This document summarizes a study that recorded the ethnoecological knowledge of European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) held by fishermen in Peniche, Portugal. 87 fishermen were interviewed about the species. Key findings included:
1) Fishermen provided detailed informal data on the taxonomy, habitat, behaviour, migration, development, spawning and fat accumulation season of sardines that was consistent with published biological data.
2) Fishermen identified different names for juvenile vs. adult sardines and described preferred habitats as coasts and high seas or just coasts.
3) The study concluded that incorporating fishermen's local ecological knowledge could help improve management of this important fishery and
Lavides et al 2016_reef fish disappearances Philippines_Plos One.PDFMargarita Lavides
This document summarizes a research article that uses fishers' knowledge to infer patterns of disappearance of coral reef finfish species in five marine biodiversity areas in the Philippines. Through interviews with over 2,600 fishers, the study identified 59 finfish species that have disappeared from catches between the 1950s and 2014. Five species that were reported to have zero catches by the most fishers were analyzed in more detail. Statistical models estimated an 88% decline in the catch of green bumphead parrotfish, an 82% decline in humphead wrasse, a 66% decline in African pompano, a 74% decline in giant grouper, and a 64% decline in mangrove red snapper based on
PLOS Shark Rays in west nusa tenggara indonesia.pdfika wahyuningrum
1. Overfishing is a major threat to shark populations globally, driven by international demand for shark fins and other products. Many shark species are now threatened with extinction.
2. Indonesia is the world's largest shark fishing nation and has implemented domestic measures to regulate trade of threatened shark species in accordance with CITES. However, existing regulations alone are not enough to curb mortality rates.
3. This study analyzes data from Indonesia's targeted shark fishery in Tanjung Luar over two years. The results suggest that management measures focusing on controlling fishing effort through limits, gear restrictions, and spatiotemporal closures could significantly benefit threatened shark species while improving the fishery's sustainability.
This document discusses biodiversity in Portugal. It begins by defining biodiversity and the different types, including genetic, species, and ecological diversity. It then discusses consequences of biodiversity loss, like reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide. The document outlines ways to conserve biodiversity, like planting trees and reducing waste. It provides details on protected species and habitats in Portugal, noting threats from habitat loss, pollution, and invasive species. Finally, it summarizes Portugal's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which includes 10 strategies focused on research, expanding protected areas networks, conservation of species and habitats, and international cooperation.
This document analyzes data from a citizen science marine survey program called Seasearch to describe the spatial distribution of pink sea fan colonies in southwest UK coastal waters from 2001-2012. It finds that pink sea fan colonies are concentrated in some areas but also exist outside of existing Marine Protected Areas, potentially putting them at risk from bottom-towed fishing activities. The analysis demonstrates how organized citizen science data can help inform broad scale patterns of biodiversity and assesses whether the locations of pink sea fans match up with areas that have legal protection from bottom-towed fishing gears.
This document provides guidelines for setting up small-scale fish farming operations to address lack of protein in subsistence communities in Africa. It outlines the objectives of providing essential information to start fish production with minimal costs using local resources. The document discusses constraints to consider, such as environmental, social, and cultural factors that will influence appropriate techniques. It also notes limitations of existing manuals, such as a focus on commercial operations rather than subsistence needs, and lack of adaptation to local conditions. The guidelines cover setting up a program, technical aspects, management, and addressing various constraints.
Biodiversity and abundance of fish and plankton of nguru lake, northeastern, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the biodiversity and abundance of fish and plankton in Nguru Lake, Nigeria. Twenty-five species of phytoplankton from four divisions were found in the lake. Sixteen species of zooplankton from four groups were present. Twenty-four fish species belonging to thirteen families were identified. The family Cichlidae dominated the fish population. Shannon-Weiner indices indicated some stations had higher diversity and were less polluted than others. The study provides baseline data on the lake's biodiversity to support development of its fisheries potential.
2000PhD dissertation Options for Co-management of an Indonesian Coastal FisheryLida Pet
- Landings in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia increased from 32,000 tons in 1977 to 53,000 tons in 1995 while fishing effort only slightly increased. However, standard effort measures are unreliable due to increasing motorization.
- Perceptions of fisheries authorities and fishers on fishery status seem to concur but they cannot find evidence linking catch and effort due to constraints and lack of variation in Spermonde.
- Co-management is not viable yet and data needs to be standardized and combined on ecological rather than administrative grounds to better inform management.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the diversity of rRNA genes in the guts of adult and fingerling Mugil cephalus (flathead grey mullet) fish inhabiting an Egyptian Mediterranean estuary. Bulk DNA was extracted from the guts and the eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene, bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and archaeal 16S rRNA gene were amplified via PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Rarefaction analyses identified 11, 18, and 13 phylotype groups of rRNA genes for eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea, respectively, in adult guts, and 6 and 11 phylotype groups for eukaryotes and bacteria in fingerling guts (archaea were not detected in
Lavides et al 2016_reef fish disappearances Philippines_Plos One.PDFMargarita Lavides
This document summarizes a research article that uses fishers' knowledge to infer patterns of disappearance of coral reef finfish species in five marine biodiversity areas in the Philippines. Through interviews with over 2,600 fishers, the study identified 59 finfish species that have disappeared from catches between the 1950s and 2014. Five species that were reported to have zero catches by the most fishers were analyzed in more detail. Statistical models estimated an 88% decline in the catch of green bumphead parrotfish, an 82% decline in humphead wrasse, a 66% decline in African pompano, a 74% decline in giant grouper, and a 64% decline in mangrove red snapper based on
PLOS Shark Rays in west nusa tenggara indonesia.pdfika wahyuningrum
1. Overfishing is a major threat to shark populations globally, driven by international demand for shark fins and other products. Many shark species are now threatened with extinction.
2. Indonesia is the world's largest shark fishing nation and has implemented domestic measures to regulate trade of threatened shark species in accordance with CITES. However, existing regulations alone are not enough to curb mortality rates.
3. This study analyzes data from Indonesia's targeted shark fishery in Tanjung Luar over two years. The results suggest that management measures focusing on controlling fishing effort through limits, gear restrictions, and spatiotemporal closures could significantly benefit threatened shark species while improving the fishery's sustainability.
This document discusses biodiversity in Portugal. It begins by defining biodiversity and the different types, including genetic, species, and ecological diversity. It then discusses consequences of biodiversity loss, like reduced oxygen and increased carbon dioxide. The document outlines ways to conserve biodiversity, like planting trees and reducing waste. It provides details on protected species and habitats in Portugal, noting threats from habitat loss, pollution, and invasive species. Finally, it summarizes Portugal's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which includes 10 strategies focused on research, expanding protected areas networks, conservation of species and habitats, and international cooperation.
This document analyzes data from a citizen science marine survey program called Seasearch to describe the spatial distribution of pink sea fan colonies in southwest UK coastal waters from 2001-2012. It finds that pink sea fan colonies are concentrated in some areas but also exist outside of existing Marine Protected Areas, potentially putting them at risk from bottom-towed fishing activities. The analysis demonstrates how organized citizen science data can help inform broad scale patterns of biodiversity and assesses whether the locations of pink sea fans match up with areas that have legal protection from bottom-towed fishing gears.
This document provides guidelines for setting up small-scale fish farming operations to address lack of protein in subsistence communities in Africa. It outlines the objectives of providing essential information to start fish production with minimal costs using local resources. The document discusses constraints to consider, such as environmental, social, and cultural factors that will influence appropriate techniques. It also notes limitations of existing manuals, such as a focus on commercial operations rather than subsistence needs, and lack of adaptation to local conditions. The guidelines cover setting up a program, technical aspects, management, and addressing various constraints.
Biodiversity and abundance of fish and plankton of nguru lake, northeastern, ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the biodiversity and abundance of fish and plankton in Nguru Lake, Nigeria. Twenty-five species of phytoplankton from four divisions were found in the lake. Sixteen species of zooplankton from four groups were present. Twenty-four fish species belonging to thirteen families were identified. The family Cichlidae dominated the fish population. Shannon-Weiner indices indicated some stations had higher diversity and were less polluted than others. The study provides baseline data on the lake's biodiversity to support development of its fisheries potential.
2000PhD dissertation Options for Co-management of an Indonesian Coastal FisheryLida Pet
- Landings in Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia increased from 32,000 tons in 1977 to 53,000 tons in 1995 while fishing effort only slightly increased. However, standard effort measures are unreliable due to increasing motorization.
- Perceptions of fisheries authorities and fishers on fishery status seem to concur but they cannot find evidence linking catch and effort due to constraints and lack of variation in Spermonde.
- Co-management is not viable yet and data needs to be standardized and combined on ecological rather than administrative grounds to better inform management.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the diversity of rRNA genes in the guts of adult and fingerling Mugil cephalus (flathead grey mullet) fish inhabiting an Egyptian Mediterranean estuary. Bulk DNA was extracted from the guts and the eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene, bacterial 16S rRNA gene, and archaeal 16S rRNA gene were amplified via PCR, cloned, and sequenced. Rarefaction analyses identified 11, 18, and 13 phylotype groups of rRNA genes for eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea, respectively, in adult guts, and 6 and 11 phylotype groups for eukaryotes and bacteria in fingerling guts (archaea were not detected in
Stakeholders’ Perception of Fish Decline in the Lagos Lagoon and Effects of S...BRNSS Publication Hub
Lagos Lagoon provides a number of important ecosystem services that include fish supply for the indigenous
fishing communities of Ilajes and Ijaws. The Lagoon is also a sink for pollutants from various point sources,
including sawmilling activities at the Okobaba hub of the lagoon. The perception of stakeholders about the
environmental risks of these anthropogenic activities is important considerations for sustainable management
of this important coastal ecosystem. Organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
are priority pollutants that are associated with anthropogenic activities including the burning of wastes. The
early life stages of fish species are useful bioindicators of pollutant effects for environmental risk assessments.
This study investigated stakeholders’ environmental risks perception of the sawmilling activities on the
Lagos Lagoon. Furthermore, physicochemical parameters and 16 priority PAHs were assessed in surface
water, porewater, and sediment from the study area on the Lagos Lagoon. Further, the embryotoxic effects
of crude and cleaned up sediment organics and porewater extracts on the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias
gariepinus) embryos were evaluated. Most (70–93%) respondents observed fish declines, burn wastes on
the bank of the lagoon and are aware of the environmental and human health risks of their activities. High
molecular weight PAHs dominated the PAHs profile, especially in the sediment. Developmental abnormalities
and decreased hatching success were observed in C. gariepinus embryos exposed to extracts from the test
site compared to the controls though non-significant (P > 0.05). The results show the environmental risks
of sawmill activities on the Lagos Lagoon. There is a need for targeted environmental management and
stakeholders’ engagement to forestall further coastal degradation and promote sustainable fisheries in the
lagoon in support of the UN sustainable development goal three (life below water).
The national marine park of alonnisos northern sporades2gymkais
The National Marine Park of Alonnisos Northern Sporades in Greece was the first designated Marine Park in the country and is now the largest marine protected area in Europe. It provides opportunities for recreation, education, and research while also protecting a culturally and environmentally important ecosystem. The park is home to many threatened species of fish, birds, reptiles, and mammals, including the endangered Mediterranean monk seal of which it is estimated Greece holds 2/3 of the remaining population of 400-500 individuals. When visiting, respecting nature, responsible behavior, and following park regulations are important to protect this ecosystem.
Impact of stocking common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on production in some select...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in three seasonal beels in Gacha union under Gazipur sadar upazila in Gazipur district during the period from June 2015 to January 2016. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the impact of stocking common carp on the abundance and biodiversity of native fish species in seasonal beels. Three seasonal beels such as Baroholai, Makhna and Buridha which were connected with Turag River through different canals were selected to implement the study. Baroholai and Makhna beel were stocked with common carp fingerlings at 2500 per hectare. Buridha beel served as control. Necessary data were collected from the fishermen and lease holders of the concern beel through using structured questionnaire by survey method. A total of 42-43 species of fishes were recorded from stocked beel as against of 43 species in control beel. Shanon-Weiner diversity index averaged 2.58 in stocked beel as opposed to 2.68 for control beel. The studied beel had medium richness in terms of biodiversity and faunal abundances. Per hectare fish production was 522-577kg in stocked beels as compared to 365kg in control beel. Cyprinidae was the most abundant group contributing to the bulk of fishery yield. Surface feeder took a lead over other groups of fishes in stocked beel as opposed to bottom feeder in case of control beel. Bottom dwelling small catfishes seems to be affected in presence of common carp in the stocked beels. Control beel harboured increased number and quantity of catfishes. Fish productions in the seasonal beels were profitable. Per hectare total cost of fish production averaged tk 34976.67 as against of total gross return of tk 92683.67. Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found to be 2.57-3.42 in stocked beel and 2.01 in control beel. Further researches are needed to precisely determine the possible consequences of stocking common carp in seasonal beels.
Intact Oceans and Their Benefits, by Edward Lohnes, Conservation InternationalWILD Foundation
The document discusses several papers that illustrate the benefits of healthy oceans. It summarizes that intact oceans are crucial for life on Earth and provide many services like food and climate regulation. However, oceans face many threats from human activities. Studies show that marine protected areas can help restore ecosystems and biodiversity by limiting fishing and other extractive activities. Recent research also finds that dynamic protection approaches may further help increase fish biomass. Additionally, protecting blue carbon sinks can significantly offset carbon emissions and help mitigate climate change. Comprehensive ocean zoning is needed to manage cumulative human impacts on marine environments.
This report provides an overview of key socio-economic, management, and governance issues relating to conservation and sustainable use of deep-sea ecosystems and biodiversity. It highlights the current understanding and identifies knowledge gaps. The deep sea is home to diverse ecosystems and provides many goods and services. However, human activities like deep-sea fishing, oil and gas extraction, and mining are threatening habitats and increasing pressures. Effective governance is needed to balance conservation with sustainable use, but challenges include implementing an ecosystem approach, addressing uncertainties, and improving multi-level cooperation. Further research can help close knowledge gaps and better inform policymaking.
Use of Seagrasses as Natural Forage Source for Small Ruminants: The Example o...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The search for new sources of food that contribute to the optimization of livestock production is urgently needed, especially in the Spanish SE where rainfall is increasingly scarce and land degradation makes grazing of small ruminants difficult. This work provides in vivo and in vitro data on the nutritional composition, digestibility, inputs in sheep and goats.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000572.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on journal of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Herald Marencic 30 Years of Dutch-German-Danish Cooperation on the Protection...riseagrant
The document summarizes 30 years of trilateral cooperation between Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands on protecting the Wadden Sea ecosystem. It describes the Wadden Sea's designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2009 due to its outstanding universal value. Key aspects of cooperation include establishing national parks and nature reserves, long-term monitoring programs, management plans addressing issues like shipping and tourism, and efforts to promote sustainable development and public awareness of the region's ecological importance.
Marine biodiversity is declining globally at an unprecedented rate due to threats such as habitat loss, overexploitation of fish and other marine species, and invasive species. Currently only about 2.4% of the ocean is protected despite goals to increase protected areas to 10% by 2020. International agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity have established targets and indicators to monitor biodiversity loss and guide conservation efforts, but global and EU targets to reduce biodiversity loss by 2010 were not met. Ongoing work includes identifying ecologically and biologically significant areas for enhanced protection and monitoring trends in species distributions and abundances to inform policymaking.
fish genetics and conservation of aquatic speciesjaYSHRI SHELKE
The document discusses conservation strategies for aquatic species as outlined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It describes the IUCN's guidelines for classifying threatened species based on 5 criteria related to population decline, geographic range, population size, and risk of extinction. It also discusses the concept of establishing live gene banks to preserve fish genetic resources and breed threatened species for restoration efforts. Live gene banks aim to study life histories and breeding behaviors of threatened native fish and safely maintain their full genomes ex situ for conservation.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
Marketing channels of mud crab (Scylla serrata) at Nijhum Dwip, Noakhali, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to assess the marketing and value chain of crab from Nijhum Dwip Island in Noakhali region during July 2015 to December 2015. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and tools of participatory rural appraisal such as focus group discussion. The Meghna estuary, tidal rivers and mangroves were the main sources of crab. Local people including the fishermen can collect the crabs and crab lets. The grading system varied depending on sex and size of the crab. The highest average price was found to be 200 BDT/kg for FF1 grade of female while the minimum price was found to be 500 BDT/kg for XXL grade of male. Crabs were mainly available in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October. It was found that 70% crab catchers were from the age group of 12-28 years, which were the main working force in the society. In the study area, 60% of the crab marketers had monthly income of BDT 9,000-20,000, the farmers living conditions were not up to the mark but the survey suggests that most of the crab marketers and exporters increased their income level. If crab fattening can be established, training can be provided, institutional and policy support can be offered to the farmers and good marketing facilities can be developed, crab can be an alternative source of income and sustainable livelihood for the coastal poor people.
