This chapter defines key concepts used in analyzing risks and interdependencies, including uncertainty, risk, reliability, vulnerability, resilience, and interdependency. It discusses how risks can be expressed as a set of triplets combining the probability and severity of potential events. Risk registers are introduced as a way to document risks using qualitative probability and consequence categories. The chapter also defines societal critical functions, infrastructure, and input factors that support basic needs in a society.
Decision making techniques ppt @ mba opreatiop mgmt Babasab Patil
This document discusses various decision making techniques including decision analysis, linear programming, and simulation. Decision analysis involves representing decision problems as decision trees and using expected monetary value to evaluate choices. Linear programming optimizes objectives subject to constraints. Simulation models systems to test decisions without real-world risks. These techniques help decision makers evaluate options systematically and optimize outcomes.
Why insure health care?
The answer to this question is fundamental to health care reform, insurance coverage, medical practice, and the cost of health care..
This document discusses the use of botanicals and herbal medicines in pediatric oncology. It begins by noting that cancer patients frequently use complementary and alternative medicines like botanicals to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. Several clinical trials are summarized that evaluate botanicals for chemotherapy side effects such as hepatotoxicity, mucositis, febrile neutropenia, nausea, vomiting, pain, fatigue, and insomnia. The document also discusses some botanicals like garlic, green tea, and turmeric that have been studied for potential anti-cancer properties. However, it notes that well-designed clinical trials are still needed to properly evaluate the use and safety of botanicals in pediatric cancer patients.
This document discusses isotope separation methods for nuclear fuel, focusing on uranium enrichment. It describes the principles of gaseous diffusion and gas centrifugation, the two main industrial processes currently used. Gaseous diffusion uses porous barriers to allow lighter isotopes to pass through more quickly, achieving a separation factor of 1.00429 for uranium. Gas centrifugation uses centrifugal forces created by high-speed rotation, achieving higher separation factors. Both processes require multiple stages known as cascades to concentrate the rarer isotope to the levels needed for nuclear fuel.
Algebraic geometry and commutative algebraSpringer
This document provides an overview of the theory of Noetherian rings. It begins by defining Noetherian rings as rings whose ideals satisfy the ascending chain condition. It then discusses examples of Noetherian and non-Noetherian rings. A key tool in studying the structure of ideals in Noetherian rings is primary decomposition. The document explores primary decomposition and its properties, including uniqueness of associated prime ideals. It introduces Krull dimension and discusses its applications, such as proving that the dimension of a Noetherian local ring is finite. The document concludes by discussing related concepts like systems of parameters and regular local rings.
This document provides an overview of global oil and natural gas resources. It discusses how estimates of remaining resources have increased over time due to advances in technology. Conventional oil and gas resources are those produced from discrete reservoirs using traditional drilling methods. While some predictions forecast peak oil production, actual production has continued to increase due in part to expanding unconventional production methods and ongoing improvements in extracting more oil from existing fields. The majority of future estimated reserves are expected to come from reserve growth within currently producing fields.
This paper explores Virgil's epic poem The Aeneid from a values-based leadership perspective. It analyzes themes of vision, culture, and values in the poem and how they relate to modern leadership concepts. For vision, the paper discusses how Virgil uses the theme of fatum to establish Aeneas' compelling vision of founding a new homeland for the Trojans in Rome despite obstacles. This vision provides direction and motivation, as effective visions do for organizations. The paper also analyzes themes of culture and values exemplified in the characters and how they resonate with modern concepts of leadership.
Regularity and complexity in dynamical systemsSpringer
This chapter discusses nonlinear discrete dynamical systems. It introduces key concepts such as fixed points and their stability. Fixed points are points where the system map returns the same value. The stability of fixed points is determined by analyzing the eigenvalues of the linearized system map at the fixed point. Stable fixed points have eigenvalues with magnitude less than 1, while unstable fixed points have eigenvalues with magnitude greater than 1. The chapter will cover local and global stability theory, bifurcations, routes to chaos, and other topics.
Decision making techniques ppt @ mba opreatiop mgmt Babasab Patil
This document discusses various decision making techniques including decision analysis, linear programming, and simulation. Decision analysis involves representing decision problems as decision trees and using expected monetary value to evaluate choices. Linear programming optimizes objectives subject to constraints. Simulation models systems to test decisions without real-world risks. These techniques help decision makers evaluate options systematically and optimize outcomes.
Why insure health care?
The answer to this question is fundamental to health care reform, insurance coverage, medical practice, and the cost of health care..
This document discusses the use of botanicals and herbal medicines in pediatric oncology. It begins by noting that cancer patients frequently use complementary and alternative medicines like botanicals to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life. Several clinical trials are summarized that evaluate botanicals for chemotherapy side effects such as hepatotoxicity, mucositis, febrile neutropenia, nausea, vomiting, pain, fatigue, and insomnia. The document also discusses some botanicals like garlic, green tea, and turmeric that have been studied for potential anti-cancer properties. However, it notes that well-designed clinical trials are still needed to properly evaluate the use and safety of botanicals in pediatric cancer patients.
This document discusses isotope separation methods for nuclear fuel, focusing on uranium enrichment. It describes the principles of gaseous diffusion and gas centrifugation, the two main industrial processes currently used. Gaseous diffusion uses porous barriers to allow lighter isotopes to pass through more quickly, achieving a separation factor of 1.00429 for uranium. Gas centrifugation uses centrifugal forces created by high-speed rotation, achieving higher separation factors. Both processes require multiple stages known as cascades to concentrate the rarer isotope to the levels needed for nuclear fuel.
Algebraic geometry and commutative algebraSpringer
This document provides an overview of the theory of Noetherian rings. It begins by defining Noetherian rings as rings whose ideals satisfy the ascending chain condition. It then discusses examples of Noetherian and non-Noetherian rings. A key tool in studying the structure of ideals in Noetherian rings is primary decomposition. The document explores primary decomposition and its properties, including uniqueness of associated prime ideals. It introduces Krull dimension and discusses its applications, such as proving that the dimension of a Noetherian local ring is finite. The document concludes by discussing related concepts like systems of parameters and regular local rings.
This document provides an overview of global oil and natural gas resources. It discusses how estimates of remaining resources have increased over time due to advances in technology. Conventional oil and gas resources are those produced from discrete reservoirs using traditional drilling methods. While some predictions forecast peak oil production, actual production has continued to increase due in part to expanding unconventional production methods and ongoing improvements in extracting more oil from existing fields. The majority of future estimated reserves are expected to come from reserve growth within currently producing fields.
This paper explores Virgil's epic poem The Aeneid from a values-based leadership perspective. It analyzes themes of vision, culture, and values in the poem and how they relate to modern leadership concepts. For vision, the paper discusses how Virgil uses the theme of fatum to establish Aeneas' compelling vision of founding a new homeland for the Trojans in Rome despite obstacles. This vision provides direction and motivation, as effective visions do for organizations. The paper also analyzes themes of culture and values exemplified in the characters and how they resonate with modern concepts of leadership.
Regularity and complexity in dynamical systemsSpringer
This chapter discusses nonlinear discrete dynamical systems. It introduces key concepts such as fixed points and their stability. Fixed points are points where the system map returns the same value. The stability of fixed points is determined by analyzing the eigenvalues of the linearized system map at the fixed point. Stable fixed points have eigenvalues with magnitude less than 1, while unstable fixed points have eigenvalues with magnitude greater than 1. The chapter will cover local and global stability theory, bifurcations, routes to chaos, and other topics.
BBA 4226, Risk Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Examine the elements of the risk management process.
1.1 Illustrate the use of the risk management process.
2. Analyze the parameters used to categorize risks.
2.1 Categorize risks based on specific parameters.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1 Unit II Scholarly Activity
2.1
Chapter 3 reading
Unit lesson
Unit II Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 3:
Risk
Unit Lesson
We live in interesting and uncertain times, and they are only going to become more complex and risky as the
future unfolds. Individuals and organizations must adapt to an increasingly uncertain environment in order to
identify, mitigate, and survive potential damaging risks. Often, when we think of corporate risks, we think of
natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes and tornados) or even man-made disasters (e.g., fires or attacks such as
the one on September 11, 2001, an oil spill such as the one caused by BP in the Gulf of Mexico, or
information technology (IT) security breaches). Yet, we tend to forget man-made disasters such as the
financial crisis of 2008, which is considered one of the worst global financial crises of all time because of its
ripple effect around the world. We also tend to overlook disruptions in the supply chain of corporations that
could be equally distressing to a company’s survival. Because of the interconnectedness of the world, an
interruption of supplies in one side of the world can have very disruptive and lasting negative effects in
another side.
