Paralegal's Guide to the Methodology of Effective Legal ResearchMichael Kaiser, JD.
Presented by Michael Kaiser to a national audience on October 25, 2011, on behalf of the Institute for Paralegal Education.
Mr. Kaiser, founder of the Kaiser Legal Group, is a consultant and mediator. He also regularly speaks at the law school level and at Continuing Legal Education (CLE) seminars for attorneys. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from the University of Washington and his Juris Doctor from Seattle University. You may contact him at 206-660-2858 or Michael.Kaiser@Kaiser-LegalGroup.org.
This document provides a guide to legal research methodology. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) preliminary analysis, 2) starting with secondary sources, 3) locating and reading primary authorities, 4) updating research, and 5) general tips. Key points include starting with secondary sources for background, using digests and annotated codes to find cases and statutes, and considering print vs online resources, updating research as necessary, and asking for assistance. Search methods like natural language and terms and connectors are also discussed.
Legal Research and Writing Services for Lawyers & Law FirmsCogneesol
Cogneesol has sponsored the detailed information on Legal research & writing services that are required by lawyers or law firms. Call on +1-646-688-2821 for further queries...For mor info visit: https://www.cogneesol.com/legal-research-writing-services
The document discusses research methodology in legal studies. It defines key concepts like research methodology, doctrinal research, and empirical research. It explains that research methodology involves systematically solving a research problem through steps like selecting a topic, forming a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting findings. Doctrinal research analyzes legal doctrines and precedents to determine what the law is, while empirical research studies the real-world impact and effects of laws on people and society through methods like surveys and field work. The document also outlines sources of legal data and provides examples of different types of legal research topics and methodologies.
The document provides guidance on conducting legal research through a multi-step process. It begins by outlining major steps to take in finding primary legal authority, including researching secondary sources, statutory authority in annotated codes, case authority in digests, and using computer-assisted research and Shepardizing. It emphasizes that legal research is a fluid, circular process where additional avenues of research may be uncovered at any step. The document also provides examples and discusses learning legal terminology and using encyclopedias, practice guides, and codes as starting points.
Legal research methodology_for_ilb@es_2012Gabriel Daia
The document provides an overview of legal research methodology. It discusses 1) what legal research entails and why methodology is important, 2) different types of methodologies, 3) developing a research strategy, 4) sources and how to evaluate them, 5) electronic sources, and 6) referencing and citation. The document emphasizes that legal research must be structured, thorough, and fully referenced in order to support arguments and allow others to evaluate the analysis.
1. Write an explanatory note on ‘socio-legal research’.
2. Discuss in detail the various types of legal research and their importance.
3. Relevance of Empirical legal research.
4. Briefly discuss the induction and deduction method.
Using this guide, you will learn how to do legal research. What is the definition of legal research, What are its types, What are the examples of legal research?
You can find more information about legal research at the below links -
https://legodesk.com/legopedia/types-of-legal-research/
https://legodesk.com/legopedia/how-to-do-legal-research/
https://legodesk.com/legopedia/importance-legal-research-legal-practice/
Paralegal's Guide to the Methodology of Effective Legal ResearchMichael Kaiser, JD.
Presented by Michael Kaiser to a national audience on October 25, 2011, on behalf of the Institute for Paralegal Education.
Mr. Kaiser, founder of the Kaiser Legal Group, is a consultant and mediator. He also regularly speaks at the law school level and at Continuing Legal Education (CLE) seminars for attorneys. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from the University of Washington and his Juris Doctor from Seattle University. You may contact him at 206-660-2858 or Michael.Kaiser@Kaiser-LegalGroup.org.
This document provides a guide to legal research methodology. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) preliminary analysis, 2) starting with secondary sources, 3) locating and reading primary authorities, 4) updating research, and 5) general tips. Key points include starting with secondary sources for background, using digests and annotated codes to find cases and statutes, and considering print vs online resources, updating research as necessary, and asking for assistance. Search methods like natural language and terms and connectors are also discussed.
Legal Research and Writing Services for Lawyers & Law FirmsCogneesol
Cogneesol has sponsored the detailed information on Legal research & writing services that are required by lawyers or law firms. Call on +1-646-688-2821 for further queries...For mor info visit: https://www.cogneesol.com/legal-research-writing-services
The document discusses research methodology in legal studies. It defines key concepts like research methodology, doctrinal research, and empirical research. It explains that research methodology involves systematically solving a research problem through steps like selecting a topic, forming a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and interpreting findings. Doctrinal research analyzes legal doctrines and precedents to determine what the law is, while empirical research studies the real-world impact and effects of laws on people and society through methods like surveys and field work. The document also outlines sources of legal data and provides examples of different types of legal research topics and methodologies.
The document provides guidance on conducting legal research through a multi-step process. It begins by outlining major steps to take in finding primary legal authority, including researching secondary sources, statutory authority in annotated codes, case authority in digests, and using computer-assisted research and Shepardizing. It emphasizes that legal research is a fluid, circular process where additional avenues of research may be uncovered at any step. The document also provides examples and discusses learning legal terminology and using encyclopedias, practice guides, and codes as starting points.
