Present book covers the 100% syllabus of BAMS, 80% syllabus of MD (Ayu), 80% of MBBS, 80-90% for B.Pharma and M.Pharma for Research Methodology and Biostatistics... Contact: Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha - 09742424407 (India)

2. Short Notes (Questions-Answers) On
Research Methodology
&
Medical Statistics
(For BAMS, MD, MBBS, B.Pharma, M.Pharma)
Dr. Prashant Kumar Jha
GCIP,DIM,PGDEE,M.Sc.Ph.D.
Dr. Sanjaya K.S.
MD(Ayu)
Principal,
ALNRMAMC
Reader,ALNRMAMC

3. FirstEdition:2017
©ARMARCPublications,
AroorEducationalTrust,
ALNRaoMemorialAyurvedicMedicalCollege,
Koppa-577126
Dist.:Chikmagalur,Karnataka,India
Patron: Aroor Ramesh Rao
All rights are reserved. No Parts of this book
can be reproduced or stored in information
systemwithoutpriorwrittenpermissionofAuthor.

6. Preface
1. Research inAyurveda 1 - 16
DefinitionandetymologyofAnveshana,Gaves-
hana,Prayeshana,Anusandhan,Shodha
Pramanas as tools of reaseach inAyurveda
HistoricalbackgroundofresearchinAyurveda
Scopes of research inAyurveda
Reasons of need of research inAyurveda
ImportancesandutilitiesofresearchinAyurveda
2. Research and Types of Research 18-31
Definition,objectivityandgoalofresearch
Types of research
Differencesbetweenqualitativeandquantitative
research; merits and demerits of mixed research
Meaningofobservationinresearch;typesofob-
servations and their link with potential issues in
research
Observationandinterventionalstudydesignsand
theirtypes
Research Methodology
i-ii
CONTENTS
1-2
2-8
8-11
11-12
13-15
15-16
18-20
20-23
24-25
25-26
26-30

7. Preclinicalandclinicalresearchdesigns
3. Research Processes 33-48
Research problem, selection of topic and its im-
portances
Reviewofliteratureanditsimportances
Hypothesis,itscharacteristics,waysofitstesting
anditsimportances
Aimsandobjectives,theircharacteristics,points
towritethemandtheirimportances
Materials and methods, steps to write them and
theirimportances
Result/observation,itsfeatures,stepstowritere-
sult/observationanditsimportances
Discussion, steps to write discussion and its im-
portances
Conclusion,stepstowriteconclusionanditsim-
portances
Communicationofresearchandmethodsofcom-
munication
30-31
33-35
35-37
37-39
39-40
40-42
42-44
45-46
44-45
46-48

8. 4. Concept of Ethics in Research and Importances
of Ethics in Research 50-51
5. Concept of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM),
Steps of EBM, Advantages and
Disadvantages of EBM 53-54
6. Scientific Writing, Its Purpose and Basic
Structure 56-57
7. Importances of IT(InformationTechnology)
in Data Mining and Research Portals in
Ayurveda 59-63
ImportancesofITinDatamining
Research data portal concerned withAyurveda
andcontemporarymedicine,stepstosearchdata
usingsuchportals
DHARA, Pubmed, Ayush ResearchPortal,
BioinformaticsCenter Research Management
InformaticsSystem
59-60
61-63

9. Medical Statistics
1. Introduction of Statistics 67-72
Statisticsanditscharacteristics 67-68
Medical statistics, its importances and scopes 68-70
Functionsandlimitationsofstatistics 70
Statisticalenquiryanditsstages 69-72
2. SampleandPopulation 74-75
Differencebetweensampleandpopulation 74
Sample,useofsample,mainobjectives and
theoryofsampling 74-75
3. Data and Variable 77-100
Data, types of data 77-79
Methods of data collection 79-81
Variablesandtypesofvariables 81
Datapresentationanditsimportances 82
Tabulation and parts of table 82-84
Requisite of good table, types of table 84-85
Advantagesofdiagrammaticandgraphical
presentation,differencesbetweendiagramsand
graphs. 85-86
Rulesforconstructingdiagrams,typesofdiagrams 86-87
Linediagramorlinechart 88

10. Bar diagram, important points to draw a bar dia-
gram, types of bar diagram. 88-93
Two-dimensionaldiagramsandtheirtypes,
contructionofpiediagram/chart 94-96
Histogram,differencebetweenhistogramandbar
diagram 96-97
Frequencypolygon,frequencycurve,pictogram,
cartogram 98-100
4. CentralTendency 102-110
Measures of location and measures of disper-
sion, measures of central tendency and mea-
sures of spread 102
Statistical average, its uses and desirable
properties 102-103
Mean,median,mode,geometricmean,
harmonicmean,rangeandinterquartilerange,
percentile,varianceandstandarddeviation 103-110
5. Probability 112-121
Conceptofprobabilitywithmathematicalor
priori approach and relative frequency or
empiricalapproach. 112-113
Definition of experiment and random
experiment, trial and event, exhaustive cases,

