Stakeholders that play a role in parenting include parents, families, caregivers, schools, religious institutions, communities, the government, media, and non-governmental organizations. Parents' roles include rewarding good behavior, spending quality time with children, showing children they are valued, teaching communication skills, positive values, and using friendly discipline. Schools assist by administering discipline, ensuring children's safety and rights, and communicating with stakeholders. The government establishes legislation, funds research, and supports vulnerable families. Communities protect children from harm and cultural practices. Media educates on parenting and condemns immoral acts. NGOs assess children's needs, address social issues, rehabilitate, and empower children.

1. ROLES OF STAKE HOLDERS IN PARENTING
Stakeholders in a process are actors/ persons or organisations with a stake in the policy being
promoted.
A stakeholder refers to groups / individuals that are affected and have an interest in a particular issue
that they are involved directly or indirectly.
These stakeholders or interested parties can be grouped in various categories, international donors,
national political (legislators, governors) public (ministry of health), social security agency, media
associations and Nongovernmental Organisations

2. DEFINITION OF PARENTING AND 4 PARNTING STYLES
 Parenting / child rearing is the process of promoting and supporting the
physical, social, economical and spiritual wellbeing of a child.
 According to psychologist Diana Baumrind's research, she found that there are four types of
parenting styles namely;
 Authoritative: democratic style of parenting, parents are attentive, forgiving, teach their
offspring proper behaviour, have a set of rules, and if child fails to follow their is punishment,
if followed their is reward/reinforcement
 Authoritarian: strict parenting style, involves high expectations from parents but have little
communication between child and parents. Parents don't provide logical reasoning for rules
and limits, and are prone to harsh punishments
 Permissive: parents take on the role of "friends" rather than parents, do not have any
expectations of child, they allow the child to make their own decisions
 Uninvolved: parents neglect their children by putting their own life before the children. They
do provide for the child's basic needs but they show little interaction with the child

3. ROLES OF PARENTS/FAMILIES/CAREGIVERS/FOSTER HOMES IN CHILD UP BRINGING
 Parents should reward the positive behaviours of their children and limit opportunities for
negative behaviours. For example, if a child who has a history of impulsive behaviour, as a
responsible parent, you do not let her go to an unsupervised party but rather have a gathering at
home instead where she will be supervised.
 Parents who spend quality time together with their children will not only built trust but also
strengthen their relationship with their children. It also encourages the creation of relationships
with other adults, for example when children are given the resources needed, it may enable them
enter adulthood well prepared.
 Parents should also show children that they are valued at home by giving them increasing levels
of responsibility that will enable them to further engage themselves in service in their
communities, neighbourhood, school, or somewhere else.

4. CONTINUATION
 There is need for parents/caregivers to build good communication practices so that they can
ensure that their families remain strong even when things get tough. Much as children have
different ideas, different solutions and different ways to approach problems, good communication
between the parents and children and children to children helps to resolve conflicts in a home
peacefully as a key skill that will enable them to succeed. As children grow up, it is important that
they learn how to communicate and resolve conflicts peacefully.
 Parents also ought to teach positive values that help them point the way to think and act
appropriately. For example, such positive values will enable the children to be developmental,
caring, honest, responsible, and restraint from negative attitudes.
 Parents should use friendly discipline methods. This should be applied to coach responsibility and
self-control. For example, saying discipline instils obedience hence rewards the child for good
behaviour and discourages bad behaviour and with proper and regular discipline, a child will learn
about consequences and taking responsibility for his or her own actions.

5. CONTINUATION
 Parents should create a sense of belonging by telling the children more about their communities,
and engaging them in various activities of their communities so that they can work together with
the members there by building trust and developing a sense of belonging and be able to contribute
to the development of the community.
 Parents should encourage their children to carry out domestic responsibilities for skilful
development and self-reliance for example washing utensils, clothes and cooking among others as
this will enable them be responsible citizens who will contribute to the development of the
community.
 The parents should be role models to their children in that they should be exemplary to their
children such as dressing up appropriately, resolving conflicts amicably so that the children can
borrow a leaf from them.
 Parents should provide their children with basic and psychological needs like love, shelter,
protection, education so that the children grow up as loving, caring and useful citizens

6. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS
 Religious institutions should support public policies that best suit the interests of the
children.
 Religious institutions should uphold principles of parenting and support it by working
together with the ministries to ensure good behaviour is instilled in every child.
 Religious institution should help by strengthening families by conducting counselling to
families having difficulties to bring about proper up bring of the child and also settling cases
peacefully.