Legal research methodology_for_ilb@es_2012Gabriel Daia
The document provides an overview of legal research methodology. It discusses 1) what legal research entails and why methodology is important, 2) different types of methodologies, 3) developing a research strategy, 4) sources and how to evaluate them, 5) electronic sources, and 6) referencing and citation. The document emphasizes that legal research must be structured, thorough, and fully referenced in order to support arguments and allow others to evaluate the analysis.
1. Write an explanatory note on ‘socio-legal research’.
2. Discuss in detail the various types of legal research and their importance.
3. Relevance of Empirical legal research.
4. Briefly discuss the induction and deduction method.
Using this guide, you will learn how to do legal research. What is the definition of legal research, What are its types, What are the examples of legal research?
You can find more information about legal research at the below links -
https://legodesk.com/legopedia/types-of-legal-research/
https://legodesk.com/legopedia/how-to-do-legal-research/
https://legodesk.com/legopedia/importance-legal-research-legal-practice/
Legal research involves understanding both primary and secondary sources of law. Primary sources are the actual laws including constitutions, statutes, regulations, and case law. Secondary sources provide analysis and discussion of the law but are not themselves legally binding. Effective legal research requires determining what information is needed, considering relevant jurisdictions and issues, and knowing when sufficient information has been uncovered, often by achieving consistent results.
This document discusses empirical legal research. It begins by defining research and noting that empirical research involves collecting data through observation and experimentation to test hypotheses. It then discusses different types of legal research, including evolutionary, explanatory, identificatory, impact analysis, projective/predictive, and interpretative research. Empirical legal research uses methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, surveys and case studies to collect data. This data is then analyzed using the empirical cycle of observation, induction, deduction, and evaluation. Empirical legal research is important as it can identify deficiencies in laws and problems with implementation, assisting in legal reform and improvements to the legal system.
1. Doctrinal legal research focuses on analyzing legal principles and precedents from traditional sources like case laws and statutes.
2. Empirical legal research uses both qualitative and quantitative empirical evidence collected through methods like surveys, interviews and observations to understand how law impacts society.
3. The key difference is that doctrinal research examines what the law says, while empirical research studies what effect laws have and how people interact with the legal system.
Research methodolgy and legal writing: Content AnalysisNikhil kumar Tyagi
This document provides an overview of content analysis as a research method. It defines content analysis as the systematic study and quantification of messages to make inferences about their meaning. The document discusses the history and development of content analysis, outlines different types (conceptual and relational analysis), and reviews common uses such as studying social phenomena, media coverage, and sensitive topics. Content analysis is presented as a versatile tool across many fields for analyzing recorded communication.
The document provides an overview of legal research methodology. It discusses the different types of legal research, including doctrinal/theoretical research and socio-legal research. Doctrinal research involves library-based study of legal principles and rules, while socio-legal research also examines how law impacts society. Effective legal research requires planning, implementation, and presentation. The planning process includes collecting facts, analyzing facts and legal issues, and developing a research framework.
Introduction to Legal Research MethodologyPreeti Sikder
Learning Objective: After completion of this lesson students will
a) learn about the definition of research;
b) identify the basic characteristics of research
This document provides an introduction to legal research methodology. It begins by distinguishing between research methods and research methodology, with the latter referring to determining the appropriate tools or methods for a given research question. The document then classifies different types of legal research such as descriptive, exploratory, and hypothesis testing research. It notes that each research question implies different appropriate methods.
The document discusses legal research paradigms, noting that paradigms determine what topics are suitable to study and what methodologies are acceptable. It identifies doctrinal legal research as the accepted paradigm for lawyers. Doctrinal research involves the analysis of legal rules and texts to formulate legal doctrines. Finally, the document argues that legal research has both herm
Legal research has several objectives including advancing knowledge, testing existing theories, exploring new facts, and explaining legal and social phenomena. There are two main types of research: basic research which aims to expand fundamental theoretical knowledge without commercial purpose, and applied research which deals with solving practical problems and finding commercial advantages. Applied research can take the form of fact gathering, exploratory, or conclusive research depending on how clearly defined the problem is and whether the goal is to familiarize with an issue or test hypotheses. The research process involves selecting a topic, formulating the problem, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and making interpretations, findings, and recommendations.
Learning Outcome: After completing the lesson students will be able to -
a) comprehend the scope and variety of legal research
b) prepare for learning about the different features of the legal doctrine
The necessity of related literature search and review exercises in dissertati...inventionjournals
The systematic and scientific study of the related literature is the life cycle of every dissertation/thesis research proposal and research writing process. It is a form of secondary data collection, data analysis, and data presentation. The content we are dealing with here is textual, and the form of secondary data analysis is a form of phenomenologically qualitatively data analysis.
The document discusses writing a literature review (RRL) for research. It provides tips for writing an engaging RRL, including interacting creatively with literature through various techniques like inventorying, resonating, comparing/contrasting, reinforcing/debunking ideas. The RRL should show the researcher's ideas balanced with properly referenced existing literature. Writing RRL is like developing a script with a clear flow from intro to body to conclusion. It is important to organize literature and develop logic and transitions between ideas.
The document discusses referencing and why it is important. It explains that referencing means showing where information or ideas come from to authenticate research, acknowledge original authors, and avoid plagiarism. It discusses different referencing systems like APA, Harvard, and MLA. In-text citations provide short references in the text, while end references in the reference list provide full details of sources. Examples are given of how to format in-text citations and end references for articles, books, and websites.
