This document provides an introduction to a book on research methodology and medical statistics for students in Ayurveda and related medical fields. The book is divided into two main sections - research methodology and medical statistics. It aims to simplify complex topics for undergraduate and postgraduate students. In the preface, the author expresses his goal of making the subject and language easy to understand. He was inspired to write the book based on teaching students over 17 years and shaping the content into a simplified reference guide. The book covers key areas of research like the historical context in Ayurveda, different types of research, the research process, ethics, and use of information technology. It also addresses important statistical concepts for medical research such as data collection,
Research Methodology In Medical Research. This presentation gives an comprehensive overview of research methodology in biomedical research also includes different types of medical research and ethics in medical research.
Research in Nursing: A Guide to Understanding Research Designs and TechniquesAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Nurses like any other professionals are expected to participate in research studies since nursing
is a science that is fast evolving. Research in nursing paves the way for high quality, evidence-based nursing
care. Findings from research highly informs quality nursing practice. Nursing practice needs to be research
based; hence, it is worth commending that all nurses understand research techniques and designs and be
involved in research. However, some bedside nurses are not aware of the relationship between research and the
quality of care provided to patients. Such nurses need to be aware of the importance of research in nursing and
get on board. There are different types of research designs and methods, and the type of design employed for a
particular study will determine the methods to be used for that study. Generally, the different types of study
designs include experimental and non-experimental research designs which can be used according to the need to
answer many questions in the field of nursing. Thus, this paper gives an overview of research designs and
methods in order to provide novice nurses with the basics of research methodology. This istoensure that nurses
have an understanding of the research process and participate in research activities. This will in turn ensure that
quality care which is evidenced-based is rendered to all patients.
Research Methodology In Medical Research. This presentation gives an comprehensive overview of research methodology in biomedical research also includes different types of medical research and ethics in medical research.
Research in Nursing: A Guide to Understanding Research Designs and TechniquesAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Nurses like any other professionals are expected to participate in research studies since nursing
is a science that is fast evolving. Research in nursing paves the way for high quality, evidence-based nursing
care. Findings from research highly informs quality nursing practice. Nursing practice needs to be research
based; hence, it is worth commending that all nurses understand research techniques and designs and be
involved in research. However, some bedside nurses are not aware of the relationship between research and the
quality of care provided to patients. Such nurses need to be aware of the importance of research in nursing and
get on board. There are different types of research designs and methods, and the type of design employed for a
particular study will determine the methods to be used for that study. Generally, the different types of study
designs include experimental and non-experimental research designs which can be used according to the need to
answer many questions in the field of nursing. Thus, this paper gives an overview of research designs and
methods in order to provide novice nurses with the basics of research methodology. This istoensure that nurses
have an understanding of the research process and participate in research activities. This will in turn ensure that
quality care which is evidenced-based is rendered to all patients.
Clinical study types and designs are terms which represent the way in which clinical trials are structured and formulated.
Since we all know that clinical research is an extremely complex topic and not everything can be explained in a simple way, here we’ll focus only on some of the most basic types of clinical study types and designs which involve human subjects or participants.
First of all, you should know that the most basic grouping of study designs is experimental (treatment) studies and observational studies.
As we can suppose from the names, in an observational study, researchers have less control over subjects and they’re just observing what happens to subjects, while in experimental studies, researchers are using different methods (such as randomization) to place subjects in separate groups. This gives experimental studies much more validity than observational studies.
In this guide, we’ll talk about the 2 possible types of studies, as well as different study designs within.
General principles of research methodology. Terms frequently used in this chapter. It is a course subject for fourth Pharm D in The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR. Medical University, Chennai.
Research methodology and medical statistics book previewarmarcayurveda
Present book covers the 100% syllabus of BAMS, 80% syllabus of MD (Ayu), 80% of MBBS, 80-90% for B.Pharma and M.Pharma for Research Methodology and Biostatistics...
