The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Role of fem in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The document discusses the role of finite element method (FEM) in orthodontics. FEM is a numerical technique originally used in structural analysis that has been applied to dental biomechanical research. It allows modeling of complex tooth and bone structures to analyze stress and strain distributions. FEM provides advantages over experimental techniques by allowing 3D modeling, use of actual material properties, and ability to efficiently test different force systems. The document reviews studies applying FEM to orthodontic tooth movement, dental implants, and orthopedic appliances. It also discusses challenges modeling the complex properties of living tissues like bone.
Finite element analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Fem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Finite element analysis in orthodontics/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Micro Mechanical Modeling of Fiber / Epoxy Unidirectional Laminates Using Featheijes
The focus of the study was to develop the micromechanical model associated with proper damage model to predict the overall mechanical behavior of fiber/matrix unidirectional laminates. The present and first investigation studies the influence of fiber-matrix interface on the behaviour of fiber reinforced composite lamina using micromechanical models. Mechanical properties E1 and E2 are determined at various volume fractions. The second investigation studies the micro-thermo elastic behaviour of the square unit cell of a hybrid fiber reinforced composite lamina. Later this model is extended to predict the coefficients of thermal expansion of graphite-boron hybrid fiber reinforced lamina for various volume fractions.In the third investigation, an analytical solution of the thermal stresses for a fiber embedded in a matrix is presented based on the idea of the finite element and under some simplifying assumptions. The analytical solution to the problem is found for the case when the length of the embedded bar (fiber) is much greater than its radius, and the Young's modulus of the matrix is much less than that of the fiber. The problem is also solved numerically by means of finite element analysis using ANSYS 10.0. Both results are compared and it is shown that both approaches coincide very close qualitatively and quantitatively although significant discrepancies may appear at specific points for specific cases. For all above three cases 3-D finite element models have been developed from the representative volume elements of the composite which are in the form of square unit cells. The finite element software ANSYS 10.0 has been successfully executed to evaluate the properties
Summary of fracture mechanics problems analysis method in ABAQUSIJERA Editor
Fracture mechanics is the study of the strength of the materials or structures with crack and crack propagation regularity of a discipline. There are a lot of analysis function of ABAQUS, including fracture analysis. ABAQUS is very easy to use and easy to establish a model of the complicated problem. In order to effectively study of strong discontinuity problems such as crack, provides two methods of simulating the problem of cracks of ABAQUS. This paper describes the two methods respectively, and compare two methods.
The document analyzes the use of a dual boundary element method (DBEM) for shape optimization of two-dimensional linear elastic structures. The DBEM uses two independent boundary integral equations - the displacement and stress boundary integral equations. This allows for high accuracy in computing boundary stresses. The optimization objective is to minimize structural compliance subject to an area constraint. Sensitivities are computed using analytical expressions from optimality conditions. Numerical examples demonstrate the DBEM can accurately and efficiently perform shape optimization.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Role of fem in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian de...Indian dental academy
The document discusses the role of finite element method (FEM) in orthodontics. FEM is a numerical technique originally used in structural analysis that has been applied to dental biomechanical research. It allows modeling of complex tooth and bone structures to analyze stress and strain distributions. FEM provides advantages over experimental techniques by allowing 3D modeling, use of actual material properties, and ability to efficiently test different force systems. The document reviews studies applying FEM to orthodontic tooth movement, dental implants, and orthopedic appliances. It also discusses challenges modeling the complex properties of living tissues like bone.
Finite element analysis in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Fem /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Finite element analysis in orthodontics/ /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Micro Mechanical Modeling of Fiber / Epoxy Unidirectional Laminates Using Featheijes
The focus of the study was to develop the micromechanical model associated with proper damage model to predict the overall mechanical behavior of fiber/matrix unidirectional laminates. The present and first investigation studies the influence of fiber-matrix interface on the behaviour of fiber reinforced composite lamina using micromechanical models. Mechanical properties E1 and E2 are determined at various volume fractions. The second investigation studies the micro-thermo elastic behaviour of the square unit cell of a hybrid fiber reinforced composite lamina. Later this model is extended to predict the coefficients of thermal expansion of graphite-boron hybrid fiber reinforced lamina for various volume fractions.In the third investigation, an analytical solution of the thermal stresses for a fiber embedded in a matrix is presented based on the idea of the finite element and under some simplifying assumptions. The analytical solution to the problem is found for the case when the length of the embedded bar (fiber) is much greater than its radius, and the Young's modulus of the matrix is much less than that of the fiber. The problem is also solved numerically by means of finite element analysis using ANSYS 10.0. Both results are compared and it is shown that both approaches coincide very close qualitatively and quantitatively although significant discrepancies may appear at specific points for specific cases. For all above three cases 3-D finite element models have been developed from the representative volume elements of the composite which are in the form of square unit cells. The finite element software ANSYS 10.0 has been successfully executed to evaluate the properties
Summary of fracture mechanics problems analysis method in ABAQUSIJERA Editor
Fracture mechanics is the study of the strength of the materials or structures with crack and crack propagation regularity of a discipline. There are a lot of analysis function of ABAQUS, including fracture analysis. ABAQUS is very easy to use and easy to establish a model of the complicated problem. In order to effectively study of strong discontinuity problems such as crack, provides two methods of simulating the problem of cracks of ABAQUS. This paper describes the two methods respectively, and compare two methods.
The document analyzes the use of a dual boundary element method (DBEM) for shape optimization of two-dimensional linear elastic structures. The DBEM uses two independent boundary integral equations - the displacement and stress boundary integral equations. This allows for high accuracy in computing boundary stresses. The optimization objective is to minimize structural compliance subject to an area constraint. Sensitivities are computed using analytical expressions from optimality conditions. Numerical examples demonstrate the DBEM can accurately and efficiently perform shape optimization.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
How Hot is My Coffee? Sensors, iOS and Core BluetoothEvan Stone
Fitbit, Withings, Nest. The Internet of Things (IoT) innovation tidal wave has just begun, and those are just three of the more well-known players in the IoT and connected gadget landscape. It’s critical that iOS developers know how to connect and interact with BLE prototyping devices using the Core Bluetooth Framework provided by the iOS SDK. In this session, you’ll get the jump-start you need to begin creating engaging apps that bring these devices to life.