Related literature and studies help guide researchers in several ways: by helping select a research topic, understand the topic better, and avoid duplicating other studies. They also help with research design elements like formulating questions, assumptions, and frameworks, as well as selecting methods, instruments, analysis techniques, and comparing findings. Sources of related materials include scholarly journals, books, and databases. Primary sources are original accounts, while secondary sources discuss primary sources. Researchers should review sources that are recent, objective, relevant, and based on original facts.
Theory And Methodology In Networked Learninggrainne
This document discusses theories and methodologies used in networked learning research. It begins by defining networked learning as learning that promotes connections between learners, learners and tutors, and learners and learning resources through the use of information and communication technologies. The document then discusses some of the dominant theoretical perspectives in the field, including cultural-historical activity theory, communities of practice, actor-network theory, and cybernetics and systems thinking. It also outlines some common methodological approaches such as content analysis, ethnography, case studies, action research, and evaluation. Finally, it discusses challenges of interdisciplinary research in networked learning and strategies for overcoming those challenges.
Related studies review existing research on a topic, either conducted locally within one's own country or abroad, to justify the novelty of a research work and allow readers to see if the study's findings confirm or contradict previous work. A sample undergraduate thesis presented findings from a related study that analyzed fish inventory, length-weight relationships, condition factor and gonad histology of indicator fish species in river systems and coastal waters of Claver, Surigao del Norte, Philippines. Related studies are important as they offer a way to check the originality of a research work and allow comparisons to previous findings.
This document provides guidance on conducting research and writing a thesis or dissertation. It defines research as a scientific and systematic approach to finding answers to problems. Some key reasons for conducting research include obtaining degrees or awards, gaining recognition, contributing to society through inventions, and earning money or fame. The document outlines various formats for organizing a thesis or dissertation and includes sections on selecting a research topic, reviewing relevant literature, organizing the literature review, and assessing the quality of a literature review.
This document provides an overview of APA citation style, including what citations are, why they should be used, and how to properly cite sources in both in-text citations and reference lists. It discusses citing various source types such as books, journal articles, websites, and more. Guidelines are provided for formatting citations, both in-text and in the references list, including proper punctuation, capitalization, use of "et al.", incorporating quotations of different lengths, and handling multiple citations. Assistance resources are listed for citing sources according to APA style.
This document provides an overview of sources for conducting a local related literature review and local studies. It discusses that a literature review analyzes published work in a specific topic area, while related studies examine previous research conducted on the topic. Sources of local literature and studies mentioned include books, journals, theses/dissertations from Philippine universities. Specific databases are also listed that provide access to Philippine periodicals and publications. Examples of a local literature and local study are then briefly described to illustrate the concepts.
Scientific misconduct includes plagiarism, duplicate publication, failure to obtain IRB approval or maintain research records, and fabrication or distortion of data. Plagiarism involves presenting others' work as one's own, while paraphrasing must fully change the original language and structure. All human subject research must undergo IRB review and approval before data collection. Researchers must maintain accurate records for 5 years and obtain participants' informed consent to share any private information.
This document discusses several qualitative research methods including observational studies, narrative inquiry, archival research, library research, ethnography, and content analysis. Observational studies involve observing subjects in their natural environment and recording observations. Narrative inquiry tells stories of subjects' experiences through collected data. Archival research uses archives to find and interpret primary sources. Library research involves reading and interpreting secondary sources and searching databases. Ethnography involves living with and like subjects to gain personal insights. Content analysis examines texts to look for repeating words, phrases or concepts to analyze people or cultures. Coding is used to engage in content analysis by deciding concepts and words to code for and developing rules to analyze results.
This document provides an overview of referencing and citation using the OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities) style. It discusses the importance of referencing, how to reference primary sources like cases and legislation, and secondary sources like books and journal articles. Footnotes should be used to cite sources in-text. The bibliography should include tables of cases and legislation alphabetically, and all other secondary sources in one alphabetical list by author's last name. Referencing properly avoids plagiarism and allows readers to identify sources.
The document provides guidance on referencing sources using the OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities) style. It discusses the importance of referencing, how to reference primary sources like cases and legislation, and secondary sources like books and articles. Footnotes and a bibliography are used to cite sources. The document also covers how to avoid plagiarism and provides examples of formatting footnotes and bibliographies according to OSCOLA guidelines.
Legal research involves understanding both primary and secondary sources of law. Primary sources are the actual laws including constitutions, statutes, regulations, and case law. Secondary sources provide analysis and discussion of the law but are not themselves legally binding. Effective legal research requires determining what information is needed, considering relevant jurisdictions and issues, and knowing when sufficient information has been uncovered, often by achieving consistent results.
This document discusses empirical legal research. It begins by defining research and noting that empirical research involves collecting data through observation and experimentation to test hypotheses. It then discusses different types of legal research, including evolutionary, explanatory, identificatory, impact analysis, projective/predictive, and interpretative research. Empirical legal research uses methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, surveys and case studies to collect data. This data is then analyzed using the empirical cycle of observation, induction, deduction, and evaluation. Empirical legal research is important as it can identify deficiencies in laws and problems with implementation, assisting in legal reform and improvements to the legal system.