This document summarizes a seminar on marine protected areas. It defines marine protected areas as areas designated to protect marine ecosystems, habitats, and species. There are different types of marine protected areas that prohibit various commercial and recreational activities. Marine protected areas are needed to conserve biodiversity by protecting rare species, maintain ecosystem resilience to change, and allow for scientific study. Evidence shows that marine protected areas enhance species diversity and biomass both inside and outside their boundaries. The public benefits from opportunities to experience and learn about healthy marine environments through multi-use marine protected areas.
Freshwater and coastal aquaculture development can benefit from internal and external experience for preventing environmental damage and for avoiding harmful effects of degradation on aquaculture resources. Strategies to compensate for the loss of aquatic fauna (e.g. due to physical obstructions) are directly linked to important environmental issues, such as the transfer of exotic species, the spread of diseases and loss of genetic diversity, eutrophication, impairment of aesthetic qualities and the disruption of indigenous fish stocks.
There presently, conceptual frameworks for aquatic environment management backed by legal and administrative tools to create or enforce ration systems for water management, land use or fisheries and aquaculture development strengthened by adaptive institutionalization.
Prospectives and Problems of Conservation, Development and Management of Clam...ijtsrd
Bhatye estuary, Ratnagiri is known for its mussel and clam fishery. Clam fishery is primarily supported by Meretrix meretrix, Katelysia opima and Paphia laterisulea. The clam fishery lasts for about 8 – 10 months. During lean period of open sea fishery, it provides protein rich food and livelihood to local population... Its shells are utilized as raw material in lime and cement cottage industries. Considering its food and economic value they are over exploited. In the present study, economic and food value of clams, clam fishery, management and conservation aspects are discussed. Sanjay Kumbhar "Prospectives and Problems of Conservation, Development and Management of Clam Resource in the Bhatye Estuary Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30593.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30593/prospectives-and-problems-of-conservation-development-and-management-of-clam-resource-in-the-bhatye-estuary-ratnagiri-maharashtra-india/sanjay-kumbhar
Impact of Anthropogenic intervention on Fisheries Biodiversity 502.docxAbhishekSingh19074
This document discusses the impact of anthropogenic (human) activities on fisheries biodiversity. It covers several topics:
1. Land use changes from activities like farming can lead to nutrient runoff and eutrophication, impacting fish stocks. Examples from freshwater systems are well documented.
2. Introduction of non-native species can negatively impact fisheries through competition with native species and spreading of diseases. While some introductions were intentional for fisheries, most have unexpected consequences.
3. Conservation measures that protect top predators like seals and birds have increased their populations, creating greater predation pressure on fish stocks important to fisheries.
It also discusses direct impacts of overfishing and bycatch
Productivity of phytoplankton using different organic fertilizers in the glas...AbdullaAlAsif1
The experiment intended to estimate the productivity using different organic fertilizer and to identify the species of phytoplankton in the aquarium tanks. The study was conducted in the laboratory Phytoplankton samples for culture were collected from fisheries experimental pond by using conical-shaped monofilament nylon net (phytoplankton net). Three treatment such as cow dung (T₁), chicken manure (T₂) and control (T₃) were designed. Each treatment had two replications. In case of T₁ and T₂, 10 g of fertilizer was used in each aquarium tank. Sampling of phytoplankton for counting and identification was done every week and 1 litre of water sample was taken from each tank. Phytoplankton sample for identification were preserved by Lugol's solution. Three physicochemical parameters namely water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were measured in every sampling week during the study period. Water quality parameters of the aquarium tank varied with the variation of sampling week. There was no significant difference between water temperature, pH and DO in case of three treatment. The mean water temperature, pH and DO were 21.85±1.95 °C, 8.38±0.23 and 5.55±0.58 mg/l, respectively. The abundance of phytoplankton in T₁, T₂ and T₃ were 25-65, 25-105 and 6-20 individual/l, respectively. The phytoplankton abundance were influenced by different organic fertilizer and noticed higher in number by using chicken manure. Irregular relationship between phytoplankton abundance and water temperature was found. Phytoplankton showed positive relationship with DO. In this study 15 species of phytoplankton were identified under four groups namely Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and Euglenophyta. Chlorophyta (52%) was the dominant group in the aquarium. The findings of the present study will help to improve the management strategies of water quality, for estimating the productivity of phytoplankton and for the best use of organic fertilizer especially chicken manure.
Fishing in the antipodes. Fishers and fishes in two opposite polesPablo Pita Orduna
This document summarizes research on fishing in the Southern Ocean and Western Australia. It describes a research group studying marine resources and fisheries using multidisciplinary approaches. It also discusses international exchange between the group and Australia on managing fisheries like abalone and razor clams through tools that involve stakeholders. Specific projects examined include mapping fishing grounds in Galicia, Spain and developing data-poor harvest strategies based on spawning potential ratio.
AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE_CleanPatrick White
This document provides an overview of the importance of aquatic genetic resources in the context of climate change. It discusses how aquatic ecosystems and the organisms they support play a key role in global carbon and nutrient cycles. Aquatic genetic resources underpin global aquaculture and fisheries, which together provide about half of the world's food fish and are important for food security, nutrition, and livelihoods. Climate change poses challenges for these resources and the sectors that depend on them through impacts like warming, acidification, and changes to freshwater availability. The roles of aquatic genetic resources in adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts are discussed.
The document summarizes a study that monitored water quality and benthic ecosystems around fish farms in Igoumenitsa Bay, Greece between 2011-2012. Water samples found increased nutrients like phosphorus near the fish farms, especially in summer, indicating localized eutrophication. A dispersion model showed waste from the farms could spread over 120 meters, mostly towards the coast. The benthic ecosystem was not significantly disturbed, though a biotic index found potential ecological risk in summer. Increased feeding and fish metabolism in summer, combined with seasonal currents, contributed to the localized nutrient increase near the farms.
Research Methods Spring 2020 – Research proposal Points 0.docxverad6
Research Methods Spring 2020 – Research proposal
Points:
0
1
2
3
Introduction
APA Format
Not APA format
Tried APA format
Mostly APA, some errors
Good APA format
Literature Review
No real review of the existing literature
Minimal review. It’s not clear how cited lit relates to your research
Decent review of the current literature on your topic. Have at least 3 references that directly relate to your research question
Good review of the current literature on your topic. Have at least 5 references that directly relate to your research question
Hypotheses
Hypotheses not mentioned or it’s not a testable hypothesis
Hypotheses stated at the end of intro. Hypotheses don’t really follow from literature or don’t entirely make sense
Hypotheses that follow from the literature. Hypotheses are testable and directional.
Well thought out and interesting hypotheses based on the literature – testable and directional.
Methods
Participants
Very little thought into participant selection
Clearly state how data will be collected – e.g. what’s the population. How would you obtain a sample from that population
Clearly state how data will be collected, state the population, include a sample size determination based on the literature
Well thought out sample size determination based on the literature – clearly state the population and a feasible method for collecting data from that population.
Procedure – research design
Little info about procedure
Not a clear procedure
Stated research design that tests the hypotheses
Procedure section clearly lays out research design. The research design provides a good test of the hypotheses
Procedure - Materials
No or little info about materials
Vague info about materials
Materials (e.g. measures, manipulations) make sense given the hypotheses and research design. Measures clearly labeled as independent or dependent variables.
Well thought out materials. Materials selected make sense given the hypotheses and research design and thought was put into controls variables and choosing measures that are well-established. Measures clearly labeled as independent or dependent variables.
Proposed analyses
No info about proposed analyses
Include proposed analyses, but they don’t make sense given the hypotheses
Proposed analyses make sense given the hypotheses.
Well thought out statistical analyses given hypotheses. Analyses take into consideration all measures and manipulations in the study.
Total (out of 21)
http://pss.sagepub.com/
Psychological Science
http://pss.sagepub.com/content/24/1/112
The online version of this article can be found at:
DOI: 10.1177/0956797612457392
2013 24: 112 originally published online 12 November 2012Psychological Science
David R. Kille, Amanda L. Forest and Joanne V. Wood
Tall, Dark, and Stable : Embodiment Motivates Mate Selection Preferences
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
Association for Psychological Science
can be found at:Psych.
Research Methods in Anthropology Part 1 Discuss the strengths .docxverad6
Research Methods in Anthropology
Part 1: Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative field research, highlighting the ethical issues involved in using these methods. Describe how reliability and validity relate to qualitative field research. Are focus groups relevant in field research? If yes, how?
Part 2: Describe and compare the 3 unobtrusive research designs: content analysis, analysis of existing statistics, and historical/comparative analysis. Outline the strengths and weaknesses of each and describe how reliability and validity relate to each.
Reading and Reference Links
In addition to the readings in Week 4 Learning Resources, read the following:
· Chapters 12 and 13 in the Social Science Research Methods e-Text
· For reference: Title: Research Methods in Anthropology: http://www.dphu.org/uploads/attachements/books/books_476_0.pdf (NOTE: This is a lengthy textbook and may take time to open.)
The article Participant Observation on the Wikipedia website is used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license.Participant observation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Participant observation is one type of data collection method typically done in the qualitative research paradigm. It is a widely used methodology in many disciplines, particularly cultural anthropology, less so in sociology, communication studies, human geography and social psychology. Its aim is to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious, occupational, sub cultural group, or a particular community) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their cultural environment, usually over an extended period of time. The method originated in the field research of social anthropologists, especially Bronisław Malinowski in Britain, the students of Franz Boas in the United States, and in the later urban research of the Chicago School of sociology.
Contents
· 1 History and development
· 2 Method and practice
· 2.1 Types of participant observation
· 2.1.1 Impact of researcher involvement
· 3 Ethical concerns
· 4 See also
· 5 References
· 6 External links
History and development
Participant observation was used extensively by Frank Hamilton Cushing in his study of the Zuni Indians in the later part of the nineteenth century, followed by the studies of non-Western societies by people such as Bronisław Malinowski,[1]E.E. Evans-Pritchard,[2] and Margaret Mead[3] in the first half of the twentieth century. It emerged as the principal approach to ethnographicresearch by anthropologists and relied on the cultivation of personal relationships with local informants as a way of learning about a culture, involving both observing and participating in the social life of a group. By living with the cultures they studied, researchers were able to formulate first hand accounts of their lives and gain novel insights. This same method of study has also been applied to gro.
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Stakeholders’ Perception of Fish Decline in the Lagos Lagoon and Effects of S...BRNSS Publication Hub
Lagos Lagoon provides a number of important ecosystem services that include fish supply for the indigenous
fishing communities of Ilajes and Ijaws. The Lagoon is also a sink for pollutants from various point sources,
including sawmilling activities at the Okobaba hub of the lagoon. The perception of stakeholders about the
environmental risks of these anthropogenic activities is important considerations for sustainable management
of this important coastal ecosystem. Organic pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
are priority pollutants that are associated with anthropogenic activities including the burning of wastes. The
early life stages of fish species are useful bioindicators of pollutant effects for environmental risk assessments.
This study investigated stakeholders’ environmental risks perception of the sawmilling activities on the
Lagos Lagoon. Furthermore, physicochemical parameters and 16 priority PAHs were assessed in surface
water, porewater, and sediment from the study area on the Lagos Lagoon. Further, the embryotoxic effects
of crude and cleaned up sediment organics and porewater extracts on the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias
gariepinus) embryos were evaluated. Most (70–93%) respondents observed fish declines, burn wastes on
the bank of the lagoon and are aware of the environmental and human health risks of their activities. High
molecular weight PAHs dominated the PAHs profile, especially in the sediment. Developmental abnormalities
and decreased hatching success were observed in C. gariepinus embryos exposed to extracts from the test
site compared to the controls though non-significant (P > 0.05). The results show the environmental risks
of sawmill activities on the Lagos Lagoon. There is a need for targeted environmental management and
stakeholders’ engagement to forestall further coastal degradation and promote sustainable fisheries in the
lagoon in support of the UN sustainable development goal three (life below water).
The national marine park of alonnisos northern sporades2gymkais
The National Marine Park of Alonnisos Northern Sporades in Greece was the first designated Marine Park in the country and is now the largest marine protected area in Europe. It provides opportunities for recreation, education, and research while also protecting a culturally and environmentally important ecosystem. The park is home to many threatened species of fish, birds, reptiles, and mammals, including the endangered Mediterranean monk seal of which it is estimated Greece holds 2/3 of the remaining population of 400-500 individuals. When visiting, respecting nature, responsible behavior, and following park regulations are important to protect this ecosystem.
Impact of stocking common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on production in some select...AbdullaAlAsif1
The present study was conducted in three seasonal beels in Gacha union under Gazipur sadar upazila in Gazipur district during the period from June 2015 to January 2016. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the impact of stocking common carp on the abundance and biodiversity of native fish species in seasonal beels. Three seasonal beels such as Baroholai, Makhna and Buridha which were connected with Turag River through different canals were selected to implement the study. Baroholai and Makhna beel were stocked with common carp fingerlings at 2500 per hectare. Buridha beel served as control. Necessary data were collected from the fishermen and lease holders of the concern beel through using structured questionnaire by survey method. A total of 42-43 species of fishes were recorded from stocked beel as against of 43 species in control beel. Shanon-Weiner diversity index averaged 2.58 in stocked beel as opposed to 2.68 for control beel. The studied beel had medium richness in terms of biodiversity and faunal abundances. Per hectare fish production was 522-577kg in stocked beels as compared to 365kg in control beel. Cyprinidae was the most abundant group contributing to the bulk of fishery yield. Surface feeder took a lead over other groups of fishes in stocked beel as opposed to bottom feeder in case of control beel. Bottom dwelling small catfishes seems to be affected in presence of common carp in the stocked beels. Control beel harboured increased number and quantity of catfishes. Fish productions in the seasonal beels were profitable. Per hectare total cost of fish production averaged tk 34976.67 as against of total gross return of tk 92683.67. Benefit cost ratio (BCR) was found to be 2.57-3.42 in stocked beel and 2.01 in control beel. Further researches are needed to precisely determine the possible consequences of stocking common carp in seasonal beels.
Intact Oceans and Their Benefits, by Edward Lohnes, Conservation InternationalWILD Foundation
The document discusses several papers that illustrate the benefits of healthy oceans. It summarizes that intact oceans are crucial for life on Earth and provide many services like food and climate regulation. However, oceans face many threats from human activities. Studies show that marine protected areas can help restore ecosystems and biodiversity by limiting fishing and other extractive activities. Recent research also finds that dynamic protection approaches may further help increase fish biomass. Additionally, protecting blue carbon sinks can significantly offset carbon emissions and help mitigate climate change. Comprehensive ocean zoning is needed to manage cumulative human impacts on marine environments.
This report provides an overview of key socio-economic, management, and governance issues relating to conservation and sustainable use of deep-sea ecosystems and biodiversity. It highlights the current understanding and identifies knowledge gaps. The deep sea is home to diverse ecosystems and provides many goods and services. However, human activities like deep-sea fishing, oil and gas extraction, and mining are threatening habitats and increasing pressures. Effective governance is needed to balance conservation with sustainable use, but challenges include implementing an ecosystem approach, addressing uncertainties, and improving multi-level cooperation. Further research can help close knowledge gaps and better inform policymaking.
Use of Seagrasses as Natural Forage Source for Small Ruminants: The Example o...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The search for new sources of food that contribute to the optimization of livestock production is urgently needed, especially in the Spanish SE where rainfall is increasingly scarce and land degradation makes grazing of small ruminants difficult. This work provides in vivo and in vitro data on the nutritional composition, digestibility, inputs in sheep and goats.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000572.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on journal of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Herald Marencic 30 Years of Dutch-German-Danish Cooperation on the Protection...riseagrant
The document summarizes 30 years of trilateral cooperation between Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands on protecting the Wadden Sea ecosystem. It describes the Wadden Sea's designation as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2009 due to its outstanding universal value. Key aspects of cooperation include establishing national parks and nature reserves, long-term monitoring programs, management plans addressing issues like shipping and tourism, and efforts to promote sustainable development and public awareness of the region's ecological importance.
Marine biodiversity is declining globally at an unprecedented rate due to threats such as habitat loss, overexploitation of fish and other marine species, and invasive species. Currently only about 2.4% of the ocean is protected despite goals to increase protected areas to 10% by 2020. International agreements like the Convention on Biological Diversity have established targets and indicators to monitor biodiversity loss and guide conservation efforts, but global and EU targets to reduce biodiversity loss by 2010 were not met. Ongoing work includes identifying ecologically and biologically significant areas for enhanced protection and monitoring trends in species distributions and abundances to inform policymaking.
fish genetics and conservation of aquatic speciesjaYSHRI SHELKE
The document discusses conservation strategies for aquatic species as outlined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It describes the IUCN's guidelines for classifying threatened species based on 5 criteria related to population decline, geographic range, population size, and risk of extinction. It also discusses the concept of establishing live gene banks to preserve fish genetic resources and breed threatened species for restoration efforts. Live gene banks aim to study life histories and breeding behaviors of threatened native fish and safely maintain their full genomes ex situ for conservation.
