Though this paper was not selected for the final stage thought it might help someone who is in search of this. Happy reading :)

1. REVIEW ON SOIL-CEMENT
Panditi Sahitya, Kirti Sharma
Rajasthan College of engineering for
women
Panditisahitya14@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Soil-cement is a mixture of highly compacted Portland cement, soil/aggregate, and water.
This mixture differs from Portland cement concrete pavements in several respects. One
notable difference is how the aggregates or soil particles are held together. A Portland
cement concrete pavements mix contains sufficient paste i.e, cement and water mixture; to
coat the surface area of all aggregates and to fill the voids in aggregates. It is widely used
as a low-cost pavement base(mostly for roads, residential streets, parking areas, airports,
shoulders, and materials-handling and storage areas). It's advantages of great strength and
durability conjoining with the low initial cost make the prominent value in its field. A thin
bituminous surface is usually laid on the soil-cement to finish the pavement. The economy is
accomplished by the use or reuse of in-place or adopted handy materials. Both energy and
materials are conserved.
OBJECTIVE
 To study soil-cement roads.
 To study construction methods.
 Discuss various properties of soil-cement roads.
 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of soil-cement roads.
INTRODUCTION
Soil-cement is a highly compacted mixture of soil/aggregate, Portland cement, and water. Soil-
cement differs from Portland cement concrete pavements in several respects. In soil-cement
mixtures, the paste is insufficient to fill the aggregate voids and coat all particles, resulting in a
cement matrix that binds nodules of uncemented material. It is widely used as a low-cost
pavement base for roads, residential streets, parking areas, airports, shoulders, and materials-
handling and storage areas. The materials used for soil-cement are soil-cement and water. The
use of soil-cement can be of great benefit to both owners and users of commercial facilities. Its
cost compares favorably with that of granular-base pavement.
When built for equal load carrying capacity, soil-cement is almost always less expensive than
other low- cost site treatment or pavement methods. The use or reuse of materials eliminates
the need for hauling of expensive, granular-base materials; thus both energy and materials are
conserved.
The advancement of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of LSC composite was
also evaluated, the results show that cement mixed lateritic soils are suitable for the
construction of the base contract. The investigation also shows that the increase in UCS was
attributed to the cement hydration within soil mass, resulting in the formation of reaction
products was analyzed by XRD. It was also found that UCS was proportionally increased
with the amount of the major reaction products such as calcium silicate hydrate (CSH). They
carried out an unconfined compression test and UCS of composite soil cement was obtained
at various ages of curing. From this, they observed that UCS increased with increasing
cement content along with increasing time of curing. A quantitative

2. assessment of soil mineral composition was performed using an X-ray diffractometer,
XRD, PHILIPS X’Pert MPD, Netherlands.
Performance of Soil-Cement
Soil-cement thicknesses are less than those required for granular bases carrying the same traffic
over the same subgrade. This is because soil-cement is a cemented, rigid material that
distributes loads over broad areas. Its slab-like characteristics and beam strength are unmatched
by granular bases. Hard, rigid soil-cement resists cyclic cold, rain, and spring-thawdamage.
Cement stabilizes soil in two ways. First, it reduces soil plasticity, especially for the soil in which
there is a high amount of clay particles. The second is cementation which is very important
because clay is not its main composition. In fine-grained silty and clayey soils, the hydration of
cement develops strong linkages between the soil aggregates to form a matrix that effectively
encases the soil aggregates. Old soil-cement pavements in all parts of the continent are still
giving good service at low maintenance costs. Soil-cement has been used in every state in the
United States and all Canadian provinces. Specimens taken from roads show that the strength of
soil-cement actually increases with age; some specimens were four times as strong as test
specimens made when the roads were first opened to traffic. This reserve strength accounts in
part for soil-cement good long-term performance. The soil material can be a combination of sand,
silt, clay, gravel, or crushed stone. Local granular materials, such as slag, caliche, limerock, and
scoria, plus a wide variety of waste materials including cinders, fly ash, foundry sands, and
screenings from quarries and gravel pits, can all be utilized as soil material. Old granular-base
roads, with or without bituminous surfaces, can also be reclaimed to make great soil-cement.
Soil-cement is sometimes called the cement-stabilized base, or cement- treated aggregate base.
Regardless of the name, the principles governing its composition and construction are the same.
But it is not suitable for all types of soil such as organic soil, acid soil, sulfate soil, and uniform
sand. The soil becomes stabilized because the cement reacts chemically with the soil particles
and binds them together. But these above soil containing components prevent the chemical
reaction.
Conclusion
The use of soil-cement can be of great benefit to both owners and users of commercial facilities.
Its cost compares favorably with that of granular-base pavement. When built for equal load
carrying capacity, soil-cement is almost always less expensive than other low-cost site
treatment or pavement methods. The use or reuse of in-place or nearby borrowmaterials
eliminates the need for hauling of expensive, granular-base materials, thus both energy and
materials are conserved. It does not only benefit the human but also benefits the environment.
The crushed rock production process consumes a considerable amount of energy for mining,
transportation, burning, and which contributes to the total CO2 emissions to the atmosphere.
The environmental issues to be addressed include the need to reduce the levels of CO2
emissions. The major engineering benefits of soil-cement roads are increased strength,
stiffness, better volume stability, and increased durability.
REFERENCES
Gilboy, G. (1933): Soil Mechanics Research, Trans, ASCE, vol. 98, p. 239. Grimm, R.E.
(1968): “Clay Mineralogy,” 2d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 596 pages.
Gromko, G. J. (1974): Review of Expansive Soils, JGED, ASCE vol. 100, GT 6, pp. 667-
687. Hansen, J. B. 91970): A Review and Extended Formula for Bearing Capacity,
Danish Geotechnical Inst. Bull, 28, Copenhagen, 21 pages. HRR (1968): “Soil Cement,”
HRR no. 255 (see also HRR no 235, “Compaction and Lime Stabilization”). Hvorslev, M.
J. (1949): “Subsurface Exploration and Sampling of Soils for Civil
Engineering Purposes,” Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss (available from
Engineering Foundation, New York), 521 pages.