1. Doctrinal legal research focuses on analyzing legal principles and precedents from traditional sources like case laws and statutes.
2. Empirical legal research uses both qualitative and quantitative empirical evidence collected through methods like surveys, interviews and observations to understand how law impacts society.
3. The key difference is that doctrinal research examines what the law says, while empirical research studies what effect laws have and how people interact with the legal system.
Research methodolgy and legal writing: Content AnalysisNikhil kumar Tyagi
This document provides an overview of content analysis as a research method. It defines content analysis as the systematic study and quantification of messages to make inferences about their meaning. The document discusses the history and development of content analysis, outlines different types (conceptual and relational analysis), and reviews common uses such as studying social phenomena, media coverage, and sensitive topics. Content analysis is presented as a versatile tool across many fields for analyzing recorded communication.
The document provides an overview of legal research methodology. It discusses the different types of legal research, including doctrinal/theoretical research and socio-legal research. Doctrinal research involves library-based study of legal principles and rules, while socio-legal research also examines how law impacts society. Effective legal research requires planning, implementation, and presentation. The planning process includes collecting facts, analyzing facts and legal issues, and developing a research framework.
Introduction to Legal Research MethodologyPreeti Sikder
Learning Objective: After completion of this lesson students will
a) learn about the definition of research;
b) identify the basic characteristics of research
This document provides an introduction to legal research methodology. It begins by distinguishing between research methods and research methodology, with the latter referring to determining the appropriate tools or methods for a given research question. The document then classifies different types of legal research such as descriptive, exploratory, and hypothesis testing research. It notes that each research question implies different appropriate methods.
The document discusses legal research paradigms, noting that paradigms determine what topics are suitable to study and what methodologies are acceptable. It identifies doctrinal legal research as the accepted paradigm for lawyers. Doctrinal research involves the analysis of legal rules and texts to formulate legal doctrines. Finally, the document argues that legal research has both herm
Legal research has several objectives including advancing knowledge, testing existing theories, exploring new facts, and explaining legal and social phenomena. There are two main types of research: basic research which aims to expand fundamental theoretical knowledge without commercial purpose, and applied research which deals with solving practical problems and finding commercial advantages. Applied research can take the form of fact gathering, exploratory, or conclusive research depending on how clearly defined the problem is and whether the goal is to familiarize with an issue or test hypotheses. The research process involves selecting a topic, formulating the problem, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and making interpretations, findings, and recommendations.
Learning Outcome: After completing the lesson students will be able to -
a) comprehend the scope and variety of legal research
b) prepare for learning about the different features of the legal doctrine
The necessity of related literature search and review exercises in dissertati...inventionjournals
The systematic and scientific study of the related literature is the life cycle of every dissertation/thesis research proposal and research writing process. It is a form of secondary data collection, data analysis, and data presentation. The content we are dealing with here is textual, and the form of secondary data analysis is a form of phenomenologically qualitatively data analysis.
The document discusses writing a literature review (RRL) for research. It provides tips for writing an engaging RRL, including interacting creatively with literature through various techniques like inventorying, resonating, comparing/contrasting, reinforcing/debunking ideas. The RRL should show the researcher's ideas balanced with properly referenced existing literature. Writing RRL is like developing a script with a clear flow from intro to body to conclusion. It is important to organize literature and develop logic and transitions between ideas.
The document discusses referencing and why it is important. It explains that referencing means showing where information or ideas come from to authenticate research, acknowledge original authors, and avoid plagiarism. It discusses different referencing systems like APA, Harvard, and MLA. In-text citations provide short references in the text, while end references in the reference list provide full details of sources. Examples are given of how to format in-text citations and end references for articles, books, and websites.
Related literature and studies help guide researchers in several ways: by helping select a research topic, understand the topic better, and avoid duplicating other studies. They also help with research design elements like formulating questions, assumptions, and frameworks, as well as selecting methods, instruments, analysis techniques, and comparing findings. Sources of related materials include scholarly journals, books, and databases. Primary sources are original accounts, while secondary sources discuss primary sources. Researchers should review sources that are recent, objective, relevant, and based on original facts.
Theory And Methodology In Networked Learninggrainne
This document discusses theories and methodologies used in networked learning research. It begins by defining networked learning as learning that promotes connections between learners, learners and tutors, and learners and learning resources through the use of information and communication technologies. The document then discusses some of the dominant theoretical perspectives in the field, including cultural-historical activity theory, communities of practice, actor-network theory, and cybernetics and systems thinking. It also outlines some common methodological approaches such as content analysis, ethnography, case studies, action research, and evaluation. Finally, it discusses challenges of interdisciplinary research in networked learning and strategies for overcoming those challenges.
Related studies review existing research on a topic, either conducted locally within one's own country or abroad, to justify the novelty of a research work and allow readers to see if the study's findings confirm or contradict previous work. A sample undergraduate thesis presented findings from a related study that analyzed fish inventory, length-weight relationships, condition factor and gonad histology of indicator fish species in river systems and coastal waters of Claver, Surigao del Norte, Philippines. Related studies are important as they offer a way to check the originality of a research work and allow comparisons to previous findings.
