maintaining good relations with the god.
– The Romans are known for the great number of deities.
– Roman religion and community was practical and contractual, based on the
principle of do ut des (“I give that you might give”).
– Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer, ritual and
sacrifice, not on faith or dogma.

22. NETWORK
TRADE
ROUTES
NODALS

23. NETWORK
– The Roman networks of roads was both practical and impressive.
– The empire was united by 53000miles (85000km) of roads from Scotland and Syria.
– The first road of Rome was the Via Appia “Queen of Roads”, built in 312BC by Claudius Appius the
Censor.
– Even for Romans, it was always cheaper to move goods by water than by land.
– The Mediterranean, with its obligingly many inlets, combined with large rivers;
1. Rhone
2. Rhine
3. Danube
4. Nile
5. Tagus…provided a network of waterways.
– Bridges were not beyond Roman technology and carried Rome’s roads across gorges and rivers.

25. NODALS (Development Layers)
– Beneath modern Rome is a hidden city, as still as Rome
in chaotic, as dark as Rome is luminous, with its own
peculiar animals, powerful odours, frigid waters, and
spectacular ancient remains.
– Though structures like the Pantheon and the coliseum
are certainly impressive, they represent only a small
fraction of the ancient city, and wind, rain and air
pollutants have not treated them kindly over the years.

27. AESTHETICS
LANDSCAPE MOMUMENTS
AESTHETICAL
FACTORS

28. LANDSCAPE
– The Landscape of ancient Rome is one project initiated by Petarch that his
successors adopted with particular zeal was the reconstruction of the landscape of
ancient Rome.
– Annio’s map of Rome as founded by Romulus is a loose interpretation of one of his
own forgeries.
– The pioneering scholar of topography (landscape) of ancient Rome was Flavio
Biondo (1392 – 1463).
– Rome was built on a Defensible hill that dominated the last downstream, high-
banked river crossing were transverse of the Tiber was facilitated by a midstream
Island.
– There are many types of plants, trees, flowers and many more, which is suitable to
Rome’s fertile soil: Narcissuses, Carnation, Gilly flower, Irises, Lilies, Tulips, Boxwood,
Laurel, Olives, Oaks, Cypress, Poplars, Chestnuts edibles, strawberry trees, etc…

30. MONUMENTS
– Rome is regarded as one of the world’s most beautiful ancient cities.
– Rome contains vast amounts of priceless works of art, palaces, museums, parks,
churches, villas, gardens, basilicas, theatres, temples, piazzas and other venues in
general.
– In 2005, the city received 19.5 million global visitors, up of 22.1% from 2001.
– The famous monuments of ancient Rome and Rome are:
1. Colosseum or Amphitheatre Flavius
2. Arch of Caracalla, Djemila
3. The Arch of Constantine
4. Palatine hill
5. Augustus Forum
6. Therms of Caracalla
7. Vittoriano

32. Colosseum, Rome

34. Arch of Caracalla,
Djemila

35. View from Palatine Hill

36. Augustus Forum

37. Vittoriano

38. AESTHETICAL FACTORS:
– The culture of ancient Rome can be described as covering a 1000 year period,
and developed from a small agricultural community defined by narrow ethnicity
to a multilingual and multicultural empire covering an area now occupied by 13
modern nations.
– Characteristics of ancient Roman art and culture Roman sculpture was created
to be realistic rather than idealistic.
– Roman Architecture was strongly influenced by Greek models.
– The Roman builders had concrete (made by mixing pozzolana, a strong volcanic
material with rubble and mixture of limes)
– Romans used the semi-circular arches to form vaults and domes as seen in
pantheon.
– There was a plenty of terracotta, stone and brick.