Day 2 of filming went smoothly as the artist, Kayla'O, was more confident and comfortable performing for the camera after gaining experience on the first day. Filming started in the morning when the sun was bright, providing good lighting for the planned day and night scenes. Preparation is underway for Day 3's filming at a skate park, which will involve taking equipment home and checking batteries to ensure enough charge for filming.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
Este documento contiene las instrucciones y un extracto de un relato de un naufrago de Gabriel García Márquez. El protagonista se encuentra a la deriva en el mar en una balsa después de sobrevivir 7 días sin comida. Experimenta desesperación e intenta comer partes de su ropa y zapatos. Más tarde se duerme profundamente a pesar de las olas, pero despierta asustado. Al ver gaviotas los primeros días siente alegría pero luego terror al pensar que indican que está más lejos de tierra.
This presentation was given at the North Bay App Developer Meetup on September 14, 2016 in Sebastopol, California. We discussed the new offerings that Apple has released for developers as of WWDC and the prior week's announcement of iPhone 7 and Apple WATCH Series 2.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design slideshows.
Este trabalho não foi objeto de qualquer correção!
Foi postado tal e qual como foi enviado por o(s) autor(es).
O mérito (se for caso disso) é exclusivo dele(s)!
(Trabalho do ano letivo de 2015/2016)
Elizabeth went on a holiday with friends and family to several towns along Colombia's Caribbean coast. They visited Monteria, Cereté, San pelayo, Lorica, San antero, Coveñas and Tolu, with Tolu being the largest town and Lorica being the smallest. While in Playa Blanca between Coveñas and Tolu, they went swimming until it began raining. They later went to Tolu where they saw many sea creatures and a beautiful sunset. Elizabeth had her best holiday in Coveñas, where despite the heat, the people were very friendly. Her best friend invited them to stay overnight at their big house.
Surajudeen Adeitan AbdulFatah is an IT professional with over a decade of experience in information technology. He has experience teaching CompTIA A+ and other certification courses. He has worked in various roles providing technical support, network administration, and web design. His experience includes working for companies in Nigeria and Benin providing IT support and network administration. He is looking for a new challenge in a fast-paced environment where he can continue learning and developing while benefiting his employer with his experience.
Este trabalho não foi objeto de qualquer correção!
Foi postado tal e qual como foi enviado por o(s) autor(es).
O mérito (se for caso disso) é exclusivo dele(s)!
(Trabalho do ano letivo de 2013/2014)
The document discusses trends in mobile learning around the world. While trends are similar globally, choices in technology and cultural significance vary across regions. Mobile networks now cover 90% of the world's population, but specific implementations differ - for example, some areas have expensive long contracts while others use micro-payments. Educators are struggling to understand how to best leverage mobile learning given rapid technology changes and varying access to devices and infrastructure in different locations. The key is designing content for mobile contexts and users' moments of need rather than formal classroom settings.
M-learning, or mobile learning, involves using mobile technologies like smartphones, tablets, and other portable devices to enhance the learning experience. Key aspects of m-learning include learning anywhere and anytime through portable devices, as well as interacting with educational content in context and on the go. Popular m-learning tools include apps and content designed for iPods, smartphones, and other mobile devices that allow learning both inside and outside the classroom. The future of m-learning may involve a shift to more hands-on, experiential, and lifelong learning through just-in-time access to educational resources on mobile devices.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses finite element methods and their applications in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). It covers the basic formulation of finite element methods, including discretization, selection of displacement functions, derivation of element stiffness matrices, and assembly of global equations. It also discusses specific applications of finite element analysis to problems in MEMS like heat transfer analysis, thermal stress analysis, and static/modal analysis. The finite element method is well-suited for complex geometries and materials and can model irregular shapes, general loads/boundary conditions, and nonlinear behavior.
1) Finite element analysis is a numerical method used to solve engineering problems by breaking structures down into small discrete elements. It involves modeling structures as assemblies of simple geometric shapes called finite elements.
2) The key steps in finite element analysis include discretizing the structure into elements, selecting element types, defining displacement and strain/stress relationships within each element, deriving the element stiffness matrix, and assembling individual element equations into a system of equations for the overall structure.
3) Common approaches include the displacement method, which uses nodal displacements as unknowns, and the force method, which uses internal forces. The displacement method is typically more suitable for computational analysis.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of basic linear static finite element analysis (FEA). It defines key terms related to FEA and outlines important assumptions of linear static analysis. It also describes different types of linear static analysis (3D, planar, axisymmetric, etc.) and discusses modeling considerations such as applying boundary conditions and utilizing symmetry. The document is intended to help readers familiar with statics and mechanics of materials better understand how to apply FEA to engineering problems.
How Hot is My Coffee? Sensors, iOS and Core BluetoothEvan Stone
Fitbit, Withings, Nest. The Internet of Things (IoT) innovation tidal wave has just begun, and those are just three of the more well-known players in the IoT and connected gadget landscape. It’s critical that iOS developers know how to connect and interact with BLE prototyping devices using the Core Bluetooth Framework provided by the iOS SDK. In this session, you’ll get the jump-start you need to begin creating engaging apps that bring these devices to life.
Day 2 of filming went smoothly as the artist, Kayla'O, was more confident and comfortable performing for the camera after gaining experience on the first day. Filming started in the morning when the sun was bright, providing good lighting for the planned day and night scenes. Preparation is underway for Day 3's filming at a skate park, which will involve taking equipment home and checking batteries to ensure enough charge for filming.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create engaging slideshows.
Este documento contiene las instrucciones y un extracto de un relato de un naufrago de Gabriel García Márquez. El protagonista se encuentra a la deriva en el mar en una balsa después de sobrevivir 7 días sin comida. Experimenta desesperación e intenta comer partes de su ropa y zapatos. Más tarde se duerme profundamente a pesar de las olas, pero despierta asustado. Al ver gaviotas los primeros días siente alegría pero luego terror al pensar que indican que está más lejos de tierra.
This presentation was given at the North Bay App Developer Meetup on September 14, 2016 in Sebastopol, California. We discussed the new offerings that Apple has released for developers as of WWDC and the prior week's announcement of iPhone 7 and Apple WATCH Series 2.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design slideshows.