In today’s economy, many risks have an effect around the world. Thus, it is critical that corporations and
governments implement risk management strategies. First, however, let’s start with defining what risks are all
about.
Risk
Risk is defined as the probability and consequence of not achieving a specific goal. As an example, can the
project be completed within budget? Risk is the probability of loss or the expectation of an unfavorable
outcome as a result of a particular action. Risk is really a measure of future uncertainties or the combination
of an event occurring and the consequences of that event. Newsome (2014) noted that there are different
standards of risk definitions but settled on risks as the “changes, effects, and consequences” of an event’s
potential returns (p. 25). Thus, risk is associated with all future adverse outcomes of an action.
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Risk
BBA 4226, Risk Management 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
A good description of risks facilitates the understanding, identification, and analysis of risks (Newsome, 2014).
A detailed risk definition and description is the first step to identifying risks. An example of a structured
standardized version of risk description is depicted in Table 3.2 on page 29 of your textbook.
Components of Risk
...
The document discusses findings from a study on whistleblower incentives and protection in finance departments. Three key themes emerged: 1) lack of ethical leadership discourages whistleblowing due to fear of retaliation, 2) mutual mistrust between leaders and staff prevents reporting of unethical behaviors, and 3) without whistleblower protections, corruption continues harming social welfare. The findings validate anticipated themes from literature and suggest finance departments should implement stronger incentives and protections to curb unethical practices through whistleblowing.
Session 04_Risk Assessment Program for YSP_Risk Analysis IMuizz Anibire
Program Objectives
In light of industrialization trends across the globe, new hazards are constantly introduced in many workplaces. This program aims to provide Young Safety Professionals (YSPs) from diverse backgrounds with the requisite skill to address the health and safety hazards in the modern workplace.
The document discusses risk assessment and management in port safety. It describes the three main activities: 1) assessing risk in terms of probability and consequences, 2) managing risk through options and tradeoffs, and 3) considering the impact of decisions on future risks. Several analytical tools are used for risk assessment, including fault tree analysis, event tree analysis, and failure modes and effects analysis. Safety indicators like accidents and precursors (near misses) are also discussed. The value of preventing human losses through willingness to pay approaches is covered. Accidents can have wider effects beyond direct costs through changes in public behavior or organizational decisions.
Utilitarianism and riskMorten Fibieger ByskovDepartmen.docxjolleybendicty
Utilitarianism and risk
Morten Fibieger Byskov
Department of Politics and International Studies, Northern University of Warwick, Coventry,
United Kingdom
ABSTRACT
In day-to-day life, we are continuously exposed to different kinds of risk.
Unfortunately, avoiding risk can often come at societal or individual
costs. Hence, an important task within risk management is deciding
how much it can be justified to expose members of society to risk x in
order to avoid societal and individual costs y – and vice versa. We can
refer to this as the task of setting an acceptable risk threshold. Judging
whether a risk threshold is justified requires normative reasoning about
what levels of risk exposure that are permissible. One such prominent
normative theory is utilitarianism. According to utilitarians, the preferred
risk threshold is the one that yields more utility for the most people
compared to alternative risk thresholds. In this paper, I investigate
whether and the extent to which utilitarian theory can be used to nor-
matively ground a particular risk threshold in this way. In particular, I
argue that there are (at least) seven different utilitarian approaches to
setting an acceptable risk threshold. I discuss each of these approaches
in turn and argue that neither can satisfactorily ground an acceptable
risk threshold.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 28 February 2018
Accepted 10 July 2018
KEYWORDS
Philosophy of risk; ethics;
utilitarianism; equality
In day-to-day life, we are continuously exposed to different kinds of risk. These risks may range
from the longer-term and potentially life threatening, such as climate change, to the mundane,
such as catching the flu or being involved in a car accident. Unfortunately, avoiding risk can
often come at societal or individual costs. We may, for example, restrict access to public areas
during a disease outbreak or impose mass surveillance measures to prevent terrorist attacks.
Hence, an important task within risk management is deciding how much it can be justified to
expose members of society to risk x in order to avoid societal and individual costs y – and vice
versa. We can refer to this as the task of setting an acceptable risk threshold. Judging whether a
risk threshold is justified requires normative reasoning about what levels of risk exposure that
are permissible. One such prominent normative theory is utilitarianism. Utilitarians hold that pref-
erable action in a certain situation is the one that maximizes the most utility for the most peo-
ple. Hence, according to utilitarians, the preferred risk threshold is the one that yields more
utility for the most people compared to alternative risk thresholds.
Although the cost-benefit calculus of utilitarianism has often been invoked within risk man-
agement and assessment (Guehlstorf 2012, 45–47), little philosophical literature has investigated
whether utilitarianism can be applied to the task of setting an acceptable risk threshold.
CONTACT Morten Fibi.
This document discusses environmental risk assessment (ERA). It defines ERA as a generic term for tools and techniques used to gather available information about environmental risks and make judgments about them. The document outlines key steps in ERA, including hazard identification, exposure assessment, and risk estimation. It also discusses challenges like uncertainty, different levels of ERA, and the importance of risk communication. Overall, the document provides an introduction and overview of ERA, its relationship to environmental impact assessment, and considerations for effectively implementing ERA.
This document discusses a model for risk analysis and mitigation that accounts for dependencies between risks. It introduces concepts like Risk Influence Factors, risk networks, and risk prioritization. The model involves discovering risks through a "what if, why" analysis. It then generates a risk network by analyzing how risks within and across categories influence each other. Risks in the network are prioritized based on their costs, benefits, and other factors. Dependencies between risks are also analyzed to inform mitigation efforts over time.
This document summarizes a book titled "Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: Towards Disaster Resilient Societies" edited by Jörn Birkmann. The summary discusses key themes of the book, which include the need to clearly define concepts like vulnerability and risk, the complexity of measuring vulnerability, and issues with indicator selection and data availability. Specifically, the book examines different approaches to measuring vulnerability at global, national and local levels. It also explores the use of indicators and models to assess vulnerability, finding that no single model exists due to varying definitions and the multifaceted nature of vulnerability itself.
Smart Cities- A systems perspective on security risk identification: Methodo...Smart Cities Project
This document provides a framework for identifying security risks from a systems perspective. It constructs a four quadrant model to analyze risks from both an objective and perceived perspective, as well as a technical and organizational view. Research applying this framework in 50 Flemish city councils found it useful for identifying a broader range of risks. The methodology combines systems thinking with constructivist triangulation to gain a holistic understanding of risks in their organizational context.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Adopting the Quadratic Mean Process to Quantify the Qualitative Risk AnalysisRicardo Viana Vargas
The objective of this paper is to propose a mathematical process to turn the results of a qualitative risk analysis into numeric indicators to support better decisions regarding risk response strategies.
Using a five-level scale for probability and a set of scales to measure different aspects of the impact and time horizon, a simple mathematical process is developed using the quadratic mean (also known as root mean square) to calculate the numerical exposition of the risk and consequently, the numerical exposition of the project risks.
This paper also supports the reduction of intuitive thinking when evaluating risks, often subject to illusions, which can cause perception errors. These predictable mental errors, such as overconfidence, confirmation traps, optimism bias, zero-risk bias, sunk-cost effect, and others often lead to the underestimation of costs and effort, poor resource planning, and other low-quality decisions (VIRINE, 2010).
This document discusses risk analysis and assessment for planned events and operations. It defines risks as potential negative actions that could occur and result in losses of life, injuries, equipment failures or failed missions. Both qualitative and quantitative risk analysis methods are described. Qualitative focuses on judgment while quantitative uses specific data. The document also discusses assessing risks at the asset and portfolio levels to identify vulnerabilities and reduce overall risk exposure. Sources include the Department of Homeland Security, Francisco, and Ayyub et al.