This document provides guidance on conducting research and writing a thesis or dissertation. It defines research as a scientific and systematic approach to finding answers to problems. Some key reasons for conducting research include obtaining degrees or awards, gaining recognition, contributing to society through inventions, and earning money or fame. The document outlines various formats for organizing a thesis or dissertation and includes sections on selecting a research topic, reviewing relevant literature, organizing the literature review, and assessing the quality of a literature review.
This document provides an overview of APA citation style, including what citations are, why they should be used, and how to properly cite sources in both in-text citations and reference lists. It discusses citing various source types such as books, journal articles, websites, and more. Guidelines are provided for formatting citations, both in-text and in the references list, including proper punctuation, capitalization, use of "et al.", incorporating quotations of different lengths, and handling multiple citations. Assistance resources are listed for citing sources according to APA style.
This document provides an overview of sources for conducting a local related literature review and local studies. It discusses that a literature review analyzes published work in a specific topic area, while related studies examine previous research conducted on the topic. Sources of local literature and studies mentioned include books, journals, theses/dissertations from Philippine universities. Specific databases are also listed that provide access to Philippine periodicals and publications. Examples of a local literature and local study are then briefly described to illustrate the concepts.
Scientific misconduct includes plagiarism, duplicate publication, failure to obtain IRB approval or maintain research records, and fabrication or distortion of data. Plagiarism involves presenting others' work as one's own, while paraphrasing must fully change the original language and structure. All human subject research must undergo IRB review and approval before data collection. Researchers must maintain accurate records for 5 years and obtain participants' informed consent to share any private information.
This document discusses several qualitative research methods including observational studies, narrative inquiry, archival research, library research, ethnography, and content analysis. Observational studies involve observing subjects in their natural environment and recording observations. Narrative inquiry tells stories of subjects' experiences through collected data. Archival research uses archives to find and interpret primary sources. Library research involves reading and interpreting secondary sources and searching databases. Ethnography involves living with and like subjects to gain personal insights. Content analysis examines texts to look for repeating words, phrases or concepts to analyze people or cultures. Coding is used to engage in content analysis by deciding concepts and words to code for and developing rules to analyze results.
This document provides an overview of referencing and citation using the OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities) style. It discusses the importance of referencing, how to reference primary sources like cases and legislation, and secondary sources like books and journal articles. Footnotes should be used to cite sources in-text. The bibliography should include tables of cases and legislation alphabetically, and all other secondary sources in one alphabetical list by author's last name. Referencing properly avoids plagiarism and allows readers to identify sources.
The document provides guidance on referencing sources using the OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities) style. It discusses the importance of referencing, how to reference primary sources like cases and legislation, and secondary sources like books and articles. Footnotes and a bibliography are used to cite sources. The document also covers how to avoid plagiarism and provides examples of formatting footnotes and bibliographies according to OSCOLA guidelines.
The document provides guidelines for the Standard Indian Legal Citation (SILC) system. SILC aims to standardize legal citations in India by providing a single reference format that considers India's legal traditions and history. It outlines citation formats for Indian cases, legislation, books, articles, and other legal sources. The guidelines describe citing formats for various materials like cases, bills, constitution, statutes, law commission reports, articles, and international sources. SILC seeks to bring consistency to citation practices and improve accessibility of legal research in India.
This document discusses citing secondary sources in legal writing. It defines secondary sources as materials that discuss, explain, analyze and critique the law, but are not the law itself. The document outlines the importance of citing secondary sources to give credit to authors, illustrate points, and avoid plagiarism. It then provides examples of how to cite different types of secondary sources like looseleaf services, book reviews, unpublished materials, books, periodical articles and newspapers.
This document provides guidance on legal citations using the 20th edition of the Bluebook citation style. It defines what a citation is and explains that citations are needed whenever using someone else's words, ideas, or references. It then gives shortcuts for inserting citations in documents and important guidelines for citation placement. The document outlines different types of legal citations and styles in the Bluebook, and provides examples of citing various sources like books, articles, cases, and internet sources.
Literature reviews summarize and analyze previous research on a topic. They establish the background and context for a research study by identifying what is known and unknown about a topic. An effective literature review defines the scope and limitations of previous work, avoids unnecessary duplication, and relates findings to proposed research to justify further investigation. It is important to search databases like Scopus and Web of Science, as well as books, journals, and other sources, to conduct a comprehensive literature review.
This document discusses legal writing and citation styles. It covers topics such as footnotes, Latin citation terms like ibid and supra, the OSCOLA and Bluebook citation styles, plagiarism, and creating a bibliography. Legal writing involves analyzing facts, presenting arguments in documents like briefs and memos, and may include predictive memos or writing for publications. Proper citation of sources is important to avoid plagiarism when writing.
This document provides information on referencing and how to avoid plagiarism. It defines referencing as acknowledging sources of information and ideas through citations and a reference list. Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism and allow readers to verify claims. There are two parts to referencing - citing sources in the text and providing a reference list with full details of citations. The document outlines how to format references for different source types like books, journal articles, websites and more. It also explains what plagiarism is and how to properly cite sources in writing to avoid being accused of plagiarism.
Legal citation for law journals spring 2011jkbeitz
This document provides an overview of legal citation styles according to The Bluebook. It discusses the purpose and history of legal citations. It then summarizes the major parts and rules of The Bluebook for citing various sources like cases, statutes, books, articles, and internet/electronic sources. The document encourages asking librarians for help with citing uncommon or "bizarre" sources.