11. favourablecasestoevents,mutuallyexclusive
events or cases, equally likely cases, indepen-
dentevents,set,nullset,sub-set,universalset,
outcome,additiontheoryofpoints. 113-114
Axiomaticprobability,conditionalprobability,
additiontheoryofprobability,multiplication
theoryofprobability,Bayes’theorem 114-117
Normaldistributionanditsprobabilitydensity
functionandimportantproperties 117-1119
Testofsignificance 119
Significancelevel,P-valuesmeaninhypothesis
test,statisticalsignificance 119-120
Type ‘I’error, Type ‘II’error 120-121
6. Statistical Tests 123-145
Nonparametrictests,advantagesanddisadvan-
tagesofnonparametrictests,differences
between nonparametric and parametric tests 123-124
Correspondingnonparametrictestsrelevantto
parametrictests. 124-125
Skewness, different types of skewness,
kurtosis. 125-126
Correlation, types of correlation, causes of
correlation 126-127

12. Methodsofstudyingcorrelation,Karl
Pearson’scoefficientofcorrelation 128-129
Wilcoxonrank-sumtest,Wilcoxonsigned-rank
test, Kruskal-wallis test, Spearman’s rank
correlationcoefficient,McNemar’stest,
Chisquare 129-134
Student’st-test,itsprobabilitydensityfunction,
itschiefproperties 134-135
T-testandapplicationoft-distribution 135-136
Types of t-test 136-137
Z-test, its properties and application 137-139
F-statistic, its properties and application 140
ANOVA 140-142
AssumptionsofANOVA,applicationand
properties ofANOVA 142
PrinciplesofANOVA 142-144
Post hoc tests and their uses 144-145
7. Statistical Software 147-149
Statisticalsoftware,importancesofstatistical
software,commonlyusedstatisticalsoftware 147-149

14. Any of scientists, businessmen, students, politicians etc.
comes across research in his/her daily life by means of gathering
information,analyzingthemandprocessingforbetterresultwithor
withoutknowingaboutthemethodologyordesign.Noneofthem
cannegatetheimportanceandutilityofresearchandstatistics.For
better performance and yield, we need to understand the
methodology or design of research with cognition of statistical
aspects.Studentsfeelprobleminapprehensionwithcomplexities
of subjects, so it becomes necessary to remind the students that
theoriginalideaissimpleandgraspable.
Present book is directed at undergraduate and
postgraduatestudentsfrommedicalscience(BAMS,MBBS)and
pharmaceutical science. It may also be helpful to researchers to
designtheirprojects.Theeffortmadeinthisbookistosimplifythe
subject for understanding and use at basic level. For the purpose,
topics are explained in terms of probable raising questions and
their answers. The book is segmented in research methodology
andmedicalstatisticspartswithappreciationofeasyperceiving.7
chapters are included in each of Research Methodology and
Medical Statistics section.
Research is not new to Indian medicine, so the chapter
startswithcitationsofresearchindifferentancienttexts.Relevance
ofthosecitationswithpresentresearchmethodologyistime-tested.
Preface
i

15. Illustrations are inserted at appropriate place for understanding.
Researchdesignsareclassifiedwithbasicconsiderationofaimof
research.Instructionsaboutimportantpointstowritetheresearch
processesarementioned.Ideaaboutmedicalethics,evidencebased
medicine,scientificwritingetc.arepresented.Toolsandtechniques
toutilizetheinformationtechnologyforresearchareadded.
In Medical Statistics portion, other than the introduction
of statistics and medical statistics, basic information of data and
use of proper data collection methods are given. It is observed
thatmanyofresearcherslacktheinformationabouttheappropriate
technique of data presentation, so it is made easy to understand
andoptwithsuitableone.Importantparametricandnonparametric
testsareshowntobeselectedaccordingtotakenresearchproblems
andresearchdesign.Someofcommonlyusedstatisticalsoftwares
are quoted with idea to use for the purpose of statistical analysis.
I am grateful to all of them who enabled me to shape this
work as book. Story starts with my god, Lord Hanuman, who
shows the path for creation. A great inspiration came from the
president of Aroor Educational Trust, Honourable Aroor
Ramesh Rao sir, his wife Smt. Shantha Rao and his son Shri
ArvindRaosir.Anythankfulnessinwordsislessforthem.Right
from beginning of my study in research since last 17 years, my
fatherShriBimalChandraJhataughtmetosharetheknowledge
to world in very simplified way what maximum of persons can
easily get. I have tried my best to make the subject as well as
ii

16. Koppa: 2nd
January 2017 Dr. Prashant KumarJha
iii
language used with this book easier. I am thankful to you. Other
thanmywife,mymotherandotherfamilymembers,lotsofpeople
encouraged at a time or many times for creative works related
with my research projects. My gratitudes are always there with
youall.Iappreciateandextendmythankfulnesstoallmystudents
whoinsistedtobringmyteachingsoftheirclassesinbookform.