Risk analysis happens to be a fundamental part of risk management. It helps to determine the magnitude of risk a system
is faced with. This study applies Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) to
analyse the risk extent of an information security system. The weights obtained through AHP were used for both the
single-factor and multi-level analysis of the FCE. The rule of highest membership was used to arrive at the conclusion of
the evaluation. The maximum membership of the risk degree is 0.3254, which implies that the risk level for the system is
low. The results of risk assessment will help in recommending the necessary controls for the information security system.
Keywords
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE), Information Security, Risk Analysis
Disaster management involves decision-making, which is the major responsibility of disaster managers. Their decisions must compare alternatives and evaluate outcomes, as errors can compound over time. While some decisions strongly impact the organization, all decisions require evaluating probabilities when accurate information is unavailable. Disaster managers must prepare for risks and make plans that assign tasks and responsibilities before and during disasters. Effective disaster response minimizes harm through timely actions.
Running head RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN 1RISK MANAGE.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN 1
RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN 2
Risk Management Plan
Name
Institution
SCOPE
This risk management plan illustrates how risk management will be organized and carried out on the project to make sure risks are dealt with and controlled at acceptable levels. Risks in this project can be cannot be totally eradicated (Assessment, 2016).
Tasks
Costs ($)
Starting date
(2017)
End date
(2017)
Risk identification
10,000
August/ 1
August/31
Risk assessment
15000
September/1
September/30
Risk register
5000
October/1
October/ 30
Risk analysis
20000
November/1
November/14
Risk response planning
5000
November/15
November/30
Mitigation actions to consider
5000
December/ 1
December/14
Risk related to time, cost or scope
5000
December/ 15
December/ 31
Risk monitoring control
25000
January/1/018
January/14/ 018
Total
90000
January/ 15/018
January/31
Deliverables
· Risk Identification
· Analyzing the underlying causes of a risk
· Assign a probability of occurrence to every lowest level causes, and calculate the possibility of every next higher risk by continuing up the tree until the highest probability is calculated.
· Identify the possible loss
· Enter the Prob(UO) and Loss(UO) values on the Risk Log.
· Sort the spreadsheet by descending order of Risk Exposure.
Risk mitigation
OBJECTIVES
· To minimize the effect of unplanned incidents on the project by identifying as well as addressing possible risks before substantial negative results occur.
· The risk assessment is to become a subset of the Project Management Plan.
· To identify all activities based on the following five procedures to make sure they suit the functions in question
PROJECT SIZE
· Risk Reviews and Reporting
· Probability and Impacts of the Risk Management Plan
· The size of the project team 11 people
· The project will elapse after 6 months
· Variation in the timeframe to be tolerated-schedule is flexible
· Problem is easily understood and solution is readily attainable
· Total cost of the project less than $100,000
· Level of change to be implemented-impacts many business units
RISK TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
Qualitative Risk Analysis
After possible risks have been detected and developed, the next phase is to assess them. This can be quite challenging if there are many risks (Assessment, 2016). Hence the first step is to filter the risks in order to determine which are the potential risks and which are important.
Qualitative risk techniques include the following:
The green-light or red-light rating is a subjective evaluation of whether risk will have key impact on the project. The risks are then divided into 3 groups, one is “green”, one is “yellow’ and finally one is “red.” The threshold for these classes can be predicated on the possibility of occurrence, the quality of impact, the time impact, the cost impact or the mixture of these (Assessment, 2016). Usually, red risks are the ones that are likely to happen ...
This document summarizes competing risk analysis methods for estimating event probabilities in the presence of competing risks. It analyzes bone marrow transplant data with relapse and death as competing risks using Kaplan-Meier, cumulative incidence, and conditional probability estimates. The cumulative incidence curves estimated using Gray's method are more appropriate than Kaplan-Meier curves when competing risks are present. Gray's test is used to compare cumulative incidence curves between patient groups. Conditional probabilities give the probability of an event occurring before other events.
CLINICAL AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS TO IMPROVE DOD/VETERAN WELL BEING: THE SERVI...hiij
This paper introduces the Service member Veteran Risk Profile (SVRP), a mathematical process/solution to
quantitatively represent transitioning Service member (TSM) and/or Veteran quality of life risks by
integrating clinical and social determinant data into an individual risk profile. The SVRP creates, for the
first time, a mechanism for the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to
holistically represent the challenges of military members transitioning into civilian life that can lead to
negative outcomes and proactively identify transitioning Service members and Veterans at risk. More
importantly, the SVRP supports clinical and non-clinical modalities to reduce the negative impacts of
transition and beyond for TSM and Veterans. Lastly, the SVRP can be displayed through user-friendly
visualizations so DoD/VA policymakers and decision-makers can make more informed policy and resource
decisions to improve TSM/Veteran overall quality of life.
CLINICAL AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS TO IMPROVE DOD/VETERAN WELL BEING: THE SERVI...Richard Hartman, Ph.D.
This paper introduces the Service member Veteran Risk Profile (SVRP), a mathematical process/solution to quantitatively represent transitioning Service member (TSM) and/or Veteran quality of life risks by integrating clinical and social determinant data into an individual risk profile. The SVRP creates, for the first time, a mechanism for the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to holistically represent the challenges of military members transitioning into civilian life that can lead to negative outcomes and proactively identify transitioning Service members and Veterans at risk. More importantly, the SVRP supports clinical and non-clinical modalities to reduce the negative impacts of transition and beyond for TSM and Veterans. Lastly, the SVRP can be displayed through user-friendly visualizations so DoD/VA policymakers and decision-makers can make more informed policy and resource decisions to improve TSM/Veteran overall quality of life.
The document discusses key parameters for quantifying hazards, including magnitude, intensity, speed of onset, duration, and aerial extent. It describes quantitative approaches that use mathematical models and historical data, qualitative approaches using expert rankings, probabilistic approaches estimating likelihoods based on past records, and deterministic approaches selecting a past event of a given severity to assess consequences. Hazard assessment is defined as estimating the probabilities of potentially damaging phenomena within a time period for defined areas.
Existential Risk Prevention as Global PriorityKarlos Svoboda
This document discusses existential risk, which is defined as risks that could cause human extinction or permanently and drastically curtail the potential of humanity. The author makes the case that existential risk reduction should be a top global priority for the following reasons:
1) Even small reductions in existential risk have enormous expected value due to the astronomical potential for future human life and development.
2) The largest existential risks are anthropogenic and linked to potential future technologies like advanced biotech, nanotech, and AI.
3) A moral argument can be made that existential risk reduction is more important than any other global issue due to the infinite value of the future of humanity.
4) Efforts should
The chemistry of the actinide and transactinide elements (set vol.1 6)Springer
Actinium is the first member of the actinide series of elements according to its electronic configuration. Actinium closely resembles lanthanum chemically. The three most important isotopes of actinium are 227Ac, 228Ac, and 225Ac. 227Ac is a naturally occurring isotope in the uranium-actinium decay series with a half-life of 21.772 years. 228Ac is in the thorium decay series with a half-life of 6.15 hours. 225Ac is produced from 233U with applications in medicine.
Transition metal catalyzed enantioselective allylic substitution in organic s...Springer
This document provides an overview of computational studies of palladium-mediated allylic substitution reactions. It discusses the history and development of quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical methods used to study the structures and reactivity of allyl palladium complexes. In particular, density functional theory methods like B3LYP have been widely used to study reaction mechanisms and factors controlling selectivity. Continuum solvation models have also been important for properly accounting for reactions in solvent.
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BBA 4226, Risk Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Examine the elements of the risk management process.
