The document discusses strategies for shifting perceptions about post-consumer tyres and the retreading industry in order to create new opportunities. It analyzes strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats through a SWOT analysis. It also considers political, economic, social and technological factors through a PEST analysis. Key points include differentiating retreading from other recycling methods, emphasizing its environmental benefits, and targeting new customer groups like women and local governments to improve the industry's image and market position. Tactics proposed include media campaigns and lobbying efforts.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a term paper on fundamental and technical analysis of crude oil. It discusses India's dependence on crude oil imports to meet domestic demand. Rising international crude oil prices pose challenges for India's economy by increasing costs. The paper aims to analyze the impact of changes in India's crude oil basket price on economic indicators like inflation and GDP growth. It seeks to understand the relationship between crude oil prices and economic development in India.
GROWTH FACTORS AND CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET; GROWTH FACTORS FOR OIL MARKET; Demographic Factors, Oil Demand, Motorization in Asian Countries, Upstream Costs Increase, Principal CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET, US Shale Oil Production, US shale oil production potential for well drilling, Other constraints, Deepwater Production, Iraqi production growth prospects, GTL – challenge for the oil market after 2020
The document discusses the petroleum industry and supply chain in India. It provides background on the industry, including historical pricing set by the government and expected investments. It also summarizes key aspects of the supply chain such as crude oil purchase, refining, storage, transportation and distribution to consumers. Challenges in the Indian refinery supply chain are outlined as well, including complex operations, lack of end-to-end visibility and fragmented networks. Recommendations are made around enhancing partnerships, applying strategic sourcing, adopting new technologies and leveraging best practices from other industries.
The document discusses the petroleum industry in India. It provides information on key petroleum products imported and exported by HPCL, including LPG, kerosene, gasoline, and fuel oils. It also lists several pipelines operated by India for transporting petroleum, including MPSPL, VVSPL, and MDPL. Finally, it touches on topics like petroleum consumption in India, handling procedures, inventory models, the global oil trade network, and conclusions regarding raw material supplies, transportation costs, and integrating supply chain partners.
The document compares four major oil marketing companies - Essar Oil, Reliance Industries Limited, Petronas, and ExxonMobil - on the basis of their operations, types of products, market factors, innovation, and environmental sustainability. It finds that while ExxonMobil and Petronas have a large global presence, they have less penetration in the Indian market which is dominated by public sector companies. Reliance has the highest refining capacity and revenue, while Essar has more retail outlets than Reliance.
The document provides an overview of the oil and gas industry in India. It discusses the industry's history and growth over time. It also describes the major companies operating in the industry and their market shares. Additionally, it covers government policies and regulations related to foreign investment, pricing, and regulatory bodies that oversee the industry. The industry is growing and sees increasing private investment and participation of global companies.
The oil and gas industry in India has grown since the 1950s and plays a key role in fueling the country's economic growth. Several major public and private companies operate in the industry. The largest include state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Indian Oil Corporation, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, Bharat Petroleum Corporation and Gas Authority of India. The industry provides important employment opportunities and meets much of India's energy needs through oil and gas exploration, refining, distribution and other operations. The government has played a leading role in developing the industry since independence.
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL) is an Indian state-owned oil and gas company. It was established in 1976 after the Indian government acquired Burmah Shell. BPCL operates several oil refineries in India and has subsidiaries involved in oil exploration and natural gas distribution. The company's vision is to be the most admired global energy company and the first choice for customers. It aims to meet India's growing energy needs while pursuing economic growth and global competitiveness in the energy sector.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a term paper on fundamental and technical analysis of crude oil. It discusses India's dependence on crude oil imports to meet domestic demand. Rising international crude oil prices pose challenges for India's economy by increasing costs. The paper aims to analyze the impact of changes in India's crude oil basket price on economic indicators like inflation and GDP growth. It seeks to understand the relationship between crude oil prices and economic development in India.
GROWTH FACTORS AND CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET; GROWTH FACTORS FOR OIL MARKET; Demographic Factors, Oil Demand, Motorization in Asian Countries, Upstream Costs Increase, Principal CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET, US Shale Oil Production, US shale oil production potential for well drilling, Other constraints, Deepwater Production, Iraqi production growth prospects, GTL – challenge for the oil market after 2020
The document discusses the petroleum industry and supply chain in India. It provides background on the industry, including historical pricing set by the government and expected investments. It also summarizes key aspects of the supply chain such as crude oil purchase, refining, storage, transportation and distribution to consumers. Challenges in the Indian refinery supply chain are outlined as well, including complex operations, lack of end-to-end visibility and fragmented networks. Recommendations are made around enhancing partnerships, applying strategic sourcing, adopting new technologies and leveraging best practices from other industries.
The document discusses the petroleum industry in India. It provides information on key petroleum products imported and exported by HPCL, including LPG, kerosene, gasoline, and fuel oils. It also lists several pipelines operated by India for transporting petroleum, including MPSPL, VVSPL, and MDPL. Finally, it touches on topics like petroleum consumption in India, handling procedures, inventory models, the global oil trade network, and conclusions regarding raw material supplies, transportation costs, and integrating supply chain partners.
The document compares four major oil marketing companies - Essar Oil, Reliance Industries Limited, Petronas, and ExxonMobil - on the basis of their operations, types of products, market factors, innovation, and environmental sustainability. It finds that while ExxonMobil and Petronas have a large global presence, they have less penetration in the Indian market which is dominated by public sector companies. Reliance has the highest refining capacity and revenue, while Essar has more retail outlets than Reliance.
The document provides an overview of the oil and gas industry in India. It discusses the industry's history and growth over time. It also describes the major companies operating in the industry and their market shares. Additionally, it covers government policies and regulations related to foreign investment, pricing, and regulatory bodies that oversee the industry. The industry is growing and sees increasing private investment and participation of global companies.
The oil and gas industry in India has grown since the 1950s and plays a key role in fueling the country's economic growth. Several major public and private companies operate in the industry. The largest include state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, Indian Oil Corporation, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, Bharat Petroleum Corporation and Gas Authority of India. The industry provides important employment opportunities and meets much of India's energy needs through oil and gas exploration, refining, distribution and other operations. The government has played a leading role in developing the industry since independence.
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL) is an Indian state-owned oil and gas company. It was established in 1976 after the Indian government acquired Burmah Shell. BPCL operates several oil refineries in India and has subsidiaries involved in oil exploration and natural gas distribution. The company's vision is to be the most admired global energy company and the first choice for customers. It aims to meet India's growing energy needs while pursuing economic growth and global competitiveness in the energy sector.
- India is the world's fourth largest energy consumer and demand is expected to double by 2035. Oil and gas account for 37% of India's total energy consumption.
- Oil consumption is estimated to reach 4.0 million barrels per day by 2016, growing at a 3.2% annual rate. India was the sixth largest LNG importer in the world in 2011.
- Domestic gas production meets over three-quarters of India's gas demand but imports are growing rapidly and expected to increase at a 33% annual rate between 2012-2017.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd is India's largest commercial enterprise, with operations spanning the entire hydrocarbon value chain. It has diversified into exploration and production, pipelines, marketing, petrochemicals, and renewable energy. The company aims to ensure energy security for India through self-sufficiency in refining. Financially, it has grown steadily over the years with total income rising from Rs. 277756 crores in 2009 to Rs. 461779 crores in 2013. However, net profit margins have declined from 0.95% to 1.11% over the same period. The company plans to invest Rs. 8000 crores to expand capacity at its Koyali and Haldia refineries.