The European lobster (Homarus gammarus) is an ecologically important species of the North-eastern Atlantic which supports wild trap fisheries that are worth around £30 million each year to the UK alone. By weight the species is the highest-value seafood among those landed regularly in the UK and Ireland, where 75 percent of the ~5,000t annual landings for the species are made. As such, lobsters provide essential diversity to fragile inshore fisheries and vital income for rural coastal economies. However, populations across its range are pressured by rising exploitation, from which traditional fisheries management has failed to prevent extensive regional stock collapses in the recent past, and now struggles to stimulate recovery. While lobsters have long been transported as a live export commodity, chiefly to France and the Iberian peninsula, emerging markets, particularly those in East Asia, threaten to create additional demand for the species which far exceeds current capture yields. Improvements in hatchery rearing success have seen a number of recent aquaculture initiatives employed, in the hope of both generating restoration and improved sustainability of wild harvests, and instigating commercial aquaculture possibilities.
Marketing channels of mud crab (Scylla serrata) at Nijhum Dwip, Noakhali, Ban...AbdullaAlAsif1
The study was conducted to assess the marketing and value chain of crab from Nijhum Dwip Island in Noakhali region during July 2015 to December 2015. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and tools of participatory rural appraisal such as focus group discussion. The Meghna estuary, tidal rivers and mangroves were the main sources of crab. Local people including the fishermen can collect the crabs and crab lets. The grading system varied depending on sex and size of the crab. The highest average price was found to be 200 BDT/kg for FF1 grade of female while the minimum price was found to be 500 BDT/kg for XXL grade of male. Crabs were mainly available in April, May, June, July, August, September, and October. It was found that 70% crab catchers were from the age group of 12-28 years, which were the main working force in the society. In the study area, 60% of the crab marketers had monthly income of BDT 9,000-20,000, the farmers living conditions were not up to the mark but the survey suggests that most of the crab marketers and exporters increased their income level. If crab fattening can be established, training can be provided, institutional and policy support can be offered to the farmers and good marketing facilities can be developed, crab can be an alternative source of income and sustainable livelihood for the coastal poor people.
This document summarizes a seminar on marine protected areas. It defines marine protected areas as areas designated to protect marine ecosystems, habitats, and species. There are different types of marine protected areas that prohibit various commercial and recreational activities. Marine protected areas are needed to conserve biodiversity by protecting rare species, maintain ecosystem resilience to change, and allow for scientific study. Evidence shows that marine protected areas enhance species diversity and biomass both inside and outside their boundaries. The public benefits from opportunities to experience and learn about healthy marine environments through multi-use marine protected areas.
Freshwater and coastal aquaculture development can benefit from internal and external experience for preventing environmental damage and for avoiding harmful effects of degradation on aquaculture resources. Strategies to compensate for the loss of aquatic fauna (e.g. due to physical obstructions) are directly linked to important environmental issues, such as the transfer of exotic species, the spread of diseases and loss of genetic diversity, eutrophication, impairment of aesthetic qualities and the disruption of indigenous fish stocks.
There presently, conceptual frameworks for aquatic environment management backed by legal and administrative tools to create or enforce ration systems for water management, land use or fisheries and aquaculture development strengthened by adaptive institutionalization.
Prospectives and Problems of Conservation, Development and Management of Clam...ijtsrd
Bhatye estuary, Ratnagiri is known for its mussel and clam fishery. Clam fishery is primarily supported by Meretrix meretrix, Katelysia opima and Paphia laterisulea. The clam fishery lasts for about 8 – 10 months. During lean period of open sea fishery, it provides protein rich food and livelihood to local population... Its shells are utilized as raw material in lime and cement cottage industries. Considering its food and economic value they are over exploited. In the present study, economic and food value of clams, clam fishery, management and conservation aspects are discussed. Sanjay Kumbhar "Prospectives and Problems of Conservation, Development and Management of Clam Resource in the Bhatye Estuary Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30593.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30593/prospectives-and-problems-of-conservation-development-and-management-of-clam-resource-in-the-bhatye-estuary-ratnagiri-maharashtra-india/sanjay-kumbhar
Impact of Anthropogenic intervention on Fisheries Biodiversity 502.docxAbhishekSingh19074
This document discusses the impact of anthropogenic (human) activities on fisheries biodiversity. It covers several topics:
1. Land use changes from activities like farming can lead to nutrient runoff and eutrophication, impacting fish stocks. Examples from freshwater systems are well documented.
2. Introduction of non-native species can negatively impact fisheries through competition with native species and spreading of diseases. While some introductions were intentional for fisheries, most have unexpected consequences.
3. Conservation measures that protect top predators like seals and birds have increased their populations, creating greater predation pressure on fish stocks important to fisheries.
It also discusses direct impacts of overfishing and bycatch
Productivity of phytoplankton using different organic fertilizers in the glas...AbdullaAlAsif1
The experiment intended to estimate the productivity using different organic fertilizer and to identify the species of phytoplankton in the aquarium tanks. The study was conducted in the laboratory Phytoplankton samples for culture were collected from fisheries experimental pond by using conical-shaped monofilament nylon net (phytoplankton net). Three treatment such as cow dung (T₁), chicken manure (T₂) and control (T₃) were designed. Each treatment had two replications. In case of T₁ and T₂, 10 g of fertilizer was used in each aquarium tank. Sampling of phytoplankton for counting and identification was done every week and 1 litre of water sample was taken from each tank. Phytoplankton sample for identification were preserved by Lugol's solution. Three physicochemical parameters namely water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were measured in every sampling week during the study period. Water quality parameters of the aquarium tank varied with the variation of sampling week. There was no significant difference between water temperature, pH and DO in case of three treatment. The mean water temperature, pH and DO were 21.85±1.95 °C, 8.38±0.23 and 5.55±0.58 mg/l, respectively. The abundance of phytoplankton in T₁, T₂ and T₃ were 25-65, 25-105 and 6-20 individual/l, respectively. The phytoplankton abundance were influenced by different organic fertilizer and noticed higher in number by using chicken manure. Irregular relationship between phytoplankton abundance and water temperature was found. Phytoplankton showed positive relationship with DO. In this study 15 species of phytoplankton were identified under four groups namely Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and Euglenophyta. Chlorophyta (52%) was the dominant group in the aquarium. The findings of the present study will help to improve the management strategies of water quality, for estimating the productivity of phytoplankton and for the best use of organic fertilizer especially chicken manure.
Fishing in the antipodes. Fishers and fishes in two opposite polesPablo Pita Orduna
This document summarizes research on fishing in the Southern Ocean and Western Australia. It describes a research group studying marine resources and fisheries using multidisciplinary approaches. It also discusses international exchange between the group and Australia on managing fisheries like abalone and razor clams through tools that involve stakeholders. Specific projects examined include mapping fishing grounds in Galicia, Spain and developing data-poor harvest strategies based on spawning potential ratio.
AQUATIC GENETIC RESOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE_CleanPatrick White
This document provides an overview of the importance of aquatic genetic resources in the context of climate change. It discusses how aquatic ecosystems and the organisms they support play a key role in global carbon and nutrient cycles. Aquatic genetic resources underpin global aquaculture and fisheries, which together provide about half of the world's food fish and are important for food security, nutrition, and livelihoods. Climate change poses challenges for these resources and the sectors that depend on them through impacts like warming, acidification, and changes to freshwater availability. The roles of aquatic genetic resources in adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts are discussed.
The document summarizes a study that monitored water quality and benthic ecosystems around fish farms in Igoumenitsa Bay, Greece between 2011-2012. Water samples found increased nutrients like phosphorus near the fish farms, especially in summer, indicating localized eutrophication. A dispersion model showed waste from the farms could spread over 120 meters, mostly towards the coast. The benthic ecosystem was not significantly disturbed, though a biotic index found potential ecological risk in summer. Increased feeding and fish metabolism in summer, combined with seasonal currents, contributed to the localized nutrient increase near the farms.
Similar to RESEARCH Open AccessSharing fishers´ ethnoecological knowl.docx (20)
Research Methods Spring 2020 – Research proposal Points 0.docxverad6
Research Methods Spring 2020 – Research proposal
Points:
0
1
2
3
Introduction
APA Format
Not APA format
Tried APA format
Mostly APA, some errors
Good APA format
Literature Review
No real review of the existing literature
Minimal review. It’s not clear how cited lit relates to your research
Decent review of the current literature on your topic. Have at least 3 references that directly relate to your research question
Good review of the current literature on your topic. Have at least 5 references that directly relate to your research question
Hypotheses
Hypotheses not mentioned or it’s not a testable hypothesis
Hypotheses stated at the end of intro. Hypotheses don’t really follow from literature or don’t entirely make sense
Hypotheses that follow from the literature. Hypotheses are testable and directional.
Well thought out and interesting hypotheses based on the literature – testable and directional.
Methods
Participants
Very little thought into participant selection
Clearly state how data will be collected – e.g. what’s the population. How would you obtain a sample from that population
Clearly state how data will be collected, state the population, include a sample size determination based on the literature
Well thought out sample size determination based on the literature – clearly state the population and a feasible method for collecting data from that population.
Procedure – research design
Little info about procedure
Not a clear procedure
Stated research design that tests the hypotheses
Procedure section clearly lays out research design. The research design provides a good test of the hypotheses
Procedure - Materials
No or little info about materials
Vague info about materials
Materials (e.g. measures, manipulations) make sense given the hypotheses and research design. Measures clearly labeled as independent or dependent variables.
Well thought out materials. Materials selected make sense given the hypotheses and research design and thought was put into controls variables and choosing measures that are well-established. Measures clearly labeled as independent or dependent variables.
Proposed analyses
No info about proposed analyses
Include proposed analyses, but they don’t make sense given the hypotheses
Proposed analyses make sense given the hypotheses.
Well thought out statistical analyses given hypotheses. Analyses take into consideration all measures and manipulations in the study.
Total (out of 21)
http://pss.sagepub.com/
Psychological Science
http://pss.sagepub.com/content/24/1/112
The online version of this article can be found at:
DOI: 10.1177/0956797612457392
2013 24: 112 originally published online 12 November 2012Psychological Science
David R. Kille, Amanda L. Forest and Joanne V. Wood
Tall, Dark, and Stable : Embodiment Motivates Mate Selection Preferences
Published by:
http://www.sagepublications.com
On behalf of:
Association for Psychological Science
can be found at:Psych.
Research Methods in Anthropology Part 1 Discuss the strengths .docxverad6
Research Methods in Anthropology
Part 1: Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative field research, highlighting the ethical issues involved in using these methods. Describe how reliability and validity relate to qualitative field research. Are focus groups relevant in field research? If yes, how?
Part 2: Describe and compare the 3 unobtrusive research designs: content analysis, analysis of existing statistics, and historical/comparative analysis. Outline the strengths and weaknesses of each and describe how reliability and validity relate to each.
Reading and Reference Links
In addition to the readings in Week 4 Learning Resources, read the following:
· Chapters 12 and 13 in the Social Science Research Methods e-Text
· For reference: Title: Research Methods in Anthropology: http://www.dphu.org/uploads/attachements/books/books_476_0.pdf (NOTE: This is a lengthy textbook and may take time to open.)
The article Participant Observation on the Wikipedia website is used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license.Participant observation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Participant observation is one type of data collection method typically done in the qualitative research paradigm. It is a widely used methodology in many disciplines, particularly cultural anthropology, less so in sociology, communication studies, human geography and social psychology. Its aim is to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious, occupational, sub cultural group, or a particular community) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their cultural environment, usually over an extended period of time. The method originated in the field research of social anthropologists, especially Bronisław Malinowski in Britain, the students of Franz Boas in the United States, and in the later urban research of the Chicago School of sociology.
Contents
· 1 History and development
· 2 Method and practice
· 2.1 Types of participant observation
· 2.1.1 Impact of researcher involvement
· 3 Ethical concerns
· 4 See also
· 5 References
· 6 External links
History and development
Participant observation was used extensively by Frank Hamilton Cushing in his study of the Zuni Indians in the later part of the nineteenth century, followed by the studies of non-Western societies by people such as Bronisław Malinowski,[1]E.E. Evans-Pritchard,[2] and Margaret Mead[3] in the first half of the twentieth century. It emerged as the principal approach to ethnographicresearch by anthropologists and relied on the cultivation of personal relationships with local informants as a way of learning about a culture, involving both observing and participating in the social life of a group. By living with the cultures they studied, researchers were able to formulate first hand accounts of their lives and gain novel insights. This same method of study has also been applied to gro.
Research MethodsTitle pageIntroduction - overview Lite.docxverad6
This document outlines the typical structure of a research paper, including an introduction providing an overview, a literature review covering relevant theories and data, a methods section describing how data was collected and analyzed, findings presenting what was discovered, a discussion synthesizing all parts, and references citing sources.
Research MethodsLaShanda McMahonUniversity o.docxverad6
Research Methods
LaShanda McMahon
University of Phoenix
Formulating the Problem Statement and the Purpose Statement
Over the past decade, there have been several changes in drug addiction treatment that has shown results that show reduced associated health and social costs by more than the cost of the treatments. It has been found that treatments cost much less that the alternatives, such as incarcerating people with addictions. There are many savings related to healthcare, which includes, total savings that can exceed costs with a ratio of 12 to 1. Major savings to the individual and to society also stems from fewer interpersonal conflicts; greater workplace productivity; and fewer drug-related accidents, including overdoses and deaths (Woody, M.D., 2018).
Problem Statement
A common misperception is detoxification cures the addiction, yet addiction is a chronic disorder requiring long term multimodal treatment (Korsmeyer et al., 2009. Long-term treatment for substance abuse and co-occurring disorders might reduce recidivism rates and lessen costs for rehabilitation. Goldstein, A. (1997). examined the benefits of long-term substance abuse and posited the benefits. Goldstein further suggested not treating addiction appropriately or at all contributes to the high costs associated with substance use in the United States.
Insurance companies are reluctant to support long term substance abuse treatment; however, Weisner, Ray, Mertens, Satre and Moore (2003) noted patients receiving a minimum of six months substance treatment abstained from drug and alcohol use at least five years after treatment yet abusers of alcohol were less likely to remain sober for lengthy periods of time after treatment (Weisner et al., 2003).
According to the National Drug Institute (2012), every dollar invested in substance abuse treatment yields a return of $5.50 in reduced drug-related crime, costs associated with criminal justice, and theft. Healthcare savings can exceed costs by a 12 to 1 ratio. Therefore, drug addiction treatment reduces costs associated with primary care and is less costly than incarceration. Addressing addiction also contributes to the more positive aspects of life, such as increase in work productivity, and fewer incidents related to drug use, fewer overdoses and deaths.
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this correlational study is to see if a relationship exists among periods of sobriety and four levels of substance abuse treatment. The research will examine substance abuse treatment throughout various levels of care: higher levels (detox, Inpatient (IP), and Residential (RTC) and lower levels (partial hospitalization (PHP), Intensive Outpatient (IOP), and routine Outpatient (OP). Current trends in substance abuse treatment provides evidence that length of treatment is inadequate contributing to more frequent relapses among substance abusers. Longer treatment options for addiction may reduce the number of relapses, reduce costs asso.
Research Mapp v. Ohio (1961), and then discuss what the police o.docxverad6
Research Mapp v. Ohio (1961), and then discuss what the police officers did or did not do that warranted the case decision. Discuss, the argument of the prosecution, and the argument of the defense or dissenting view. (3 - 4 pages, Time New Roman, 12-point font, double-spaced). Two scholarly journal articles should be included as references.
.
Research methods a critical review1AimsTo .docxverad6
The document discusses and compares different research methods and methodologies. It explores qualitative methods like grounded theory and ethnography. Grounded theory involves deriving theories from participant feedback through simultaneous data collection and analysis. Ethnography requires researchers to immerse themselves in a culture for an extended period to understand practices from an insider perspective. The document also examines quantitative methods like surveys and interviews. It provides examples of research projects and discusses limitations and tensions researchers may face. Additionally, it covers ontological and epistemological approaches, comparing positivist and constructivist paradigms.
Research Methods 1Draft 1Anton Kropotkin Banking system .docxverad6
Research Methods 1
Draft 1
Anton Kropotkin
Banking system and economy of Russia
1) Proposal
· Idea
Make a research of about banking system and economy of Russian Federation and connect it to small business, politics and corruption. Recognize week points, and establish possible solutions, that can improve economy of Russia.
· Introduction
The central Bank of Russia was created since 1990s and up to know days it is the bank of the first level, which is the main bank for holding federal funds of 475 billion dollars up to know. The central bank is the main one to issue banknotes and is acting as the main coordinating and regulatory body of the entire credit system of the country. Also it controls the activities of credit organizations, issues and withdraws licenses from them for banking operations, and credit organizations work with other legal entities and individuals. The economy of Russia is directly connected with Central bank and plays the biggest role. Currently the situation in our country is not the best, and the crisis is developing in bad way. Year by year people are living worse, mainly due to inflation, people who got the normal job, let’s say as a teacher have the same salary but the prices for the goods are growing dramatically. The bank and economy of Russia are seriously affected by prices for oil which now days jump a lot in prices, mainly due to geo politics of our country.