Contact: Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha - 09742424407 (India)
Presented by N..SRIIKANTH, ASST..DIIRECTOR (AY) & G.S.LAVEKAR,
DIIRECTOR, CENTRAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA
Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India
I like this presentation to read by others
Clinical study types and designs are terms which represent the way in which clinical trials are structured and formulated.
Since we all know that clinical research is an extremely complex topic and not everything can be explained in a simple way, here we’ll focus only on some of the most basic types of clinical study types and designs which involve human subjects or participants.
First of all, you should know that the most basic grouping of study designs is experimental (treatment) studies and observational studies.
As we can suppose from the names, in an observational study, researchers have less control over subjects and they’re just observing what happens to subjects, while in experimental studies, researchers are using different methods (such as randomization) to place subjects in separate groups. This gives experimental studies much more validity than observational studies.
In this guide, we’ll talk about the 2 possible types of studies, as well as different study designs within.
General principles of research methodology. Terms frequently used in this chapter. It is a course subject for fourth Pharm D in The Tamilnadu Dr.MGR. Medical University, Chennai.
Research methodology and medical statistics book previewarmarcayurveda
Present book covers the 100% syllabus of BAMS, 80% syllabus of MD (Ayu), 80% of MBBS, 80-90% for B.Pharma and M.Pharma for Research Methodology and Biostatistics...
Contact: Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha - 09742424407 (India)
Presented by N..SRIIKANTH, ASST..DIIRECTOR (AY) & G.S.LAVEKAR,
DIIRECTOR, CENTRAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH IN AYURVEDA AND SIDDHA
Department of AYUSH, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India
I like this presentation to read by others
Dr Vivek Baliga - The Basics Of Medical StatisticsDr Vivek Baliga
Medical statistics can be daunting. Understanding them is essential to understand any research paper. Here are some basic in medical statistics by Dr Vivek Baliga, Consultant Internal Medicine, Bangalore. Read more by Dr Vivek Baliga at http://drvivekbaliga.net
Luxury Residential Projects in Mangalore | Godrej AlpineJohn Park
Godrej Alpine is your destination for a truly international lifestyle. They offer luxurious flats in Mangalore with 80% open space and modern amenities.
Early diagnosis of cancers is a major requirement for patients and a
complicated job for the oncologist. If it is diagnosed early, it could have made
the patient more likely to live. For a few decades, fuzzy logic emerged as an
emphatic technique in the identification of diseases like different types of
cancers. The recognition of cancer diseases mostly operated with inexactness,
inaccuracy, and vagueness. This paper aims to design the fuzzy expert system
(FES) and its implementation for the detection of prostate cancer. Specifically,
prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostate volume (PV), age, and percentage
free PSA (%FPSA) are used to determine prostate cancer risk (PCR), while
PCR serves as an output parameter. Mamdani fuzzy inference method is used
to calculate a range of PCR. The system provides a scale of risk of prostate
cancer and clears the path for the oncologist to determine whether their
patients need a biopsy. This system is fast as it requires minimum calculation
and hence comparatively less time which reduces mortality and morbidity and
is more reliable than other economic systems and can be frequently used by
doctors.
Effective strategies to monitor clinical risks using biostatistics - Pubrica.pdfPubrica
In clinical science, biostatistics services are essential for data collection, analysis, presentation, and interpretation. Epidemiology, clinical trials, population genetics, systems biology, and other disciplines all benefit from it. It aids in the evaluation of a drug's effectiveness and safety in clinical trials.
Continue Reading: https://bit.ly/3tRRxkW
Reference: https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/biostatistics-and-statistical-programming-services/
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When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
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scientific protocol.the Idea and Process.Mona Quenawy
In a clinical trial, the protocol is carefully designed to safeguard the health of the participants as well as answer specific research questions. A protocol describes what types of population may participate in the trial; the schedule of tests, procedures, medications, and dosages; and the duration of the study.means time frame.statistical analysis and outcome measurement.