The document provides a summary of the author's internship project report at the Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Gujarat Refinery from June 2019 to June 2020. It includes an index, preface acknowledging the learning experience, and sections describing the company vision and various refinery units observed including atmospheric distillation, fluid catalytic cracking, diesel hydrotreating, and sulfur recovery units. Key details are provided on the processes in each unit and operations of the large-scale refinery.
A very simple presentation on crude oil,important for student to understand the concept of crude oil and its importance in world.how does it impact india.imports bill has improved but export is facing downturn due to sluggish growth of world economy.
This document provides an overview of the global oil and gas industry and markets. It discusses the history and evolution of the oil industry, current global energy usage and demand trends, key oil and gas producing regions and companies, oil and gas markets and pricing, the process for developing new oil and gas fields, and India's energy landscape and challenges. It aims to serve as an introductory guide to understanding the international oil and gas sector.
The document is a presentation on hydrogen as a future fuel. It was presented by five MBA students to a professor. The presentation discusses hydrogen's history and development as a fuel worldwide and in India. It describes various methods of hydrogen production and storage. The presentation outlines government policies and initiatives in India to promote hydrogen use and provides an overview of research projects. It discusses benefits and challenges of hydrogen as a fuel and highlights applications. The conclusion is that hydrogen could be the fuel of the future with increased focus on extraction technologies and storage solutions.
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
The document is a project report analyzing India's oil and natural gas sector, with a focus on Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). It provides an overview of ONGC, describing its operations, financial performance, and global ranking. It also analyzes industry trends in production, consumption, and policy. A SWOT analysis identifies ONGC's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The report examines ONGC's financial ratios and future projects. It compares ONGC's performance to Reliance Industries and evaluates ONGC's stock chart patterns.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL) was incorporated in 1959 through the merger of two companies, Indian Refineries Ltd. and Indian Oil Company Ltd. It is now India's largest commercial enterprise, owned 58.57% by the Government of India. IOCL operates 10 refineries in India and has a strong brand and distribution network. It aims to ensure steady supply of petroleum products across India, enhance energy security, and earn a reasonable return on investment. Key products include petrol, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas, and lubricants. The document discusses IOCL's history, owners, objectives, products, impacts of business environment, SWOT analysis, and suggestions.
Petroleum is a non-renewable energy source formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. Geologists and geophysicists use their knowledge of rocks and earth science to locate potential underground petroleum deposits. Once extracted, crude oil is refined into useful petroleum products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel as well as many other products people use every day.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace gasoline and diesel in the future due to concerns over depletion of fossil fuels and harmful emissions. It describes some of the key alternative fuels like ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, and gases. Ethanol shows promise because it can be produced from agricultural waste at low cost and reduces harmful emissions from engines. The document also discusses the various ways these alternative fuels can be used in engines and their advantages and disadvantages. Overall, it examines the need to shift to alternative fuels and provides an overview of some of the most promising options.
Crude oil is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon found in rock formations underground. It provides about 37% of the world's energy after fueling only 4% at the start of the 20th century. Crude oil varies in composition but contains mainly carbon and hydrogen, and is classified by its geographic origin, API gravity measuring density, and sulfur content, with sweet crude containing less sulfur being more valuable. Fundamental factors like supply, demand, economic conditions, and politics affect crude oil prices in addition to technical indicators used in futures markets to hedge price risk.
1) The document discusses opportunities for HPCL outlets to expand into allied retail business (ARB) such as ATMs, food counters, convenience stores, and vehicle accessories through partnerships with other companies.
2) HPCL has over 13,000 outlets across India that have dedicated space for allied retail opportunities. Allied retail is a growing trend in India similar to overseas.
3) Research was conducted on 40 consumers in Pune to understand the impact of allied retail on HPCL's petrol and diesel sales. The research found 70% were unaware of ARB but 83% felt it had a positive impact on fuel sales.
The document discusses the petroleum supply chain in India. It notes that the petroleum industry plays an important economic role and its supply chain management is crucial. The supply chain involves upstream exploration and production and downstream refining and marketing of crude oil and products. The document outlines objectives to understand distinguishing features of the petroleum supply chain, discuss the Indian petroleum supply chain, identify non-value added activities, and discuss the role of IT. It also provides details on various stages and strategies for the petroleum supply chain.
1) The document discusses India's petroleum products and supply chain network. It outlines the various petroleum products categorized and traded in India such as base oils, bitumen, crude oil, fuel oil, and others.
2) It describes India's international petroleum trade, pipelines operations and objectives, and supply chain and distribution network. The key aspects of exploration, production, refining, and marketing in the supply chain are highlighted.
3) The objectives of a successful petroleum supply chain are outlined as minimizing costs while meeting demand and responding quickly to opportunities. Suggestions to improve the supply chain such as long-term raw material agreements and transportation infrastructure investments are provided.
This document provides information about a Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables energy storage conference that was held from December 11-12 in San Francisco, CA. It includes:
- Thank you to sponsors of the event
- Announcements about upcoming GTM conferences
- Information for attendees about the wifi network and how to submit questions during panels
- Biographies and presentations from Wood Mackenzie analysts on topics like residential energy storage deployment trends, battery and balance of system cost reductions, and technology innovations.
Oil refineries in India process crude oil into more useful petroleum products like gasoline and diesel through fractional distillation. There are currently 22 refineries in India with a total refining capacity of 215.066 million metric tons per year. Major refineries are located in Gujarat, which has the highest refining capacity of 93.7 MMTPA distributed across four refineries. The refinery sector has been delicensed since 1998 allowing private and public companies to set up refineries depending on viability.
AN OVERVIEW ON THE BHARAT PETROLEUM LIMITEDVARUN KESAVAN
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is an Indian state-controlled Maharatna[2] oil and gas company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The Corporation operates two large refineries of the country located at Mumbaiand Kochi. The company is ranked 358th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2016.
The adoption of Electrically Powered VehiclesRohan Bharaj
This presentation tells us about the future of Electric Vehicles in a country like India. It also describes the pros and cons of the technology and the steps undertaken by the current Modi government to encourage electric vehicles.
Oil 101 - Introduction to Petroleum Product MarketingEKT Interactive
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Marketing - Retail and Wholesale
This petroleum product marketing overview includes discussions on What is Marketing, the structure and key functions of oil company marketing departments, and some historical perspective on how demand for transportation fuels, including service stations came, to dominate US landscape.
The complete Petroleum Product Marketing Module includes lessons on marketing fundamentals, retail vs wholesale marketing, and key business drivers and processes in petroleum product marketing.
What is Petroleum Product Marketing?
As we stated earlier, Marketing is the final step in the ‘Microbes to Markets’ chain that delivers useful petroleum products to end-user customers. The main business drivers of this segment are volume, market share and margin.
Worldwide, transportation fuels including gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and marine fuel oil account the largest percentage of global demand, and it is the fastest growing portion of refinery products.
In the United States, passenger cars still consume more petroleum products than any other sector. Today, the US accounts for about 44% of the world’s gasoline consumption, and transportation fuels are 65% of the US demand.
Since the US has one of the most competitive retail markets in the world, it has been a leading indicator in development of new service station formats. Many of these retail formats are adopted around the world – with some customization to accommodate local legislation and consumer preferences.
Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It balances human needs with environmental protection. Key dimensions are social, economic, environmental, and institutional. Sustainable development in the petrochemical industry can generate value through cost reduction, brand enhancement, and revenue generation from new products, differentiation, and leveraging downstream pricing. Radical changes in energy technology are needed to address economic, social and environmental challenges through technological innovation, especially in developing countries which account for most energy demand growth.