· What are the problem?
As in beginning my main objective was to study the bank system and the central bank of Russian Federation. But after analyzing data and thinking about all of those years, looking how the economy and our currency, falls in front of Dollar and Euro, which means the economy struggles and there are weak points in Russian economy.
· Topics to connect (problems to solutions)
1) Small business has two chooses or they fall as a bankruptcy or they don’t pay taxes.
Reasons: Low wages vs high prices for goods, high inflation, monopolization of a number of economic sectors and bureaucracy.
2) Politics
Reasons: Sanctions, geo politics, micro, and oil prices.
3) Corruption
Reasons: 52% of corruption, which means the government don’t get paid taxes. Government regulations
All of that plays a big role in economy of Russia, in which I want to study and make my research paper, I want to find solutions and how people in my country can live better.
· Structure
1) Introduction
2) Structure of central bank and system
3) Functions
4) Legal status
5) Goals of Central bank and growing economy
6) Problems
7)
Solution
s
8) Conclusion
· Conclusion of the proposal
After researching about this topic and thinking further, I can see that my country experiencing lack of attention in banking system, government regulations and political side, which are affecting the Russian economy dramatically, there are many reasons which I have proposed on up section, my objective will be to find solution to each one and see how they are all connected .
Research Journal Part 4Sheroda SpearmanMGT 498Febr.docxverad6
Research Journal Part 4
Sheroda Spearman
MGT 498
February 10, 2020
James Powell
Running head: RESEARCH JOURNAL PART 4
1
RESEARCH JOURNAL PART 4
2
Research Journal Part 4
In this week’s discussion about strategic planning, we discussed more corporate strategy. We learned that there are three scopes of corporate strategy which include vertical integration, diversification as well as geographic scope. We also learned the role of the company leaders in the strategic planning of the company. The discussion also touched on concepts such as tape, innovation integration global strategy and international strategy among many other concepts (Rothaermel, 2019). The main aim of these concepts is to help the company strategically plan for activities that will help the company grow. The concepts also help to align the company strategically with other companies. In this journal, I will discuss some of these concepts and how they apply to the company’s strategic planning.
Caterpillars Inc. short versus long term goals.
Caterpillars Inc. has created both short term and long-term goals to help grow the company. The short-term goals of the company are mainly key improvements in various areas are that enable the company to achieve its long-term goals. These short-term goals include improvements in renewable energy areas, water consumption intensity, reducing the number of recordable injuries, improving sales and revenues, and reducing the GHG emissions intensity in the next five years (Caterpillar Inc., 2019). The company also has long term goals that encompass the short term goals and this includes, reducing the energy intensity by 50 percent, reducing the emissions of the company by 50 percent, reducing the water consumption in the company by 50 percent and reducing the injury recorded rate in the company by 60 percent (Caterpillar Inc., 2019). All of these should be achieved in 5 years. The short term goals are the necessary steps that the company must take to achieve its long term goals. The main purpose of achieving the goals is to reduce the costs of operations, offer better products and reduce pollution to the environment.
Mergers and acquisitions contributed to the company’s performance.
The company has acquired three companies through mergers and acquisitions in the last 5 years. Two of the three companies acquired by caterpillar are from the private sector and have divested a total of 8 assets. These mergers and acquisitions have enabled caterpillar companies to increase their aggressiveness in the market place increasing its dominance in the global industrial market (Merger. 2019). It has helped the companies increase their value, improve their overall performance and has reached an increased growth in the regional and global market share and its products in the market. It has established a strategic market realignment in the company’s network helping it achieve more market shares and thrive well in the last 5 years.
The company’s global str.
Research involves measurement scales, of which there are four type.docxverad6
Research involves measurement scales, of which there are four types. In data collection, what sources of data would you use, and how would you establish reliability and validity? Why did you choose those specific data samples?
What types of data collection strategies and research design have you experienced—whether for work or through educational means?
.
Research information about different types of healthcare appeals.docxverad6
Research information about different types of healthcare appeals processes and the Medicare Appeals Process, and choose whether to focus on a hospital or a physician billing process.
You may choose to focus on the type of health care facility that interests them. Students should summarize the mainstream appeals process for insurance carriers and for the Medicare Appeals Process.
Possible topic approaches:
Facility Examples:
Physician Offices
Inpatient Hospital
Write a comparison report summarizing their findings on the Medicare Appeals Process and their chosen healthcare setting for the appeals process.
Papers should be:
1-2 pages
Include references
Include a cover page
.
Research InstructionsTo write your paper, you may .docxverad6
Research Instructions
To write your paper, you may use journal articles, textbook
material, case studies, and Web site information. The Web
site information must come from reputable and verifiable
sources, such as the United States Department of Health and
Human Services, the American Medical Association, professional
or business organizations, or articles published by
major news organizations.
To get started on finding a real-life case example that you’re
interested in, you can use an Internet search engine such as
Google. Try entering keywords such as “HIPAA violation”
under the “News” section. Or, go to your local library and
perform a search in the medical journals or professional
publications they have on file.
Writing Guidelines
1. Type your submission, double-spaced, in a standard
print font, size 12. Use a standard document format with
1-inch margins. (Do
not
use any fancy or cursive fonts.)
2. Read the assignment carefully, and follow the instructions.
3. Be sure to include the following information at the top of
your paper:
n
Your name
n
Your student number
n
The course title
(HIPAA Compliance)
n
Graded project number (46081100)
n
The date
4. Be specific. Limit your submission to the issues covered
by your chosen topic.
46
Graded Project
5. Include a reference page in either APA or MLA style. On
this page, list Web sites, books, journals, and all other
references used in preparing the submission.
6. Proofread your work carefully. Check for correct spelling,
grammar, punctuation, and capitalization.
Research papers should include an
introductory paragraph
to introduce the reader to
the topic of the paper. Even though your grader is aware of your topic, you must always
assume that the reader is not, thus the need for an introduction. You should also have a
concluding paragraph
which “wraps it all up.”
2.
You should not include the questions or any numbering to your answers
. Your
answers to the questions must be written using complete
(indented) paragraphs
. Each
paragraph should include an
introductory sentence
, which contains portions of the
actual question. The purpose of this introductory sentence is to make the reader aware of
what question you are answering, without actually including the question.
3.
Font style should be times new roman; size 10, 11, or 12.
Doubled spaced.
4.
To avoid risk of plagiarism
,
you must include a reference page. In addition to the
reference page, you also need to use in-text citations within the body of your
paper
.
5. Research papers should
6. include a concluding paragraph at the end of
7. your paper, which restates your purpose and
8. bring your paper to a close by providing a final
9. insight into your research or the significance of
10. your topic
11. Lastly, your referen.
Research information about current considerations and challenges rel.docxverad6
Research information about current considerations and challenges related to the financial and budgetary systems in health care organizations. Consider the use of data analytics and tools in the monitoring, assessing, and evaluating of the performance of health care organizations. Include a discussion of the importance and efficacy of financial statements used in the decision-making process of health care organizations.
Support your work with at least 4 academic or professional peer-reviewed sources published within the past 5 years.
.
Research information on a traumatic situation that has affected .docxverad6
Research information on a traumatic situation that has affected learner development and family involvement in education (ex: Sandy Hook, Columbine, 9/11, etc.) Develop a strategy that can support young children experiencing a traumatic situation. How can you support the social and emotional development of young children who are coming into your classroom?
.
Research in Social Psychology [WLOs 1, 3, 4, 5, 6] [CLOs 1, 2, 3.docxverad6
Research in Social Psychology [WLOs: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6] [CLOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
To prepare for this discussion, please read
Chapter 1: Studying Social Psychology
of your textbook and
Exploring the Ethics and Psychological Impact of Deception in Psychological Research
article.
In this discussion, you will consider principles of scientific research, including methodology and ethical considerations.
First, visit the
Online Social Psychology Studies (Links to an external site.)
web page and select any study from the list. (Note that some links may be broken; if you choose a study that is unavailable, simply pick another option.) Participate in the research by following the instructions. After you have completed the study, answer the following questions (see Chapter 1 and Boynton, Portnoy, & Johnson, 2013):
Indicate
the study you completed, including the web link.
Describe
the research that was conducted. What did you do? What type of method do you think the researcher was utilizing? Can you identify the hypothesis and/or theory?
Appraise
the study based on your understanding of research gained from the reading. What elements of the study “worked” and what would you suggest the researchers do to improve their study? Mention at least three specific elements.
Indicate
any relevant ethical concerns. Was deception utilized?
Identify
situational factors and/or social and cultural influences that may impact the phenomenon being studied.
Illustrate
how this insight may be relevant to your personal or professional life through specific examples.
To fully demonstrate content knowledge and critical thinking in your Research in Social Psychology discussion
Interpret
course concepts explicitly, applying them to your personal experiences/observations, and cite the required readings as appropriate.
Be thorough and specific
, structuring your work intentionally (with an introductory and concluding sentence or two), providing clear context, and concisely and precisely explaining relevant course concepts.
Use personal examples
to illustrate as appropriate, but do be sure to provide an objective analysis too,
referencing required materials
and using additional sources as needed to support your insight.
Use your own
Academic Voice
(Links to an external site.)
and apply in-text citations
appropriately throughout your post.
Review
APA: Citing Within Your Paper (Links to an external site.)
for more information.
Your original post should be a
minimum of 300 words
.
Social Thinking [WLOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] [CLOs: 1, 2, 3, 5]
To prepare for this discussion, please read
Chapter 4: Attitudes, Attributions, and Behaviors
;
Chapter 5: Making Judgments
; and
Chapter 6: Prejudice
of your textbook, and
Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
and
Intergroup Contact Theory
articles. In addition, watch
A Class Divided
.
In this discussion, you will consider theoretical perspectives on the formation, maintenance, .
Research for Human Services Michael R. Perkins, MSW, LCS.docxverad6
Research for Human Services
Michael R. Perkins, MSW, LCSW, Contributing Editor
This edition is adapted from a Psychology research text originally produced in 2010 by a publisher who has
requested that they not receive attribution, with some material from Principles of Sociological Inquiry –
Qualitative and Quantitative Methods by Amy Blackstone, University of Maine. Both published under this
license:
Conditions of Use
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You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the
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You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the book which are in the public
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Forward
About This Book
I did not write this book. I did contribute, rewrote parts of it, created some original material, and added
sections. My role is rather amorphous. Such is the nature of an open source project like this. An open
source project such as this, (when it is done properly) takes on a life of its own - which is exactly what it is
supposed to do. I did adapt, edit, and transform the original works (primarily an introductory text on
research for Psychology students along with some material from an introductory text on research for
Sociology students) into a text for Human Services majors. This book is based on those .
Research IIChapter 7, pages 190-212Related Disabilities.docxverad6
Research II
Chapter 7, pages 190-212
Related Disabilities: ASD and ADHD, characteristics, treatments (medications), methods of teaching. Section 504 services.
Support your research with only one professional article. Submit article bibliography on the reference page after the textbook information.Overall there are 7 pages required for this assignment and only one supporting professional article.
Rubric for each research paper :
1.Cover page, .50 of point
2. Abstract , 1 point
3. Table of content ,.50 of a point
4. Three pages of accurate content information ,2.50 points
5. References: Textbook and one scholarly article on the topic,1 point
text book for reference
References
Lerner, J. W. (2014).
Learning disabilities and related disabilities: Characteristics and current directions
(13th Ed). Cengage Learning
.
RESEARCH II Grade Sheet Agency Assessment Paper Part I D.docxverad6
RESEARCH II Grade Sheet
Agency Assessment Paper Part I Description of the Program
Name of Student _________________________________________________
1.An overview of the program (Heading)
2. History of the organization?
3. Mission statement in the organization
4. Organization Structure
5. History of the program within the organization
6. Program’s rationale /
definition. General purpose of the program
7..Social problems addressed by the Program (Explain in full detail with statistics) (Heading)- 1pg.
8.Intervention Methods (Heading)
9. Methods proposed to achieve the
program’s results
10. Theories that underlie the proposed
Interventions
11.Logic within the program in using these
interventions to achieve its goals
12 Describe the length of services
13.Program Funding and Cost –cost per day in hospice in New Jersey.
(Subheadings)
14. Method for Program Funding
(Public, private, state, federal, or
Local money? Public or private
Organization/) This is a private company
15.Characteristics of the staff providing services –(Heading)
16.Professional and non-professional
staff Role and credentials
(What are professional and non-
professional staff background? Are
they trained in the type of
intervention being utilized by the
program? What are the
professionals’ perspectives on
the model of intervention being
utilized?
17.What standardized method is used to
evaluate the staff performance and
client satisfaction? (Provide
SAMPLEs)
Implementation issues –(Heading)
(Subheadings)
18. Successes and Challenges in the program?
19.Do the intervention methods seem
appropriate?
20. Are people coming for services?
21.Are they the types of clients expected to come?
22.Has the amount of outreach work been underestimated and has this delayed program implementation?
Conclusion: The students demonstrate knowledge and skills by writing a summary of the evaluation process. Describe the successes and limitations of the program and the difficulties you encountered in writing this paper? What do they think needs to be changed in order to enhance this program? How would implement these changes? How does this program evaluation paper relate to social work policy, practice and research?
What Constitutes Graduate Level Writing.pdf
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Research in how WANs and network applications are used in the ar.docxverad6
Research in how WANs and network applications are used in the areas of telecommunications.
Research into areas of how WANs and network applications are used in the areas of telecommunications answer the essay questions below in no less than
250
words each with the support overall of a minimum of “3” academic sources of research.
1. Discuss in scholarly detail why PSDN transport cores are drawn as a cloud?
2. Discuss in scholarly detail VoIP and its current uses along with any potential research on the future use of VoIP.
3. Discuss in scholarly detail why you think the explosion of applications and small mobile devices is a particular concern?
4. Discuss in scholarly detail whether or not you think that pure P2P architectures will be popular in the future?
5. Discuss in scholarly detail and come up with a list of roles that facilitating servers can play in P2P applications.
Paper Requirements:
Paper will need to include an
APA
cover page.
Paper will need to include a
100 to 150
word
abstract.
Paper will need to be a minimum of
2,000
words not including the cover page, abstract, and reference page.
Paper will need to be supported with a minimum of three academic resources.
Paper will need to follow all general formatting to meet
APA
standards of professional writing and research documentation including a complete reference page.
.
Research in psychology is a complex process that involves proper sci.docxverad6
Research in psychology is a complex process that involves proper scientific methodology. Describe how a researcher might use naturalistic observation, case studies, or survey research to investigate gender differences in aggressive behavior at the workplace. First, state a hypothesis and then describe your research approach. You should offer at least one citation to support your work.
This is a discussion post. It doesn't need to be long. 11/2 paragraph is fine and cite sources.
.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
RESEARCH Open AccessSharing fishers´ ethnoecological knowl.docx
1. RESEARCH Open Access
Sharing fishers´ ethnoecological knowledge
of the European pilchard (Sardina
pilchardus) in the westernmost fishing
community in Europe
Heitor de Oliveira Braga1,2*, Miguel Ângelo Pardal1 and
Ulisses Miranda Azeiteiro3
Abstract
Background: With the present difficulties in the conservation of
sardines in the North Atlantic, it is important to
investigate the local ecological knowledge (LEK) of fishermen
about the biology and ecology of these fish. The
ethnoecological data of European pilchard provided by local
fishermen can be of importance for the management
and conservation of this fishery resource. Thus, the present
study recorded the ethnoecological knowledge of S.
pilchardus in the traditional fishing community of Peniche,
Portugal.
Methods: This study was based on 87 semi-structured interviews
conducted randomly from June to September
2016 in Peniche. The interview script contained two main
points: Profile of fishermen and LEK on European
pilchard. The ethnoecological data of sardines were compared
with the scientific literature following an emic-etic
approach. Data collected also were also analysed following the
union model of the different individual
competences and carefully explored to guarantee the objectivity
of the study.
2. Results: The profile of the fishermen was investigated and
measured. Respondents provided detailed informal data
on the taxonomy, habitat, behaviour, migration, development,
spawning and fat accumulation season of sardines
that showed agreements with the biological data already
published on the species. The main uses of sardines by
fishermen, as well as beliefs and food taboos have also been
mentioned by the local community.
Conclusions: The generated ethnoecological data can be used to
improve the management of this fishery
resource through an adaptive framework among the actors
involved, in addition to providing data that can be
tested in further ecological studies. Therefore, this local
knowledge may have the capacity to contribute to more
effective conservation actions for sardines in Portugal.
Keywords: Ethnoecology, Folk knowledge, Fishermen,
European pilchard, Participatory management
Background
Human populations have forced marine coastal ecosystems
to differ from their historical states, which were character-
ized by diversified and productive communities [1]. One of
the biggest human impacts has been overfishing, which has
progressively reduced stocks, geographically expanded its
range and disguises itself through new and improved
technologies [2].
In marine ecosystems, pelagic fish are recognized as
abundant in productive fishing areas, both on a large scale
and on a small scale [3], and are characterized by a history
of large fluctuations in their populations, both due to
overfishing as well as environmental factors [4]. Within
4. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
in the food web, early reproduction age and rapid growth,
all of which make them more vulnerable to different
environmental factors and climate change [5].