Evaluation of Logistic Regression and Neural Network Model With Sensitivity A...CSCJournals
Logistic Regression (LR) is a well known classification method in the field of statistical learning. It allows probabilistic classification and shows promising results on several benchmark problems. Logistic regression enables us to investigate the relationship between a categorical outcome and a set of explanatory variables. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are popularly used as universal non-linear inference models and have gained extensive popularity in recent years. Research activities are considerable and literature is growing. The goal of this research work is to compare the performance of Logistic Regression and Neural Network models on publicly available medical datasets. The evaluation process of the model is as follows. The logistic regression and neural network methods with sensitivity analysis have been evaluated for the effectiveness of the classification. The Classification Accuracy is used to measure the performance of both the models. From the experimental results it is confirmed that the neural network model with sensitivity analysis model gives more efficient result.
18Falls in The Long-Term Care SettingsNayaris ReyeAnastaciaShadelb
1
8
Falls in The Long-Term Care Settings
Nayaris Reyes
Florida National University
June 12, 2021
Brief Literature Review
The elderly in the long-term care facilities are typically predisposed to falling and might fall for various reasons. Some predisposing factors might be related to unsteady balance and gait, poor vision, weak muscles, dementia, and medications. In addition, various medical conditions, including stroke, low blood pressure, brain disorders, and poorly managed epilepsy, might increase older people's risk for falls (Golmakani et al., 2014). Therefore, several studies have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of multi-factorial interventions on the occurrence of falls in long-term care settings, including psycho-geriatric nursing home patients. Based on the clinical study, it was concluded that various multi-factorial interventions used in preventing falls such as a general medical assessment emphasizing falls, specific fall risk evaluation devices, assessing medication intake, fall history, and mobility, using protective and assistive aids play a significant role in reducing the incidence of falls among the elderly (Ungar et al., 2013). Accordingly, it was evident that fall prevention, usually geared towards psycho-geriatric patients in a long-term care facility, is possible and efficient in minimizing falls among older people.
Other researchers carried out a study in developing a fall prevention program for the aged patients in long-term care entities, especially those at risk of falling, by increasing caregiving expertise or skills and motivating staff members. From the analysis, exercise programs encompassing warm-up, muscle reinforcement, especially in the lower extremities, and proprioceptive neuromuscular expedition are used in increasing motivation and caregiving skills (Donath et al., 2016). Another research conducted to evaluate the statistics of falls among the elderly found out that falls are the leading cause of injury-interrelated visits to emergency facilities in the U.S. They are also the primary etiology of accidental deaths in persons aged 60 and above. From the analysis, falls might be markers of diminishing function and poor health and are significantly attributable to morbidity.
To assess the risk factors related with falls among the older people in the long-term care facilities, it was realized that more than 25% of facility-dwelling older individuals and 60% of nursing home residents fall yearly (Pfortmueller et al., 2014). Various risk factors linked to their falls are medication use, increasing age, sensory deficits, and cognitive impairment. Studies depict that older persons who have fallen must undergo a thorough clinical evaluation (within the facilities) to analyze the preventive strategies further. This will aid in determining and treating the underlying cause of their falls, return them to baseline function, and minimize the likelihood of recurrent falls (Karlsson et al., 20 ...
Comprehensive assessment of dentists knowledge and awareness about surgical ...Ajay Pacharne
Aim: Accurate treatment planning for implant which considers anatomical factors and prosthetic needs is essential to guarantee a predictable therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the current knowledge and awareness about surgical template among general dental practitioner in kanpur, India. Materials & Methods: This study was entirely attempted on a cross sectional idea. It also used the rational usage of questionnaire. However, after considering some essential aspects, this number was lastly reduced to 100. Authors completed the study by close ended questionnaire containing questions about the present knowledge and awareness about surgical template. Response was recorded and data was processed statistically to evaluate the real-time knowledge and awareness level. Results: Statistical analysis was done using statistical software ‘Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)’. The recorded data was subjected to suitable statistical tests to obtain p values, mean, standard deviation, standard error an 95% CI. P ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. 27 practitioners were unaware of the usage of surgical template. 94 practitioners think that UG dental curriculum is inadequate regarding surgical template. 60 practitioners think that surgical template must be made mandatory for all dental institutions.