7. ROLES ANSD RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SCHOOL IN CHILD UPBRINGING
 Teachers should administer friendly discipline to children to coach responsibility, self-
control.for example, discipline instils obedience hence rewards the child for good behaviour
and discourages bad behaviour for example where proper and regular discipline, is given to a
child, he will learn about consequences and taking responsibility for their own actions.
 Teachers should prepare, plan, deliver and assess the curriculum in line with the requirements
of the National Curriculum and the school, to ensure the safety of their students.
 Teachers should also endeavour to promote the emotional security of the children/pupils to
ensure that in case of abuse to the pupils it is, reported to the appropriate member of staff, to
deal with misbehaviour in ways that are within the school discipline policy,
 Teachers should communicate well with the Children and other stakeholders involved in the
parenting, as this will help them understand the child’s strengths and weaknesses, and work out
the most effective ways of supporting the child.

8. CONTINUATION
 Teachers also need to ensure that children are protected and awarded their rights and adequately
provided with the necessities such as food, decent accommodation, separate washrooms for girls
and that of boys.

9. GOVERNMENT
 The government should introduce legislation to strengthen and make more explicit the
responsibilities related to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children within schools and
in various institutions where children are brought up,
 Government should provide funds to institutions so that more research is carried out to ensure that
proper parenting guidelines are developed and provided to the various stakeholders these could be
in all aspects of education (curriculum, health & safety, employment guidelines, standards of
professional behaviour among others).
 Government should also support vulnerable families with some income generating activities such
as livestock so that the children are provided with the basic needs hence their survival rather than
being dumped in toilets and by the roadsides among others by their caregivers due to lack of
income to provide for their basic needs.
 The government should also ensure that the police and prisons have separate rooms where
children below 18 years of age are kept so that their rights are not abused by the older men and
women in prisons and during detention in police cells

10. CONTINUATION
 Government should ensure that the agencies who are party to the protection plan coordinate their
activities to protect the children.
 Government should ensure that the governing bodies must review all policies, procedures and
duties in respect of child protection issues annually.

11. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF COMMUNITIES
 The leaders urged the communities to maintain a strong focus on child security as far as behaviour
is concerned and admitter punishment to offenders such as child defilers among others where
possible
 Communities should also help in parenting by supporting and working together with the various
institutions involved in parenting for example through helping in providing information on
particular issues when called upon by various stakeholders such as government/police/judiciary
among others.
 Our community has a lead and greater role to play in bringing up children outside formal
education as this will help instil good morals to the children.
 The community should also help protect children against negative cultural practices in the society
such as forced early marriages, child sacrifice, among others to enable children grow up as loving
and caring citizens. I speak on context of behavioural change

12. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE MEDIA
 The media should further look for the existing research about parenting in order to provide
relevant information and support to parents and other stakeholders involved in parenting about
child rearing, from books and magazines to television and the internet.
 The media should educate, advice, counsel, condemn immoral acts such as child labour, child
sacrifice among others, and where necessary expose the culprits in public so that they don’t repeat
the same acts hence, supporting the current and future efforts on behalf of children, parents, and
families.

13. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL/ GOVERNMENT ORGANISATIONS.
 Non-governmental/government organisations should assess, plan and provide support to children
in need, including those suffering or likely to suffer significant harm
 Non-governmental/government organisations should be in position to address social needs and
improve the human/ children condition
 Non-governmental/government organisations should fully rehabilitate, advocate, sensitise and
empower children/ women among others on their rights and responsibilities especially those in
remote areas/ deep in the villages where their rights are violated due to ignorance.
 In conclusion therefore, for proper child upbringing, the authoritative parenting style would be the
best and most appropriate for Uganda as a country if we are to bring up children with proper
manners unlike the other parenting styles such as authoritarian, un involved parenting to mention
but a few.

14. THANK YOU
Complied by,
Atukunda Sheilla. (tinkasheilla@yahoo.co.uk)
Oder David. (oder.david7@gmail.com)
Center for Disability and Rehabilitation - Uganda