Natural State Research has developed a technology to produce liquid fuel from solid waste plastics. They have demonstrated this process at a laboratory scale and are seeking $7 million to expand to a pilot plant with 15-25 kg/day capacity and eventually a commercial plant producing 250,000-1,000,000 gallons/year. Their fuel burns cleaner than gasoline and would utilize waste plastics currently filling landfills. They plan to license this technology to organizations to create locally owned plants producing fuel from waste as part of waste handling and fueling systems.
- India is the world's fourth largest energy consumer and demand is expected to double by 2035. Oil and gas account for 37% of India's total energy consumption.
- Oil consumption is estimated to reach 4.0 million barrels per day by 2016, growing at a 3.2% annual rate. India was the sixth largest LNG importer in the world in 2011.
- Domestic gas production meets over three-quarters of India's gas demand but imports are growing rapidly and expected to increase at a 33% annual rate between 2012-2017.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd is India's largest commercial enterprise, with operations spanning the entire hydrocarbon value chain. It has diversified into exploration and production, pipelines, marketing, petrochemicals, and renewable energy. The company aims to ensure energy security for India through self-sufficiency in refining. Financially, it has grown steadily over the years with total income rising from Rs. 277756 crores in 2009 to Rs. 461779 crores in 2013. However, net profit margins have declined from 0.95% to 1.11% over the same period. The company plans to invest Rs. 8000 crores to expand capacity at its Koyali and Haldia refineries.
The document provides a summary of the author's internship project report at the Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. Gujarat Refinery from June 2019 to June 2020. It includes an index, preface acknowledging the learning experience, and sections describing the company vision and various refinery units observed including atmospheric distillation, fluid catalytic cracking, diesel hydrotreating, and sulfur recovery units. Key details are provided on the processes in each unit and operations of the large-scale refinery.
A very simple presentation on crude oil,important for student to understand the concept of crude oil and its importance in world.how does it impact india.imports bill has improved but export is facing downturn due to sluggish growth of world economy.
This document provides an overview of the global oil and gas industry and markets. It discusses the history and evolution of the oil industry, current global energy usage and demand trends, key oil and gas producing regions and companies, oil and gas markets and pricing, the process for developing new oil and gas fields, and India's energy landscape and challenges. It aims to serve as an introductory guide to understanding the international oil and gas sector.
The document is a presentation on hydrogen as a future fuel. It was presented by five MBA students to a professor. The presentation discusses hydrogen's history and development as a fuel worldwide and in India. It describes various methods of hydrogen production and storage. The presentation outlines government policies and initiatives in India to promote hydrogen use and provides an overview of research projects. It discusses benefits and challenges of hydrogen as a fuel and highlights applications. The conclusion is that hydrogen could be the fuel of the future with increased focus on extraction technologies and storage solutions.
The Oil and Natural Gas Value Chain; PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURE; THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY; UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS SECTOR; Business Cycle of Upstream; Components of the Upstream Sector; Upstream Oil Company Targets; MIDSTREAM SECTOR; DOWNSTREAM PROCESS AND SECTOR; Distribution of Refined Products; PETROLEUM REFINING; Distillation of Crude Oil; PETROLEUM COMPANIES TYPES; International Oil Companies (IOCs); Nation Oil Companies (NOCs); Operator Companies (or Exploration and Production (E &P) Companies); Types of exploration and production companies; Service Petroleum Companies; Types of service companies; MAIN PETROLEUM COMPANIES PARTICIPANTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL OIL MARKET; SEVEN SISTERS (or ANGLO-SAXON) ; Composition and history; New Seven Sisters
The document is a project report analyzing India's oil and natural gas sector, with a focus on Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). It provides an overview of ONGC, describing its operations, financial performance, and global ranking. It also analyzes industry trends in production, consumption, and policy. A SWOT analysis identifies ONGC's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. The report examines ONGC's financial ratios and future projects. It compares ONGC's performance to Reliance Industries and evaluates ONGC's stock chart patterns.
Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. (IOCL) was incorporated in 1959 through the merger of two companies, Indian Refineries Ltd. and Indian Oil Company Ltd. It is now India's largest commercial enterprise, owned 58.57% by the Government of India. IOCL operates 10 refineries in India and has a strong brand and distribution network. It aims to ensure steady supply of petroleum products across India, enhance energy security, and earn a reasonable return on investment. Key products include petrol, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas, and lubricants. The document discusses IOCL's history, owners, objectives, products, impacts of business environment, SWOT analysis, and suggestions.
Petroleum is a non-renewable energy source formed from the remains of ancient organisms over millions of years. Geologists and geophysicists use their knowledge of rocks and earth science to locate potential underground petroleum deposits. Once extracted, crude oil is refined into useful petroleum products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel as well as many other products people use every day.
The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace gasoline and diesel in the future due to concerns over depletion of fossil fuels and harmful emissions. It describes some of the key alternative fuels like ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, hydrogen, and gases. Ethanol shows promise because it can be produced from agricultural waste at low cost and reduces harmful emissions from engines. The document also discusses the various ways these alternative fuels can be used in engines and their advantages and disadvantages. Overall, it examines the need to shift to alternative fuels and provides an overview of some of the most promising options.
Crude oil is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon found in rock formations underground. It provides about 37% of the world's energy after fueling only 4% at the start of the 20th century. Crude oil varies in composition but contains mainly carbon and hydrogen, and is classified by its geographic origin, API gravity measuring density, and sulfur content, with sweet crude containing less sulfur being more valuable. Fundamental factors like supply, demand, economic conditions, and politics affect crude oil prices in addition to technical indicators used in futures markets to hedge price risk.
1) The document discusses opportunities for HPCL outlets to expand into allied retail business (ARB) such as ATMs, food counters, convenience stores, and vehicle accessories through partnerships with other companies.
2) HPCL has over 13,000 outlets across India that have dedicated space for allied retail opportunities. Allied retail is a growing trend in India similar to overseas.
3) Research was conducted on 40 consumers in Pune to understand the impact of allied retail on HPCL's petrol and diesel sales. The research found 70% were unaware of ARB but 83% felt it had a positive impact on fuel sales.
The document discusses the petroleum supply chain in India. It notes that the petroleum industry plays an important economic role and its supply chain management is crucial. The supply chain involves upstream exploration and production and downstream refining and marketing of crude oil and products. The document outlines objectives to understand distinguishing features of the petroleum supply chain, discuss the Indian petroleum supply chain, identify non-value added activities, and discuss the role of IT. It also provides details on various stages and strategies for the petroleum supply chain.
1) The document discusses India's petroleum products and supply chain network. It outlines the various petroleum products categorized and traded in India such as base oils, bitumen, crude oil, fuel oil, and others.
2) It describes India's international petroleum trade, pipelines operations and objectives, and supply chain and distribution network. The key aspects of exploration, production, refining, and marketing in the supply chain are highlighted.
3) The objectives of a successful petroleum supply chain are outlined as minimizing costs while meeting demand and responding quickly to opportunities. Suggestions to improve the supply chain such as long-term raw material agreements and transportation infrastructure investments are provided.
This document provides information about a Wood Mackenzie Power & Renewables energy storage conference that was held from December 11-12 in San Francisco, CA. It includes:
- Thank you to sponsors of the event
- Announcements about upcoming GTM conferences
- Information for attendees about the wifi network and how to submit questions during panels
- Biographies and presentations from Wood Mackenzie analysts on topics like residential energy storage deployment trends, battery and balance of system cost reductions, and technology innovations.
