Role of analgesic in headache
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PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS) UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
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This document discusses various drugs used in the nervous system. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including analgesics, anesthetics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, antidepressants, and CNS stimulants. It then provides details on analgesics like NSAIDs, opioids, and barbiturates. It explains their mechanisms of action, examples and dosages, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, drug interactions, and nursing responsibilities. Sedatives and hypnotics are also summarized, focusing on benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Overall, the document concisely reviews many commonly used drugs for the nervous system.
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This set of 17 slides introduces students to the some of the basic physiological processes that are the targets of many analgesic drug classes. It is suitable for beginner/intermediate level learners.
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Centrally acting muscle relaxants work by enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the central nervous system to reduce muscle tone and spasms. There are several types of centrally acting muscle relaxants that work through GABA receptors or calcium channels, including diazepam, tizanidine, baclofen, and dantrolene. These drugs can be used to treat various muscle spasms and spasticity conditions.
Parasympatholytic drugs
This document summarizes parasympatholytic drugs, also known as anticholinergic or antimuscarinic drugs. It discusses the pharmacological properties and uses of atropine and scopolamine, which are belladonna alkaloids that act as competitive inhibitors at muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic nervous system. It also describes newer anticholinergic drugs that have more selective actions, such as ipratropium bromide and tiotropium bromide for bronchodilation in respiratory disorders, and oxybutynin for urinary incontinence.
Diazepam
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used to treat status epilepticus and convulsive disorders by increasing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. It is metabolized in the liver and has a high oral bioavailability. Common side effects include sedation, drowsiness, and respiratory depression. Diazepam levels can be affected by interactions with other CNS depressants, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and CYP3A4 inhibitors. Improving communication between healthcare professionals through team-based rounding and establishing treatment plans can help ensure patient safety.
Musclerelaxants
This document discusses various central and peripheral acting muscle relaxants. It provides details on baclofen, diazepam, methocarbamol, cyclobenzaprine, chlorzoxazone, carisoprodol, chlorphenesin carbamate, orphenadrine citrate, metaxalone, dantrolene sodium, and quinine sulfate. For each drug, it describes the mechanism of action, medical uses, and potential side effects. The document emphasizes that central acting drugs relieve muscle spasm by acting in the spinal cord or brain, while peripheral drugs like dantrolene and quinine act directly on skeletal muscles.
Centrally Acting Antispastic Drugs
Baclofen, diazepam, tizanidine, and other drugs are used to treat muscle spasms and spasticity by acting centrally in the nervous system. Baclofen works as a GABA agonist at spinal and brain GABAB receptors, while diazepam enhances GABA effects in the brain. Tizanidine reduces spasticity by suppressing spinal cord excitation as an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. These centrally-acting antispastic drugs are used to treat conditions involving upper motor neuron damage like stroke and multiple sclerosis.
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Drug used in nervous system final auto saved
This document discusses various drugs used in the nervous system. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including analgesics, anesthetics, cholinergics, anticholinergics, antidepressants, and CNS stimulants. It then provides details on analgesics like NSAIDs, opioids, and barbiturates. It explains their mechanisms of action, examples and dosages, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, drug interactions, and nursing responsibilities. Sedatives and hypnotics are also summarized, focusing on benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Overall, the document concisely reviews many commonly used drugs for the nervous system.
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Mechanism of toxicity,signs and symptoms,diagnostic tests,antidote and its mode of action.safety profile for the antidote
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Diazepam
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used to treat status epilepticus and convulsive disorders by increasing the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. It is metabolized in the liver and has a high oral bioavailability. Common side effects include sedation, drowsiness, and respiratory depression. Diazepam levels can be affected by interactions with other CNS depressants, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and CYP3A4 inhibitors. Improving communication between healthcare professionals through team-based rounding and establishing treatment plans can help ensure patient safety.
Musclerelaxants
This document discusses various central and peripheral acting muscle relaxants. It provides details on baclofen, diazepam, methocarbamol, cyclobenzaprine, chlorzoxazone, carisoprodol, chlorphenesin carbamate, orphenadrine citrate, metaxalone, dantrolene sodium, and quinine sulfate. For each drug, it describes the mechanism of action, medical uses, and potential side effects. The document emphasizes that central acting drugs relieve muscle spasm by acting in the spinal cord or brain, while peripheral drugs like dantrolene and quinine act directly on skeletal muscles.
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Baclofen, diazepam, tizanidine, and other drugs are used to treat muscle spasms and spasticity by acting centrally in the nervous system. Baclofen works as a GABA agonist at spinal and brain GABAB receptors, while diazepam enhances GABA effects in the brain. Tizanidine reduces spasticity by suppressing spinal cord excitation as an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist. These centrally-acting antispastic drugs are used to treat conditions involving upper motor neuron damage like stroke and multiple sclerosis.