Chapter 4 Knowledge Discovery, Data Mining, and Practice-Based Evi.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 4 Knowledge Discovery, Data Mining, and Practice-Based Evidence
Mollie R. Cummins
Ginette A. Pepper
Susan D. Horn
The next step to comparative effectiveness research is to conduct more prospective large-scale observational cohort studies with the rigor described here for knowledge discovery and data mining (KDDM) and practice-based evidence (PBE) studies.
Objectives
At the completion of this chapter the reader will be prepared to:
1.Define the goals and processes employed in knowledge discovery and data mining (KDDM) and practice-based evidence (PBE) designs
2.Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of observational designs in general and of KDDM and PBE specifically
3.Identify the roles and activities of the informatics specialist in KDDM and PBE in healthcare environments
Key Terms
Comparative effectiveness research, 69
Confusion matrix, 62
Data mining, 61
Knowledge discovery and data mining (KDDM), 56
Machine learning, 56
Natural language processing (NLP), 58
Practice-based evidence (PBE), 56
Preprocessing, 56
Abstract
The advent of the electronic health record (EHR) and other large electronic datasets has revolutionized efficient access to comprehensive data across large numbers of patients and the concomitant capacity to detect subtle patterns in these data even with missing or less than optimal data quality. This chapter introduces two approaches to knowledge building from clinical data: (1) knowledge discovery and data mining (KDDM) and (2) practice-based evidence (PBE). The use of machine learning methods in retrospective analysis of routinely collected clinical data characterizes KDDM. KDDM enables us to efficiently and effectively analyze large amounts of data and develop clinical knowledge models for decision support. PBE integrates health information technology (health IT) products with cohort identification, prospective data collection, and extensive front-line clinician and patient input for comparative effectiveness research. PBE can uncover best practices and combinations of treatments for specific types of patients while achieving many of the presumed advantages of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
Introduction
Leaders need to foster a shared learning culture for improving healthcare. This extends beyond the local department or institution to a value for creating generalizable knowledge to improve care worldwide. Sound, rigorous methods are needed by researchers and health professionals to create this knowledge and address practical questions about risks, benefits, and costs of interventions as they occur in actual clinical practice. Typical questions are as follows:
•Are treatments used in daily practice associated with intended outcomes?
•Can we predict adverse events in time to prevent or ameliorate them?
•What treatments work best for which patients?
•With limited financial resources, what are the best interventions to use for specific types of patients?
•What types of indi ...
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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Research methodology and medical statistics book preview
1.
2. Short Notes (Questions-Answers) On
Research Methodology
&
Medical Statistics
(For BAMS, MD, MBBS, B.Pharma, M.Pharma)
Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha
GCIP,DIM,PGDEE,M.Sc.Ph.D.
Dr. Sanjaya K.S.