In the central, eastern, and northeastern Atlantic, the
European pilchard Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792)
stands out among the pelagic fish for fisheries [6]. At the
moment in Iberian waters, this species exhibits low biomass
stocks at age 1 and a decrease in the stock of old fish and
low recruitment rates [7]. In Portugal, European pilchard
are one of the most important species to fishing fleets using
purse seines and are recognized for their socio-economic
values and traditional uses among the Portuguese [3].
With all these processes occurring, it is important to
understand both the perceptions of local fishery man-
agers and users of local resources and to provide strat-
egies for avoiding conflicting shared perceptions among
the stakeholders involved in fisheries management [8].
In small-scale fisheries, for example, local fishermen are
in many cases disadvantaged in relation to the actors be-
longing to large-scale fisheries due to their marginal pol-
itical power, lack of infrastructure and their typical
remoteness [9].
However, it is known that support from the general
public for the management of natural resources is funda-
mental for long-term sustainability [10]. Discussions
should be initiated with these local communities as a
way of transferring responsibility and regulatory power
over available environmental resources [11].
The local ecological knowledge (LEK) in this context
5. serves as an effective tool for monitoring and assisting in
the planning of depleted resources, for the conservation
of biodiversity [12], and for conducting more reasonable
and culturally sensitive research and management plans
[13]. This knowledge can be understood as the lay or ex-
periential knowledge of an individual about the environ-
ment based on daily observations, practical experiences
in nature and learned scientific knowledge [14].
To better understand recent history of artisanal fishing
and the deterioration of the standard of living of the depen-
dents of this resource [15], we can employ ethnoecology,
which according to Marques (2001) can be understood as
the scientific study of traditional ecological knowledge
(knowledge, behaviour, feelings, and beliefs that influence
all interactions between humans and the ecosystem) [16].
More specifically within ethnozoology, we have eth-
noichthyology [17], which aims to report the knowledge
that fishermen have about fish biology and ecology [18],
and the understanding of interactions between humans and
ichthyological resources encompassing the cognitive and
behavioural aspects supported by conservation [19].
From this perspective, extracting ethnoecological data
about European pilchard from the fishing community of
Peniche, as well as the knowledge passed from gener-
ation to generation by the more experienced fishermen,
can be important strategies for the conservation of this
fishing resource. This type of ethnoecological survey
emphasizes the cultural knowledge of fishermen, favours
their dialogue with environmental managers and re-
searchers, and contributes to the improvement of partici-
patory management of natural resources by increasing the
acceptance of management rules [20].
6. Thus, the aim of this study was to record the ethnoecolo-
gical knowledge of the fishing village of Peniche, Portugal,
about the ecology and biology of S. pilchardus. The fisher-
men’s profiles and the likely human uses, beliefs and taboos
related to European pilchard (also known as the Atlantic
sardine, European sardine, or sardine) were also explored.
The ethnoecological data provided by the fishermen who
are in agreement with the published biological data were
interpreted and discussed in the present study.
Methods
Study area
This study was based on interviews with artisanal fisher-
men from the fishing community of Peniche, on the coast
of the western sub-region of Portugal (39° 21′ 32″ N, 9°
22′ 40″ W; Fig. 1). This city has 27,628 inhabitants with
an area of approximately 77,55 km2 [7]. The climate is
temperate with rainy winters and dry and somewhat hot
summers (Köppen type Csb) [7].
One of the world’s first Portuguese protected areas [21] is
located approximately 5.7 miles from Peniche (Cape
Carvoeiro) in the Atlantic Ocean [22]. Formed by an archi-
pelago of islands (Berlenga Grande, Estela and Farilhões),
this marine protected area is located in the transition zone
between the Mediterranean and European sub-regions,
specifically at the top of the escarpment of the Nazaré
Canyon [22]. The Berlengas Marine Natural Reserve
(MNR) is renowned for its great marine biological diversity,
archaeological features, insular ecosystem specificities and
is importance in the life cycle of the marine avifauna [23].
Fishing community
The fishing port of Peniche is recognized as one of the
main ports of the country [24] according to fishing indi-
7. cators for the average value of fish unloaded in this area
[7, 25]. The economic and social development of the city
is directly linked to the fishing activity of this port,
which is one of the busiest in Portugal [26].
This fishing community is considered a local symbol
with remarkable prestige throughout the municipality
[25]. In the maritime captaincy of Peniche, there are ap-
proximately 1105 registered fishermen, with 996 conduct-
ing marine fishing [7]. Polyvalent and seine fishing are
predominant in this area, with sardines being one of the
three main target species for fishing according to the data
on the nominal catch landed in Portugal [7].
Braga et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017)
13:52 Page 2 of 13
Fishermen’s Interviews
Semi-structured interviews [27, 28] were conducted
from June to September 2016 to obtain data on LEK
about the European pilchard. The state-owned company
Docapesca - Portos e Lotas granted permission for
administering the interviews to the fishermen of Porto
de Peniche. Fishermen were interviewed over successive
visits in the fishing warehouses of the Port of Peniche
and at the main meeting points of the fishing commu-
nity. Brook and McLachlan (2008) sees this type of
involvement with the community as indispensable
[29]. The objectives of the work and the statement of in-
formed consent to participate in the research were pro-
vided to the fishermen through the Statement of
Informed Consent (IC) [see Additional file 1].
The interviews were mainly conducted through man-
8. ual transcription and occasionally with a digital audio re-
corder. The interviews with fishermen were conducted
randomly - always before or after the arrivals and depar-
tures of the fishing teams and when they were doing net
and fishing gear repairs. The interview script [see
Additional file 2] was structured in 2 parts: Profile of
fisherman (age, schooling, fishing time, time of residence
in Peniche, income source, type and length of boat, fish-
ing time at sea and time to catch sardines) and LEK of
European pilchard (folk taxonomy, habitat, behaviour
and migration, development of sardines, spawning, fat
accumulation season and uses, beliefs and food taboos).
The educational profile of the interviewees followed the
Portuguese educational classification: A (1st Cycle: 1–
4 years of study), B (2nd Cycle: 5–6 years of study), C
(3rd Cycle: 7–9 years of study) and D: (Secondary
Education: 10–12 years of study).
Data analyses
A respect for the stakeholders and communities, the clarifi-
cation of data collection objectives, the interactive approach
and the recognition of information limitations were used as
a basis for analysing the data acquired [30]. All the informa-
tion provided through the surveys was analysed following
the union model of the different individual competences
[31]. The LEK about sardine was analysed through an
emic-etic approach [32], and the data generated by the
community were compared with the scientific literature
[16]. The wealth of information and depth of perceptions in
the data collected were analysed through careful coding
and cross-checking to ensure the objectivity of the study
[27]. Species nomenclature data were analysed following
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO) [33], the International Union for Conserva-
tion of Nature (IUCN) [34], and Fish Base [35]. The data
9. obtained in the interviews were stored and standardized in
EXCEL and analysed (descriptive statistics) in the R Project
for Statistical Computing version 3.3.2 [36].
Results
Descriptive statistics of fishermen’s profiles
A total of 87 interviews were conducted in the fishing
community of Peniche. The interview sites were predom-
inantly in the Port of Peniche (Fig. 2) (N = 71) followed by
the city centre (N = 16). The average age of the respon-
dents was 58.25 years, with a minimum of 25 years and a
Fig. 1 Map of the study area, highlighting the fishing port and
the city center of Peniche where the interviews were conducted
in Portugal.
Credits: B Zucherato
Braga et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017)
13:52 Page 3 of 13
maximum of 76 years. More than half of the interviewees
(N = 59) were born in Peniche and are active (N = 49) in
the fishing currently. According to the Portuguese educa-
tional classification, 58 individuals belonged to the 1st
Cycle, 19 to the 2nd Cycle, 5 to the 3rd Cycle and 5 to
Secondary Education. There were no illiterates or individ-
uals with higher education in the sample. The fishing ex-
perience varied from 3 to 60 years, but fishing experience
average was 39.08 years. The average monthly income
source related to fishing, including retirees, is 810.5 Euros,
ranging from 208.0 to 3000.0 Euros. A total of 50 fisher-
men interviewed supplement their income with income
from other activities. Of these fishermen, 31 informants
do so through work related to fishing (maintenance of
10. fishing nets) and the rest in other autonomous activities.
The main types of boats mentioned by the fishermen
were: trawlers, artisanal fishing boats, trawl nets, coastal
boats, and sports boats. Trawlers were further sub-
classified by fishermen into trawlers (larger boats) and
“rapa” (smaller boats). Boats were measured 93 times dur-
ing the interviews. Of these, the boats mentioned were as
follows: trawlers (35), artisanal fishing boats (38), “rapa”
(14), trawl nets (3), coastal boats (2) and sport boats (1). Six
Fishermen have said they have fished in more than one type
of boat, those being 3 in both artisanal fishing boats and
trawlers and 3 in artisanal fishing boats and trawl nets.
Only 17 of the fishermen interviewed are boat owners.
The fishermen interviewed were questioned about their
preferred schedule of sardine capture during the fishing
campaigns. A cycle called "It is six in the morning and six
in the afternoon" was the most cited by fishermen (N = 27).
Other respondents mentioned both sunrise and sunset
(N = 17), day and night (N = 16), preferably day (N = 16),
preferably night (N = 9), and only at sunset (N = 2).
Local ecological knowledge of sardines
Folk taxonomy
In Peniche, besides the name sardine, the artisanal fishermen
attributed popular names to small sardines. A total of 82
fishermen attributed the name “petinga” or “esquilha” to
juvenile sardines. One fishermen mentioned the name “real”
sardine and another fishermen “sueste” fish. In this commu-
nity, only two fishermen mentioned the scientific name
(Linnaean).
Habitat, behaviour and migration
When questioned about the preferential habitat of sardines,
11. 40 of the fishermen indicated coasts and high sea, 39 only
on the coast, 6 more often on the coast, one only on the
high sea and one did not answer this question. The infor-
mants highlighted some specific habitats (rocky seabeds,
areas where the river empties into the sea carrying food,
clean seabeds, more temperate waters, and sandy seabed to
escape from common dolphin (Delphinus delphis Linnaeus,
1758) attacks.
In relation to the most common depth of the sardine in
the sea, 32 informants indicate a forage interval of 0–
50 m, 40 between 0 and 100 m and 11 between 0 and
200 m. Two fishermen did not know how to answer this
question and two others just said they were deep-sea fish.
The locomotion of sardines in the sea, according to all
fishermen, is carried out in shoals. Some fishermen
(N = 15) specified that the schools are enormous. Two
other fishermen referred to a phenomenon that makes
sardines stick together. One informant said that sardines
usually come together to protect themselves from com-
mon dolphins, and the other informant said that com-
mon dolphins make them stay together to feed.
The following types and patterns of sardine migration
have been mentioned by fishermen in the fishing commu-
nity of Peniche: the migration comes from the South (13
times), comes from the North (18 times), comes from the
South and North (32 times), occurs with the tides (3 times),
occurs according to the seasons of the year - summer and
winter (15 times) and migrant/pelagic/moving fish (14
times). Only 7 respondents did not respond to this part of
the interview.
Fig. 2 a Main area of the fishing port of Peniche, Portugal
where the interviews with the fishermen were carried out. b A
12. fisherman doing
maintenance of purse seine nets. Credits: HO Braga. (Images
published under previous consent of the participants)
Braga et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017)
13:52 Page 4 of 13
Local fishermen also mentioned the probable areas of
sardine displacement along the Portuguese Coast that
passes through Peniche (Table 1). The areas most cited by
respondents were Figueira da Foz (27 times), Algarve (25
times), Nazaré (19 times), Ericeira (15 times), Sesimbra
(12 times) and Sines (11 times). Other areas of Portugal,
such as Aveiro, Setúbal and Portimão (8 times), Cape Roca
(7 times), São Pedro de Moel and Matosinhos (4 times),
Viana de Castelo, Póvoa de Varzim, Olhão and Santa Cruz
(3 times) and Cascaiz and Leixões (2 times). Foz do Minho
Beach, Vila do Conde, Caparica Coast, Porto Beach, Mira
Beach, Tocha Beach, Sagres and Lisbon were mentioned
only once in the interviews.
Development of sardines
In the development section, the fisherman was asked
about the time of sardine growth. According to 57 of re-
spondents, sardines showed rapid growth, 16 said they
were slow growing, 3 indicated intermediate growth
(neither slow nor fast) and 11 did not know how to an-
swer this question. The vast majority of respondents
(N = 85) said that the sardine exhibit only the roe phase
during their development. One fisherman mentioned
both the larval stage and the roe phase, and another
fisherman did not know how to answer this question.
Only 19 of respondents said that sardine mature after
13. 1 year of age, and 24 did not know how to respond. The
rest of the interviewees (N = 44) said that the sardine is
able to reproduce within a range of 3–7 months old.
Spawning and fat accumulation season
The answers about the spawning time of sardines varied
among fishermen. Most informants cited the spawning
months as the answer to this question. The spawning time
ranged from one to 8 months (72 citations). There was 1
response for 8 months, 2 for 4 months, 3 for 6 months
and 3 for 7 months, 7 responses for 5 months, 16 for
4 months, 17 for 3 months and 20 for 2 months. The rest
of the respondents (N = 3) did not report any months.
According to respondents, spawning occurs mainly in the
months of January and February (20 times). December was
quoted 19 times, November and March 15 times and
October 12 times. The months of April (9 times), May and
September (6 times), June (5 times), July and August (4
times) were the least mentioned by fishermen in Peniche
(Table 2).
Other fishermen still specified the occurrence of spawn-
ing seasons. Along these lines, there were citations only
for winter (N = 12) and summer (N = 8). There were also
fishermen who reported the number of times (2× a year = 4
citations, 2-3× = 4 citations, 3× = 3 citations and 3-4× = 1
citation) that they spawn each year (Table 2).
The fishermen interviewed in Peniche provided some
information from this part of the questionnaire below:
1. “The water becomes creamy and milky when the
sardine spawns”.
14. 2. "From 100% of the spawn, 90% live and 10% die".
3. “The sardine buries itself in the sand to spawn and
escape predators”.
4. “The sardine goes to the rocks to scratch its belly
when it is pregnant”.
Table 1 Probable areas of sardines displacement along the
Portuguese Coast according to the fishermen of Peniche
Fishing spots in Portugal Number of times
cited by fishermen
Figueira da Foz 27
Algarve 25
Nazaré 19
Ericeira 15
Sesimbra 12
Sines 11
Aveiro, Setúbal and Portimão 8
Cape Roca 7
São Pedro de Moel and Matosinhos 4
Viana de Castelo, Póvoa de Varzim,
Olhão and Santa Cruz
3
15. Cascaiz and Leixões 2
Foz do Minho Beach, Vila do Conde,
Caparica Coast, Porto Beach, Mira Beach,
Tocha Beach, Sagres and Lisbon
1
Table 2 The sardines spawning period according to the
fishermen interviewed
Sardines spawning period Number of times
cited by fishermen
Months
January and February 20
December 19
November and March 15
October 12
April 9
May and September 6
June 5
July and August 4
Seasons
Winter 12
16. Summer 8
Time per year
2 times 4
2–3 times 4
3 times 3
3–4 times 1
Braga et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017)
13:52 Page 5 of 13
5. “Outside the summer, the sardines are thin and run
away”.
6. “The sardine passes its belly through the sand to
spawn and leaves the eggs for the sea to take
later”.
The informants mentioned the months of the years when
the sardines accumulate (April to December). The months
of June (56 times), July (75 times), August (68 times),
September (47 times) and October (34 times) are the most
remembered by the fishermen. (Table 3). Some local
sayings were recorded in the interview as:
1. "In July, the sardine already drips on bread".
2. "The sardine grows earlier in the Algarve (Portugal)
because of the warm waters".
17. 3. “The more rain, the more the sardine gets fat”.
4. "In June and July, they are fatter, just like the
Christmas sardine".
Trophic ecology: Predators and prey
The LEK of the fishermen of the Port of Peniche showed
important aspects of the sardine food chain, indicating
the main predators and prey according to fishing experi-
ences along the Portuguese coast. The main predators
according to the fishermen (Table 4) are dolphins (atu-
ninha or toninha), sharks and whales (generally), conger
eel (safio) and yellowfin tuna (atum-albacora).
The fishermen also mentioned the following: sea bass
(robalo), wreckfish (cherne-legítimo), red porgy (pargo-
legítimo), chub mackerel (cavala), black scabbardfish (es-
pada-preto), common octopus (polvo-comum), blackspot
seabream (goraz), European hake (pescada-branca), fork-
beard (abrótea), Atlantic “bonito” (sarrajão or serrajão),
raja rays nei (raias), blackbelly rosefish (cantarilho),
monkfish (tamboril branco) and swordfish (espadarte).