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This document discusses skeletal muscle relaxants (SMRs), which are drugs that reduce muscle tone by acting at the neuromuscular junction or in the central nervous system. It classifies SMRs as peripherally or centrally acting. Peripherally acting SMRs include neuromuscular blockers like tubocurarine, which bind to nicotinic receptors and block the action of acetylcholine, causing paralysis. Succinylcholine is a depolarizing blocker that stimulates nicotinic receptors, causing depolarization and paralysis. Centrally acting SMRs like diazepam and baclofen decrease muscle tone by depressing polysynaptic reflexes in the spinal cord. SMR
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This document discusses the pharmacology of drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system. It covers cholinergic drugs like acetylcholine agonists and cholinesterase inhibitors which have muscarinic and nicotinic effects. It also discusses anticholinergic drugs that block muscarinic receptors. Additionally, it outlines adrenergic drugs including alpha and beta agonists and antagonists, and their mechanisms and therapeutic uses and side effects. The document provides a detailed overview of pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system.
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pharmacology of Narcotics Analgesics
Some narcotic analgesics combine an opioid with aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen. Examples include: Percodan (chemical name: oxycodone and aspirin), Percocet and Roxicet (chemical name: oxycodone and acetaminophen), Vicodin, Lorcet, and Lortab (chemical name: hydrocodone and acetaminophen).
Kumar cns
The document discusses drugs acting on the central nervous system (CNS). It classifies CNS diseases according to the WHO and describes various types of CNS drugs including anesthetic agents, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, antidepressants, analgesics, psychomotor stimulants, psychotomimetics, cognition enhancers, mood stabilizers, and drugs for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. It also discusses the mechanisms and classifications of antipsychotic drugs and provides examples of typical and atypical antipsychotics.
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Thalassemia
This document summarizes thalassemia, a hereditary blood disorder caused by reduced or absent production of hemoglobin A. It describes the main types (alpha and beta thalassemia), clinical features like anemia and jaundice, diagnostic testing, and management which includes lifelong blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy to prevent complications from iron overload. The most severe forms can be fatal without treatment while milder forms may cause few symptoms.
Soffacation (suicidal)
Suffocation is a general term used to indicate death due to lack of oxygen from either lack of oxygen in the breathable environment or obstruction of external air passages. Asphyxia is caused by lack of oxygen in respired air leading to hypoxaemia and hypercapnia. Smothering causes asphyxia through mechanical obstruction of the external airways (nose and mouth). Suicidal smothering often involves placing a plastic bag over the head in an attempt to cut off oxygen. Classic signs of asphyxia include petechial hemorrhages, cyanosis, congestion, and soft tissue swelling due to increased venous pressure and fluid leakage from blood vessels.
Road & railway injury (suicidal)
Road accidents typically cause gross musculoskeletal or organ damage, severe haemorrhaging, airway blockage from blood, or traumatic asphyxiation from chest crushing. Railway suicides often result in decapitation or extensive body disintegration from being struck by a fast-moving train. Toxicology screens should be performed to check for alcohol or drugs which may have contributed to suicidal behavior. Electrical injuries may also complicate cases where high-voltage train systems are involved.
Strangulation (Hanging)
Strangulation, hanging, suffocation, road/railway injuries, and electrocution are common methods of suicidal death. Strangulation causes asphyxia by compressing the neck and blocking blood flow and air passage to the brain. Hanging causes cerebral hypoxia by compressing the neck and jugular veins. Suffocation involves blocking external airways. Road/railway injuries typically cause severe trauma, hemorrhage or organ damage. Electrocution usually causes cardiac arrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation leading to cardiac arrest. Autopsies look for neck furrows, petechiae, internal injuries or electrical marks depending on the method.
Retinitis pigmentosa (opthalmology)
Retinitis pigmentosa is a slow degenerative, hereditary disease of the retina that involves the rods and cones. It typically appears as a recessive trait due to consanguinity of the parents. Patients experience night blindness in childhood, tunnel vision or central visual loss in middle age, and complete blindness in advanced age. Physical examination shows black spots resembling bone corpuscles across the retina, extremely attenuated retinal blood vessels, and pale optic discs, indicating optic nerve atrophy. There is no specific treatment currently available, but cataract surgery and rehabilitation services can help manage complications.
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This document discusses refractive errors of the eye, including emmetropia, myopia, and hypermetropia. Emmetropia is the normal optical condition where light focuses on the retina. Myopia, or near-sightedness, occurs when light focuses in front of the retina. Symptoms include indistinct distant vision. Hypermetropia, or far-sightedness, is when light focuses behind the retina, causing blurred near vision and eye strain. Both conditions are typically corrected with spectacles, while myopia can also be treated through surgical procedures like LASIK in some cases.
Gradual loss of vision (opthalmology)
This document provides guidance on evaluating patients presenting with gradual loss of vision. It outlines taking a history to determine factors like onset, progression, associated symptoms and medical history. The physical exam involves assessing visual acuity, the red reflex, visual fields and optic nerve/macula. Common causes of gradual vision loss include glaucoma, refractive error, cataract, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve prescription lenses, medical management or referral for further evaluation.