MD(Ayu)
Principal,
ALNRMAMC
Reader,ALNRMAMC
6. Preface
1. Research inAyurveda 1 - 16
DefinitionandetymologyofAnveshana,Gaves-
hana,Prayeshana,Anusandhan,Shodha
Pramanas as tools of reaseach inAyurveda
HistoricalbackgroundofresearchinAyurveda
Scopes of research inAyurveda
Reasons of need of research inAyurveda
ImportancesandutilitiesofresearchinAyurveda
2. Research and Types of Research 18-31
Definition,objectivityandgoalofresearch
Types of research
Differencesbetweenqualitativeandquantitative
research; merits and demerits of mixed research
Meaningofobservationinresearch;typesofob-
servations and their link with potential issues in
research
Observationandinterventionalstudydesignsand
theirtypes
Research Methodology
i-ii
CONTENTS
1-2
2-8
8-11
11-12
13-15
15-16
18-20
20-23
24-25
25-26
26-30
7. Preclinicalandclinicalresearchdesigns
3. Research Processes 33-48
Research problem, selection of topic and its im-
portances
Reviewofliteratureanditsimportances
Hypothesis,itscharacteristics,waysofitstesting
anditsimportances
Aimsandobjectives,theircharacteristics,points
towritethemandtheirimportances
Materials and methods, steps to write them and
theirimportances
Result/observation,itsfeatures,stepstowritere-
sult/observationanditsimportances
Discussion, steps to write discussion and its im-
portances
Conclusion,stepstowriteconclusionanditsim-
portances
Communicationofresearchandmethodsofcom-
munication
30-31
33-35
35-37
37-39
39-40
40-42
42-44
45-46
44-45
46-48
8. 4. Concept of Ethics in Research and Importances
of Ethics in Research 50-51
5. Concept of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM),
Steps of EBM, Advantages and
Disadvantages of EBM 53-54
6. Scientific Writing, Its Purpose and Basic
Structure 56-57
7. Importances of IT(InformationTechnology)
in Data Mining and Research Portals in
Ayurveda 59-63
ImportancesofITinDatamining
Research data portal concerned withAyurveda
andcontemporarymedicine,stepstosearchdata
usingsuchportals
DHARA, Pubmed, Ayush ResearchPortal,
BioinformaticsCenter Research Management
InformaticsSystem
59-60
61-63
9. Medical Statistics
1. Introduction of Statistics 67-72
Statisticsanditscharacteristics 67-68
Medical statistics, its importances and scopes 68-70
Functionsandlimitationsofstatistics 70
Statisticalenquiryanditsstages 69-72
2. SampleandPopulation 74-75
Differencebetweensampleandpopulation 74
Sample,useofsample,mainobjectives and
theoryofsampling 74-75
3. Data and Variable 77-100
Data, types of data 77-79
Methods of data collection 79-81
Variablesandtypesofvariables 81
Datapresentationanditsimportances 82
Tabulation and parts of table 82-84
Requisite of good table, types of table 84-85
Advantagesofdiagrammaticandgraphical
presentation,differencesbetweendiagramsand
graphs. 85-86
Rulesforconstructingdiagrams,typesofdiagrams 86-87
Linediagramorlinechart 88
10. Bar diagram, important points to draw a bar dia-
gram, types of bar diagram. 88-93
Two-dimensionaldiagramsandtheirtypes,
contructionofpiediagram/chart 94-96
Histogram,differencebetweenhistogramandbar
diagram 96-97
Frequencypolygon,frequencycurve,pictogram,
cartogram 98-100
4. CentralTendency 102-110
Measures of location and measures of disper-
sion, measures of central tendency and mea-
sures of spread 102
Statistical average, its uses and desirable
properties 102-103
Mean,median,mode,geometricmean,
harmonicmean,rangeandinterquartilerange,
percentile,varianceandstandarddeviation 103-110
5. Probability 112-121
Conceptofprobabilitywithmathematicalor
priori approach and relative frequency or
empiricalapproach. 112-113
Definition of experiment and random
experiment, trial and event, exhaustive cases,
11. favourablecasestoevents,mutuallyexclusive
events or cases, equally likely cases, indepen-
dentevents,set,nullset,sub-set,universalset,
outcome,additiontheoryofpoints. 113-114
Axiomaticprobability,conditionalprobability,
additiontheoryofprobability,multiplication
theoryofprobability,Bayes’theorem 114-117
Normaldistributionanditsprobabilitydensity
functionandimportantproperties 117-1119
Testofsignificance 119
Significancelevel,P-valuesmeaninhypothesis
test,statisticalsignificance 119-120
Type ‘I’error, Type ‘II’error 120-121
6. Statistical Tests 123-145
Nonparametrictests,advantagesanddisadvan-
tagesofnonparametrictests,differences
between nonparametric and parametric tests 123-124
Correspondingnonparametrictestsrelevantto
parametrictests. 124-125
Skewness, different types of skewness,
kurtosis. 125-126
Correlation, types of correlation, causes of
correlation 126-127
12. Methodsofstudyingcorrelation,Karl
Pearson’scoefficientofcorrelation 128-129
Wilcoxonrank-sumtest,Wilcoxonsigned-rank
test, Kruskal-wallis test, Spearman’s rank
correlationcoefficient,McNemar’stest,
Chisquare 129-134
Student’st-test,itsprobabilitydensityfunction,
itschiefproperties 134-135
T-testandapplicationoft-distribution 135-136
Types of t-test 136-137
Z-test, its properties and application 137-139
F-statistic, its properties and application 140
ANOVA 140-142
AssumptionsofANOVA,applicationand
properties ofANOVA 142
PrinciplesofANOVA 142-144
Post hoc tests and their uses 144-145
7. Statistical Software 147-149
Statisticalsoftware,importancesofstatistical
software,commonlyusedstatisticalsoftware 147-149
13.