The following species were cited only once in the in-
terviews: horse mackerel (carapau), meagre (corvina),
white seabream (sargo-legítimo), Atlantic mackerel
(sarda), pouting (faneca), black moray eels (moréia-
preta) and ocean sunfish (peixe-lua). The “tainha” was
also mentioned in the study in a generalized way. Birds
were generally cited as sardine predators. The yellow-
legged gull (gaivota-de-patas-amarelas) and albatross
(albatroz) and were also mentioned within this group.
According to the ethnoecological data obtained from
the fishing community have a diet (Fig. 3) based on plank-
18. ton (N = 56), algae called “limo” (N = 30), small shrimp
(N = 13), “comedias” or “comedorias” (N = 12), the spawn
of other fish species (N = 8) their own spawn (N = 6). The
fishermen also said that the sardine feed on krill (N = 5),
sediments accumulated after rainfall (N = 5), sea impur-
ities (N = 1), and remnants of other fish species (N = 1).
“Comedorias” or “Comedias” in this study was defined by
fishermen as a mixture of small fish, small prawns, the roe
of other species of fish and sardine roe.
Table 3 The period of fat accumulation of sardines according
to the respondents
Sardines accumulation season Number of times
cited by fishermen
Months
June 56
July 75
August 68
September 47
October 34
Table 4 The correspondence between the Portuguese folk
names of the S. pilchardus predators and the scientific
classification (Linnaean)
Folk taxonomy Scientific names (Linnaean)
Atuninha or toninha Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758
20. Carapau Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Corvina Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801)
Sargo-legítimo Diplodus sargus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sarda Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758
Faneca Trisopterus luscus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Moréia-preta Muraena augusti (Kaup, 1856)
Peixe-lua Mola mola (Linnaeus, 1758)
Tainhas Mugil spp.
Gaivota Larus michahellis J. F. Naumann, 1840
Albatroz Generally
Birds Generally
Braga et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017)
13:52 Page 6 of 13
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/cata
log/fishcatget.asp?genid=911
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/cata
log/fishcatget.asp?spid=19728
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/cata
log/fishcatget.asp?genid=9303
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/cata
log/fishcatget.asp?spid=12055
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/cata
log/fishcatget.asp?genid=112
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/cata
21. log/fishcatget.asp?spid=12993
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/cata
log/getref.asp?id=2787
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/cata
log/fishcatget.asp?genid=111
http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/cata
log/fishcatget.asp?spid=58892
Human uses, beliefs, and food taboos about European
pilchard
The sardine is greatly important to the fishermen inter-
viewed. According to the majority of the interviewees
(N = 81), sardines have a high economic importance in the
region of Peniche. Another 4 fishermen said that the im-
portance of it is average and 2 other respondents have said
that the importance is low. The summer (N = 21) is cited
as the time when the sardine is more important to the
population of Peniche. The main uses of this pelagic species
are as bait for another species (N = 85 fishermen), in the
canning industry (N = 53), for one’s own food (N = 50) and
the fish meal industries (N = 10). Local commerce (N = 2)
and tourism (N = 2) were also identified by Fishermen.
Some informants (N = 6) from this community men-
tioned sardine food taboos. Fish that are restricted were
locally termed “raimoso”. A change in the restriction of
this fish was observed over time. Twenty-three percent
of fishermen said that the sardine was once “raimosa” in
the past and 61 % of the fishermen said it was not “rai-
mosa”. Two informants said that the sardine was little
“raimosa” and that sick people could not eat it. There
were 3 respondents who said that if the joint between
the sardine skins is removed, it is no longer a restricted
food. The fat found in sardines was recognized as a
22. source of omega 3 by fishermen (N = 9), aiding in the
medical treatment of people with problems with choles-
terol or in the treatment of heart disease patients.
Discussion
Folk taxonomy
Local knowledge related to the naming of fish species is an
inherent part of fishermen’s trade and can be considered as
proof of ability in these communities [37]. In Ericeira,
Portugal, the local community also calls the juveniles of this
species “petinga” [38]. In the Autonomous Region of the
Azores in Portugal, the sardine is also called by the same
vernacular name [35]. The designation of sardines as
“esquilha” (small fish), “sueste” and “real” are new to the
scientific literature.
Habitat, behaviour and migration
According to the ethnoecological data extracted from the
interviews, sardine is a predominantly coastal species and
prefers sites near river mouths in the sea. The fishermen
reported that sardines are distributed vertically, predomin-
antly between the depths between 0 to 100 m. In the sci-
entific literature, similar information was found indicating
that this species is predominantly found in coastal shelf
waters [39–43] and prefers areas of great productivity near
the mouths of rivers and estuaries [42]. In a study on the
modelling of habitat suitability for juveniles of S. pilchar-
dus, the results showed that sardines in the growth phase,
in search of food and in the spawning process can be
closely linked to sites that provide nutrient sources that
increase productivity, such as local upwelling or river run-
off [44]. Di Natale and collaborators (2011) report in the
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011 that European
pilchard can usually be found at depths of up to 100 m,
reaching a lower depth limit of 180 m [40]. The PECH
23. Committee of the European Parliament for the sardine
fishery shows that this species can range down to 150 m
[41], and in a study of sardine habitat to the west of
Portugal showed that this species has a preference for wa-
ters with depths of up to 100 m [43] (Table 5).
European pilchard show migratory behaviour, a high
dispersal capacity and schooling behaviour similar to other
pelagic fish [45]. In the present study, respondents exclu-
sively reported this type of behaviour pattern. There was
an account of a fisherman who referred to this ability to
school as a way to ward off predators. Neilson and Perry
(1990) show that the presence of competitors or predators
may change the direction or influence the intensity of
these migrations in schooling [46] (Table 5).
In Portugal, the geographic distribution of this pelagic
fish covers the entire coastline, Madeira Island and the
Fig. 3 Number of citations of S. pilchardus food items by
fishermen in the fishing community of Peniche, Portugal
Braga et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017)
13:52 Page 7 of 13
Azores [47]. However, sardine migration patterns are
not yet well understood [42]. There are indications of
seasonal migrations along the Portuguese Coast [48],
and fifteen interviewees mentioned this information.
According to acoustic campaigns performed in April
and May of 2015 by the Portuguese Sea and Atmosphere
Institute (IPMA), the abundance of sardines decreased
from the north to the south of Portugal [28]. Regarding
24. sardine migrations, it is known that they occur during
the growth phase and towards the north coast of Spain
[23]. During the collection of ethnoecological data in
this part of the interview, it was observed that there was
a variation in the responses among the interviewees.
There were 18 fishermen who said that the sardines
come from the north of Portugal and another 32 fisher-
men who say that they come from the north and the
south of Portugal. This pattern of responses among fish-
ermen reinforces the need to investigate and explore the
studies on the migratory behaviour of sardines in the
Iberian Peninsula.
The European pilchard show migratory behaviour, a
high dispersal capacity and schooling behaviour similar to
other pelagic fish is distributed mainly near Póvoa de Var-
zim and Figueira da Foz in the northwestern region of
Portugal and near Peniche and Lisbon in the southwestern
region [49]. In the Algarve (Southern Portion of Portugal),
this pelagic fish is found in greater quantities in Lagos,
Portimão and between Faro and Vila Real de Santo Antó-
nio [49]. According to the fishermen of Peniche’s LEK, the
Figueira da Foz region and the Algarve were cited the
most frequently when asked about where the sardine is on
the coast after passing through Peniche (Table 5). The re-
gions of Portimão, São Pedro de Manoel, Olhão, Tocha
Beach and Sagres were identified by the fishermen in the
southern portion of Portugal, which are included in or
near the range of greater distribution found during the last
acoustic campaign by the IPMA. None of the respondents
specifically mentioned V. Real de Santo Antônio.
Development of sardines
The sardines show a very fast growth rate [42, 45, 50],
growing to approximately 90% of their full size in 2 years
25. [42]. Most fishermen in the community of Peniche
(N = 57) corroborate the scientific research in relation
to rapid growth (Table 5). In relation to the stages of
development of this species, the fishermen only men-
tioned the egg phase as constituting the whole sardine
life history. However, it is known that the larval stage is
one of the development stages of this pelagic fish [51].
Table 5 Matrix cognition compared between the fishers´ LEK
and the scientific literature on the biology and ecology of
European
pilchard in Peniche, Portugal
Topics Fisherman’s citation Scientific literature
Habitat “Coastal species and prefers sites near river
mouths in the sea”.
“Depths between 0 to 100 m”.
Coastal shelf waters [39–43];
Areas of great productivity near the mouths of rivers and
estuaries [42];
Area of local upwelling or river runoff [44].
Depths of up to 100 m, reaching a lower depth limit of 180 m
[40];
Preference for waters with depths of up to 100 m [43].
Behaviour “Migration carried out in shoals”.
“Ability to school as a way to ward off
predators”.
Migratory behaviour, a high dispersal capacity and schooling
behaviour similar to other pelagic fish [45].
Competitors or predators may change the direction or influence
the
intensity of these migrations in schooling [46].
26. Migration “Mainly Figueira da Foz and Algarve”.
“Póvoa de Varzim, Lisbon...”.
Póvoa de Varzim, Figueira da Foz and Lisbon [49];
Algarve (Southern Portion of Portugal), this pelagic fish is
found in greater quantities [49].
Development “Rapid growth”.
“Sardine reach sexual maturity at 1 year”;
“from 3 to 7 months of age”.
Very fast growth rate [42, 45, 50].
Matures early [52, 53].
Spawning “The main months of spawning are also December,
January and February”.
“Spawn time can range from one to 8 months”.
“In the winter, the sardine spawns more”;
“The spawning occurs 2 to 4 times a year”.
October to April [56]; mainly between December and February
along the Portuguese coast [57].
Ranging from 3 months per year up to 8 months [43].
Sardines exhibit a prolonged spawning period during the year,
with more pronounced spawning mainly in the colder months
of the year [43].
Fat accumulation
season
“June through October”. Late summer and autumn [58].
Late spring to autumn [42].
Predator “Mainly dolphins (atuninha or toninha), “sharks,
whales, conger eel (safio) and yellowfin tuna (albacora)”;
27. “yellow-legged gull (gaivota)”, albatross and other birds”.
Common dolphin (D. delphis) [59–62]; species of demersal fish,
seabirds and marine mammals [41, 42, 59, 63, 64].
Prey “Plankton, algae called “limo”, small shrimp, krill,
the spawn of other fish species and their own spawn”.
Zooplankton as their energy source [58, 68]; Phytoplankton [58,
69];
fish eggs and crustaceans [58].
Sardines may predate on their own eggs in winter [69].
Braga et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017)
13:52 Page 8 of 13
The European pilchard matures early [52, 53]. Individ-
uals are largely mature at 1 year of age, and all individuals
are reproductively mature at 2 years of age [41, 52]. In the
present study, only 19 of fishermen said that sardine reach
sexual maturity at 1 year of age and 44 of respondents
mentioned that they are ready to reproduce from 3 to
7 months of age (Table 5).
Spawning and fat accumulation season
Regarding reproduction, spawning of sardines occurs in
batches of eggs [54, 55]. The spawning of the Atlantic
sardines occurs mainly on the western coast of Portugal
between the Nazaré Canyon and the Minho river and in
the Cantabrian Sea [56]. Along the western Iberian
coast, the spawning season of this pelagic species ranges
from September to May, with spawning peaking in No-
vember to the north of Portugal from October to April
[56]. Nunes and collaborators (2011) showed that the
28. spawning peak occurs mainly between December and
February along the Portuguese coast. According to fish-
ermen from Peniche, the main months of spawning are
also December, January and February. This period as a
whole (from October to April) included the months
most cited by the respondents (Table 5).
There is a variation in the duration of spawning times
in the European waters of the North-East Atlantic, ran-
ging from 3 months per year up to 8 months to the
south and west of the Iberian Peninsula for large fish
[43]. A similar pattern was found in responses of our in-
terviewees from Peniche, in which 72 fishermen said
that the Atlantic sardine spawn time can range from one
to 8 months (Table 5).
The winter was cited by 12 fishermen as being the sea-
son during which sardine spawn the most along the Por-
tuguese Coast, and others (N = 12) said that the
spawning occurs 2 to 4 times a year. This point aligns
with the scientific information that Atlantic sardines ex-
hibit a prolonged spawning period during the year, with
more pronounced spawning mainly in the colder months
of the year [43] (Table 5).
S. pilchardus begins to store fat reserves before the
breeding season between late summer and autumn [58].
However, sardines can also accumulate fat from late spring
to autumn [42]. Most months cited by fishermen (June
through October) fit the range of months for the accumula-
tion of fat found in the scientific literature (Table 5).
Trophic ecology: Predator and prey
The sardine is one of the main prey species of the com-
mon dolphin (D. delphis) [59–62]. It also serves as a
food base for several species of demersal fish, seabirds
29. and marine mammals [41, 42, 59, 63, 64]. These animals
were also cited by fishermen during the interviews
(Table 5). The common dolphin stood out among all the
other predators [59–62]. Along the Portuguese Coast
specifically, S. pilchardus was the most important species
in the common dolphin diet in a study in which the stom-
ach contents of this animal were examined during acci-
dental catch and when they were stranded [62]. It is also
known that the common dolphin is an opportunistic
predator of small epipelagic fish [61], usually in places
with moderate or high productivity [65] where sardines
seek their energy sources [44]. Given the current popula-
tion decline in the sardine population on the Iberian coast
[66], attention should be given to the conservation of the
common dolphin along the Portuguese coast, as this is
one of the main predators of this clupeoid fish [67].
Sardines primarily seek zooplankton as their energy
source [58, 68]. Phytoplankton are also an integral part
of the diet of this species [58, 69]. Among the zooplank-
ton, we should highlight copepods, decapods and cirri-
peds [58, 69], fish eggs and crustaceans [58]. During the
winter spawning months, sardines may exhibit cannibal-
istic behaviour in which they predate on their own eggs
[69]. Respondents describe a foraging behaviour similar
to that reported in the investigative work on European
sardine prey (Table 5). In general, it is also observed that
fishermen in the fishing village of Peniche show sardines
with migratory behaviour, high dispersal capacity, prey
and school behaviour similar to other pelagic fish.
Human uses, beliefs and food taboos about European pilchard
The great majority of fishermen (N = 81) in our ethnoeco-
logical study indicated the great economic importance of
Iberian sardines, S. pilchardus, to the local community of
30. Peniche. According to data from the Statistics Yearbook of
the Central Region of 2015 made by Portugal’s National
Statistical Institute (INE), sardine fisheries officially yielded
approximately 1223 tons of fish and 3517 thousand Euros
for the municipality of Peniche in 2015 [7]. This fact proves
the strength of this economic activity for this region.
The summer was highlighted among the respondents
as being the most important season for sardine fishing,
local commerce and tourism. In this season, the sardines
are in the fattening stage [42, 58], and their fat content
is high [70]. The sardine in this period has a flavour and
aroma that is more appreciated by the consumers [71],
which makes this species more economically profitable.
When the fat content is low (2–5%), this fish is less pre-
ferred by consumers and is normally sent to the canning
and fish meal industries [70]. In other seasons, sardines
are primarily used as baitfish for demersal fishing or for
the canning industry [72]. All sardine uses known to the
scientific literature were also mentioned by the fisher-
men during the interviews.
Taboos are unwritten social rules that regulate human
behaviour and can both govern and affect human social
life and serve to manage a local biological resource [73].
Braga et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017)
13:52 Page 9 of 13
In the local community of Peniche, there were no sig-
nificant taboos or food aversions regarding sardines by
fishermen (N = 6). In local communities of the Amazon
and in the Atlantic Forest in Brazil, taboos and aversions
were also not associated with herbivorous fish or inver-
31. tebrate eaters [74]. According to Begossi (2004), this can
be an adaptive strategy of local inhabitants to fish of
higher trophic levels that can more easily accumulate
toxins by eating a variety of prey (plants, invertebrates
and other fish) [74]. This may be one of the reasons that
there are few fishermen with taboos or sardine aversions.
Another hypothesis is that these social rules may be los-
ing strength over the years due to the exodus of fisher-
men to other economic activities, many of whom leave
due to the low economic profitability of this profession
and the difficulties imposed by European Union legisla-
tion on Portuguese artisanal fisheries [75].
Regarding medicinal purposes, 9 fishermen indicated
that sardine can treat high cholesterol levels and patients
with cardiac problems. In a study about the fauna and
the role of taboos in the conservation of animals in a
forest reserve in southeastern Cameroon [76], sardine
(Sardina sp.) are used medicinally to treat cardiovascular
diseases, which was also indicated in our survey by some
fishermen (N = 9). In the Sierra de Segura (Albacete,
Spain), S. pilchardus is used for medicinal purposes in
the treatment of sore feet and blisters in modern times
and is marketed in the Spanish markets as food [77].
Conservation concerns and co-management
There is a growing interest in LEK research in order to
provide complementary data for several small-scale fishery
species [78]. With the difficulties and vulnerability of the
marine ecosystem, LEK correctly acquired and aggregated
at appropriate spatial-temporal scales becomes an import-
ant marine species conservation tool [79]. The manage-
ment of these coastal resources in fishing villages can also
be better achieved by exploring data of this nature, which
provide information on the ecology, behaviour and pres-
ence of these species in the environment [80].