Este trabalho não foi objeto de qualquer correção!
Foi postado tal e qual como foi enviado por o(s) autor(es).
O mérito (se for caso disso) é exclusivo dele(s)!
(Trabalho do ano letivo de 2015/2016)
Elizabeth went on a holiday with friends and family to several towns along Colombia's Caribbean coast. They visited Monteria, Cereté, San pelayo, Lorica, San antero, Coveñas and Tolu, with Tolu being the largest town and Lorica being the smallest. While in Playa Blanca between Coveñas and Tolu, they went swimming until it began raining. They later went to Tolu where they saw many sea creatures and a beautiful sunset. Elizabeth had her best holiday in Coveñas, where despite the heat, the people were very friendly. Her best friend invited them to stay overnight at their big house.
Surajudeen Adeitan AbdulFatah is an IT professional with over a decade of experience in information technology. He has experience teaching CompTIA A+ and other certification courses. He has worked in various roles providing technical support, network administration, and web design. His experience includes working for companies in Nigeria and Benin providing IT support and network administration. He is looking for a new challenge in a fast-paced environment where he can continue learning and developing while benefiting his employer with his experience.
Este trabalho não foi objeto de qualquer correção!
Foi postado tal e qual como foi enviado por o(s) autor(es).
O mérito (se for caso disso) é exclusivo dele(s)!
(Trabalho do ano letivo de 2013/2014)
The document discusses trends in mobile learning around the world. While trends are similar globally, choices in technology and cultural significance vary across regions. Mobile networks now cover 90% of the world's population, but specific implementations differ - for example, some areas have expensive long contracts while others use micro-payments. Educators are struggling to understand how to best leverage mobile learning given rapid technology changes and varying access to devices and infrastructure in different locations. The key is designing content for mobile contexts and users' moments of need rather than formal classroom settings.
M-learning, or mobile learning, involves using mobile technologies like smartphones, tablets, and other portable devices to enhance the learning experience. Key aspects of m-learning include learning anywhere and anytime through portable devices, as well as interacting with educational content in context and on the go. Popular m-learning tools include apps and content designed for iPods, smartphones, and other mobile devices that allow learning both inside and outside the classroom. The future of m-learning may involve a shift to more hands-on, experiential, and lifelong learning through just-in-time access to educational resources on mobile devices.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The document discusses finite element methods and their applications in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). It covers the basic formulation of finite element methods, including discretization, selection of displacement functions, derivation of element stiffness matrices, and assembly of global equations. It also discusses specific applications of finite element analysis to problems in MEMS like heat transfer analysis, thermal stress analysis, and static/modal analysis. The finite element method is well-suited for complex geometries and materials and can model irregular shapes, general loads/boundary conditions, and nonlinear behavior.
1) Finite element analysis is a numerical method used to solve engineering problems by breaking structures down into small discrete elements. It involves modeling structures as assemblies of simple geometric shapes called finite elements.
2) The key steps in finite element analysis include discretizing the structure into elements, selecting element types, defining displacement and strain/stress relationships within each element, deriving the element stiffness matrix, and assembling individual element equations into a system of equations for the overall structure.
3) Common approaches include the displacement method, which uses nodal displacements as unknowns, and the force method, which uses internal forces. The displacement method is typically more suitable for computational analysis.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of basic linear static finite element analysis (FEA). It defines key terms related to FEA and outlines important assumptions of linear static analysis. It also describes different types of linear static analysis (3D, planar, axisymmetric, etc.) and discusses modeling considerations such as applying boundary conditions and utilizing symmetry. The document is intended to help readers familiar with statics and mechanics of materials better understand how to apply FEA to engineering problems.
Fea 1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Topics to be discussed-
Introduction
How Does FEM Works?
Types Of Engineering Analysis
Uses of FEM in different fields
How can the FEM Help the Design Engineer?
How can the FEM Help the Design Organization?
Basic Steps & Phases Involved In FEM
Advantages and disadvantages
The Future Scope
References.
This document provides an overview of the finite element method (FEM). It discusses where FEM fits within computational mechanics and engineering analysis. It describes what a finite element looks like through a simple example of approximating the circumference of a circle with inscribed polygons. Finally, it outlines the typical FEM analysis process, which involves both physical and mathematical modeling of the problem to arrive at a numerical solution.
This document describes an implementation of extended finite element method (X-FEM) in Abaqus for 3D fatigue crack growth and life prediction analysis. A level set representation is used to model evolving crack geometry without remeshing. Stress intensity factors are extracted on static and growing cracks to predict fatigue life using fracture mechanics criteria. Several examples are presented to validate the technique.
The document provides an introduction to the Finite Element Method (FEM). It discusses the history and development of FEM from the 1950s to the present. It outlines the basic concepts of FEM including discretization of the domain into finite elements connected at nodes, and the approximation of displacements within each element. The document also discusses minimum potential energy theory, which is the variational principle that FEM is based on. Example problems and a tutorial are mentioned. Advantages of FEM include its ability to model complex geometries and loading, while disadvantages include increased computational time and memory requirements compared to other methods.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was developed in the 1960s to solve aerospace structural problems. It has since been introduced to orthodontics and other dental fields. FEA involves dividing a complex problem into smaller, simpler elements and using shape functions to interpolate variables. Each element is assigned material properties. The computer program then calculates element stiffness, solves matrix equations, and outputs displacement, stress, and other results. FEA allows modeling of complex biological structures like teeth and bone. It has provided insights into stress distributions and tooth movement from various orthodontic appliances and mechanics.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of elements on linear elastic stress analysiseSAT Journals
Abstract The question of “what type of elements should be used?” never fails to pop up in the minds of analysts when carrying out finite element analysis (FEA). Indeed, the selection of elements from a variety of different types of elements is part and partial of FEA. Initially, only one-dimensional (1D) elements were developed. The introduction of two-dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) elements, which came later, greatly increase the capability of finite element (FE) programs to model and solve complex engineering problems. Not only do these elements provide improvement in accuracy of the results but also brought about new challenges which include evaluation of numerical errors, validity of results, setup and execution time as well as large computer memory capacity. The outcome of the analysis is very much dependent of the type of element chosen. The aim of this paper is to investigate the factors influencing the selection of elements in FEA by considering the effects of different types of elements on the results of FEA. A simple case study of an I-beam subjected to an asymmetric load is carried out by FEA. Three different models of the I-beam were prepared and analyzed separately using 1D elements, 2D elements, and 3D elements. The results of these models were compared with the mathematical model of the I-beam. The FEA results of these models showed good agreement with the theoretical calculation despite the small and negligible errors in the analysis. Since the aim of FEA is an effective and efficient solution to engineering problems, it becomes a necessity to consider factors such as structural shape, desired analysis results, and computer capability while choosing the right element for the analysis. Keywords: Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Modeling, Stress Analysis, and Linear Static Analysis.