Oil refineries in India process crude oil into more useful petroleum products like gasoline and diesel through fractional distillation. There are currently 22 refineries in India with a total refining capacity of 215.066 million metric tons per year. Major refineries are located in Gujarat, which has the highest refining capacity of 93.7 MMTPA distributed across four refineries. The refinery sector has been delicensed since 1998 allowing private and public companies to set up refineries depending on viability.
AN OVERVIEW ON THE BHARAT PETROLEUM LIMITEDVARUN KESAVAN
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is an Indian state-controlled Maharatna[2] oil and gas company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The Corporation operates two large refineries of the country located at Mumbaiand Kochi. The company is ranked 358th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2016.
The adoption of Electrically Powered VehiclesRohan Bharaj
This presentation tells us about the future of Electric Vehicles in a country like India. It also describes the pros and cons of the technology and the steps undertaken by the current Modi government to encourage electric vehicles.
Oil 101 - Introduction to Petroleum Product MarketingEKT Interactive
Oil 101 - A Free Introduction to Oil and Gas
Introduction to Marketing - Retail and Wholesale
This petroleum product marketing overview includes discussions on What is Marketing, the structure and key functions of oil company marketing departments, and some historical perspective on how demand for transportation fuels, including service stations came, to dominate US landscape.
The complete Petroleum Product Marketing Module includes lessons on marketing fundamentals, retail vs wholesale marketing, and key business drivers and processes in petroleum product marketing.
What is Petroleum Product Marketing?
As we stated earlier, Marketing is the final step in the ‘Microbes to Markets’ chain that delivers useful petroleum products to end-user customers. The main business drivers of this segment are volume, market share and margin.
Worldwide, transportation fuels including gasoline, diesel, jet fuel and marine fuel oil account the largest percentage of global demand, and it is the fastest growing portion of refinery products.
In the United States, passenger cars still consume more petroleum products than any other sector. Today, the US accounts for about 44% of the world’s gasoline consumption, and transportation fuels are 65% of the US demand.
Since the US has one of the most competitive retail markets in the world, it has been a leading indicator in development of new service station formats. Many of these retail formats are adopted around the world – with some customization to accommodate local legislation and consumer preferences.
Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It balances human needs with environmental protection. Key dimensions are social, economic, environmental, and institutional. Sustainable development in the petrochemical industry can generate value through cost reduction, brand enhancement, and revenue generation from new products, differentiation, and leveraging downstream pricing. Radical changes in energy technology are needed to address economic, social and environmental challenges through technological innovation, especially in developing countries which account for most energy demand growth.
Natural State Research has developed a technology to produce liquid fuel from solid waste plastics. They have demonstrated this process at a laboratory scale and are seeking $7 million to expand to a pilot plant with 15-25 kg/day capacity and eventually a commercial plant producing 250,000-1,000,000 gallons/year. Their fuel burns cleaner than gasoline and would utilize waste plastics currently filling landfills. They plan to license this technology to organizations to create locally owned plants producing fuel from waste as part of waste handling and fueling systems.
Circular economy - a new paradigm in manufacutringRanjani491
The document discusses the linear "take-make-waste" model of production and consumption that has dominated the last 150 years. This linear model is unsustainable as it depletes natural resources and produces large amounts of waste. The document introduces circular economy as an alternative model that aims to eliminate waste and the use of toxic chemicals, be powered by renewable energy, and design products to be reused and recycled to keep resources in use for as long as possible. It provides examples of companies implementing circular economy principles and argues that the circular model represents significant opportunities for cost savings, risk mitigation, innovation and job creation compared to the linear economy.
Plastics to oil report, Waste recycling machine defines an environmental equiment that waste rubber tyres , waste
plastics , waste oil(waste crude oil,waste diesel,waste oil,waste slag etc.), waste cable are heated
and pyrolysis, finally distillate the oil gas,and then cooled to the oil through the condensers as well
as the carbon black and steel wire.
Over the next few decades the number of people living in cities will nearly double. Yet even today many cities lack sufficient clean drinking water, electricity and other basic resources essentially needed to support the exploding populations and stable strengthen economy.
These problems are created by rampant urbanization and are amongst the most important challenges of our times. These problems represent greatest responsibilities for the emerging business models by positioning them to shape the sustainable economic landscape of the future.
Across the world addressing resource scarcity involves either government action or private-sector action and either increasing the resource base or managing the demand by reducing and reutilizing. A vast opportunity exists for the private sector to provide products and services that make the most efficient use of available resources.
Business Fitness Guide for ManufacturingAlan Birse
This document discusses cost reduction strategies for manufacturing companies in 2011. It outlines challenges like rising raw material and transportation costs. It recommends thoroughly researching global suppliers and understanding lead time implications if going offshore. It also discusses rising fuel costs impacting fleet management and transportation. The document then summarizes potential savings in key spending categories like waste, logistics, packaging, and work wear. It provides two case studies of manufacturers that achieved significant savings working with Expense Reduction Analysts, particularly in shipping/freight, pallets, stationery, and scrap metal.
greenhouse-gas-allowance-allocation-cost-pass-through-sector-differentiation-...Eric Williams
This paper discusses options for allocating allowances in a cap-and-trade system for greenhouse gases. There are two main approaches: distributing allowances for free or auctioning them. The paper examines how to differentiate allocation across sectors based on their ability to pass costs through to consumers. Industries with more international competition and consumer sensitivity to price changes will have a harder time passing on costs and may need more free allowances, while industries with pricing power can pass on more costs through auctioned allowances. The electricity sector presents additional challenges for allocation due to differences between regulated and restructured electricity markets.
Alternative Fuel Market After Covid-19 – Focus on Efficiency and QualityLOESCHE
Covid-19 has changed the way people interact with each other and the way business is done. Now is the time to change the paradigm regarding alternative fuel projects towards a more holistic approach in order to ensure investment efficiency. Simple and cheap (at first) shall give way to smart, flexible, and sustainable concepts. Suppliers shall give way to partners.
Article by Tais Mazza Joudeh, Head of Waste Conditioning, LOESCHE GmbH | Published on ZKG Cement Lime Gypsum Magazine, Issue 7-8 2020.
Sustainability in Cement Industry | Rakesh Bhargava, Chief Climate & Sustaina...Cairn India Limited
The document discusses sustainability initiatives in the Indian cement industry. It notes that the industry is the second largest producer of cement globally and discusses its economic and social contributions. It outlines several sustainability initiatives the industry is undertaking, including generating green power through waste heat recovery, increasing the use of alternative fuels and raw materials to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, enhancing energy efficiency, undertaking social development programs, and transparent sustainability reporting. The industry is also working to make its supply chain more sustainable through criteria evaluation, stakeholder consultation, and monitoring.
This document discusses the potential for cryogenic machining to provide more sustainable manufacturing processes. It begins by introducing sustainability and competitive sustainable manufacturing. It then discusses the increasing pressure on industries to adopt more sustainable practices due to environmental regulations and economic/customer demands.
The document outlines how conventional cooling lubricants used in machining processes can be unsustainable due to losses during production. It proposes that innovative processes like cryogenic machining, which avoids the use of cooling lubricants, could provide huge sustainability gains.