32. In the present work, we present LEK data on the ecol-
ogy of sardines that corroborated scientific research.
Other data generated in the interviews that were not val-
idated by the scientific literature can be tested and in-
corporated into new hypotheses before carrying out a
scientific study. According to Drew (2005), an analysis
of the components of traditional ecological knowledge
can reveal new information and thus contribute to the
formulation of testable hypotheses in order to improve
scientific infrastructure. Silva et al. (2014) also reveal
the importance of generating new scientific questions
through ethnoecological data [81]. The LEK about sar-
dines acquired here may complement pre-existing sci-
entific data. Due to the high cost and lack of resources
for investments in traditional samplings, data of this
nature become important for conservation practices
and development [82].
Given the low stock levels of the sardine population in
the Iberian Region [66], participation among the actors in-
volved in fishing regulations should be carried out in an
interactive manner [83]. Ecological knowledge data on
spawning and the time of fat accumulation may provide
researchers an additional source of data to better under-
stand the reproductive behaviour of this species from the
fishermen’s point of view. Analysing this knowledge can
contribute to a better understanding and reduction of in-
ternal conflicts between fishing managers, politicians and
the community about the correct time for harvesting this
species. In addition, LEK data acquired from these trad-
itional communities are important because it reveals the
most recent changes in environmental processes [84].
The new data (trophic ecology, habitat and behaviour)
33. that emerged during the interviews can serve as a start-
ing point for research on the population structure of sar-
dines. On a larger spatial scale, this kind of data, with
adequate treatment, becomes important in the construc-
tion of management and conservation plans for sardines.
Finally, we can note that the LEK of the sardines in
Peniche should (and did) treat all stakeholders as being
within a continuously adaptive framework [85].
Conclusions
The socioeconomic profile of the fishermen of Peniche
was described in this ethnoecological research. Respon-
dents provided detailed informal data on the taxonomy,
ecology and biology of Sardina pilchardus. This informal
knowledge showed agreements with the scientific litera-
ture. We suggest the use of non-corresponding data with
formal knowledge to aid in the construction of testable
hypotheses for new investigative work on sardines. The
data generated here can be used to try to improve the un-
derstanding of the fishermen’s knowledge of the European
pilchard by managers and conservationists. This approach
requires the use of an adaptive framework, which contrib-
utes to an improvement in the relations between the ac-
tors involved with the resource. The food taboos and
social rules about European pilchard were not relevant to
conservation in this community. This species, which is
mainly used as baitfish for other fishes and in the canning
and fish meal industries, provides a great economic value
for the fishing community studied here.
Finally, our results highlighted that artisanal fisher-
men from Peniche show ethnoecological data about
European pilchard that can support scientific know-
ledge, as well as collaborate with future initiatives in
pursuit of viable conservation goals for sardines on the
coast of Portugal.
34. Braga et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017)
13:52 Page 10 of 13
Additional files
Additional file 1: Statement of Informed Consent (IC) and
agreement
to participate in the research. (DOCX 16 kb)
Additional file 2: Script of interview. (DOCX 14 kb)
Abbreviations
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations;
IC: Statement
of Informed Consent; INE: Portugal’s National Statistical
Institute;
IPMA: Portuguese Sea and Atmosphere Institute; IUCN:
International Union
for Conservation of Nature; LEK: local ecological knowledge;
MNR: Berlengas
Marine Natural Reserve
Acknowledgements
We are also grateful to Henrique M. F. de Oliveira and Bruno
Zucherato who
collaborated in the production of this paper. We also thank the
members of the
fishing community of Peniche who took part in this study by
providing
interviews. A special thank you goes to Dr. Paulo Maranhão and
João G.
Carneiro for the initial support given to the data collection
process in Peniche.
35. Funding
The fieldwork was sponsored by the CAPES Foundation -
Ministry of
Education of Brazil (BEX: 8926/13–1).
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Authors’ contributions
HOB – Collected and analyzed data and drafted the manuscript;
MAP and UMA –
Reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the
final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The objectives of the work and the statement of informed
consent to
participate in the research were provided to the fishermen
through the
Statement of Informed Consent (IC) [see Additional file 1]. No
further
Research Ethics Committee approval was required in Portugal.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations.
Author details
36. 1Centre for Functional Ecology - CFE, Department of Life
Sciences, University
of Coimbra, Calçada Martins de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra,
Portugal. 2CAPES
Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Caixa Postal 250,
Brasilia, DF
70040-020, Brazil. 3Department of Biology & CESAM - Centre
for
Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-
19 Aveiro,
Portugal.
Received: 13 July 2017 Accepted: 3 September 2017
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53. Braga et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017)
13:52 Page 13 of 13
AbstractBackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsBackgroundMet
hodsStudy areaFishing communityFishermen’s InterviewsData
analysesResultsDescriptive statistics of fishermen’s
profilesLocal ecological knowledge of sardinesFolk
taxonomyHabitat, behaviour and migrationDevelopment of
sardinesSpawning and fat accumulation seasonTrophic ecology:
Predators and preyHuman uses, beliefs, and food taboos about
European pilchardDiscussionFolk taxonomyHabitat, behaviour
and migrationDevelopment of sardinesSpawning and fat
accumulation seasonTrophic ecology: Predator and preyHuman
uses, beliefs and food taboos about European
pilchardConservation concerns and co-
managementConclusionsAdditional
filesAbbreviationsFundingAvailability of data and
materialsAuthors’ contributionsEthics approval and consent to
participateConsent for publicationCompeting
interestsPublisher’s NoteAuthor detailsReferences
Drummond & Leonard: Breeding biology of the Fork-tailed
Storm-Petrel 265
Marine Ornithology 37: 265–273 (2009)
265
INTRODUCTION
The Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma furcata is an
abundant
and widespread pelagic seabird in the northern Pacific Ocean.
The species nests on islands from California to Alaska and in
northeastern Asia, with most of the birds concentrated on
54. offshore
islands in Alaska (Boersma & Silva 2001). The highest numbers
of Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels occur in the Aleutian Islands,
which
support nearly two thirds of the entire global breeding
population
(Boersma & Silva 2001, Byrd et al. 2005, USFWS 2006).
Despite the importance of the Aleutian Islands for Fork-tailed
Storm-Petrels, data on their breeding biology in this region are
lacking. Studies have been conducted at colonies in the Gulf
of Alaska (Quinlan 1979, Boersma et al. 1980, Simons 1981,
Baird & Gould 1983), British Columbia (Vermeer et al. 1988),
Washington (Boersma & Silva 2001) and California (Harris
1974),
but knowledge of the species’ breeding biology in the Aleutian
Islands is limited to baseline productivity data collected at
several
long-term monitoring sites (e.g. Andersen 2007) and
unpublished
historical data (Byrd & Trapp 1977). Understanding the
breeding
biology of Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels in the core of its range is
important not only to the conservation of the species, but also
for
its potential use as an indicator of changing marine conditions
in
the northern Pacific ecosystem (Boersma et al. 1980, Boersma
&
Parrish 1998, Piatt et al. 2006).
Our goal was to conduct the first detailed study of Fork-tailed
Storm-
Petrel breeding biology in the Aleutian Islands. We examined
timing
of breeding, breeding success, chick growth, parental
55. provisioning
and chick diet at a colony in the central Aleutian Islands during
two
consecutive breeding seasons.
METHODS
Study site
We conducted our study at Kasatochi Island (52°11′N,
175°30′W),
located within the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge in
the central Aleutian Islands, Alaska (Fig. 1). Kasatochi is a
small
volcanic island of about 300 ha, with a large crater lake in the
center.
The climate is typical of the Aleutian Islands region,
characterized
by rain, thick fog, strong winds and frequent storms. Terrain
includes
rock cliffs, boulder beaches, grassy slopes and vegetated talus
fields,
which provide habitat for hundreds of thousands of breeding
seabirds.
The breeding population of Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels on the
island
during our study was estimated to be at least 2000 birds
(Drummond
& Rehder 2005, Drummond 2006).
After the present study, Kasatochi erupted violently on 7
August 2008,
burying the entire island in lava and ash; the storm-petrel
colony
and all other seabird colonies on the island were destroyed
(Alaska
56. Volcano Observatory 2008, R. Buchhiet & J. Williams pers.
comm.).
BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE FORK-TAILED
STORM-PETREL OCEANODROMA FURCATA ON
KASATOCHI ISLAND, ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, ALASKA
BRIE A. DRUMMOND1,2 & MARTY L. LEONARD1
1Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford
Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J1, Canada
([email protected])
2Current address: Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge,
US Fish and Wildlife Service,
95 Sterling Highway, Suite 1, Homer, Alaska, 99603, USA
Received 9 October 2008, accepted 1 June 2009
SUMMARY
DRUMMOND, B.A. & LEONARD, M.L. 2009. Breeding
biology of the Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma furcata on
Kasatochi
Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Marine Ornithology 37: 265–
273.
We present the first detailed account of breeding biology in
Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels Oceanodroma furcata from the
Aleutian Islands,
Alaska, where nearly two thirds of the global breeding
population occurs. We examined timing of breeding, breeding
success, chick growth,
parental provisioning and chick diet during two consecutive
breeding seasons at a colony in the central Aleutians. Most
57. adults laid eggs
before late May, eggs hatched between mid-June and early
August and chicks began fledging in mid-August. Timing of
breeding varied
between years, with an earlier mean hatch in 2005 than in 2006.
Hatching success was consistently high in both years (89% in
2005, 91%
in 2006), but fledging success varied substantially between
years (58% in 2005, 89% in 2006), indicating that factors that
influence chick
survival may drive annual breeding success. Visitation rate,
meal size and composition of chick diets also varied between
years, suggesting
that foraging conditions varied during our study. Food
availability and weather conditions may both have contributed
to the variation we
observed in timing of breeding and fledging success.
Key words: Aleutian Islands, breeding biology, chick survival,
Oceanodroma furcata, storm-petrel
266 Drummond & Leonard: Breeding biology of the Fork-tailed
Storm-Petrel
Marine Ornithology 37: 265–273 (2009)
Study species
Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels are nocturnal, burrow-nesting
seabirds
that breed on islands in colonies ranging from fewer than 100 to
more than 1 000 000 birds (Sowls et al. 1978, Boersma & Silva
2001, Byrd et al. 2005, USFWS 2006). The breeding period
lasts
58. up to four months, prolonged by episodes of egg neglect
(Boersma
et al. 1980, Simons 1981) and slow chick growth (Boersma et
al. 1980). Females lay a single egg and both sexes participate in
incubation and chick-rearing. Adults brood chicks for about five
days post-hatch (Boersma et al. 1980), after which they leave
the
nest and return only briefly every one to four nights to feed
chicks
(Simons 1981). Chicks fledge after about two months (Boersma
et
al. 1980).
Timing of breeding, reproductive success, chick growth and
visitation rate
We followed Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel nests during two breeding
seasons (25 May–23 August 2005 and 21 May–1 September
2006)
to determine timing of breeding (hatch date), reproductive
success
(hatching success, fledging success, overall success), chick
growth
(growth rate, final fledging mass) and visitation rate. In each
year,
we used all accessible nests in which we could view complete
nest
contents by flashlight (n = 79 in 2005, n = 103 in 2006). All
nests
used in 2005 were monitored in 2006 to determine the
proportion
of nest reuse. Once an egg or incubating bird was observed at
the
beginning of the season, we did not check nests again until
close
to predicted hatch in mid-June, when we checked nests daily to
59. determine hatch date. After chicks hatched, we visited nests
every
two days until the nest failed or the chick fledged.
Chicks were considered failed if they died or disappeared from
the
nest at less than 50 days of age and fledged if they disappeared
from the nest at 50 days of age or older. In cases in which we
left
the island while the chick was still in the nest, we considered
chicks
at those nests successful if they were 40 days of age or older
and
apparently healthy at our departure (n = 11 in 2005, n = 40 in
2006).
The foregoing assumption is based on patterns of chick
mortality in
Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels, in which mortality occurs almost
entirely
in chicks younger than 20 days (Boersma et al. 1980, B.
Drummond
pers. obs.). The few chicks that were less than 40 days of age at
our
departure (n = 3 in 2005, n = 4 in 2006) were omitted from
analyses
of fledging success and overall success. We estimated hatching
success as the number of eggs hatched divided by the number of
eggs laid, fledging success as the number of chicks fledged
divided
by the number of eggs hatched, and overall success as the
number
of chicks fledged divided by the number of eggs laid.
We examined chick growth by measuring chicks from a subset
of accessible nests (n = 26 in 2005, n = 43 in 2006), beginning
after the brooding period ended [5.1 ± 2.4 days post-hatch
60. (Drummond 2007)]. On each nest check (except on stormy days
when removing the chick from the nest could be harmful), we
measured mass [±0.5 g using a 100-g Pesola spring scale
(Pesola,
Baar, Switzerland)], wing chord length (±1 mm using a 150-mm
wing ruler) and diagonal tarsus length (±0.1 mm using a dial
calliper). From chick measurements, we calculated mean mass
gain
(g/day) from hatching to peak weight, and wing and tarsus
growth
(mm/day) during the linear growth periods, which we
determined
by fitting regression lines to the data. Because fledging size can
affect post-fledging survival in some seabirds (e.g. Olson 1997,
Sagar & Horning 1998), we also calculated mass at fledging for
chicks that fledged before we departed the island.
We used toothpick knock-downs to record parental visits at
night
(Quinlan 1979), and we present visitation rate as a proxy for
feeding
rate. Toothpicks were placed across nest entrances in the
evening
and were checked the following morning; those that had been
knocked down indicated that the nest had been visited that night
by
a parent carrying food. Visitation rate was defined as the
percentage
of nights a nest was visited between the end of brooding and
death
or departure of the chick from the nest. We assume that
visitation
rate generally represents feeding rate, because once brooding
ends,
adults return to the nest primarily to feed the chick (Simons
61. 1981,
Boersma & Silva 2001). We consider this measure an
underestimate
of true visitation rate, however, because it does not record
incidents
of two parental visits in a single night.
Chick meal size and diet composition
To determine chick meal size and diet composition, we captured
adult
storm-petrels (n = 32 in 2005, n = 53 in 2006) in mist nets at
night,
when birds were returning to the colony with food for chicks.
When
caught, birds spontaneously regurgitated the food they were
carrying
onto plastic sheeting stretched under the net. We captured birds
at three
regularly-spaced intervals during the nestling period: early
(mid-July,
when at least 70% of chicks were 0–20 days old), mid (late
July, when
Fig. 1. Location of the Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma
furcata colony at Kasatochi Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.
Drummond & Leonard: Breeding biology of the Fork-tailed
Storm-Petrel 267
Marine Ornithology 37: 265–273 (2009)
most to at least family) by K. Turco (Falco Consulting,
Fairbanks,
62. AK, USA). Small amounts of partially-digested fish and squid
were unidentifiable and were categorized as such. From prey
data,
we determined diet composition by calculating the percentage
occurrence and percentage biomass of prey items in chick diets
during each of the three sampling periods (Vermeer & Devito
1988). Percentage occurrence was defined as the number of
regurgitation samples containing a specific prey item divided by
the
number of samples. Percentage biomass was the mass of a prey
item
in a diet sample divided by the mass of the diet sample,
calculated
by multiplying the number of individuals of a prey item in a
sample
by a standard laboratory value for mass of that prey item.
TABLE 1
Reproductive performance of Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels
Oceanodroma furcata at Kasatochi Island, Alaska, 2005 and
2006
Parameter 2005 2006 χ2 df P value
Eggs laid 79 103
Eggs failed [n (% of all eggs)] 9 (11) 9 (9)
Abandoned 7 (9) 5 (5)
Broken or cracked 1 (1) 1 (1)
Disappeared 1 (1) 3 (3)
Eggs hatched [n (% of all eggs)] 70 (89) 94 (91)
63. Chicks died 28 (35) 10 (9)
Chicks survived 39 (49) 80 (78)
Chicks 30–39 days at departurea 3 (4) 4 (4)
Hatching success (%) 88.6 91.3 1.10 1 0.294
Fledging success (%) 58.2 88.9 24.66 1 <0.001
Overall success (%) 51.3 80.8 23.21 1 <0.001
a Chicks aged 30–39 days at our departure from the island were
excluded from estimates of chick survival and overall success.
Fig. 2. Distribution of hatching dates of Fork-tailed Storm-
Petrel Oceanodroma furcata eggs at Kasatochi Island, Alaska, in
2005 (n = 53)
and 2006 (n = 53). Arrows indicate mean hatch date (1 July ±
10.1 days in 2005, 6 July ± 10.1 days in 2006).
at least 70% of chicks were 20–40 days old), and late (mid-
August,
when at least 70% of chicks were 40 or more days old).
Sampling
occurred between 23h00 and 03h00 on a single dry, overcast
night
during each period, except during the late nestling period in
2005
when sampling occurred over two nights because of rain.