This document presents a new methodology for optimal structural design that allows for changes in topology during the design process. The method formulates the problem as optimizing the distribution of material density in a reference domain, rather than varying boundaries. It uses a composite material with periodically distributed holes, and computes effective material properties using homogenization. This transforms the problem into a "sizing" optimization with density as the variable, avoiding remeshing issues of boundary variation methods while predicting optimal topology. Computational results demonstrate the method's ability to find designs with complex microstructures not achievable by boundary variation alone.
Vibration analysis of a cantilever beam with crack depth and crack location e...editorijrei
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the natural frequency of a cracked cantilever beam made of different metal alloys using finite element analysis. The researchers varied the crack depth and location in the beam and measured the resulting changes in natural frequency. They found that increasing crack depth or moving the crack location closer to the fixed end resulted in decreasing natural frequency. Aluminum alloy beams exhibited the highest natural frequencies while magnesium alloy beams had the lowest.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
System identification is an emerging area in engineering fields. To assess the present health of important structures is necessary to know the status of the health of structure and subsequently to improve the health of the structure. In this work, using the finite element software, a simple structural member like beam is modeled. A simply supported beam is taken and crack is initiated at the bottom of the beam along it’s width by reducing the cross section in different location. Free vibration analysis is performed using FEM software SAP2000. There is a difference between the frequencies of cracked and un-cracked beam. From this analysis it can be predicted that there is damage in the beam, but location of the damage cannot be detected. For this, mode shape to be found out. This concept can be used to know in the real life structure whether there is any damage or not using the non-destructive techniques.
Sdm presentation /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document summarizes a presentation on finite element analysis (FEA) and its applications in dentistry. It discusses how FEA can be used to model dental structures and analyze stresses and strains. Examples of FEA applications include modeling tooth movement in orthodontics, stress analysis of dental implants and prostheses, and modeling of temporomandibular joint function. The presentation also covers rapid prototyping techniques that can be used to generate physical models from digital scans for surgical planning and instrument design. In conclusion, the integration of dental and engineering fields through techniques like FEA and rapid prototyping offers new opportunities for research.
Role of Simulation in Deep Drawn Cylindrical PartIJSRD
Simulation is widely used in forming industry due to its speed and lower cost and it has been proven to be effective in prediction of formability and spring back behavior. The purpose of finite element simulation in the sheet metal forming process is to minimize the time and cost in the design phase by predicting key outcomes such as the final shape of the part, the possibility of various defects and the flow of material. Such simulation is most useful and efficient when it is performed in the early stage of design by designers, rather than by analysis specialists after the detailed design is complete. The accuracy of such simulation depends on knowledge of material properties, boundary conditions and processing parameters. In the industry today, numerical sheet metal forming simulation is very important tool for reducing load time and improving part quality. In this paper finite element model for the deep-drawing of cylindrical cups is constructed and the simulation results are obtained by using different simulation parameters, i.e. punch velocity, coefficient of friction and blank holder force of the FE mesh-elements and these results are compared with experimental work.
Similar to Role of fem in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy (20)
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Indian Dental Academy
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
This document discusses dental occlusion concepts and philosophies for complete dentures. It introduces key terms like physiologic occlusion and defines different occlusion schemes like balanced articulation and monoplane articulation. The document discusses advantages and disadvantages of using anatomic versus non-anatomic teeth for complete dentures. It also outlines requirements for maintaining denture stability, such as balanced occlusal contacts and control of horizontal forces. The goal of occlusion for complete dentures is to re-establish the homeostasis of the masticatory system disrupted by edentulism.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses dental casting investment materials. It describes the three main types of investments - gypsum bonded, phosphate bonded, and ethyl silicate bonded investments. For gypsum bonded investments specifically, it details their classification, composition including the roles of gypsum, silica, and modifiers, setting time, normal and hygroscopic setting expansion, and thermal expansion. It provides information on how the properties of gypsum bonded investments are affected by their composition. The document serves as a comprehensive overview of dental casting investment materials.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dental tissues and their replacements/ oral surgery courses
Role of fem in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
1. INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
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ROLE OF FEM IN ORTHODONTICS
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2. INTRODUCTION
In the last decade the application of a well proven
predictive technique the Finite Element Method,
originally used in structural analysis has
revolutionized dental biomedical research. Finite
Element analysis was introduced originally as a
method for solving structural mechanical
problems, which was later recognized as a general
procedure for numerical approximation to all
physical problems that can be modeled by a
differential equation description.
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3. Finite Element analysis has also been applied to
the description of physical form changes in
biologic structures particularly in the area of
growth and development and various branches of
dentistry. Finite element method which is an
engineering method of calculating stresses and
strains in all materials including living tissues has
made it possible to adequately model the tooth and
periodontal structure for scientific checking and
validating the clinical assumptions.
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5. Finite analysis solves a complex problem by
redefining it as the summation of the solution by a
series of interrelated simpler problems. The first
step is to subdivide (i.e. discretize) the complex
geometry into a suitable set of smaller "elements"
of "finite" dimensions when combined from the
"mesh" model of the investigated structures. Each
element can adapt a specific geometric shape (i.e.
triangle, square, tetrahedron etc) with a specific
internal strain function. Using these functions and
the actual geometry of the element, the
equilibrium equations between the external forces
acting on the element and the displacements
occurring on its nodes can be determined.
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6. Information required for the software used in the
computer is as follows.