1.1 Illustrate the use of the risk management process.
2. Analyze the parameters used to categorize risks.
2.1 Categorize risks based on specific parameters.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1 Unit II Scholarly Activity
2.1
Chapter 3 reading
Unit lesson
Unit II Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 3:
Risk
Unit Lesson
We live in interesting and uncertain times, and they are only going to become more complex and risky as the
future unfolds. Individuals and organizations must adapt to an increasingly uncertain environment in order to
identify, mitigate, and survive potential damaging risks. Often, when we think of corporate risks, we think of
natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes and tornados) or even man-made disasters (e.g., fires or attacks such as
the one on September 11, 2001, an oil spill such as the one caused by BP in the Gulf of Mexico, or
information technology (IT) security breaches). Yet, we tend to forget man-made disasters such as the
financial crisis of 2008, which is considered one of the worst global financial crises of all time because of its
ripple effect around the world. We also tend to overlook disruptions in the supply chain of corporations that
could be equally distressing to a company’s survival. Because of the interconnectedness of the world, an
interruption of supplies in one side of the world can have very disruptive and lasting negative effects in
another side.
In today’s economy, many risks have an effect around the world. Thus, it is critical that corporations and
governments implement risk management strategies. First, however, let’s start with defining what risks are all
about.
Risk
Risk is defined as the probability and consequence of not achieving a specific goal. As an example, can the
project be completed within budget? Risk is the probability of loss or the expectation of an unfavorable
outcome as a result of a particular action. Risk is really a measure of future uncertainties or the combination
of an event occurring and the consequences of that event. Newsome (2014) noted that there are different
standards of risk definitions but settled on risks as the “changes, effects, and consequences” of an event’s
potential returns (p. 25). Thus, risk is associated with all future adverse outcomes of an action.
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Risk
BBA 4226, Risk Management 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
A good description of risks facilitates the understanding, identification, and analysis of risks (Newsome, 2014).
A detailed risk definition and description is the first step to identifying risks. An example of a structured
standardized version of risk description is depicted in Table 3.2 on page 29 of your textbook.
Components of Risk
...
The document discusses findings from a study on whistleblower incentives and protection in finance departments. Three key themes emerged: 1) lack of ethical leadership discourages whistleblowing due to fear of retaliation, 2) mutual mistrust between leaders and staff prevents reporting of unethical behaviors, and 3) without whistleblower protections, corruption continues harming social welfare. The findings validate anticipated themes from literature and suggest finance departments should implement stronger incentives and protections to curb unethical practices through whistleblowing.
Session 04_Risk Assessment Program for YSP_Risk Analysis IMuizz Anibire
Program Objectives
In light of industrialization trends across the globe, new hazards are constantly introduced in many workplaces. This program aims to provide Young Safety Professionals (YSPs) from diverse backgrounds with the requisite skill to address the health and safety hazards in the modern workplace.
The document discusses risk assessment and management in port safety. It describes the three main activities: 1) assessing risk in terms of probability and consequences, 2) managing risk through options and tradeoffs, and 3) considering the impact of decisions on future risks. Several analytical tools are used for risk assessment, including fault tree analysis, event tree analysis, and failure modes and effects analysis. Safety indicators like accidents and precursors (near misses) are also discussed. The value of preventing human losses through willingness to pay approaches is covered. Accidents can have wider effects beyond direct costs through changes in public behavior or organizational decisions.
Utilitarianism and riskMorten Fibieger ByskovDepartmen.docxjolleybendicty
Utilitarianism and risk
Morten Fibieger Byskov
Department of Politics and International Studies, Northern University of Warwick, Coventry,
United Kingdom
ABSTRACT
In day-to-day life, we are continuously exposed to different kinds of risk.
Unfortunately, avoiding risk can often come at societal or individual
costs. Hence, an important task within risk management is deciding
how much it can be justified to expose members of society to risk x in
order to avoid societal and individual costs y – and vice versa. We can
refer to this as the task of setting an acceptable risk threshold. Judging
whether a risk threshold is justified requires normative reasoning about
what levels of risk exposure that are permissible. One such prominent
normative theory is utilitarianism. According to utilitarians, the preferred
risk threshold is the one that yields more utility for the most people
compared to alternative risk thresholds. In this paper, I investigate
whether and the extent to which utilitarian theory can be used to nor-
matively ground a particular risk threshold in this way. In particular, I
argue that there are (at least) seven different utilitarian approaches to
setting an acceptable risk threshold. I discuss each of these approaches
in turn and argue that neither can satisfactorily ground an acceptable
risk threshold.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 28 February 2018
Accepted 10 July 2018
KEYWORDS
Philosophy of risk; ethics;
utilitarianism; equality
In day-to-day life, we are continuously exposed to different kinds of risk. These risks may range
from the longer-term and potentially life threatening, such as climate change, to the mundane,
such as catching the flu or being involved in a car accident. Unfortunately, avoiding risk can
often come at societal or individual costs. We may, for example, restrict access to public areas
during a disease outbreak or impose mass surveillance measures to prevent terrorist attacks.
Hence, an important task within risk management is deciding how much it can be justified to
expose members of society to risk x in order to avoid societal and individual costs y – and vice
versa. We can refer to this as the task of setting an acceptable risk threshold. Judging whether a
risk threshold is justified requires normative reasoning about what levels of risk exposure that
are permissible. One such prominent normative theory is utilitarianism. Utilitarians hold that pref-
erable action in a certain situation is the one that maximizes the most utility for the most peo-
ple. Hence, according to utilitarians, the preferred risk threshold is the one that yields more
utility for the most people compared to alternative risk thresholds.
Although the cost-benefit calculus of utilitarianism has often been invoked within risk man-
agement and assessment (Guehlstorf 2012, 45–47), little philosophical literature has investigated
whether utilitarianism can be applied to the task of setting an acceptable risk threshold.
CONTACT Morten Fibi.
This document discusses environmental risk assessment (ERA). It defines ERA as a generic term for tools and techniques used to gather available information about environmental risks and make judgments about them. The document outlines key steps in ERA, including hazard identification, exposure assessment, and risk estimation. It also discusses challenges like uncertainty, different levels of ERA, and the importance of risk communication. Overall, the document provides an introduction and overview of ERA, its relationship to environmental impact assessment, and considerations for effectively implementing ERA.
This document discusses a model for risk analysis and mitigation that accounts for dependencies between risks. It introduces concepts like Risk Influence Factors, risk networks, and risk prioritization. The model involves discovering risks through a "what if, why" analysis. It then generates a risk network by analyzing how risks within and across categories influence each other. Risks in the network are prioritized based on their costs, benefits, and other factors. Dependencies between risks are also analyzed to inform mitigation efforts over time.
This document summarizes a book titled "Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: Towards Disaster Resilient Societies" edited by Jörn Birkmann. The summary discusses key themes of the book, which include the need to clearly define concepts like vulnerability and risk, the complexity of measuring vulnerability, and issues with indicator selection and data availability. Specifically, the book examines different approaches to measuring vulnerability at global, national and local levels. It also explores the use of indicators and models to assess vulnerability, finding that no single model exists due to varying definitions and the multifaceted nature of vulnerability itself.
Smart Cities- A systems perspective on security risk identification: Methodo...Smart Cities Project
This document provides a framework for identifying security risks from a systems perspective. It constructs a four quadrant model to analyze risks from both an objective and perceived perspective, as well as a technical and organizational view. Research applying this framework in 50 Flemish city councils found it useful for identifying a broader range of risks. The methodology combines systems thinking with constructivist triangulation to gain a holistic understanding of risks in their organizational context.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Adopting the Quadratic Mean Process to Quantify the Qualitative Risk AnalysisRicardo Viana Vargas
The objective of this paper is to propose a mathematical process to turn the results of a qualitative risk analysis into numeric indicators to support better decisions regarding risk response strategies.
Using a five-level scale for probability and a set of scales to measure different aspects of the impact and time horizon, a simple mathematical process is developed using the quadratic mean (also known as root mean square) to calculate the numerical exposition of the risk and consequently, the numerical exposition of the project risks.
This paper also supports the reduction of intuitive thinking when evaluating risks, often subject to illusions, which can cause perception errors. These predictable mental errors, such as overconfidence, confirmation traps, optimism bias, zero-risk bias, sunk-cost effect, and others often lead to the underestimation of costs and effort, poor resource planning, and other low-quality decisions (VIRINE, 2010).