14. Any of scientists, businessmen, students, politicians etc.
comes across research in his/her daily life by means of gathering
information,analyzingthemandprocessingforbetterresultwithor
withoutknowingaboutthemethodologyordesign.Noneofthem
cannegatetheimportanceandutilityofresearchandstatistics.For
better performance and yield, we need to understand the
methodology or design of research with cognition of statistical
aspects.Studentsfeelprobleminapprehensionwithcomplexities
of subjects, so it becomes necessary to remind the students that
theoriginalideaissimpleandgraspable.
Present book is directed at undergraduate and
postgraduatestudentsfrommedicalscience(BAMS,MBBS)and
pharmaceutical science. It may also be helpful to researchers to
designtheirprojects.Theeffortmadeinthisbookistosimplifythe
subject for understanding and use at basic level. For the purpose,
topics are explained in terms of probable raising questions and
their answers. The book is segmented in research methodology
andmedicalstatisticspartswithappreciationofeasyperceiving.7
chapters are included in each of Research Methodology and
Medical Statistics section.
Research is not new to Indian medicine, so the chapter
startswithcitationsofresearchindifferentancienttexts.Relevance
ofthosecitationswithpresentresearchmethodologyistime-tested.
Preface
i
15. Illustrations are inserted at appropriate place for understanding.
Researchdesignsareclassifiedwithbasicconsiderationofaimof
research.Instructionsaboutimportantpointstowritetheresearch
processesarementioned.Ideaaboutmedicalethics,evidencebased
medicine,scientificwritingetc.arepresented.Toolsandtechniques
toutilizetheinformationtechnologyforresearchareadded.
In Medical Statistics portion, other than the introduction
of statistics and medical statistics, basic information of data and
use of proper data collection methods are given. It is observed
thatmanyofresearcherslacktheinformationabouttheappropriate
technique of data presentation, so it is made easy to understand
andoptwithsuitableone.Importantparametricandnonparametric
testsareshowntobeselectedaccordingtotakenresearchproblems
andresearchdesign.Someofcommonlyusedstatisticalsoftwares
are quoted with idea to use for the purpose of statistical analysis.
I am grateful to all of them who enabled me to shape this
work as book. Story starts with my god, Lord Hanuman, who
shows the path for creation. A great inspiration came from the
president of Aroor Educational Trust, Honourable Aroor
Ramesh Rao sir, his wife Smt. Shantha Rao and his son Shri
ArvindRaosir.Anythankfulnessinwordsislessforthem.Right
from beginning of my study in research since last 17 years, my
fatherShriBimalChandraJhataughtmetosharetheknowledge
to world in very simplified way what maximum of persons can
easily get. I have tried my best to make the subject as well as
ii
16. Koppa: 2nd
January 2017 Dr. Prashant KumarJha
iii
language used with this book easier. I am thankful to you. Other
thanmywife,mymotherandotherfamilymembers,lotsofpeople
encouraged at a time or many times for creative works related
with my research projects. My gratitudes are always there with
youall.Iappreciateandextendmythankfulnesstoallmystudents
whoinsistedtobringmyteachingsoftheirclassesinbookform.