The rest of the document provides context on the needs of industries like aerospace that commonly use difficult-to-machine alloys. It discusses how cryogenic machining has potential to reduce costs and improve sustainability by lowering
Germany supply chain Fish & Automotive IndustriesAkramMad1
material and logistics management course In This Document we are to talk about how the German supply chain works and what do they do that makes it the leader in Supply chains around the world and also we will be talking about 2 industries and they apply their supply chain
DME Methanol Outlook for gas conversion Amoco 2000Steve Wittrig
The document discusses Amoco's strategy to capitalize on the emerging gas-to-liquids (GTL) industry through focusing on oxygenate products like methanol and dimethylether (DME). It describes GTL as a strategic inflection point that will transform the energy industry similarly to the past shift from coal to oil. Amoco aims to establish a commercial position in methanol and DME production through various projects and partnerships. This will allow them to control fundamental building blocks in chemical and fuel markets and monetize stranded natural gas resources. The key is to act quickly as a first mover to build capability and options before competitors, in order to influence the strategic changes coming to the energy industry through GTL.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a supply chain network model between Trivandrum and Tirunelveli in India to optimize waste management logistics. The model included 4 sites connected by both rail and road transportation. The objectives were to identify logistical factors related to waste flows, identify opportunities to improve efficient collection and transportation, and design an optimal cost reduction equation. Key aspects analyzed included transportation costs by rail versus road, loading/unloading costs, inventory holding costs, and an equation to calculate total expected annual logistics costs. The optimal network configuration and transportation methods were evaluated to minimize costs while meeting needs.
Creating market incentives for greener products: Roadmap for policy actionOECD Environment
This document discusses creating market incentives for greener products through economic policy instruments. It provides guidance to Eastern Partnership countries on designing or reforming taxes and other economic instruments related to environmentally harmful products. These countries face challenges like increasing vehicle use and emissions as well as lack of proper waste management. Economic instruments can help address these issues by incentivizing changes in consumption and production and stimulating jobs in cleaner technologies. The document outlines different types of product-related economic instruments and considerations for governments in developing such policies, including setting clear objectives, carefully selecting instruments, targeting a small number of product categories, and engaging stakeholders.
The document summarizes a report commissioned by the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA) that analyzed the carbon emissions impact of 102 chemical products. The report found that for every tonne of carbon dioxide emitted in producing chemicals, chemicals industry products enable up to three tonnes of emissions savings through applications in other industries and consumer use. Major emissions savings come from applications of chemicals in building insulation, fertilizers and crop protection, lighting, plastic packaging, and other areas. The report recommends policy approaches to promote greater use and innovation of chemicals products to maximize their emissions reductions potential and help meet climate change goals.
CMR 495- Cap StoneMini Case Submission RequirementsEach .docxpickersgillkayne
CMR 495- Cap Stone
Mini Case Submission Requirements
Each case is worth 100 points
Student is to complete the analysis of the assigned case. The analysis must include the following elements:
1. Introduction of the case
2. Thesis statements
a. Background
b. Alternatives
c. Purposed
Solution
s
d. Recommendations
3. Conclusions & closing remarks about the case
· The completed Mini-Case analysis can be summarized using PowerPoint or Word (equivalent software is fine)
· Please email me the final summary prior to class time
· It is acceptable to work as a team on each case study, BUT each case study should reflect the work of the individual student, not the team
Mini-Case Example….
Mini-Case Response – Mini-Case #18
Introduction:
This mini-case response is concerned with Mini-Case #18: “Standards Battle: Which Automotive Technology Will Win?” as described on page 478 in the Rothaermel 3e text. The relevant text chapter is Chapter 7. The material presented within the mini-case briefly describes efforts by several major automobile manufacturers and newer-entry manufacturers to address the issue of replacing the internal combustion engine as a primary source of power for personal automobiles. The mini-case explains that there is currently no consensus among the manufacturers regarding how to proceed and that the pathway forward is not necessarily clear-cut.
Key problems/issues identifiable within the mini-case include:
· Is the impending demise of the internal combustion engine a foregone conclusion and, thus, the alternative power projects by the manufacturers a necessity or is this work more exploratory in nature?
· Assuming that the internal combustion engine does have only a short remaining lifespan, is there a solid understanding of what criteria any new power source would need to meet?
· Is it possible to determine which company and/or technology is likely to be successful, under this scenario – or is too little known at present?
Thesis statement: Based on an analysis of the available mini-case materials and the relevant literature, it is likely that routine alternatives to the internal combustion engine will be needed within a relatively short timeframe. It is equally likely that multiple alternatives will be under exploration and offer legitimate benefits for consumers in the future with a lengthy period of technology optimization involved before a clear “winner” emerges.
Background:
To help place this mini-case into perspective, it is useful to step back briefly from the materials presented to examine the factors that have caused the automobile industry to reach the crossroads described in the scenario in the text.
The internal combustion engine has been the “gold standard” for self-propelled vehicles for more than 100 years. Automobile manufacturers have consistently improved their offerings, resulting in higher levels of power, greater reliability, and length of service; and also, greater efficiency with less environmenta.
Towards to Battery Digital Passport Reviewing Regulations and Standards for S...Carlos Júnior
Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation harm the environment. In response to these environmental concerns, numerous countries encourage the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) as a more environmentally friendly option than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. Advances in battery technology have made batteries an alternative solution for energy storage in stationary applications and for electric mobility. Reduced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) production costs due to economies of scale, electrode material and cell design developments, and manufacturing process improvements have driven this success. This trend is expected to increase the number of LIBs on the market that may be discarded in the environment at the end of their useful life if more sustainable alternatives are not technologically mature. This coming environmental concern can be mitigated by collecting wasted EV batteries, reconfiguring them, and reusing them for applications with less stringent weight, performance, and size requirements. This method would extend battery life and reduce environmental effects. The present work investigates the main regulatory structures of the second-life battery industry that require rules, technical standards, and laws. To achieve this objective, a systematic review was carried out following a strict protocol that includes identifying relevant studies, extracting data and information, evaluating, and summarizing information. This paper explains the primary rules and technical standards governing the second-life battery business. The findings highlight the need for universities, research institutions, and government agencies to evaluate the second-life battery industry objectively. This would enable the creation of new technological regulations and laws for this burgeoning industry.
This is the second part of the Cost management series of article. One of the main purposes of cost information system is to support the decision making process. Cost information is normally required for three purposes: decision support, cost control/cost reduction and statutory requirement.
To be competitive, a company must know its sources of profit and understand its cost structure. Key decision makers must also be aware of how informed their decisions are. Further, they must be able to answer how they landed in a profit or loss making situation.
The document summarizes the U.S. petroleum industry and its partnership with the Department of Energy to advance technology research and development. It discusses how the petroleum industry has grown more complex with lower quality crude oil and environmental regulations. Through the Industries of the Future initiative, the industry works with the DOE and other partners to strategically invest in R&D to increase efficiency and environmental performance. Key areas of research include energy and process efficiency, environmental performance, and materials development.
1. Post Consumer Tyres.…
(Extract of presentation made to Retread Manufacturers
Association, September 2001)
….Shifting Perceptions to Create
Opportunity
3 Beach Road, West Bexington, Dorchester, Dorset DT2 9DF, UK
tel. +44 (0)1308 897 911 email south@aardvarkpr.co.uk www.aardvarkpr.co.uk
copyright: Aardvark 04.09.01
2. Contents
Executive Summary
Strategic Overview
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
PEST Analysis
Political
Economic
Social
Technological
Shifting Perceptions
Appraisal of current situation
Decoupling retreading from recycling
Moving the goalposts
Taking the initiative
Winning the 'heards and minds' of the trade
Creating New Opportunities
The female consumer
The regional and local press
The corporate consumer
Protecting the source of supply
Tactical Implementation
Possible concepts
Media campaign
Lobbying Government and special interest groups
3. Executive Summary
The industry is under threat from the presence of low-cost imports which have eroded
the price differential between retread and new.
