Rizal life

1. 19TH
CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS
RIZAL'S CONTEXT
THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT

2. INTRODUCTION
• THE 19TH
CENTURY WAS A DYNAMIC AND CREATIVE AGE SPECIALLY IN THE EUROPE AND UNITED
STATES.
• DURING THIS PERIOD, SUCH CONCEPTS AS INDUSTRIALISM, DEMOCRACY AND NATIONALISM
TRIGGERED REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMICS, AND PHYSICS.
• ALTHOUGH 19TH
CENTURY PHILIPPINES WAS LARGELY MEDIEVAL, SIGNS OF PROGRESS OR
CHANGE WERE NOTED IN CERTAIN SECTORS. ITS SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE WAS BASED
ON THE OLD FEUDALISTIC PATTERNS OF ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION OF THE INDIOS, RACIAL,
DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES WERE OPPRESSIVE.

3. ECONOMIC CONTEXT
• THE COUNTY WAS OPENED TO FOREIGN TRADE AT THE END OF THE 18TH
CENTURY WHICH
RESULTED IN THE RAPID RISE OF FIRMS IN MANILA. THIS STIMULATED AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTION AND EXPORT OF SUGAR, RICE HEMP AND TOBACCO.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM:
OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINES TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS.
INFLUX OF EUROPEAN LIBERALISM.
OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL ON NOVEMBER 17, 1869.
-CONNECTS MEDITERRANEAN AND RED SEA; SHORTENED DISTANCE BETWEEN EUROPE AND
CHINA.

4.  SPANISH REVOLUTION OF 1868 AND THE LIBERAL REGIME OF CARLOS MARIA DELA TORRE
(1869-1871)
• RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO ( 1871-1873 ), THE CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872 AND THE EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA
( FEBRUARY 17, 1872 ).
• APRIL 4, 1871: ISQUIERDO BECAME THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL: “WITH CRUCIFIX IN ONE HAND AND A
SWORD IN THE OTHER” RESTORED PRESS CENSORSHIP (B) PROHIBITED ALL TALK ON POLITICAL MATTERS AND
SECULARIZATION OF THE PARISHES (C) DISAPPROVED THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ARTS AND TRADES IN MANILA
DISMISSED NATIVES AND MESTIZOS AND THE CIVIL AND MILITARY SERVICE.
CAVITE MUNITY (JANUARY 20, 1872)
ABOUT 200 FILIPINO SOLDIERS AND WORKERS IN FORT SAN FELIPE MUTINIED UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF SGT
LA MADRID.
GOMBURZA (FEBRUARY 17, 1982)
 FOUGHT FOR THE FILIPINIZATION OF PARISHES AND CHAMPIONS OF LIBERALISM AND HUMANITARIANISM.
 THEY WERE CHARGED OF SEDITION AND REBELLION DUE TO THE FALSE TESTIMONY OF FRANCISCO ZALDUA.

5. SOCIAL STRUCTURE
• PHILIPPINE SOCIETY WAS PREDOMINANTLY FEUDALISTIC.
• ELITE CLASS EXPLOITED THE MASSES, FOSTERED BY THE “MASTER-SLAVE” RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN SPANIARDS AND FILIPINOS.
THE PYRAMIDAL STRUCTURE OF THE 19TH
CENTURY PHILIPPINE SOCIETY FAVOURED THE
SPANIARDS.
ITS APEX WAS OCCUPIED BY THE SPANISH OFFICIALS, PENINSULARES AND THE FRIARS.

6. THE MIDDLE CLASS
• INSULARES- FULL BLOOD SPANIARDS BORN IN THE
PHILIPPINES.
• CREOLES- THEY ARE THE MIX BLOOD OR
COMBINATION OF SPANIARDS AND FILIPINO.
• MESTIZOS- THEY ARE MIXED INDIGENOUS FILIPINOS.
1. MESTIZO DE SANGLEY- PERSON OF MIXED
CHINESE AND FILIPINO ANCESTRY.
2. MESTIZO DE ESAPANYOL- PERSON WITH MIXED
SPANISH AND FILIPINO ANCESTRY.
3. TORNATRAS- PERSON OF MIXED SPANISH,
CHINESE, AND FILIPINO ANCESTRY.
4. ILLUSTRADOS- THEY WERE THE MIDDLE CLASS
WHO WERE EDUCATED IN SPANISH AND EXPOSED TO
SPANISH LIBERAL AND EUROPEAN NATIAONALISTS IDEAS.

7. THE BASE OF THE PYRAMID WAS OCCUPIED BY THE INDIOS DEFINED AS
THE NATIVE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN ALL THE SPANISH AMERICA AND
ASIA POSSESSIONS.