1) Coordinates the nodal points.
2) Number of nodes for each element.
3) Young's modulus and Poissons ratio of the
material modeled by different elements.
4) The initial and boundary conditions.
5) External forces applied on the structure.
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7. The boundary condition of these models is defined
so that all the movements at the base of the model
are restrained. This manner of restraining prevents
the model from any rigid body motion while the
load is acting.
The two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element
modeling has been used in most of the previous
research. Although numerical results can be easily
obtained in two-dimensional modeling, it has
some significant shortcomings.
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8. The human is highly irregular in shape, such that
it cannot be represented in a two-dimensional
space and the actual loading cannot be simulated
without taking the third dimension into
consideration. The distribution of various
materials of the tooth structure does not show any
symmetry. Therefore a three dimensional
modeling with the actual dimension must be
preferred for a reliable analysis.
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10. One can take finite elements of any kind one at a
time.
Their local properties can be developed by
considering them in isolation, as individual
entities.
This is the key to the programming of element
libraries.
In the Direct Stiffness Method, elements are
isolated by disconnection and localization steps.
This procedure involves the separation of elements
from their neighbors by disconnecting the nodes,
followed by the referral of the element to a
convenient local coordinate system.
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11. Summary of the data associated with an
individual finite element.
This data is used in finite element programs
to carry out element level calculations.
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12. Dimensionality:
Elements can have one, two or three
space dimensions. (There are also special
elements with zero dimensionality)
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13. Nodal points:
Each element possesses a set of
distinguishing points called nodal points or nodes
for short. Nodes serve two purposes: definition of
element geometry, and home for degrees of
freedom. They are located at the corners or end
points of elements; in the so-called refined or
higher-order elements nodes are also placed on
sides or faces.
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14. Geometry:
The geometry of the element is defined by
the placement of the nodal points. Most elements
used in practice have fairly simple geometries. In
one-dimension, elements are usually straight lines
or curved segments. In two dimensions they are of
triangular or quadrilateral shape. In three
dimensions the three common shapes are
tetrahedral, pentahedral (also called wedges or
prisms), and hexahedra (also called cuboids or
“bricks”).
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15. Degrees of freedom:
The degrees of freedom (DOF) specify
the state of the element. They also function as
“handles” through which adjacent elements are
connected. DOFs are defined as the values (and
possibly derivatives) of a primary field variable at
nodal points. For mechanical elements, the
primary variable is the displacement field and the
DOF for many (but not all) elements are the
displacement components at the nodes.
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16. Nodal forces:
There is always a set of nodal
forces in a one-to-one correspondence with
degrees of freedom. In mechanical elements
the correspondence is established through
energy arguments.
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17. Constitutive properties:
For a mechanical element these is
the relation that specifies the material
properties. For example, in a linear elastic
bar element it is sufficient to specify the
elastic modulus E and the thermal
coefficient of expansion
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18. Fabrication properties:
For a mechanical element these are
fabrication properties which have been integrated
out from the element dimensionality. Examples
are cross sectional properties of elements such as
bars, beams and shafts, as well as the thickness of
a plate or shell element.
This data is used by the element
generation subroutines to compute element
stiffness relations in the local system.
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19. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
A key strength of the FEM is the
ease and elegance with which it handles
arbitrary boundary and interface conditions.
This power, however, has a down side. One
of the biggest hurdles a FEM newcomer
faces is the understanding and proper
handling of boundary conditions
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20. Essential and Natural B.C.
The important thing to remember is
that boundary conditions (BCs) come in
two basic flavors:
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21. Essential BCs are those that directly affect the
degrees of freedom
Natural BCs are those that do not directly
affect the degrees of freedom
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23. Linear/non-linear FE-modeling:
The stiffness matrix for a linear
problem remains constant .This means that
throughout the analysis the relation between force
and displacement is linear. If the relation between
force and displacement is not constant at the
different steps of the analysis, the problem to be
solved is called non-linear.
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25. •
Material non-linearity generated by nonlinear relations between stresses and
strains.
•
Geometric non-linearity generated by
non-linear behavior of the strain to
deformation and stress to force relations.
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26. Non-linear boundary conditions that are
generated when the boundary conditions are
changing during analysis. A typical case is
the contact problem where two separate
objects are getting in contact with each
other during the analysis.
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27. To solve problems with one or more of the
above types of non-linearity, the solution
has to be calculated in steps where the load
is gradually incremented. At every step the
equations of equilibrium should be fulfilled
within a prescribed error.
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28. Finite element models are created by breaking the
design in to numerous discrete parts or
elements.
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30. Finite element analysis has been applied to the
description of form changes in biological
structures (morphometrics), particularly in the area
of growth and development.
Finite element analysis as well as other related
morphometric techniques such as the macroelement and the boundary integral equation
method (BIE) is useful for the assessment of
complex shape changes.
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31. the knowledge of physiological values of alveolar
stresses is important for the understanding of
stress related bone remodeling and also provides a
guideline reference for the design of dental
implants.
Finite element method is also useful for structures
with inherent material Homogeneity and
potentially complicated shapes such as dental
implants.
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32. Analysis of stresses produced in the
periodontal ligament when subjected to
orthodontic forces.
To study stress distribution in tooth in
relation to different designs.
To optimize the design of dental
restorations To investigate stress
distribution in tooth with cavity preparation.
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33. The type of predictive computer model
described may be used to study the
biomechanics of tooth movement, whilst
accurately assessing the effect of new
appliance systems and materials without the
need to go to animal or other less
representative models.
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35. It does not require extensive
instrumentation
Any problems can be split into smaller
number of problems
It is an non-invasive technique
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36. 3-D model of the object can be easily
generated with FEM
The actual physical properties of the
materials involved can be simulated
Reproducibility does not affect the physical
properties involved
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37. The study can be repeated as many times as
the operator wants
There is close resemblance to natural
conditions
Static and dynamic analysis can be done
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39. The tooth is treated as pinned to the supporting
bone, which is considered to be rigid, and the
nodes connecting the tooth to the bone are
considered fixed. This assumption will introduce
some error however maximum stresses are
generally located in the cusp area of the tooth. The
progress in the finite element analysis will be
limited until better defined physical properties for
enamel, dentin and periodontal ligament and
cancellous and cortical bone are available.