In the wake of tighter environmental legislation including controlled wastes and the EU
Landfill Directive, alternative disposal processes such as tyre to energy and materials
recovery are set to compete with retreaders for feedstocks.
• To counter these threats, the industry must move the concept of retreading
further up the hierarchy of waste, differentiating it from other forms of recycling
such as granulation and pyrolysis.
• Emphasising the environmental 'whole-life' benefits may not on its own 'sell' the
retread as a concept. A clear cost advantage in terms of retread life and
resistance to failure still needs to be demonstrated – especially within the
consumer marketplace.
• To bolster its position as the most energy-efficient method of handling post-
consumer tyres, the underlying retread re-manufacturing process must also be
re-positioned as part of the 'new' post-industrial economy.
• The perception of post consumer tyres needs to be shifted away from that of a
'problem' into being seen as a 'resource'. If the retread industry can be seen to
be in the van of this shift, it stands a very good chance of capturing the 'moral
high ground' – together with the 'hearts and minds' of potential new customers.
• Finally, the retread industry must enter into a dialogue with both Government
and special interest groups by engaging in lobbying activities. Both to foster a
'greener' and more acceptable image for its products and manufacturing
processes, and also to represent its interests to those charged with drafting
legislation that may affect the industry.
4. Strategic Overview
SWOT analysis
Strengths
For the car and light commercial consumer/user , retreading offers a higher quality
product – now to a recognised quality standard (VCA - E11 108R/109R) – for the same
price as equivalent low-cost tyres. Heavy commercial users already factor in the cost
benefits of retreading into their operational budgets.
Retreading extends the operational life of the most expensive – in both non-renewable
energy and cost terms – part of the tyre: its casing.
Retreading offers a way of reducing the quantity of post consumer tyres that need to be
disposed of by other means – either by waste to energy recovery methods, recycling
through mechanical granulation, pyrolysis, or re-use entire in other applications – e.g.
boat fenders, artificial reefs.
At the recycling level, Retreading is further up the 'hierarchy of waste' than the other
available processing or conversion options for post-consumer tyres: 'reduce, reuse,
recycle, reclaim, disposal' – the last named currently including landfill, as well as
incineration without energy recovery.
Weaknesses
Retreads have a poor image amongst both general public and light commercial fleet
operators. This extends to lack of awareness within public sector using and specifying
organisations – and to an extent within policy forming bodies.
Because of low-cost imports, retreaded currently do not offer a clear price advantage
compared to new tyres in the car and light commercial sector.
The nature of the tyre distribution network – with major tyre outlets 'tied' in varying
degrees to tyre manufacturers – limits the opportunity for retread manufacturers to
reach potential customers. This also holds true with regard to some areas of the fleet
market.
Tyre outlets will practice 'cross-selling' to 'talk-up' a potential retread customer into
purchase of a higher-priced new tyre. This may be related as much as to low margins
offered on retreads, as to the nature of the distribution network.
5. Part-worn tyres are one form of competition to retreads, at the bottom of the 'budget'
tyre marketplace – which can include fleet operators, particularly private hire and
provincial private hire. Another consideration here is that consumers can often purchase
a part-worn tyre supplied complete with matching wheel rims to suit a particular car.
This circumvents balancing or valve fit charge – but can take tyre selection and grading
out of the hands of trained outlets
Fluctuation in the price of new tyres can also affect buying decisions – oversupply, outlet
sales targets and the use of tyre brokers can make 'quality' brands temporarily
competitive on price. Retread tyre prices are by contrast largely fixed.
Opportunities
The process of retreading offers a 60 % saving (approx.) in oil and rubber energy
expenditure – savings which can count towards 'credits' towards meeting either
internally-set energy conservation or 'green' policies – e.g. public sector Agenda 21 – or
external legislation – e.g. EU End of Vehicle Life 2000/53/EC and Landfill 1999/31/EC
directives.
Because of the relatively low current level of awareness of retread issues within the
consumer and light commercial fleet operator sector, it should be relatively easy to
create a more positive outlook as to concept and use.
Approximately 25-31 per cent (Environment Agency 1998), of post consumer tyres are
suitable for retreading. Were this proportion to be raised, by getting consumers to
replace tyres earlier, and for tyre manufacturers to produce more tyres which were
suitable for retreading, then the market could be expanded. Given always that consumer
acceptance could be raised in concert…..
6. Threats
The UK already appears (source DoE as was/DEFRA) to be meeting its EU obligations as
regards retreading expressed as 31 per cent by weight of total post consumer tyre
arisings p.a. (source EU Priority Waste Stream Group on Tyres 1993 – based on 1996
data). This makes it difficult to argue for special/preferential treatment for the industry.
The collection and grading of post consumer tyres is time consuming, and undertaken
by a small number of specialists. Tighter control on controlled wastes legislation should
work to reduce the size of the stockpiles they maintain.
Waste to energy and processing alternatives to landfill will attract both grant aid and
preferential treatment as regards smokestack emissions. Though the total lifetime
economies of such plants have as yet not been proven, claimed processing capacities
appear high in relation to total UK tonnages of post consumer tyre arisings each year of
a notional 400,000 tonnes (Environment Agency 1998).
Quoted data for plant capacities includes: EPR Four Ashes 64,000 tonnes p.a. (RMA
newsletter), British Cement Association – cement kilns fired by a mix of conventional
fuel and post consumer tyres – potential to consume circa 400,000 tonnes p.a, though
this assumes entire UK cement kilns are switched to using this as a 'make-up' fuel.
However, Blue Circle (recently acquired by Lafarge) may be able to handle as much as
125,000 – 200,000 tonnes p.a. on its own, and controls around 50% of UK production
(BCA/ETRA conference, Cambridge 2001). To these figures we can also add Coalite's
pyrolysis plant taking perhaps 90,000 tonnes p.a.
Total theoretical energy recovery/chemical recovery capacity therefore equals circa
280,000 tonnes. This dovetails into the 31% of total UK post consumer tyre arisings
currently directed to retreading, of circa 124,000 tonnes.
Note that research conducted by the Transport Research Laboratories, (Dr. Adine Hird
(ms) Reading University 2001) seems to point towards a possible shortfall in post
consumer tyre arisings in the immediate future – though expects the position to revert
back to oversupply/surplus by 2008/9.
7. PEST Analysis
Political
At Government level, it appears that a degree of ambiguity exists. On the one hand, the
Scrap Tyre Working Group in a 1998 statement favours market-based solutions, "…
including ways of encouraging greater use of retreaded tyres", yet sees energy
conversion via burning of post consumer tyres as a "promising" disposal route".
It also appears that measures to regulate wastes – including post-consumer tyres - are
in the main being set in place as 'knee-jerk' reactions, and with an eye towards securing
political capital. This means that high profile and simplistic ways of addressing a waste
issue will be preferred to 'low-key', and perhaps more effective, solutions.
Once commissioned, plants or processes like these may well be kept running at a 'net
environmental deficit' in order to avoid political embarrassment – even if this results in
them 'poaching' raw material from waste conversion options further up the hierarchy.
Such as post consumer tyres.
There is a noticeable 'greening' taking place within the public sector. Despite initiatives
such as Agenda 21 (which seeks to inculcate a higher degree of environmental
awareness within local authorities), experience points to implementation of actual
policies being delegated to junior members of staff. The focus at present seems to be
very much on reducing vehicle use, as opposed to maximising use of scarce resources.