This document discusses risk analysis and assessment for planned events and operations. It defines risks as potential negative actions that could occur and result in losses of life, injuries, equipment failures or failed missions. Both qualitative and quantitative risk analysis methods are described. Qualitative focuses on judgment while quantitative uses specific data. The document also discusses assessing risks at the asset and portfolio levels to identify vulnerabilities and reduce overall risk exposure. Sources include the Department of Homeland Security, Francisco, and Ayyub et al.
Risk analysis happens to be a fundamental part of risk management. It helps to determine the magnitude of risk a system
is faced with. This study applies Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) to
analyse the risk extent of an information security system. The weights obtained through AHP were used for both the
single-factor and multi-level analysis of the FCE. The rule of highest membership was used to arrive at the conclusion of
the evaluation. The maximum membership of the risk degree is 0.3254, which implies that the risk level for the system is
low. The results of risk assessment will help in recommending the necessary controls for the information security system.
Keywords
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE), Information Security, Risk Analysis
Disaster management involves decision-making, which is the major responsibility of disaster managers. Their decisions must compare alternatives and evaluate outcomes, as errors can compound over time. While some decisions strongly impact the organization, all decisions require evaluating probabilities when accurate information is unavailable. Disaster managers must prepare for risks and make plans that assign tasks and responsibilities before and during disasters. Effective disaster response minimizes harm through timely actions.
Running head RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN 1RISK MANAGE.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN 1
RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN 2
Risk Management Plan
Name
Institution
SCOPE
This risk management plan illustrates how risk management will be organized and carried out on the project to make sure risks are dealt with and controlled at acceptable levels. Risks in this project can be cannot be totally eradicated (Assessment, 2016).
Tasks
Costs ($)
Starting date
(2017)
End date
(2017)
Risk identification
10,000
August/ 1
August/31
Risk assessment
15000
September/1
September/30
Risk register
5000
October/1
October/ 30
Risk analysis
20000
November/1
November/14
Risk response planning
5000
November/15
November/30
Mitigation actions to consider
5000
December/ 1
December/14
Risk related to time, cost or scope
5000
December/ 15
December/ 31
Risk monitoring control
25000
January/1/018
January/14/ 018
Total
90000
January/ 15/018
January/31
Deliverables
· Risk Identification
· Analyzing the underlying causes of a risk
· Assign a probability of occurrence to every lowest level causes, and calculate the possibility of every next higher risk by continuing up the tree until the highest probability is calculated.
· Identify the possible loss
· Enter the Prob(UO) and Loss(UO) values on the Risk Log.
· Sort the spreadsheet by descending order of Risk Exposure.
Risk mitigation
OBJECTIVES
· To minimize the effect of unplanned incidents on the project by identifying as well as addressing possible risks before substantial negative results occur.
· The risk assessment is to become a subset of the Project Management Plan.
· To identify all activities based on the following five procedures to make sure they suit the functions in question
PROJECT SIZE
· Risk Reviews and Reporting
· Probability and Impacts of the Risk Management Plan
· The size of the project team 11 people
· The project will elapse after 6 months
· Variation in the timeframe to be tolerated-schedule is flexible
· Problem is easily understood and solution is readily attainable
· Total cost of the project less than $100,000
· Level of change to be implemented-impacts many business units
RISK TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
Qualitative Risk Analysis
After possible risks have been detected and developed, the next phase is to assess them. This can be quite challenging if there are many risks (Assessment, 2016). Hence the first step is to filter the risks in order to determine which are the potential risks and which are important.
Qualitative risk techniques include the following:
The green-light or red-light rating is a subjective evaluation of whether risk will have key impact on the project. The risks are then divided into 3 groups, one is “green”, one is “yellow’ and finally one is “red.” The threshold for these classes can be predicated on the possibility of occurrence, the quality of impact, the time impact, the cost impact or the mixture of these (Assessment, 2016). Usually, red risks are the ones that are likely to happen ...
This document summarizes competing risk analysis methods for estimating event probabilities in the presence of competing risks. It analyzes bone marrow transplant data with relapse and death as competing risks using Kaplan-Meier, cumulative incidence, and conditional probability estimates. The cumulative incidence curves estimated using Gray's method are more appropriate than Kaplan-Meier curves when competing risks are present. Gray's test is used to compare cumulative incidence curves between patient groups. Conditional probabilities give the probability of an event occurring before other events.
CLINICAL AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS TO IMPROVE DOD/VETERAN WELL BEING: THE SERVI...hiij
This paper introduces the Service member Veteran Risk Profile (SVRP), a mathematical process/solution to
quantitatively represent transitioning Service member (TSM) and/or Veteran quality of life risks by
integrating clinical and social determinant data into an individual risk profile. The SVRP creates, for the
first time, a mechanism for the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to
holistically represent the challenges of military members transitioning into civilian life that can lead to
negative outcomes and proactively identify transitioning Service members and Veterans at risk. More
importantly, the SVRP supports clinical and non-clinical modalities to reduce the negative impacts of
transition and beyond for TSM and Veterans. Lastly, the SVRP can be displayed through user-friendly
visualizations so DoD/VA policymakers and decision-makers can make more informed policy and resource
decisions to improve TSM/Veteran overall quality of life.
CLINICAL AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS TO IMPROVE DOD/VETERAN WELL BEING: THE SERVI...Richard Hartman, Ph.D.
This paper introduces the Service member Veteran Risk Profile (SVRP), a mathematical process/solution to quantitatively represent transitioning Service member (TSM) and/or Veteran quality of life risks by integrating clinical and social determinant data into an individual risk profile. The SVRP creates, for the first time, a mechanism for the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to holistically represent the challenges of military members transitioning into civilian life that can lead to negative outcomes and proactively identify transitioning Service members and Veterans at risk. More importantly, the SVRP supports clinical and non-clinical modalities to reduce the negative impacts of transition and beyond for TSM and Veterans. Lastly, the SVRP can be displayed through user-friendly visualizations so DoD/VA policymakers and decision-makers can make more informed policy and resource decisions to improve TSM/Veteran overall quality of life.
The document discusses key parameters for quantifying hazards, including magnitude, intensity, speed of onset, duration, and aerial extent. It describes quantitative approaches that use mathematical models and historical data, qualitative approaches using expert rankings, probabilistic approaches estimating likelihoods based on past records, and deterministic approaches selecting a past event of a given severity to assess consequences. Hazard assessment is defined as estimating the probabilities of potentially damaging phenomena within a time period for defined areas.
Existential Risk Prevention as Global PriorityKarlos Svoboda
This document discusses existential risk, which is defined as risks that could cause human extinction or permanently and drastically curtail the potential of humanity. The author makes the case that existential risk reduction should be a top global priority for the following reasons:
1) Even small reductions in existential risk have enormous expected value due to the astronomical potential for future human life and development.
2) The largest existential risks are anthropogenic and linked to potential future technologies like advanced biotech, nanotech, and AI.
3) A moral argument can be made that existential risk reduction is more important than any other global issue due to the infinite value of the future of humanity.
4) Efforts should
Similar to Risk and interdependencies in critical infrastructures (20)
The chemistry of the actinide and transactinide elements (set vol.1 6)Springer
Actinium is the first member of the actinide series of elements according to its electronic configuration. Actinium closely resembles lanthanum chemically. The three most important isotopes of actinium are 227Ac, 228Ac, and 225Ac. 227Ac is a naturally occurring isotope in the uranium-actinium decay series with a half-life of 21.772 years. 228Ac is in the thorium decay series with a half-life of 6.15 hours. 225Ac is produced from 233U with applications in medicine.
Transition metal catalyzed enantioselective allylic substitution in organic s...Springer
This document provides an overview of computational studies of palladium-mediated allylic substitution reactions. It discusses the history and development of quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical methods used to study the structures and reactivity of allyl palladium complexes. In particular, density functional theory methods like B3LYP have been widely used to study reaction mechanisms and factors controlling selectivity. Continuum solvation models have also been important for properly accounting for reactions in solvent.