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41. In the general field of medicine, FEM has
been applied mainly to orthopedic research
in which the mechanical responses of bony
structures relative to external forces were
studied. Furthermore, some research has
been carried out in order to investigate the
soft-tissue and skeletal responses to
mechanical forces.
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42. First FEM study in dentistry appeared in
1974,where j.w.farah and r.g.craig did finite
element stress analysis in a restored
axisymmetric first molar
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43. The applications of the FEM in dentistry
have been found in studies by Thresher and
Saito, Knoell, Tanne and Sakuda, Atmaram
and Mohammed, Cook, Weinstein, and
Klawitter, Tanne, Rubin and associates,
Moss and associates, and Miyasaka and
associates.
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44. The application of this theory is relatively
new in orthodontic research. It is the
development of powerful mainframe
computers with extensive memory and
number of improved soft wares that has
now placed finite element analysis in the
hands of orthodontic researchers
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45. It has been shown in previous studies that the
finite element method can be applicable to the
problem of the strain-stress levels induced in
internal structures. This method also has the
potential for equivalent mathematic modeling of a
real object of complicated shape and different
materials. Thus, FEM offers an ideal method for
accurate modeling of the tooth-periodontium
system with its complicated three-dimensional
geometry.
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46. Experimental techniques are limited in measuring
the internal stress levels of the PDL. Strain gauge
techniques may be useful in measuring tooth
displacement; however, they can not be directly
placed in the PDL without producing tissue
damage. The photo elastic techniques are also
limited in determining the internal stress levels
because of the crudeness of modeling and
interpretation.
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47. The force systems that are used on an
orthodontic patient can be complicated. The
FEM makes it possible to analytically apply
various force systems at any point and in
any direction. Experimental techniques on
patients or animals are usually limited in
applying known complex force systems.
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48. It is very important to keep in mind that the
FEM will give the results based upon the
nature of the modeling systems and, for that
reason, the procedure for modeling is most
important.
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50. FEM has already been broadly applied in
orthodontic research. Yettram et al. (1972) were
amongst the first to employ a two-dimensional
finite element model of a maxillary central incisor
to determine the instantaneous centre of rotation
of this tooth During translation. Halazonetis
(1996) used a similar two dimensional model to
determine periodontal ligament (PDL) stress
distribution following force application at varying
distances from the centre of resistance of a
maxillary incisor.
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51. Using more complex three dimensional
models Wilson et al. (1992, 1994), Tanne et
al. (1987, 1988) and McGuinness et al.
(1990, 1991) have studied moment to force
ratios and stress distributions during
orthodontic tooth movement. Cobo et al.
studied periodontal Stresses during tooth
movement
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52. In the field of dentofacial orthopedics,
Finite Element models have been employed
to evaluate the stress distribution induced
within the craniofacial complex during the
application of protraction headgear (Tanne
et aI., 1988, 1989; Miyasaka- Hiraga et al.,
1994), orthopedic chin cup forces (Tanne,
1993), and conventional headgear forces
(Tanne and Matsubara, 1996).
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54. Knowing the mechanical properties of bone is' of
the utmost importance when an FE-analysis of a
bony structure has to be performed. Bone is a
living tissue that models and remodels throughout
life, and thus continuously changing its
mechanical behavior .Moreover a clear
discrimination between cortical and trabecular
bone is not a straightforward procedure especially
in the transition areas.
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55. Having this in mind, it is anyway important to
have a mathematical description (i.e. Young's
moduli and Poisson's ratio) for both cortical and
trabecular bone properties. In cortical bone the
osteons are aligned to the bone's long axis or in
case of short bones along the direction of forces,
therefore cortical bone exhibits a higher Young's
modulus along the direction following the osteon
arrangement than in the other two transversal
directions.
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56. The differences in between the two
transversal directions are much smaller so
that cortical bone is often assumed to be
transversely isotropic in case of trabecular
bone a precise mechanical connotation is
more problematic as mechanical properties
are strongly dependent on the orientation of
the trabeculae.
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57. Cortical bone as well as trabecular bone has
viscoelastic properties. This means that it has
different values for ultimate strength and stiffness
depending on the strain rate during loading. In
addition to this the mechanical properties of the
bone are also depend on age and thus the level of
mineralization .These factors, together with the
uncertainty in the determination of the mechanical
properties, make it impossible to give an ultimate
value for both trabecular and cortical bone.
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58. Moss et al (1985 ajo)
Finite element methods are able to provide
absolute quantitative descriptions of cranial
skeletal shape and shape change with local growth
significance, independent of any external frame of
reference, and, by so doing, eliminate the principal
source of methodological error in customary
roentgenographic cephalometry.
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59. Finite element methods uniquely describe growth
locally. Given the coordinate information defining
the location of the nodes of a series of individual
finite elements at successive times, the FEM
provides an invariant (unique) description of the
time-related shape changes of each finite element
of a given structure independently of the
coordinate system used and referred to its own
initial boundaries. While it is possible to integrate
over the descriptions of all the individual finite
elements so as to provide a summary (global)
description of that same structure, as a whole, the
utility of the FEM increases when the structures
analyzed are subdivided into increasingly smaller
and more numerous constituent elements.
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60. Kazuo Tanne et al (angle 1991)
Investigated stress distributions in the craniofacial
complex by means of the finite element analysis. An
orthopedic 1.0 Kg force was applied on the first molars of
the model in the anterior direction parallel to the occlusal
plane The model was restrained at the region around the
foramen magnum where no linear and angular
displacements were allowed, The analysis was executed
using a computer program, FEM 3 (Fujitu Corp., Tokyo,
Japan). Three principal stresses were determined in the
craniofacial bones and around the sutures.
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61. Stress distributions produced only by an anteriorly
directed force applied to the maxillary first molars
were investigated. Large compressive stresses
were found in the bones around the maxillofacial
sutures in addition to tensile stresses in the
maxillary bone. These biomechanical changes in
the sutures were caused by counterclockwise
rotation and upward displacement of the complex.