Producer responsibility has so far bypassed the tyre industry, which is being treated as a
part of motor manufacture as a whole. However, were moves made to incorporate this
concept into legislation, safeguards would need to be set in place to 'ringfence' the
proportion of casings set aside for retreading – and also how these would be shared
between tyre manufacturer's own in-house retreading operations, and independent
retreader facilities.
Economic
Any economic slow down within the UK and EU could create renewed interest in
retreads as an alternative to purchase of new tyres. Especially in the case of older and
low-value vehicles, which are increasingly being retained as second cars to provide
short-distance mobility for family households. Car ownership patterns in the UK now
tend towards 'minimal maintenance' regimes – though such attitudes can just as equally
favour part worn as retreads.
It is to be expected too, that a world economic slowdown will have its own knock-on
effect on tyre prices overall. Especially where manufacturers with a UK distribution
network can have access to tyres produced in new plants established in low wage
economies such as mainland China and states within the Russian Federation. On the
8. other hand, established plants in less-developed economies are already suffering from
low factory gate prices forced upon them by Western conglomerates – so it could be
that prices are set to rise. And with them, the margins available to UK retreaders.
As regards the economics of waste conversion processes that compete with the retread
industry for feedstocks, taking coal as a reference fuel of comparable thermal value,
currently at £23/ tonne (source Global Coal index, July 2001), and a notional £25-
30/tonne 'gate charge' levied on controlled wastes accepted, the energy cost savings
for a commercial operator (e.g. cement kiln) lie in the region of £50-60.
Yet attractive as these sums look, the supply of post consumer tyres as a feedstock
within the UK is limited. This in itself may limit the headway that 'dedicated' energy and
component chemical recovery processes can make.
One initiative which may work towards combating such instability within the EU, is the
European Tyre Recycling Assocation's (ETRA) Internet-based post consumer tyre
recycling product commodity trading system.
Social
In terms of corporate purchasing, fleet and transport managers come quite low in the
organisational hierarchy. There is also now a 'culture of blame', which tends to mitigate
against any risk taking. So in terms of 'packaging', financial benefits backed up by
proven adherence to safety and quality standards would be mandatory to overcome
resistance.
Though the private consumer is more aware of environmental issues than ever before,
only a small minority will actually make purchasing decisions wholly based on such
criteria. However, 'environmental branding' could provide a justification for purchase, if
backed up by appropriate safety and quality standard assurances.
In a further twist on the same theme, consumers – as residents and special interest
groups – are more willing to involve themselves in environmental issues at a political
level. This has already led to objections being raised to continued post consumer tyre
use as a fuel at Blue Circle's Westbury cement kiln (National Alliance for Cleaner Kilns –
NACK). According to predictions by Juniper Consultancy Services, this could lead to
increased costs for operators in terms of PR consultancy services required to allay public
health concerns in the immediate vicinity of such plants.
9. Technological
The economics of post consumer tyre to energy conversion will naturally become more
favourable as oil, gas or coal prices fluctuate upwards – but in the UK and EU have to be
tempered against the costs of providing additional exhaust stack 'scrubbers' to meet
environmental standards. These costs may not be fully factored in by some operators –
e.g. cement kilns – which may seek to make do with existing safeguards which do not
take into account post consumer tyre constituents, and the effect on process emissions
of incomplete or imperfect combustion.
Concern centres upon the use of unproven technology, especially with regard to
gasification and pyrolysis (which appears so far to be proven only with regard to post
consumer tyres – and even then on a small scale basis). It is claimed by some activists
that the aromatic extender oils comprising up to 25 % of a tyre – which contain proven
carcinogens such as benzenes – demand higher temperatures and longer residence
times within the furnace, to ensure complete chemical conversion (Burning Issues 1997,
US). Waste to energy recovery processes based upon adaptations of existing plant –
e.g. cement kilns - may not necessarily incorporate the afterburners or other secondary
combustion chambers included on purpose-designed incinerator plant. These would
normally act as 'firewalls' to prevent undesirable emissions to atmosphere in the case of
'combustion upsets'.
As regards the regulatory framework which will inevitably colour the choice of post
consumer tyre re-processing technology, controls are already in place to regulate
smokestack emissions from such "Large Combustion Plants" (Substitute Fuels Protocol,
Environment Agency 1998). National emission reduction targets for EU member states
have also been recently tightened from those adopted by the UN Gothenburg Protocol in
2000, with specific regard to nitrogen oxides (NOx), dust and sulphur dioxides (SO2)
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and ammonia (NH3), which member states must
meet by 2008 at the latest.
10. Shifting Perceptions
Appraisal of current situation
Retreads – especially in the passenger and light commercial arena – have a poor image.
This is a historical carry-over from the era before certification and quality control. They
are also associated with 'budget' motoring, and by implication purchasers who are not
financially well off enough to buy new. We can also pass comment that the concept is
inextricably linked with the 'dirty' world of manufacturing – and the 'rough' world of the
truck driver.
All this applies as much to the consumer, as it does to the press and media they receive
their information through.
Efforts have been made to inform the tyre trade press as to the benefits of retreads –
both in terms of cost, and also more recently their environmental benefits of energy
recovery and conservation. Though such efforts have increased awareness of retread
issues, it has proved difficult to raise the concept's profile outside of this 'charmed
circle'.
Decoupling retreading from recycling
Retreading is at present too often seen only as an equal to other recycling processes in
the hierarchy of waste – alongside granulation and recovery of the chemical constituents
locked up in a post consumer tyre. Above recycling, re-use, in the sense of the tyre
complete, remains a limited option in practical terms. And even in the realms of
recycling, the distinction between recovery and waste to energy can become blurred.
Moving retreading sideways, and seeking to present it as a separate option, with its own
unique set of advantages and environmental benefits, would work to create process
differentiation that improves outside perceptions of the industry – while giving its
customers added justification for using the product.
Moving the goalposts
So, what drives the consumer – and more importantly, how can we 'piggyback' the
retread as a concept onto their needs, desires and wants, to ultimately stimulate a
purchase?
Though price may well be the ultimate yardstick, we need to invest the retread with a
set of values which help the consumer to justify purchase both to himself, and against
his peer group.
11. Sounds fanciful? Think of the fleet manager in a public sector organisation: If he wants
to cut his tyre budget, the retread can do it for him. But, he needs to offer up to his
superiors a watertight case to justify his actions – in case anything goes wrong, such as
a blowout that takes a Council transit into a bus queue….
The same with the private consumer. So the retread becomes not just a cheaper option
(or more desirably a 'same-cost' option) to a budget new tyre, but it has environmental
brownie points into the bargain.
Taking the initiative
First, the retread needs to 're-prove' its credentials in terms of functionality and fitness
for purpose. We need to look at issues such as tyre life, penetration resistance,
availability, roadholding, stopping distance, skid resistance – even fuel economy.
Though many of these factors are just as much a matter of normal and prudent tyre
care as of tyre construction or manufacture, there is no reason why such 'best practice'
cannot be articulated alongside the retread – as opposed to a 'branded' new tyre.. We
may need to use special-purpose applications to demonstrate how the retread as a
concept stands up to conditions that would perhaps be far more arduous than those any
private motorist could come up with.
We need to look at 'bigness' and extremes – e.g. earthmoving plant, motorsport, aircraft
tyres – linking 'toughness' back through picture stories, 'awesome' facts and even tyre
trivia.
Alongside these measures, we present the true USP which can be used to give the
retread the product differentiation that it so sorely needs: the environmental factor.
Energy saving at the point of re-use, and at the post-consumer point of disposal.