1) Ranchers in Idaho observed lambs born with cyclopia (one eye) due to ewes grazing on corn lily plants. Cyclopamine was identified as the compound responsible and was later found to inhibit the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
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This document reviews solid-state NMR techniques that have been used to determine the molecular structures of amyloid fibrils. It discusses five categories of NMR techniques: 1) homonuclear dipolar recoupling and polarization transfer via J-coupling, 2) heteronuclear dipolar recoupling, 3) correlation spectroscopy, 4) recoupling of chemical shift anisotropy, and 5) tensor correlation methods. Specific techniques described include rotational resonance, dipolar dephasing, constant-time dipolar dephasing, REDOR, and fpRFDR-CT. These techniques have provided insights into the hydrogen-bond registry, spatial organization, and backbone torsion angles of amyloid fibrils.
This document discusses principles of ionization and ion dissociation in mass spectrometry. It covers topics like ionization energy, processes that occur during electron ionization like formation of molecular ions and fragment ions, and ionization by energetic electrons. It also discusses concepts like vertical transitions, where electronic transitions occur much faster than nuclear motions. The document provides background information on fundamental gas phase ion chemistry concepts in mass spectrometry.
Higher oxidation state organopalladium and platinumSpringer
This document discusses the role of higher oxidation state platinum species in platinum-mediated C-H bond activation and functionalization. It summarizes that the original Shilov system, which converts alkanes to alcohols and chloroalkanes under mild conditions, involves oxidation of an alkyl-platinum(II) intermediate to an alkyl-platinum(IV) species by platinum(IV). This "umpolung" of the C-Pt bond facilitates nucleophilic attack and product formation rather than simple protonolysis back to alkane. Subsequent work has validated this mechanism and also demonstrated that platinum(IV) can be replaced by other oxidants, as long as they rapidly oxidize the
Principles and applications of esr spectroscopySpringer
- Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is used to study paramagnetic substances, particularly transition metal complexes and free radicals, by applying a magnetic field and measuring absorption of microwave radiation.
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This document discusses crystal structures of inorganic oxoacid salts from the perspective of periodic graph theory and cation arrays. It analyzes 569 crystal structures of simple salts with the formulas My(LO3)z and My(XO4)z, where M are metal cations, L are nonmetal triangular anions, and X are nonmetal tetrahedral anions. The document finds that in about three-fourths of the structures, the cation arrays are topologically equivalent to binary compounds like NaCl, NiAs, and FeB. It proposes representing these oxoacid salts as a quasi-binary model My[L/X]z, where the cation arrays determine the crystal structure topology while the oxygens play a
Field flow fractionation in biopolymer analysisSpringer
This document summarizes a study that uses flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF) to measure initial protein fouling on ultrafiltration membranes. FlFFF is used to determine the amount of sample recovered from membranes and insights into how retention times relate to the distance of the sample layer from the membrane wall. It was observed that compositionally similar membranes from different companies exhibited different sample recoveries. Increasing amounts of bovine serum albumin were adsorbed when the average distance of the sample layer was less than 11 mm. This information can help establish guidelines for flow rates to minimize fouling during ultrafiltration processes.
1) The document discusses phonons, which are quantized lattice vibrations in crystals that carry thermal energy. It describes modeling crystal vibrations using a harmonic lattice approach.
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3) Phonons can be thought of as quasiparticles that carry momentum and energy in the crystal lattice. Their propagation is described using a phonon field approach rather than independent normal modes.
This chapter discusses 3D electroelastic problems and applied electroelastic problems. For 3D problems, it presents the potential function method for solving problems involving a penny-shaped crack and elliptic inclusions. It derives the governing equations and introduces potential functions to obtain the general static and dynamic solutions. For applied problems, it discusses simple electroelastic problems, laminated piezoelectric plates using classical and higher-order theories, and piezoelectric composite shells. It also presents a unified first-order approximate theory for electro-magneto-elastic thin plates.
Tensor algebra and tensor analysis for engineersSpringer
This document discusses vector and tensor analysis in Euclidean space. It defines vector- and tensor-valued functions and their derivatives. It also discusses coordinate systems, tangent vectors, and coordinate transformations. The key points are:
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2. Coordinate systems map vectors to real numbers and define tangent vectors along coordinate lines.
3. Under a change of coordinates, components of vectors and tensors transform according to the Jacobian of the coordinate transformation to maintain geometric meaning.
This document provides a summary of carbon nanofibers:
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3) Carbon nanofibers exhibit properties like high specific area, flexibility, and strength due to their nanoscale diameters, making them suitable for applications like energy storage electrodes, composite fillers, and bone scaffolds.
Shock wave compression of condensed matterSpringer
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Polarization bremsstrahlung on atoms, plasmas, nanostructures and solidsSpringer
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Nanostructured materials for magnetoelectronicsSpringer
This document discusses experimental approaches to studying magnetization and spin dynamics in magnetic systems with high spatial and temporal resolution.
It describes using time-resolved X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (TR-XPEEM) to image the temporal evolution of magnetization in magnetic thin films with picosecond time resolution. Results are presented showing the changing domain structure in a Permalloy thin film following excitation with a magnetic field pulse. Different rotation mechanisms are observed depending on the initial orientation of the magnetization with respect to the applied field.
A novel pump-probe magneto-optical Kerr effect technique using higher harmonic generation is also discussed for addressing spin dynamics in magnetic systems with femtosecond time resolution and element selectivity.
This document discusses nanomaterials for biosensors and implantable biodevices. It describes how nanostructured thin films have enabled the development of more sensitive electrochemical biosensors by improving the detection of specific molecules. Two common techniques for creating nanostructured thin films are described - Langmuir-Blodgett films and layer-by-layer films. These techniques allow for the precise control of film thickness at the nanoscale and have been used to immobilize biomolecules like enzymes to create biosensors. Recent research is also exploring how these nanostructured films and biomolecules can be used to create implantable biosensors for real-time monitoring inside the body.
Modern theory of magnetism in metals and alloysSpringer
This document provides an introduction to magnetism in solids. It discusses how magnetic moments originate from electron spin and orbital angular momentum at the atomic level. In solids, electron localization determines whether magnetic properties are described by localized atomic moments or collective behavior of delocalized electrons. The key concepts of metals and insulators are introduced. The document then presents the basic Hamiltonian used to describe magnetism in solids, including terms for kinetic energy, electron-electron interactions, spin-orbit coupling, and the Zeeman effect. It also discusses how atomic orbitals can be used as a basis set to represent the Hamiltonian and describes the symmetry properties of s, p, and d orbitals in cubic crystals.
This chapter introduces and classifies various types of damage that can occur in structures. Damage can be caused by forces, deformations, aggressive environments, or temperatures. It can occur suddenly or over time. The chapter discusses different damage mechanisms including corrosion, excessive deformation, plastic instability, wear, and fracture. It also introduces concepts that will be covered in more detail later such as damage mechanics, fracture mechanics, and the influence of microstructure on damage and fracture. The chapter aims to provide an overview of damage types before exploring specific mechanisms and analyses in later chapters.
This document summarizes research on identifying spin-wave eigen-modes in a circular spin-valve nano-pillar using Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy (MRFM). Key findings include:
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2) Micromagnetic simulations show the azimuthal index φ is the discriminating parameter, with only φ=0 modes excited by the uniform field and only φ=+1 modes excited by the orthogonal current-induced Oersted field.
3) Three indices are used to label resonance
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
Risk and interdependencies in critical infrastructures
1. Chapter 2
Defining Concepts and Categorizing
Interdependencies
Jørn Vatn, Per Hokstad and Ingrid Bouwer Utne
Abstract This chapter defines and discusses important concepts like risk, uncertainty,
vulnerability and interdependency. In the literature, these concepts are used in various
ways and there exists no common accepted terminology. Therefore, these terms are
defined to provide a basis for consistent use throughout this book.
2.1 Observables and Uncertainty
Uncertainty is the fundamental concept when defining risk. Uncertainty is here
used to describe the lack of certainty regarding events, conditions, magnitudes, etc.
Especially, we are uncertain regarding so-called observables. Observables are
quantities or events which in principle are observable at some point in time. At the
analysis point in time, the observables are not known, but they will become known
at a later stage; hence, they are treated as random quantities in the analysis. For
example, the number of electricity users affected by a major outage is uncertain at
the time of analysis, but will be known in principle after an outage has occurred. In
order to express uncertainty in quantitative terms, probability statements are used.