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62. they concluded that orthopedic maxillary
protraction forces applied in more downward
directions and/or at more anteriorly located
teeth may eliminate concomitant rotation of the
skeleton and produce more efficient sutural
modifications for subsequent maxillary growth
and repositioning. These considerations will be
effective in terms of normal maxillary growth
direction
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63. G.D. Singh, J.A. McNamara. (Angle 1998)...
Traced cephalographs of 73 pre pubertal
children of European American descent
with untreated Class III malocclusions and
eight mandibular landmarks were digitized.
The resulting eight-noded geometries were
normalized, and the mean Class III
geometry was compared with the equivalent
Class I average. A color-coded finiteelement (FEM) analysis was used to
localize differences in morphology.
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64. they Compared Class III and normal mandibular
configuration for changes in size and FEM revealed
positive allometry of the mandibular corpus and around
supramentale (15% increase in size), with reductions
(30%) between the incisor alveolus and menton. For
changes in shape, mandibular configurations were
predominantly isotropic, with the exception of the
anisotropic anterior region in the Class III subjects.
Incremental growth differences are consistent and
concluded that the absence of physical restraint is
associated with mandibular prognathism.
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65. Iseri et al (1998ejo)
Evaluated the biomechanical effect of rapid
maxillary expansion (RME) on the craniofacial
complex by using a three-dimensional finite
element model (FEM) of the craniofacial skeleton.
The construction of the three-dimensional FEM
was based on computer tomography (CT) scans of
the skull of a 12-year-old male subject. The CT
pictures were digitized and converted to the finite
element model
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66. The final mesh consisted of 2270 thick shell elements with
2120 nodes. The mechanical response in terms of
displacement and stresses was determined by expanding
the maxilla up to 5 mm on both sides. Viewed occlusally,
the two halves of the maxilla were separated almost in a
parallel manner during 1-, 3- and 5-mm expansions. The
greatest widening was observed in the dento-alveolar
areas, and gradually decreased through the superior
structures. The width of the nasal cavity at the floor of the
nose increased markedly.
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67. However, the postero-superior part of the nasal cavity was
moved slightly medially. No displacement was observed in
the parietal, frontal and occipital bones. High stress levels
were observed in the canine and molar regions of the
maxilla, lateral wall of the inferior nasal cavity, zygomatic
and nasal bones, with the highest stress concentration at
the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone in the region
close to the cranial base
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68. Dermaut et al (ejo2001)
From 55 frontal tomograms (CT-scans) using the
'Patron' finite element processor, a three-dimensional finite
element model (FEM) of a dog skull was constructed. The
model was used to calculate bone displacements under
orthopedic loads. This required good representation of the
complex anatomy of the skull. Five different entities were
distinguished: cortical and cancellous bone, teeth, acrylic
and sutures. The first model consisted of 3007 elements
and 5323 nodes, including three sutures, and the second
model 3579 elements and 6859 nodes, including 18
sutures.
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69. Prior to construction of the FEM, an in vivo study was
undertaken using the same dog. The initial orthopedic
displacements of the maxilla were measured using laser
speckle interferometers. Under the same loading
conditions, using the second FEM, bone displacements of
the maxilla were calculated and the results were compared
with the in vivo measurements. Compared with the initial
displacement measured in vivo, the value of the
constructed FEM to simulate the orthopedic effect of
extra-oral force application was high for cervical traction
and acceptable for anterior traction.
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70. Jafari et al (angle 2005)
Analyzed the stress distribution patterns
within the craniofacial complex during rapid
maxillary expansion., a finite element model of a
young human skull was generated using data from
computerized tomographic scans of a dried skull.
The model was then strained to a state of
maxillary expansion simulating the clinical
situation. The three-dimensional pattern of
displacement and stress distribution was then
analyzed.
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71. Maximum lateral displacement was 5.313 mm at
the region of upper central incisors. The inferior
parts of the pterygoid plates were also markedly
displaced laterally. But there was minimum
displacement of the pterygoid plates
approximating the cranial base. Maximum forward
displacement was 1.077 mm and was seen at the
region of the anteroinferior border of the nasal
septum. In the vertical plane, the midline
structures experienced a downward displacement.
Even the ANS and point A moved downward.
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72. The findings of this study provide some additional
explanation of the concept of correlation between the areas
of increased cellular activity and the areas of dissipation of
heavy orthopedic forces. Therefore, the reason for the
occurrence of sensation of pressure at various craniofacial
regions, reported by the patients undergoing maxillary
expansion could be correlated to areas of high
concentration of stresses as seen in this study.
Additionally, the expansive forces are not restricted to the
intermaxillary suture alone but are also distributed to the
sphenoid and zygomatic bones and other associated
structures.
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74. More recent work has attempted to quantify
periodontal proper1ies during instantaneous
tooth movement (Tanne, 1995; Volp et al.,
1996). These studies have allowed the
development of more clinically valid threedimensional finite models of the tooth
(Middleton et al.,, 1997; Jones e t al ,
1998).
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75. Bobak et al (1997ajo)
The finite element method of analysis (FEM) was
used to analyze theoretically the effects of a transpalatal
arch (TPA) on periodontal stresses of molars that were
subjected to typical retraction forces. The purposes of this
investigation were (1) to construct an appropriate finite
element model, (2) to subject the model to orthodontic
forces and determine resultant stress patterns and
displacements with and without the presence of a TPA,
and (3) to note any differences in stress patterns and
displacements between models with and without a TPA.
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76. A finite element model, consisting of two
maxillary first molars, their associated periodontal
ligaments and alveolar bone segments, and a TPA,
was constructed. The model was subjected to
simulated orthodontic forces (2 N per molar) with
and without the presence of the TPA. Resultant
stress patterns at the root surface, periodontal
ligament, and alveolar bone, as well as
displacements with and without a TPA, were
calculated.
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77. Analysis of the results revealed minute differences of less
than 1% of the stress range in stress values with respect to
the presence of a TPA. Modification of bone properties to
allow for increased displacement levels confirmed the
ability of the TPA to control molar rotations; however, no
effect on tipping was noted. Results suggested that the
presence of a TPA has no effect on molar tipping,
decreases molar rotations, and affects periodontal stress
magnitudes by less than 1%. The final results suggest an
inability of the TPA to modify orthodontic anchorage
through modification of periodontal stresses.