AJ 107 Concepts of Criminal Law Research Paper Instructio.docxdaniahendric
AJ 107: Concepts of Criminal Law
Research Paper Instructions
What is a research paper?
A research paper is one in which you have identified a topic, have researched what others have written
about that topic, and (at the end of your paper) have taken a position of your own about elements of the
topic. All research papers should have a thesis (more on this later), which becomes the starting point for
your research. You support your thesis by presenting referenced information from reliable sources, such
as books, periodicals, journals, newspapers, on-line databases, academic/scholarly web sites, etc.
Important Note: Wikipedia is not an acceptable research source. Ever. All referenced material,
whether paraphrased (put in your own words) or quoted, must be cited properly in MLA format.
All research papers must contain proper MLA in-text citation as well as a Works Cited page. This
is a standard college-level writing requirement. There are writing resources available to you in
our “Research Paper Instructions and Resources” Module.
For additional help on writing your research papers, please visit the SBCC Writing Center located
in the Cartwright Learning Resources Center. This is the building on the West Campus closest to
the footbridge. Walk into the building and enter the CLRC to the left. The library is to the right.
Hours: Mon. – Thur.: 9 a.m. – 7 p.m. and Fri.: 9 a.m. – 3 p.m.
You can also access a lot of helpful materials by going to their website at:
http://www.sbcc.edu/clrc/writing_center/index.php
AJ 107: Concepts of Criminal Law
Research Paper TOPIC Instructions
Choose a topic that interests and challenges you. Your attitude towards the topic often determines the
amount of effort and enthusiasm you put into your research. If you are uncertain as to what is expected
of you in completing your research paper assignments, re-read your assignment sheets carefully or ask
me. That’s what I'm here for! Select a subject you can manage. Avoid topics that have only a narrow
range of source materials.
Your topic is to be an in-depth legal analysis of a law that has been discussed in lectures or in your
textbook. Specifically, you will critically analyze the various legal rulings and interpretations
surrounding your law.
You need to develop a thesis statement based upon your topic.
The thesis statement summarizes the main point of your paper and is often phrased as a question that
you then answer through your research. The thesis is normally found at the end of the paper's
introductory paragraph(s). It is usually a single sentence and acts as a guide to let your audience know
the central idea of your research and to know what to expect in the body of your paper. Your thesis
statement should be specific—it should cover only what you will discuss in your paper and should be
supported with specific evidence.
Thesis Statement Example:
Ho ...
This presentation was prepared for the demonstration of MLA CITATION as a resource person in the ICT Workshop conducted at the department of English, M K Bhavnagar University on 8th of November 2020.
This document provides guidelines for writing effective research reports. It defines a research report and outlines its basic structure, which typically includes sections for an abstract, introduction, literature review, method, results, discussion, and conclusion. The document emphasizes writing concisely and precisely for the intended audience, using fair and unbiased language, and structuring the report in a way that tells an interesting story about the research.
Arh2050 sp2020 research project instructions packetProfWillAdams
This document provides instructions for a research project assignment in an art history class. Students will research and analyze a work of art, then creatively reinterpret it in another medium. They must write a 4-page research paper discussing the original work and their reinterpretation. The paper must be properly cited using MLA style and include at least 6 credible sources other than internet searches. A draft is due on April 2nd and the final project is due on April 16th.
A literature review demonstrates how your work builds on existing research and provides context. It critically analyzes and synthesizes relevant past research to identify gaps and establish a theoretical foundation for your own research questions. The review should be structured with an introduction, headings, and conclusion that relate back to your research topic and highlight what your study will contribute. When writing, use language that conveys your perspective and assessment of the literature.
Online Library Training Module 1 Library Service.docxhopeaustin33688
Online Library Training Module
1
Library Services for Online Students
http://www.liv.ac.uk/library/ohecampus
Guide to Referencing and developing a Bibliography
Important Note for Law Students: Whilst these referencing pages will be useful for most
students, Law students should note they are specifically required to use the OSCOLA
referencing guidelines (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities), please see our
OSCOLA guide for detailed guidelines and examples
http://welcome.ohecampus.com/laureate/upload/LawSchoolCitationGuide2009.pdf
Also see these online guides to the OSCOLA referencing format
https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/index.html#oscola
Also see our pages on Refworks and other citation software for managing your references
and developing your Bibliography.
What is referencing?
It is very important that whenever you find a reference you immediately make a note of all
the relevant bibliographical (author, title etc) details. It can be very difficult to retrace the
details later and you will need the information to cite the references at the end of your
assignment or dissertation.
When you write your assignment or dissertation you are required to refer to the work of other
authors. Each time you do so, it is necessary to identify their work by making reference to it -
both in the text of your assignment (called 'in-text' referencing) and in a list at the end of your
assignment (called a 'Reference List'). This practice of acknowledging authors is known as
'referencing'.