To measure meal size, defined as the mass of an individual food
load, we weighed regurgitation samples on site (±0.5 g with a
30-g
Pesola scale). Samples were then preserved in 70% ethyl
alcohol
64. and 2% glycerine (2005) or Streck (Streck Laboratories, Omaha,
NE, USA) tissue fixative (2006) and later identified to species
or
lowest taxonomic level possible (many to genus or species, and
268 Drummond & Leonard: Breeding biology of the Fork-tailed
Storm-Petrel
Marine Ornithology 37: 265–273 (2009)
Data analysis
Of all nest sites monitored, 26 were occupied in 2005 only, 50
in 2006
only and 53 in both years. Sites used in both years were likely
occupied
by the same pair each year (Drummond 2007), because Fork-
tailed
Storm-Petrels have high nest-site fidelity (Boersma & Silva
2001).
Therefore, parameters potentially related to individual birds,
such as
hatch date and feeding rate (e.g. Weimerskirch 1990), taken at
the
same nest in different years, are likely not independent. To
account
for this situation, we performed separate analyses for each year
and
restricted between-year comparisons to nests used in both years
(n =
53). Meal size and diet composition were considered
independent
across years, because data were collected from mist-netted birds
presumed not to be the same individuals in different years.
65. All statistical analyses were performed using JMP 5.0. We
report
means ± standard deviation and use α = 0.05 for statistical
significance. For analyses of variance, we report only
interaction
terms that were significant at α = 0.05. Data for visitation rate
and percentage biomass of prey were arcsine-transformed to
better
approximate a normal distribution. All variables otherwise met
the assumptions of parametric tests, except for visitation rates
in
nests in which chicks died, for which we used a nonparametric
test
because of unequal variance (Ruxton 2006).
TABLE 3
Relationships between chick growth parameters and visitation
rate at nests on Kasatochi Island, Alaska, 2005 and 2006
Parameter 2005 2006
r2 n P r2 n P
Linear growth rate
Mass (g/d) 0.001 15 0.942 0.136 33 0.035
Wing chord (mm/d) 0.070 15 0.341 0.089 32 0.097
Tarsus (mm/d) 0.007 15 0.773 0.009 33 0.598
Fledging mass (g) 0.070 3 0.209 0.032 12 0.580
TABLE 2
66. Parameters of chick growth and parental provisioninga
of Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels Oceanodroma furcata at
Kasatochi Island, Alaska, 2005 and 2006
Parameter 2005 2006 t df P value
Linear growth rates
Mass (g/d) 2.1±0.5
(n=25)
1.9±0.4
(n=38)
1.95 47 0.057
Wing chord (mm/d) 3.5±0.4
(n=22)
3.6±0.2
(n=37)
1.21 47 0.268
Tarsus (mm/d) 0.5±0.1
(n=25)
0.6±0.1
(n=38)
3.55 49 0.001
Fledging mass (g) 80.3±9.2
(n=3)
67. 78.6±5.0
(n=12)
0.47 13 0.650
Visitation rate (%) 48.2±8.1
(n=43)
58.3±7.4
(n=73)
5.45 36 <0.001
Meal size (g) 6.5±1.5
(n=32)
8.2±1.5
(n=53)
2.21 82 0.030
a Mean ± standard deviation.
Fig. 3. Mean (± standard deviation) growth of (a) mass, (b)
wing
chord, and (c) tarsus in Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma
furcata chicks over the nestling period at Kasatochi Island,
Alaska.
Data include all known-age chicks that survived to fledge (n =
25
in 2005, n = 34 in 2006).
Drummond & Leonard: Breeding biology of the Fork-tailed
Storm-Petrel 269
68. Marine Ornithology 37: 265–273 (2009)
TABLE 4
Percentage occurrence of prey items in diet samples collected
from Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels Oceanodroma furcata
at early, mid, and late nestling periodsa at Kasatochi Island,
Alaska, 2005 and 2006
Prey type 2005 2006
Early Mid Late Total Early Mid Late Total
Crustaceans
Amphipods 50.0 50.0 80.0 59.4 81.8 60.0 59.4 64.2
Parathemisto spp. 0.0 0.0 10.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
P. pacifica 0.0 0.0 10.0 3.1 36.4 0.0 0.0 7.5
Hyperia spp. 10.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
H. medusarum 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 1.9
Lysianassidae 50.0 50.0 80.0 59.4 63.6 60.0 50.0 54.7
Anoyx spp. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 12.5 7.5
Unidentified amphipod 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 1.9
Copepods 10.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 45.5 10.0 0.0 11.3
Neocalanus cristatus 10.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 45.5 10.0 0.0 11.3
69. Euphausiids 10.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 18.2 10.0 3.1 7.5
Thysanoessa longipes 10.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Unidentified euphausiid 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.2 10.0 3.1 7.5
Decapods 50.0 8.3 20.0 25.0 63.6 60.0 25.0 39.6
Atelecyclidae megalopa 30.0 8.3 10.0 15.6 63.6 40.0 21.9 34.0
Unidentified shrimp 20.0 0.0 10.0 9.4 9.1 30.0 3.1 9.4
Molluscs
Squid 20.0 16.7 20.0 18.8 0.0 10.0 12.5 9.4
Fish
Myctophids 80.0 91.7 90.0 87.5 63.3 90.0 78.1 77.4
Unidentified fish 0.0 0.0 10.0 3.1 9.1 10.0 25.0 18.9
Other (plastic) 20.0 16.7 0.0 12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Samples (n) 10 12 10 32 11 10 32 52
a “Early” samples collected when 70% chicks were 0–20 days
(18 July 2005 and 16 July 2006); “mid” samples, when 70%
chicks were
20–40 days (25 and 28 July 2005 and 31 July 2006); “late”
samples, when 70% chicks were ≥40 days (14 and 16 August
2005 and
16 August 2006).
RESULTS
70. Timing of breeding
In both years, most birds were incubating eggs upon our arrival
at
the island in late May. Hatching began in mid-June and
continued
to late July (2005) and early August (2006) (Fig. 2). Fledging
began
in mid-August and continued through our departure from the
island
in both years. Eggs hatched significantly earlier in 2005 (mean:
1 July ± 10.1 days) than in 2006 (mean: 6 July ± 10.1 days;
paired
t
20 = 2.14; P = 0.045). Hatch date did not predict fledging
success
in either year (2005: r2 < 0.011, n = 49, P = 0.884; 2006: r2 =
0.050,
n = 48, P = 0.178).
Reproductive success
Hatching success ranged between 89% and 91% and did not
differ
significantly between years (Table 1). The greatest source of
egg
failure was abandonment (Table 1). Fledging success, in
contrast,
varied between 58% and 89%, with significantly higher chick
survival and, ultimately, overall reproductive success in 2006
than
in 2005 (Table 1). Chick mortality occurred primarily when
chicks
were young, with approximately 81% of known-age chick deaths
occurring before 10 days of age and 91% before 15 days of age
71. in both years (n = 34). Only a single chick in each year died
after
the age of 20 days. Of nests used in 2005, 67% were reoccupied
in
2006. As compared with nests that had been successful, nests
that
270 Drummond & Leonard: Breeding biology of the Fork-tailed
Storm-Petrel
Marine Ornithology 37: 265–273 (2009)
failed in the first year were significantly less likely to be
reoccupied
the following year (χ21 = 11.78, P = 0.003).
Chick growth and parental provisioning
Chicks attained a peak body mass (101.5 ± 7.5 g) at an average
of 47.9 ± 5.2 days and then lost mass before fledging (Fig. 3).
Wing chord and tarsus measurements reached asymptotes at
53.2
± 7.2 days and 29.0 ± 2.3 days respectively (Fig. 3). Only tarsal
growth rate varied significantly between years, with faster
growth
in 2006 than in 2005 (Table 2).
Visitation rates at individual nests varied from 32% to 75%
(mean:
54.5% ± 9.1%; n = 116). Visitation rate and meal size were both
significantly higher in 2006 than in 2005 (Table 2). However,
there
was no significant difference in visitation rate between nests
where
72. chicks died and where they survived (2005: t
21 = 0.50, P = 0.623;
2006: t7 = 1.47, P = 0.184). Chicks that were fed more
frequently
gained weight faster in 2006 but not in 2005 (Table 3).
Visitation
rate was not directly related to wing chord or tarsal growth, nor
to
final mass at fledging (Table 3).
Chick diet
Myctophid fish occurred in more than 75% of diet samples
(Table 4) and made up more than 80% of the prey biomass
(Table 5)
in both years. Amphipods and decapods occurred in 25% to 64%
of
samples, but each contributed little to prey biomass (<1% to
1%).
Small plastic particles were found in diet samples in 2005 but
not
in 2006 (Table 4).
The percentage occurrence of myctophid fish in chick diets did
not
vary between years (χ2
1 = 1.41, P = 0.236) or across the nestling
period (χ22 = 2.79, P = 0.248). In contrast, the percentage
biomass
TABLE 5
Percentage biomass of prey items in diet samples collected from
Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels Oceanodroma furcata
73. at early, mid and late nestling periodsa at Kasatochi Island,
Alaska, 2005 and 2006
Prey type Mass
standard
(mg)b
2005 2006
Early Mid Late Total Early Mid Late Total
Crustaceans
Amphipods — 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2
Parathemisto spp. 3.0 0.0 0.0 <0.1 <0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
P. pacifica 2.0 0.0 0.0 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 <0.1
Hyperia spp. 2.0 <0.1 0.0 0.0 <0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
H. medusarum 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 <0.1 0.0
Lysianassidae 4.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2
Anoyx spp. 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 <0.1 <0.1
Unidentified amphipod 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Copepods — 0.1 0.0 0.0 <0.1 40.8 2.0 0.0 9.1
Neocalanus cristatus 13.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 <0.1 40.8 2.0 0.0 9.1
Euphausiids — 7.8 0.0 0.0 2.4 2.4 0.4 1.0 1.1
74. Thysanoessa longipes 75.0 7.8 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Unidentified euphausiid 22.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.4 1.0 1.1
Decapods — 1.9 1.1 0.5 1.1 4.1 0.9 0.5 1.4
Atelecyclidae megalopa 15.0 1.4 1.1 0.3 0.9 4.0 0.8 0.2 1.1
Unidentified shrimp 50.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3
Molluscs
Squid 20.0 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.3
Fish
Myctophids 2100.0 89.5 98.3 90.4 92.9 50.8 95.3 87.6 82.0
Unidentified fish 485.0 0.0 0.0 8.4 2.9 1.7 1.3 10.1 6.0
Samples (n) 10 12 10 32 11 10 32 53
a “Early” samples collected when 70% chicks were 0–20 days
(18 July 2005 and 16 July 2006); “mid” samples, when 70%
chicks were
20–40 days (25 and 28 July 2005 and 31 July 2006); “late”
samples, when 70% chicks were ≥40 days (14 and 16 August
2005 and
16 August 2006).
b Standard laboratory mass value of each prey item used in
percentage biomass calculations.
75. Drummond & Leonard: Breeding biology of the Fork-tailed
Storm-Petrel 271
Marine Ornithology 37: 265–273 (2009)
of myctophid fish varied across year (F1,83 = 4.25, P = 0.042)
and
nestling period (F2,83 = 4.59, P = 0.013), with a higher biomass
in
chick diets in 2005 than in 2006, and later in the nestling
period.
These differences appeared driven by an unusually low amount
of
myctophid fish in chick diets during the early nesting period in
2006, when biomass of myctophid fish was just 51% and
appeared
to be replaced mainly by copepods (Table 5).
DISCUSSION
Timing of breeding
Timing of breeding varied between years at Kasatochi, with
later
hatching in 2006 than in 2005. Annual variation in seabird
phenology
may be driven by food availability (e.g. Bertram et al. 2001) or
weather
(e.g. Payne & Prince 1979). We lack independent measures of
storm-
petrel prey supply during our study to determine how food
availability
relates to timing of breeding at Kasatochi, although variation in
timing
is thought to reflect fluctuation in food supply at other Fork-
tailed
76. Storm-Petrel colonies (Quinlan 1979, Boersma et al. 1980).
However,
differences in timing of breeding at Kasatochi coincide with
differences
in spring temperature, with colder spring temperatures in the
central
Aleutian Islands in 2006 than in 2005 (NOAA 2007). Snow
cover can
postpone breeding in seabirds by preventing access to nest sites
(Payne
& Prince 1979) and has been associated with delayed breeding
of Fork-
tailed Storm-Petrels on Buldir Island, Alaska (Byrd & Trapp
1977). If
snow persisted longer during the colder spring of 2006, storm-
petrel
breeding could have been delayed that year.
Compared with other colonies throughout the species’ range,
phenology at Kasatochi appeared to fit a pattern of later nesting
with increasing latitude. Mean hatch dates on Kasatochi (1 July
in
2005, 6 July in 2006) were earlier than at colonies farther north
in
the Barren Islands [peaking 20–23 July (Boersma et al. 1980)]
and
Semidi Islands [mean: 15 July (Hatch & Hatch 1990)], but later
than those to the south in British Columbia [peaking late May–
early
June (Vermeer et al. 1988)] and California [peaking late May
(Harris 1974)].
Reproductive success
Hatching success was high in both years of our study, with only
about 10% egg loss each year. Egg failure in Fork-tailed Storm-
77. Petrels may be biased by investigator disturbance, because
storm-
petrels are especially susceptible to disturbance during
incubation
and prone to egg abandonment (e.g. Marks & Leasure 1992). We
attempted to minimize disturbance by viewing nests by
flashlight
without physically disturbing the nest inhabitants. In addition,
we
did not check nests with incubating adults until just before
hatch,
and we monitored nests every two days only after chicks
hatched,
when egg abandonment was no longer a concern. Given that
rates of
egg failure at Kasatochi were low compared with those at
colonies
in the Gulf of Alaska [16%–30% (Quinlan 1979, Boersma et al.
1980)] and British Columbia [29% (Vermeer et al. 1988)],
where
more invasive sampling occurred, we believe investigator
effects at
Kasatochi to be minimal.
Fledging success varied dramatically between years and
consequently
drove differences in overall reproductive success. Therefore,
factors
affecting chick survival may be most influential in determining
annual nesting success in Fork-tailed Storm-Petrels at
Kasatochi.
Chick mortality occurred consistently when chicks were less
than 20 days old, suggesting that the early nestling period was
most critical in determining chick survival. This pattern of
heavy
78. mortality in young chicks has been similarly documented at
other
Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel colonies (Byrd & Trapp 1977, Boersma
et
al. 1980, Simons 1981) and likely occurs because, as compared
to
larger chicks, smaller chicks have more difficulty
thermoregulating
and withstanding long fasts between meals (Boersma 1986).
This
hypothesis is consistent with evidence that visitation rates were
higher earlier in the nestling period (Drummond 2007), when
chicks
would presumably require more frequent food deliveries.
Inclement weather can influence storm-petrel chick mortality by
flooding nests or preventing parents from returning with food
(Boersma et al. 1980, Boersma & Silva 2001). Weather during
the
breeding season at Kasatochi varied between years, with colder
summer temperatures and more violent storms in 2005 than in
2006 (Drummond 2006, USFWS unpubl. data). Given that chick
survival was lower in 2005 than 2006, it is possible that poorer
weather conditions in 2005 were in part responsible for lower
chick
survival that year. If inclement weather affects breeding success
of
storm-petrels in the Aleutian Islands, potential large-scale
changes
in climate in the Bering Sea (NAST 2000) could have
implications
for future conservation.
Parasitism by fungus beetles (Leiodidae) and predation both
contribute to chick mortality at other Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel
colonies (Wheelwright & Boersma 1979, Quinlan 1983), but we
79. found no evidence of either chick parasites or nest predators
during
our study. Like most of the Aleutian Islands, Kasatochi lacks
naturally-occurring mammalian predators. Arctic Foxes Vulpes
lagopus were introduced to Kasatochi in 1927 and were present
for
several decades, but all foxes were removed in 1985 (Bailey
1993).
Resident Bald Eagles Haliaeetus leucocephalus and Glaucous-
winged Gulls Larus glaucescens occasionally prey on adult
birds
(Drummond & Larned 2007), but have not been observed
accessing
storm-petrel nest sites on the island (B. Drummond pers. obs.).
Given the vulnerability of storm-petrels to predation at the nest
site
(e.g. Warham 1990), the lack of such predators at Kasatochi and
many other colonies in the Aleutian Islands is likely crucial to
the
success of Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel populations.
Finally, food availability may also affect storm-petrel chick
survival, with higher survival in years of greater food supply
(Boersma et al. 1980, Simons 1981). Feeding rates and meal
sizes
often reflect foraging conditions in seabirds and may be used as
indirect measures of food availability during the breeding
season
(e.g. Granadeiro et al. 2000, Suryan et al. 2000). At Kasatochi,
visitation rates and meal sizes were higher in 2006 than in 2005,
suggesting that food availability may have been better in 2006
when
chick survival was higher. However, without direct independent
measures of food supply during our study, it is unclear exactly
how
foraging conditions contributed to chick survival at Kasatochi.