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78. Tanne et al (1998bjo)
This study was designed to quantify the magnitude
of tooth mobility in adolescents and adults, and to
investigate the differences in the biomechanical response
of tooth and periodontium to orthodontic forces. The initial
displacement of the maxillary central incisor was measured
in 50 adolescent and fifty adult patients and the
biomechanical properties of the periodontium were
examined using the finite element method (FEM) and
supporting experimental data. The magnitude of tooth
mobility was significantly greater in the adolescent group
than in the adult group.
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79. By integrating the differences in tooth mobility in
both subject groups with analytical tooth
displacements, the Young's modulus of the
periodontal ligament (PDL) was demonstrated to
be greater in the adults than in the adolescent
subjects. The differing biomechanical properties
of the PDL in adults were demonstrated to result
in almost equivalent or somewhat increased stress
levels in the PDL in adult subjects.
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80. It is suggested that this might produce a
reduction in the biological response of the
PDL and thus lead to a delay in tooth
movement in adults.
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81. Provatidis et al (2000)
reports on studies upon five different
hypothetical mechanical representations of the
periodontal ligament (PDL) which plays the most
significant role in tooth mobility. The first model
considers the PDL as an isotropic and linearelastic continuum without fibers; it also discusses
some preliminary visco-elastic aspects.
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82. The next three models assume a nonlinear and
anisotropic material composed of fibres only that
are arranged in three different orientations, two
hypothetical that have appeared previously in the
literature and one more consistent with actual
morphological data. The fifth model considers the
PDL as an orthotropic material consisting of both
a continuum and of fibres. Results were obtained
by applying the Finite Element Method (FEM) on
a maxillary central incisor
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83. It was found that the isotropic linear-elastic
PDL leads to occlusal positions of both
centres in comparison with those obtained
through the well-known Burrstone’s
theoretical formula, while histological
anisotropic fibres locate them apically and
eccentrically.
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84. Jones et al (jo2001)
In this study they developed a 3 D
computer model of the movement of the maxillary
incisor tooth when subjected to orthodontic load
.this was to be used to validate the finite element
based computer model.
The design took the form of a prospective
experiment at a laboratory at the University of
Wales
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85. A laser apparatus, was used to sample tooth movement
every. 0.01 seconds .over a one minute cycle for ten
healthy volunteers when a constant load of 0.39N load was
applied "This process was repeated on eight occasions and
five consistent readings were made this data was used to
calculate the physical properties of the PDL. This was
formed by 15000 four noded tetra hedral elements. Tooth
displacements ranged from 0.012 to 0.133 mm the
maximum strain located at the alveolar bone was thirty
five times less than that of the PDL
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86. Computer-generated 3-dimensional finite element ‘‘meshwork’’ of a
maxillary central incisor, periodontal ligament, and alveolar
bone.
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87. Geramy et al (ejo2002)
Investigated the stress components that appear
in the periodontal membrane (PDM), when
subjected to transverse and vertical loads equal to
1 N. Six three-dimensional (3D) finite element
models (FEM) of a human maxillary central
incisor were designed. The models were of the
same configuration except for the alveolar bone
height. Special attention was paid to changes of
the stress components produced at the cervical,
apical, and sub-apical levels
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88. results showed that alveolar bone loss caused
increased stress production under the same load
compared with healthy bone support (without
alveolar bone resorption). Tipping movements
resulted in an increased level of stress at the
cervical margin of the PDM in all sampling points
and at all stages of alveolar bone loss. These
increased stress components were found to be at
the sub-apical and apical levels for intrusive
movement.
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90. The finite element method has only recently been applied
to the evaluation of orthodontic attachment. Ghosh et
al(1995) have used three-dimensional FEM models of
ceramic orthodontic bracket designs to determine the stress
distribution and likely mode of cohesive failure within the
bracket when a full dimension stainless steel arch wire is
engaged within the bracket slot. Katona. (1994, 1997), and
Katona and Moore (1994) have used a two dimensional
finite element model of the bracket tooth interface to
assess the stress distribution in the system when bracket
removing forces are applied.
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91. Similarly, Rossouw and Tereblanche (1995) have used a
simplified three dimensional finite element model to
evaluate the stress distribution around orthodontic
attachments during debonding. Katona (1997b) compared
different methods of bracket removal and suggested that
different loading methods resulted in significantly different
stress patterns.
In addition, peak stress concentrations were suggested to
be responsible for attachment failure indicating that mean
stress values were of little value in quantifying the quality
of attachment.
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92. Ghosh and nanda (1995ajo)
This investigation was designed to generate finite
element models for selected ceramic brackets and
graphically display the stress distribution in the brackets
when subjected to arch wire torsion and tipping forces. Six
commercially available ceramic brackets, one
monocrystalline and five polycrystalline alumina, of twin
bracket design for the permanent maxillary left central
incisor were studied. Three-dimensional computer models
of the brackets were constructed and loading forces,
similar to those applied by a full-size (0.0215 ´ 0.028 inch)
stainless steel arch wire in torsion and tipping necessary to
fracture ceramic brackets, were applied to the models.
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93. Stress levels were recorded at relevant points
common among the various brackets. High stress
levels were observed at areas of abrupt change in
geometry and shape.
The Starfire bracket ("A" Company, San Diego,
Calif.) showed high stresses and irregular stress
distribution, because it had sharp angles, no
rounded corners, and no isthmus.
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94. The finite element method proved to be a
useful tool in the stress analysis of ceramic
orthodontic brackets subjected to various
forces.
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97. katona et al (1994ajo)
A finite element model (FEM) of an
orthodontic bracket bonded to enamel with
glass ionomer cement was developed. The
loading on the model simulated tensile
loading conditions associated with the
testing of bonding system strength.
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98. The results indicate that peak stress values
increase as the load deflection angulation
increases. If the tensile load is inadvertently
applied entirely on one wing of the bracket,
the stress components nearly double in
magnitude.
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99. Conclusion:
In future with this proviso, computer models of
various types can be used increasingly for
fundamental biomechanics research in dentistry.
They also provide an ideal "test-bed“ for research
and development of new materials for use in
mouth.
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100. Thank you
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