For observables directly related to the decision(s) to be made with support from the
J. Vatn (&)
Department of Production and Quality Engineering,
Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
e-mail: jorn.vatn@ntnu.no
P. Hokstad
SINTEF Safety Research, Trondheim, Norway
I. B. Utne
Department of Marine Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
P. Hokstad et al. (eds.), Risk and Interdependencies in Critical Infrastructures, 13
Springer Series in Reliability Engineering, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4661-2_2,
Ó Springer-Verlag London 2012
2. 14 J. Vatn et al.
risk analysis, a main objective is to quantify the uncertainty and presents the
corresponding risk picture.
2.2 Risk
A variety of definitions of risk exist in the literature ranging from ‘‘probability
times consequence’’ to ‘‘uncertainty related to issues valued by humans’’. When it
comes to expressing risk in a risk analysis, there are two important ways of
thoughts: The traditional interpretation is that risk is a property of the system being
analysed where risk comprises two dimensions; probability addressing whether
undesired events will occur or not, and the consequences indicating the severity of
the undesired events. A more recent interpretation (see e.g. [1]) takes uncertainty
as a basis when risk is to be defined. In this interpretation, there are no inherent
probabilities describing the system. The performance of the system in terms of
whether events occur or not, and their severity is uncertain. This uncertainty is
then expressed by probabilities reflecting the state of knowledge the risk analysis
group has regarding the system being analysed. This interpretation is therefore
often referred to as an epistemic risk definition and to quantify risk, three elements
are introduced: e, p, S[. p is used as a probability measure of the occurrence of
an event, say e. S represents the severity of the event. Note that S is a multidi-
mensional random quantity, covering several dimensions like personnel safety,
environmental impacts, material damages, loss of service, etc. Since there is more
than one event to treat, i is used as an index to run through all relevant events. An
operational definition of risk is now the set of all relevant triplets:
R ¼ fei ; pi ; Si [ g ð2:1Þ
In Eq. (2.1), pi is used to quantify uncertainty regarding the occurrence of an
event ei for a given time period. Rather than focusing on a given time period, it is
often more convenient to consider a time unit, and the probability term is then
replaced by a frequency. A frequency (fi) is then to be interpreted as the expected
number of occurrences per unit time.
When risk is expressed in terms of Eq. (2.1), this is always done conditionally
on a set of aspects which here is denoted as D, U and V. D represents the result of
dialogue processes and risk communication among stakeholders that elaborate on
the values and preferences domain, such as who are exposed to threats, and whose
needs in the society should be focused on. Further, U represents the relevant
information, the theories, the understanding and the assumptions which are the
basis for the risk assessor, and finally, V represents the result of any verification
processes, for example, third party verification. See [2] for further discussion of
this operationalization of the risk concept.
3. 2 Defining Concepts and Categorizing Interdependencies 15
In the traditional or classical definition of risk, the probabilities in Eq. (2.1) are
interpreted as true properties of the system being analysed. Since we have limited
data and information regarding the system, it is impossible to reveal the exact
values of these probabilities. It is then common to present uncertainty intervals for
the risk measure.
In the epistemic interpretation, it is the other way around. Then, the basis is that
there is uncertainty regarding whether the undesired events will occur, and the
corresponding severity. Probabilities are used to express this uncertainty, and there
is no additional uncertainty in the probability statements. However, as part of the
documentation of the risk analysis, uncertainty is qualitatively stated in terms of
discussion of assumptions and simplifications. In relation to Eq. (2.1), such
arguments are stated as part of U.
Methods and models used in risk analysis are often not affected by the inter-
pretation of risk in Eq. (2.1). However, the way uncertainty is interpreted and
presented will vary between the classical and the epistemic interpretations of risk.
2.3 Risk Register and Risk Matrices
A risk register is a formal document used to document the result of risk assessment
exercises. The risk register is a table where each undesired event is listed in a
separate row. The column headings may vary from analysis to analysis, but typical
headings are (1) hazard/threat, (2) possible corresponding event, (3) probability of
the event to occur and (4) consequence given that the event occurs. Since a risk
register also serves as a follow-up tool as part of the risk management process,
more headings are introduced that cover risk-reducing measures, responsibilities
and due dates. The use of risk matrices in risk management is outside the scope of
this book, but some challenges in documenting hazards and threats in a risk
register are discussed in the following.
When documenting events in a risk register, it is common to specify probability
and consequence in semi-quantitative terms, that is, by use of intervals. For
example, P1 is used to represent a probability less than one per 1000 years, P2 is
used to represent a probability between one per 100 years to one per 1000 years,
and so on. Similar categories are used for the consequence dimension.
Each event in the risk register may then be plotted in a risk matrix illustrated in
Fig. 2.1. The red-yellow-green colour regime indicates the magnitude of the risk
and is a result of a calibration process. Typically, the red area represents a situation
where we normally cannot proceed without implementing risk-reducing measures.
The yellow area represents a situation where risk-reducing measures should be
evaluated and implemented unless they are unreasonable costly or impractical.
This is often referred to as the ALARP principle (as low as reasonably
4. 16 J. Vatn et al.
Fig. 2.1 Example of risk matrix Green
Yellow
Red
practicable). In the green area, one usually proceeds without any risk-reducing
measures unless there are some obvious efficient measures available.
Regarding the severity of an undesired event, a challenge is encountered when
the probability distribution over S is to be mapped into one single consequence
number, since one often is dealing with several dimensions like safety, costs and
outage of service. One way of tackling this is to specify one consequence number
for each of these dimensions and then plot the events in separate risk matrices.
What becomes trickier then is to map the probability distribution over each con-
sequence dimension. If five consequence classes ranging from low to high were
used, one could present five symbols in the risk matrix for each event and for each
consequence dimension. The probability of each symbol is then found by multi-
plying the probability of the undesired event with the corresponding probability of
the consequence. A more simplified approach is to insert only one symbol for each
event using the worst-case consequence. A reasonable worst case means a situation
where the probability of the consequence class is in the order of 5–10 %. Note that
the probability statement must then also reflect the worst-case situation.
2.4 Reliability
Whereas risk is a term used to pinpoint what can go wrong the term reliability
points to a system or a components ability to perform the predefined required
functions. Reliability is measured in terms of the probability that a system or a
component is able to perform its required function at a given point of time, or over
a given period of time for a given set of conditions. For example, the reliability of
a backup generator is the probability that it will start upon a demand and that it
will function for eight hours.
5. 2 Defining Concepts and Categorizing Interdependencies 17
2.5 Vulnerability
While the term risk primarily is used to express uncertainty regarding adverse
events, the concept of vulnerability is more directly related to the characteristics of
a system. In daily speech, a child is vulnerable since its ability to resist threats and
dangers is low. Therefore, the focus in a vulnerability analysis moves away from
the possibility that adverse events occur, to system properties determining how
easy it is to eliminate major system functions. For example, a vulnerability
analysis of power supply intends to examine how the system is able to withstand
adverse events and threats, such as line breaks, sabotage and ageing. Often,
a vulnerability analysis extends the regular system limits, that is, it does not only
focus on the number of affected end users, but also the impacts, such as who is
affected (e.g. a hospital or a key company in the region), and measures imple-
mented to mitigate the consequences (e.g. mobile gasworks).
It is often valuable to use a checklist with vulnerability factors to assist the
consequence assessments when using a risk register. Examples of such factors are
as follows:
• Area
• Chain effects
• Culture
• Degree of coupling
• Dependency with other societal critical functions
• Duration
• Geographical scope
• Level of maintenance and renewal
• Mental preparedness
• Outdoor temperature
• Population density per 1 km2
• Quality of operational procedure and knowledge
• Substitution opportunities for infrastructure
• Time of day.
Scores may be defined reflecting a possible qualitative state of each factor. For
example, the vulnerability factor ‘‘time of day’’ may include the states Night,
Evening, Working hours, Early morning and Rush hours.