References must be provided whenever you use someone else's opinions, theories, data or
organisation of material. You need to reference information from books, articles, videos, web
sites, images, computers and any other print or electronic sources. A reference is required if
you:
• paraphrase (use someone else's ideas in your own words)
• summarise (use a brief account of someone else's ideas)
• quote (use someone else's exact words)
• copy (use someone else's figures, tables or structure)
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Online Library Training Module
2
References enhance your writing and assist your reader by:
• showing the breadth of your research
• strengthening your academic argument
• showing the reader the source of your information
• allowing the reader to consult your sources independently
• allowing the reader to verify your data
Always remember to use referencing because if you use someone else's work and don't
reference it correctly, it is plagiarism, which is a serious offence of academic misconduct.
Please also see our Web pages on Plagiarism and how to avoid it.
Note on use of encyclopedias (Wikipedia etc.)
The Board of Stud.
The document provides information about writing bibliographies and references in the Vancouver and APA styles. It defines key terms like bibliography, references, citations and annotated bibliography. The main differences between a bibliography and references are that a bibliography includes all sources consulted, while references only include sources that were cited. References are numbered and included within the text and at the end of the document. The Vancouver style is commonly used in medical journals and follows a specific format for citations within text and listing references.
Most Commonly Used Citation Style Guide from Blue Book, APA & the Indian Cita...worldoflegalresearch
This document provides a detailed overview and comparison of citation styles including APA, Bluebook, and the Standard Indian Legal Citation style. It includes examples of how to cite various sources like books, newspaper articles, websites, cases, statutes, journals, and more under each citation style. The key differences between APA and Bluebook are highlighted. The document also discusses the purpose and limitations of citation as well as the need for a uniform Indian legal citation style, of which Standard Indian Legal Citation was recently developed to address.
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Alter Ego: If there is such a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its shareholders or members that the separate personalities of the corporation and the individuals no longer exist, courts may treat the corporation as the alter ego of its owners and hold them personally liable.
Group Enterprises: In some cases, where multiple corporations are closely related or form part of a single economic unit, courts may pierce the corporate veil to achieve equity, particularly if one corporation's actions harm creditors or other stakeholders and the corporate structure is being used to shield culpable parties from liability.
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सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने यह भी माना था कि मजिस्ट्रेट का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह सुनिश्चित करे कि अधिकारी पीएमएलए के तहत निर्धारित प्रक्रिया के साथ-साथ संवैधानिक सुरक्षा उपायों का भी उचित रूप से पालन करें।
3. What is Research ?
– Creative Process
– Systematic Collection of Data ( Information )
– Investigation of Existing facts or knowledge
– To find out truth or reality
– It is beginning not end
– Research means an act of searching into a matter carefully and closely.
4. Type of Research
Doctrinal Research
• Library Based Data
• Literature
Non- Doctrinal/
Empirical Research
• Survey Based
5. Legal Research
– Study of Social and Connection between various Human Activities
– Discovering new Legal facts and verification
– Provides solution to legal problems
– About Existing Law
– Compare Legal Provision, Principle and Theory in
existing Legal system
Legal
Research
Precedence/
Legal Issues
Theories/
Principles/
Doctrines
Legal Rules/
6. Use of Legal Research
STUDENT
• Higher Qualification
• Other Qualifications
• Thesis & Dissertation
ADVOCATE
• Thinking to Social Problem
• To Convince the Judge
• Legal Validity
GOVERNMENT
• Legal Reforms and Commission
• Making New/Old Law
JUDGES
• In support of Decisions
• Principles/ Doctrine
ACADEMICS
• Academic Degree
• Law Books
7. Sources in
selection of Topic
• Printed
Sources
• Paper
Presentation
at Academic
Gathering
• Ongoing or
Prior Research
• Available Data
• Media as
Source
Consideration
• Genuine
Interest
• Involve Some
Problem
• Feasible to
Study
• Have
Academic or
Social Value
Factor Affecting
Topic
• Personal
Values
• Academic or
Social
Importance
• Practical
Consideration
Narrow Down
the Topic
• Examine
Literature
• Expert Persons
• Division into
Groups
• Type of study
8. What are Materials?
– Find Books, Legal Academic Journals and Law Reviews
– Legislative Intent
– Legal Articles
– Find Case Law
– Find Constitutions of Different Countries
– Find Commission & Committee Reports
– Parliamentary Debates and Parliamentary Committee
– Treaties and International Agreements
– Other Internet Material
9. How to Find ?
– CONSTITUTION
– www.confinder.Richmond.edu
– www.constituteproject.org
– HOW TO FIND LEGISLATIVE INTENT
– Objects and Reasons of the Act (published in the bill)
– Parliamentary debates
– Law Commission Reports (if the bill has been introduced on the recommendation of the
Law Commission)
– Standing Committee/ Joint/Select Committee Reports
– Reports of the Committee appointed by the ministries for enacting/reviewing any existing
enactments
– www.prsindia.org
11. Citation:-
Blue Book
BOOK:
– Volume No. (if any) NAME OF AUTHOR, TITLE OF THE BOOK pg. cited
(Editors/Translators Name, edition cited year).
Example:
2 FREDERICK POLLOCK & FREDERIC WILLIAM MAITLAND, THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH
LAW 205-06 (2d ed. 1911)
Key point:-
– Follow the font format as has been illustrated above, for e.g. name of author must be
in SMALL CAPS.
– The first name must always be written before the surname.