Glaucoma (opthalmology)
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by an increase in intraocular pressure. The aqueous humour maintains pressure in the eye and normally flows through the anterior chamber, draining out of the eye. In glaucoma, the drainage pathways become blocked, increasing pressure and damaging the optic nerve. There are several types of glaucoma including open-angle glaucoma, the most common type caused by slow drainage blockage, and closed-angle glaucoma caused by physical blockage of drainage canals. Treatment aims to lower pressure through eye drops or surgery and slow progression of vision loss.
Electrocution (suicidal)
ELECTROCUTION (suicidal)
- The most common cause of death from electrocution is cardiac arrhythmias leading to ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest. Less commonly, respiratory arrest can occur if the current passes through the thorax, causing spasms or paralysis of intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.
- External signs include an areola of blanched skin at the contact points and possible "crocodile skin" lesions from sparking over several centimeters if voltages were in the kilovolt range. Internal autopsy findings are often absent or non-specific since the most common mode of death is cardiac arrhythmia.
Diabetic retinopathy (opthalmology)
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus where changes occur in the retina. It is a leading cause of vision loss among working age adults in Malaysia. The risk of retinopathy rises with longer duration of diabetes and poor blood glucose control. Annual eye screening is recommended to detect early signs and plan treatment. Laser photocoagulation is commonly used to treat early stages while vitrectomy may be used for advanced proliferative cases with vitreous hemorrhage. Anti-VEGF drugs combined with laser can also treat diabetic macular edema.
Cataract (opthalmology)
Cataracts are a clouding of the lens of the eye that can cause gradual vision loss. They are usually caused by aging but can be caused by other factors like diabetes, smoking, or UV exposure. Cataracts are diagnosed based on a decrease in the red reflex seen during eye exams. They can be treated surgically through phacoemulsification to remove the clouded lens and replace it with an intraocular lens, improving vision. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease of the macula that causes central vision loss. Dry AMD involves drusen buildup while wet AMD has abnormal blood vessel growth. Treatments include vitamins for dry AMD and anti-VEGF injections or photod
Mechanism of swallowing
The document summarizes the three stages of swallowing (deglutition):
1) Buccal stage where the tongue retracts forcing the bolus into the oropharynx.
2) Pharyngeal stage is involuntary where the soft palate and larynx elevate to prevent food entering the nasal cavity and lungs. The bolus moves into the upper esophagus.
3) Esophageal stage where peristalsis propels the bolus through the esophagus and into the stomach over 8-20 seconds while the lower esophageal and stomach sphincters relax.
Lung cancer
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The document describes a case of a 26-year-old man presenting with facial swelling, lumps in his armpits, chest pain for 3 months, and weight loss over 6 months. Examination found nail clubbing and a chest X-ray showed abnormalities. Biopsy and scans confirmed stage IV lung cancer. Nail clubbing is associated with lung diseases and cancers and results from vascular changes and growth factors from the lungs. Different types of biopsies are used to diagnose cancers including needle, endoscopic, and surgical biopsies. The anatomy of the chest is also described including structures like the ribs, sternum, and thoracic skeleton that make up the rib cage.
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Mr. Lim, a 47-year-old man, presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea. Endoscopy revealed a duodenal ulcer and CT scan showed a 3cm pancreatic head mass suspected to be a gastrinoma. Laboratory tests found highly elevated gastrin and basal gastric acid levels consistent with Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Further tests demonstrated increased gastrin response to secretin stimulation, confirming a gastrin-secreting pancreatic tumor as the cause of his symptoms. Complications of ZES include peptic ulcers, diarrhea from excess acid inactivating pancreatic enzymes, and potential malignant spread of gastrinomas. Omeprazole was prescribed to reduce gastric acid levels and treat his
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Role of analgesic in headache
- 1. 1 Role of analgesic in headachePROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS) UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
- 3. Primary differences at a glance: •
- 4. NARCOTIC ANALGESICS (OPIOID ANALGESICS) • Opioid agonist /Partial agonist/antagonist • Common Mechanism of Action –Act on the opioid receptors –Act on opioid receptors inhibit the release of excitatory neurotransmitters decrease synaptic transmission. –Morphine and heroine
- 5. Mechanism of Narcotic Analgesics Opioid Attach to opioid receptor (brain, etc.) Block the substance P Reduce perception of pain
- 6. Classification of NSAID Para- aminophenol derivatives (paracetamol) Salicylic acid derivative (aspirin) Acetic acid derivatives (indomethacin) Fenamic acid derivatives (mefenamic acid) Propionic acid derivative (ibuprofen) Enolic acid derivatives (meloxicam) Non acidic drugs
- 7. Mechanism of non narcotic analgesic Arachidonic acid pathway Cyclooxygenase (COX) Prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxane Pain, fever, inflammation etc 5-lipoxygenase (LOX