8. • SPAIN GOVERNED THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH THE MINISTRO DE ULTRAMAR (MINISTRY OF THE
COLONIES) ESTABLISHED IN MADRID IN 1863. THIS BODY HELPED THE SPANISH MONARCHS
MANAGE THE AFFAIRS OF THE COLONIES AND GOVERNED THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH A
CENTRALIZED MACHINERY, EXERCISING EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE, JUDICIAL, AND RELIGIOUS
POWER.
• THE GOVERNMENT WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO FIRST IS THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT IN WHICH
THE EXECUTIVE AND THE JUDICIAL BRANCH RESIDE AND THE SECOND IS ALSO DIVIDED INTO
THREE MINOR SECTOR NAMELY; THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT, CITY
GOVERNMENT.
POLITICAL LANDSCAPE

10. THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH
• GOVERNOR GENERAL- APPOINTED BY THE SPANISH MONARCH (KING SPANISH) TO HEAD THE
CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION IN MANILA, HE WAS HE KING’S REPRESENTATIVE IN ALL STATE AND
RELIGIOUS MATTERS.
• HE WAS THE COMMANDER- IN- CHIEF OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES. HE HAD
SUPREME AUTHORITY IN FINANCIAL MATTERS UNTIL 1784. HE WAS THEORETICALLY
RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL GOVERNMENT AND RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES DURING HIS TERM,
INCLUDING PETTY OFFICIAL NEGLIGENCE AND FAULTY ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.

11. THE JUDICIAL BRANCH
• ROYAL AUDENCIA- THE HIGHEST COURT IN THE LAND DURING THE SPANISH ERA. SERVED AS AN
ADVISORY BODY TO THE GOVERNOR- GENERAL. HAD THE POWER TO CHECK AND REPORT THE
ABUSES OF GOVERNOR GENERAL.
• RESIDENCIA- A SPECIAL JUDICIAL COURT THAT INVESTIGATES THE PERFORMANCE OF A GOVERNOR-
GENERAL WHO WAS ABOUT TO BE REPLACED. THE RESIDENCIA, OF WHICH THE INCOMING
GOVERNOR WAS USUALLY A MEMBER, SUBMITTED A REPORT OF ITS FINDING TO THE KING.
• VISITA- THE COUNCIL OF THE INDIES IN SPAIN SENT A GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL CALLED THE
VISITADOR GENERAL TO OBSERVE CONDITIONS IN THE COLONY.

12. THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
• ALCALDIAS (THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT), LED BY THE ALCALDE MAYOR (CIVIL GOVERNORS)
GOVERNED THE PROVINCES. THEY REPRESENT THE SPANISH KING AND THE GOVERNOR- GENERAL,
THEY MANAGE THE DAY-TO-DAY OPERATIONS OF THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT AND IMPLEMENT
LAWS AND SUPERVISED THE COLLECTIONS OF TAXES.
THE CITY GOVERNMENT
• THE LARGER TOWNS BECAME CITIES CALLED AYUNTAMIENTO. IT BECAME THE CENTER OF TRADE AND
INDUSTRY. IT HAS A CITY COUNCIL CALLED CABILDO LED BY TWO ALCALDES EN ORDINARIO (MAYOR
AND VICE MAYOR).
• CORREGIMIENTO, LED BY THE CORREGIDOR GOVERN THE LOCAL CITIES THAT WERE NOT YET ENTIRELY
UNDER SPANISH CONTROL.

13. THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
• EACH PROVINCE WAS DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL TOWNS OR PUEBIOS HEADED BY THE
GOBERNADORCILLOS (LITTLE GOVERNOR). IT WAS THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE AND CHIEF JUSTICE
OF THE TOWN. ITS MAIN ARE EFFICIENT GOVERNANCE AND TAX COLLECTION.
FOUR LIEUTENANTS AIDED THE GOBERNADORCILLOS:
 THE TENIENTE MAYOR ( CHIEF LIEUTENANT )
 THE TENIENTE DE POLICIA ( POLICE LIEUTENANT )
 THE TENIENTE DE SEMENTERAS ( LIEUTENANT OF THE FIELDS )
 THE TENIENTE DE GANADOS ( LIEUTENANT OF THE LIVESTOCK )

14. SEEING RIZAL'S LIFE ON HIS SOCIETY
 IN VARIOUS SOCIAL SCIENCES, IT IS A WIDELY ACCEPTED PRINCIPLE THAT WE SEE THE LIFE OF AN
INDIVIDUAL IN HIS/HER SOCIETY, AND SOCIETY IN THE LIFE OF AN INDIVIDUAL. THIS IS PRECISELY
THE REASON THAT 19TH
CENTURY PHILIPPINES, AS RIZAL'S SOCIETY, IS DISCUSSED HERE AS A
PRELIMINARY IN STUDYING THE HERO’S LIFE AND WORKS.
ONE UNIQUE FEATURE OF RIZAL, NONETHELESS IS THAT HE DID NOT ONLY KNOW THE VALUABLE
INFORMATION ABOUT HIS SOCIETY BUT ALSO HAD A QUALITY OF MIND THAT HELPED HIM USE
THE INFORMATION IN A WAY HE COULD THINK ABOUT WHAT WAS GOING ON IN THE WORLD
AND OF WHAT MIGHT BE HAPPENING WITHIN HIMSELF. SOCIOLOGIST ALL THIS QUALITY OF
MIND THE “SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION.

15. PRESENTED BY:
JESSIELY RIPO AND ANGELA BEREDO
II-BTLED