2.6 Resilience
In recent years, the term resilience has been introduced in relation to risk and
safety. In general, resilience is the ability of a system to react and recover from
unanticipated disturbances and events (see e.g. [3]) in contrast to reliability which
is the ability of a system to have an acceptable low failure probability with respect
6. 18 J. Vatn et al.
to a defined function and a given operational conditions [4]. Since reliability at
least implicitly restricts focus to a given set of stress, the term resilience is
therefore preferred in situations where any kind of stresses and disturbances are to
be considered. McDaniels et al. [5] point out two key properties of resilience,
namely robustness and rapidity. Robustness refers to a system’s ability to with-
stand a certain amount of stress with respect to the loss of function of the system,
or as Hansson and Helgesson [6] define it: ‘‘the tendency of a system to remain
unchanged, or nearly unchanged, when exposed to perturbations’’. Rapidity on the
other hand refers to a system’s ability to recover from an undesired event with
respect to the speed of recovery. Vulnerability as defined above may thus be seen
as the antonym to resilience, capturing both the robustness and the rapidity aspects
of a system.
2.7 Bow Tie Diagram
Figure 2.2 shows a so-called bow tie diagram often used as a conceptual model to
assist the risk modelling. The starting point for the analysis is the undesired event
shown in the middle of the diagram. To the left, possible causes behind the
undesired event are illustrated, and the consequences that might follow are
included to the right. Several barriers and safety functions are implemented to
prevent the undesired event from occurring and to mitigate the consequences given
that the event has occurred. Vulnerabilities are conditions related to the system
being analysed which may have a negative impact on either the possibility of the
undesired event to occur or consequences given that the event has occurred. For
example, given a bad state of the vulnerability factor maintenance and renewal, an
electrical grid is more prone to blackout events, that is, on the causal side. On the
other hand, a bad state of the vulnerability factor quality of operational procedure
Fig. 2.2 Bow tie diagram with related terms
7. 2 Defining Concepts and Categorizing Interdependencies 19
and knowledge will lead to longer restoration time, and hence, more severe
consequences.
Figure 2.2 also indicates that a traditional risk analysis starts early in the course
of events that may lead to the undesired event, and that typically stops at the
immediate consequence(s) of that event. The vulnerability analysis has less focus
on the causes behind disturbances in the system, but focuses more on the vul-
nerabilities that may cause such disturbances to result in the undesired event. The
vulnerability analysis also has a more comprehensive view on the recovering
process that follows after the immediate consequences of the event.
2.8 Basic Needs, Societal Critical Functions
and Infrastructure
Critical infrastructure is a term used by governments to describe assets that are
essential for the functioning of a society and the economy. Since the word
infrastructure points to physical assets, other terms are often introduced focusing
on what to achieve, such as life lines and societal critical functions. Societal
critical functions can be defined as functions that are essential to ensure the basic
needs of a society. DSB [7] has made a systematization of needs, functions,
infrastructures, and inputs, described below.
2.8.1 Basic Needs
The basic needs point to what is considered essential in a society, and in this
context, this means as follows:
• Food
• Water
• Heating and cooling
• Safety and security.
2.8.2 Societal Critical Functions
A variety of societal critical functions are required to ensure that the basic needs of
a society are fulfilled. It is not always obvious which societal functions are to be
considered as critical. DSB [7] proposes to limit critical functions to those func-
tions where (1) a loss of the function in seven days or more will threaten basic
8. 20 J. Vatn et al.
needs and (2) such a loss occurs under disadvantageous conditions and/or in
combination with coincidence of other events. Based on such an argument, the
societal critical functions are as follows:
• Water supply
• Food supply
• Heat supply
• Financial security
• National security
• Life and health
• Crisis management
• Law and order.
2.8.3 Infrastructure
The societal critical functions depend on infrastructure components. To some
extent, infrastructure components may be replaced by other substitutes; hence,
their criticality depends on the organization of infrastructure components in the
society. The following basic infrastructure components are often considered:
• Telecommunication network
• ICT-network
• Network of roads
• Railway network
• Water and sewage network
• Fuel supply and logistics
• Power grid
• Harbours.
2.8.4 Input Factors
Finally, several input factors are required to provide the infrastructure elements
and/or the societal critical functions. These are as follows:
• Labour
• Other services
• Transportations
• ICT-services
• Telecommunication
• Goods and products
• Energy.
9. 2 Defining Concepts and Categorizing Interdependencies 21
2.9 Dependency and Interdependency
In classical risk analysis, the concept of stochastic dependency is crucial since
various types of dependencies may compromise the effect of the ‘‘defence in
depth’’ principle emphasizing the importance of multiple barriers to control haz-
ards. Two events A and B are said to be stochastic independent if information
regarding the occurrence of one of the event will not alter the probability of the
other one. Mathematically, this is expressed by:
PrðAjBÞ ¼ PrðAÞ ð2:2Þ
Stochastic dependency then means that information regarding the occurrence of
one of the events will change the probability of the other. Our main concern is
positive dependency where the occurrence of an event typically represents a barrier
failure, and positive dependency then means that the probability of failure of one
of the barrier increases if it is known that the other barrier has failed. Although
stochastic dependency is accounted for in risk analysis, it does not indicate the
type of dependency or causes behind.
In risk modelling of critical infrastructures, there are several types of depen-
dencies to take into account: Various regimes exist in order to classify types of
dependencies, and it is common to use the term interdependency between infra-
structures, rather than the term dependency. Rinaldi et al. [8] propose a catego-
rization regime with 6 dimensions to understand various aspects of
interdependency. Three types of interdependencies and failures are applied in this
book, motivated by Rinaldi et al. [8]:
a. Cascading failures, where a failure in one infrastructure causes disturbances in
another infrastructure. In this situation, there is a functional relationship
between two or more infrastructures. For example, water supply is dependent
on electricity for water treatment.
b. Escalating failures where failure in one infrastructure worsens an independent
disturbance in another infrastructure. For example, a breakdown in the metro is
significantly worse if a main road is unavailable due to a fire in a tunnel.
c. Common cause failures where two or more infrastructures are disrupted at the
same time due to a common cause. For example, a fire in a culvert may cause
interruption of electricity, water and telecommunication at the same time.
Often, the term geographical dependency is used to explain such failures
because one or several elements of the infrastructures are in close proximity so
that external threats may knock out several infrastructures at the same time.
When categorizing dependency and interdependency, the term functional
interdependency is used in situations where there are cascading failures, the term
impact interdependency is used in situations where there are escalating failures and
the term geographical dependency is used in situations where there are common
cause failures.
10. 22 J. Vatn et al.
The term escalating failures is used to describe that the impact of a failure in
one system is worsened by a failure of another system reflecting the overall system
demand, for example, transportation needs. Such escalating effects may be evident
even if the performances of the two systems are independent. The structure of the
overall system demand will often cause higher load on one system in case of a
failure of another system which may increase the probability of failure or reduced
performance. The two systems are therefore stochastically dependent, but it cannot
be categorized as a common cause failure since there is no common cause that
causes the failure of the two systems, and the term escalating failures is also used
to express such load dependency between systems.
References
1. Aven, T. (2003). Foundations of risk analysis. A knowledge and decision-oriented perspective.
New York: Wiley.
2. Vatn, J. (2012). Can we understand complex systems in terms of risk analysis? Journal of Risk
and Reliability, 226(3), 346–358.
3. Hollnagel, E., Woods, D. D., & Leveson, N. (Eds.). (2006). Resilience engineering: Concepts
and precepts. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
4. Zio, E. (2009). Reliability engineering: Old problems and new challenges. Reliability
Engineering and System Safety, 94, 125–141.
5. McDaniels, T., Chang, S., Cole, D., Mikawoz, J., & Longstaff, H. (2008). Fostering resilience
to extreme events within infrastructure systems: Characterizing decision contexts for
mitigation and adaptation. Global Environmental Change, 18(2), 310–318.
6. Hansson, S. O., & Helgesson, G. (2003). What is stability? Synthese, 136, 219–235.
7. DSB (2011). Nasjonal sårbarhets og beredskapsrapport (NSBR) (2011). ISBN: 978-82-7768-246-
4. http://dsb.no/Global/Publikasjoner/2011/Rapport/NSBR2011.pdf Last visited 2011-10-18.
8. Rinaldi, SM., Peerenboom, JP., Kelly, TK. (2001). Identifying, understanding, and analyzing
critical infrastructure interdependencies. IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 21(6), 11–25.