Environmental benefits of reducing the impact of the motor car on the landscape. Even
educating the consumer into being able to tell whether or not a particular new tyre will
be suitable for retreading, once he has finished driving upon it.
And finally, we need to present the remanufacturing process of retreads themselves as a
'clean' activity too.
Winning the 'hearts and minds' of the trade
Yet none of this is going to work if we don't involve the tyre distribution chain as well,
switching them on to the way that retreads can offer just as much margin as a new tyre.
Getting them to look at the customer anew so as to divine his or her real reason for
purchase, and use the environmental benefits as a way to 'cross sell' to what could be
termed the 'third option' – between budget new, and branded new.
12. Creating New Opportunities
The female consumer
Why do we need specifically to target this group. For a number of key reasons, including
the fact that these are the drivers who often run the 'owned' car in the two car, two
income household. Women are more sensitive to environmental issues; they have a
more caring view of the world we live in. They are also the ones who place less value
upon the performance-orientated USPs generally employed to sell tyres.
The regional and local press
When do people buy car magazines? Apart from marque or niche enthusiasts, most
people only buy a car magazine when they are about to make a purchasing decision as
to replacement of their existing vehicle. Or, more perversely, once they have just
purchased – to see whether their choice is confirmed as the right one, by the opinion of
a motoring journalist.
Not that any PR campaign should ignore the motoring press – far from it, since the front
rank TV and print media people lead the views of other, lesser, publications and the
regional and local newspapers. Yet it is the latter which people read on a regular basis,
and perhaps are more likely to 'believe in' more. So we could consider circulating
information to these correspondents – in the same way that the AA and other industry
bodies do.
The corporate consumer
Fleet operators are the backbone of the new car business. And whilst it would be
foolhardy to predict that retreads could make significant inroads into this sector, we
need to think in terms of a longer-term strategy here. These are monolithic enterprises
which cannot be turned around to the concept of retreads overnight. But there is room
for pilots, for special applications which are self-contained enough so as to be classed as
'low-risk'.
And there is also the issue of education and seeding of this marketplace – persuading
the specifying executives if not necessarily to use, then at least to endorse, or remove
obstacles to purchase of a retread elsewhere. Why for instance should West Dorset
District Council prohibit the use of retreads – yet be happy with part worn tyres on
hackney carriages?
13. Protecting the source of supply
If the figures are correct, the retread industry re-cycles between 20 – 30 per cent of all
of the UK's post consumer tyre arisings. Because of technical requirements, the only
way that this rate can be boosted is either by an increase of supply – or by more careful
'first' tyre use. The latter could lead to earlier replacement, which is a Good Thing from
the standpoint of new tyre manufacturers…..
Yet tyres as scrap – as opposed to a post-consumer resource – are easier to deal with
by politicians at both national and local level looking at a quick-fix solution. But
preventing the emergence of a 'cash to combustion' regime, which could create a
shortfall in supply (just when the retread industry is set to stimulate demand…?),
requires an altogether more subtle approach.
Though the information is there to hit out at other processors hungry for the same
feedstock – public health issues, viability doubts and supplies of raw materials to sustain
projected throughput – these processes are at the same time our partners within a
shared hierarchy of waste.
So on the one hand, we need to inform both regulators, processors and politicians of
what the retread can – and is already doing for the environment – so that the industry
can protect its niche within this hierarchy. On the other, be prepared to distance the
retread from any negative environmental publicity that might attach itself to other parts
of the disposal chain, should this arise.
14. Tactical Implementation
Possible concepts
To provide back up information which can be used as both reference material and also
as fact and issue briefing papers, the following themes could be developed:
• Energy use and chemical constituent recovery data for retreading vs other
hierarchical methods of dealing with post-consumer tyres. This could be
developed into a simple 'good-average-poor' 'check-list' or chart.
• Retreading and its role within the hierarchy of waste – this would seek to
separate retreading as an activity from other methods of dealing with post
consumer tyres, and make a case for this being seen alongside reuse, as
opposed to further down at the recycling level.
• Cost comparisons over the complete lifecycle of tyre manufacture through first
use, retreading, and then second use (car and light commercial tyres only) –
illustrating both the cost savings available to the second user, and the savings in
energy and non-renewable raw materials use.
• Environmental legislation and Best Environmental Practice Option (BEPO)
recommendations impacting upon post consumer tyres – UK retread standards,
Landfill directive, controlled wastes etc.
It may even be worth considering the creation of a 'study pack' for use in secondary or
primary school environment-related project work. This would be aimed at reaching
potential consumers through their children.
These could be provided on the RMA website.
Media campaign
Activity in this area would be on an on-going basis, and would use input from the RMA
and its members, as well as seeking to comment upon developments in related fields
which could have impact upon the industry.
Issues which Aardvark could raise on the RMA's behalf here include:
• Part worn tyre dangers
• Earlier replacement and improved in-service care to preserve casings for
retreading
• Retreading – making post consumer tyres into a resource, not a problem
15. The primary communication medium here would be regular press releases directed at
motoring press – to include where possible motoring correspondents on local and
regional press – and also environmental journalists on both specialist trade and national
media, including broadcast TV and radio. As to numbers, Aardvark estimates that there
are between 400 – 500 motoring journalists in total, plus approximately 75 - 125
environmental media contacts.
A key part of Aardvark's work would however lie in the pro-active contact with selected
media on a rotation basis. This would be aimed at both establishing the RMA as a
preferred source for comment as regards post consumer tyre issues – and to encourage
visits to retreading plants and interviews with RMA executive committee members.
16. Lobbying Government and special interest groups
By way of introduction, it must be stated that dealing with Government demands a
subtly different approach to that employed in conducting public relations via the media.
Elected representatives may modify and comment upon proposed legislation and public
issues, but the drafting of UK law is now largely in the hands of the Civil Service staff
within key ministries. Progress is therefore best made by 'piggy-backing' a client's
interest onto existing legislation trends, or by seeking to limit their damage. The use of
an intermediary – such as Aardvark – between a commercially-motivated interest group
is also seen as desirable from the aspect of confidentiality.
As well as response to consultation papers which have immediate affect upon the
retreading industry – e.g Tyres Protocol for use in Cement Kilns (closing date 31.07.01)
– Aardvark would seek to establish pro-active contact with select committees and
Government ministers and individual MPs. This would be geared around analysis of
registers of Members and Lords' interests, and Hansard (Lords and Commons
proceedings) to identify information needs and also the concerns of their constituents.
As part of this range of activities, contact would also be made with UK representatives
within the EU assembly, and relevant environmental committees at Strasbourg/Brussels.
Aardvark's objective here would be to use debate or concern over other post consumer
tyre disposal processes to champion the cause of the retread. The ultimate benefit
would be a heightened awareness of the retread's role in reducing waste and conserving
energy, to create a more favourable legislative climate for the industry.
With the arrival of separate national assemblies for both Scotland and Wales, and the
new regional assemblies (many of which are purely coordinating bodies) it may become
necessary to include these elected representatives in the 'information loop' at some
point.
At the same time these bodies can be reached quite effectively – and more credibly –
through 'bridge-building' efforts between the RMA and special interest groups. These
can be part of Government itself – executive agencies, Quasi Autonomous Non
Governmental Organisations (QUANGOS) – or exist as external special interest groups
such as Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace, and local or single-issue groupings.
As to numbers, it can be estimated that a contact list of between 100 – 200 MPs and
Lords together with relevant Government ministries would need to be maintained. In
addition, there could be between 30 – 50 named individuals within the special interest
group community that could be added to this working total.