– For two authors, write both their names separated by “&”
12. JOURNAL ARTICLE:-
– Consecutively (In Volumes)
– Name of Author, Title of Article, Journal volume no. ABBREVIATION OF JOURNAL Page on
which Article Begins, Page Cited (Year)
– Example:
Charles A. Reich, The New Property, 73 YALE L.J. 733, 737-38 (1964)
– Non Consecutively (Issues)
– Name of Author, Title of Article, ABBREVIATION OF JOURNAL, date of issue as appears in
the cover, at first page of work, page cited
– Example:
Barbara Ward, Progress for a Small Planet, HARV. BUS. REV., Sept.-Oct. 1979, at 89, 90.
Citation:-
Blue Book
13. Citation:-
Blue Book
NEWSPAER ARTICLE:
– Author’s name, Name of Article/News report, ABBRV. OF NAME OF
NEWSPAPER, Month Date, Year, at pg. no
– Example:
– Ari L. Goldman, O'Connor Warns Politicians Risk Excommunication
over Abortion, N.Y. TIMES, June 15, 1990, at A1.
– Gautam Adhikari, Watchdog Or Lapdog?, TOI, August 10, 2018, at 14
14. Citation:-
Blue Book
INTERNET
– Name of the Author, Name of article, INSTITUTIONAL OWNER OF DOMAIN
(Month date, year, time), URL.
– Example:
– Eric Posner, More on Section 7 of the Torture Convention, THE VOLOKH CONSPIRACY (Jan.
29, 2009, 10:04 AM), http://www.volokh.com/posts/1233241458.html.
Key points:-
• Don't write available at or at before the URL.
• Write the entire URL as appears in the address bar of the browser, remove hyperlink
15. Citation:-
Blue Book
CASES
– INDIAN CASES:
– Case name, (year of reporter) Vol No. Reporter Abbreviation, Page no.
– Example: Charan Lal Sahu v Union Carbide, (1989) 1 SCC 674
Reporters that depart from this format shall be written in their own format.
– Example: Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, AIR 2015 SC 1523
Key Points:-
• Do not italicise the case name.
• If there are more than one parties, list only the first party
16. Citation:-
Blue Book
STATUTES
– Act/Law
– Act name, Act No., Acts of Parliament, Year of Volume
– Example: The Copyright (Amendment) Act, 1992, No. 13, Acts of Parliament,
1992
– Constitution
– Example: INDIA CONST. art. 1, cl. 2.
17. Ibid:
– Ibid is used to refer to an immediately preceding authority, either exactly as it
has been cited, or at a different page number. In the first case, only the term
‘Ibid’, is used, whereas in the latter case, a different page number is alluded to
by following ‘Ibid’, with the word ‘at’and the relevant page number.
– Example:
10 P.C. Markenda, Law Relating to Arbitration & Conciliation, 98 (6th ed., 2006)
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid, at 64. (NOTE: Here 64 is the page number from where the author has taken
the cited statement/text).
18. Supra:
– When an authority has been fully cited previously by the author, ‘Supra’ is used to
refer to that same authority at a later point. Supra should only be used where it is
inappropriate to use ‘Ibid’.
– Examples:
– 43 V.N. Shukla’s Constitution of India, 219 (M.P. Singh, 12th ed., 2013).
– 44 S. Sen, The Principle of Common Heritage of Mankind in Outer Space: A Framework
of Ambiguity and Ineffectiveness?, 26, 39 in Outer Space Law: From Theory to Practice
(Sandeepa Bhat B., 1st ed., 2009).
– 45 Ibid.
– 46 Supra 43. (NOTE: Here 43 is the footnote number where the authority was first cited
in the paper).
– 47 Supra 21, at 991. (NOTE: Here 21 is the footnote number where the authority was
first cited in the paper and 991 is the page number from where the author has taken the
cited statement/text).
19. Bibliography v. Reference
BASIS FOR COMPARISON REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Meaning Reference implies the list of
sources, that has been
referred in the research work.
Bibliography is about listing
out all the materials which has
been consulted during the
research work.
Arrangement Alphabetically and numerically Alphabetically
Includes Only in-text citations, that
have been used in the
assignment or project.
Both in-text citations and
other sources, that are used to
generate the idea.
Supporting argument A reference can be used to
support an argument.
A bibliography cannot be used
to support an argument.
20. LIST OF ABBREVIATONS
¶ Para
¶¶ Paras
AIR All India Reporter
Art. Article
Ano. Another
AD Apex Decision
CriLJ Criminal Law Journal
ILR Indian Law Reporters
Corp. Corporation
Cr.LJ Criminal Law Journal
HP Himachal Pradesh
ILO International Labour
Organization
ICODHR International Convention
on Declaration of Human
Rights
ICSCR- OP Optional Protocol of
the Covenant on
Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights
ICCR Indian Council for
Cultural Relations
J. Justice
Ltd. Limited
LS Law Summary
WLC Western Law Cases
Ors. Others
UJ Unreported
Judgments
SC Supreme Court
SCC Supreme Court Cases
SCR Supreme Court
Reporter
Supl. Supplementary
MOEF MINISTRY OF
ENVIORNMENT
FOREST
STFDA Scheduled Tribes and
Forest Dwellers Act
UOI Union Of India
UN United Nations
Vol. Volume
V. Versus