The document discusses research and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to research. It defines research as a systematic investigation into a problem that aims to find solutions. Research involves carefully investigating topics, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, reaching conclusions, and testing those conclusions. The document also discusses the significance of research in advancing knowledge and aiding decision making. It notes some common motivations for undertaking research such as the desire to solve problems or gain new knowledge.

1. • Research in a common parlance refers to a search for
knowledge.
• One can also define research as a scientific and systematic
search for pertinent information on specific topic.
• In fact, research is an art of scientific investigation.
• The advanced learners dictionary of English lays down the meaning
of research as ‘a carful investigation or inquiry especially through
search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”.
• Redman and Mory defines research as systematized effort to gain a
new knowledge.
Introduction
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2. • Some people consider research as a movement, movement from
the known to unknown.
• It is actually a voyage of discovery.
• So, we all possess the vital instinct of inquisitiveness for, when
the known confronts us, we wonder and our inquisitiveness
makes as a probe attain full and fuller understanding of the
known.
• This inquisitiveness is the mother of all knowledge and the
method, when man employs for obtaining the knowledge of
whatever the unknown, can be termed as research.
• It is academic activity in a technical sense.
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Research

4. “ As definition of Clifford Woody’s
• ‘‘ Research is defining and redefining problems, formulating
hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and
evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions and at
least carefully testing the conclusions to determine weather they fit
formulating hypothesis”.
• Research is the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the
purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge.
• Research is thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of
knowledge making for its advancement.
• In a short term research is finding solution for a problem.
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7. Motivation in research
• What makes peoples to undertake research ? This is a question of
fundamental importance motives for doing research are as follow;
1. Desire to get research degree along with its consequential benefits.
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving un solved problems.
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work
4. Desire to be of service to society.
5. Desire to get respectability.
6. For directives of government, employment conditions, curiosity about new
things.
7. Desire to understand causal relationships, social thinking and awaking and
for other research operations and the like. 7

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14. • Decision oriented research always for the need of
decision maker and the researcher are not free to
embark upon research according to his own
inclinations.
• Operational research is an example of this type, since it
is a scientific method of providing executive
departments with quantitative basis for decisions
regarding operation under their control.
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16. Assigm 1 (10 %).
• Write one page only. Don’t copy instead write your own
understanding.
1. Differentiate between research paper and simple paper ?
2. Explain and give examples for Inferential, experimental and
simulation approach to scientific writing ?
3. Descriptive research design answers who, what, why and how
questions”. Discuss briefly how this are gone ?

17. Deductive Vs Inductive approach
• Deductive:- research moves from general ideas/theories to
specific particular & situations: the particular is deduced from
the general, e.g. broad theories.
• Inductive:- research moves from particular situations to make
or infer broad general ideas/theories.

19. Significance of research
• Research needs to test the validity of hypothesis /ses or theory/ies.
• Research needs to bring conclusions, generalizations and policy
implications for an issue or phenomena.
• Research needs to find out the gaps of knowledge in a subject area.
• Contribute to the advancement of knowledge or bridge knowledge gaps.
• Helps in making policy decisions.
• Help solving problems that affects people as well as organizations.
• Provide a basis for prediction or forecasting of events and to take
proactive decisions.

20. Significance of research
• (a) To those students who are to write a master’s or Ph.D.
thesis, research may mean a careerism or a way to attain a
high position.
• (b) To professionals in research methodology, research may
mean a source of livelihood;
• (c) To philosophers and thinkers, research may mean the
outlet for new ideas and insights;
• (d) To literary men and women, research may mean the
development of new styles and creative work;

21. • (e) To analysts and intellectuals, research may mean the
generalisations of new theories.
• Research is the fountain of knowledge for the sake of
knowledge and an important source of providing guidelines
for solving different business, governmental and social
problems. It is a sort of formal training which enables one to
understand the new developments in one’s field in a better
way

22. Distinction between research and report
• A Research is an evaluative, analytical and
critically investigative inquiry.
• A Report is a compiled information without
evaluating, analyzing and interpreting it. Most
reports simply record a series of facts or
incidences that have found or happened as they
are.

24. • Research methodology as a theory of how an inquiry should
proceed.
• It involves analysis of the assumptions, principles and procedures in
a particular approach to inquiry.
• According to Schwardt et al., 2007), methodologies explicate and
define the kinds of problems that are worth investigating; what
constitutes a researchable problem; testable hypotheses; how to
frame a problem in such a way that it can be investigated using
particular designs and procedures; and how to select and develop
appropriate means of collecting data

25. Cont…
• Some writers use the words of Methods and Methodology
interchangeably.
• Methodology refers to the overall approach to the research
process– from the theoretical underpinning to the collection and
analysis of data.
• Methods refer only to the various means by which data can be
collected and/or analysed.
• Techniques refer the analytical tools or measures which apply to
analyse data.

27. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
• To explore and analyse more general issues
• To test hypothesis (ses) or theory (ies).
• To construct or create a new procedure or system.
• To generate new knowledge.
• To explain a new phenomenon.
• A combination of any of the above

28. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH
 Solution Oriented, Logical, Impartiality and Empirical
 Clear problem focus and Objective and unbiased presentation of
research findings
 Addresses knowledge gaps, Accuracy, Systematic and
Verifiability
 Methodologically sound- appropriate methods are adopted in data
collection and analysis .

29.  Methodological limitations are identified and an attempt is made
to overcome.
 Due acknowledgement is given to other’s work
 Well organized and clear presentation of data as well as ideas
 Clarity and consistency are maintained through out the research
 Offer adequate explanation of phenomena or issues
 Validity and reliability of the findings are established
 Findings are treated as tentative

44. Problems Encountered by Researchers
• Research plays a vital role in the development of a country or business
organization. The developed countries are developed because they have
strong research support system. In India the state of research was not very
good before independence.
• The government realized the importance of research in framing the
policies for the development of the country later on. In the modern times
the business organizations have realized the importance of research in last
three to four decades only.
• A developing country is striving hard to achieve higher levels of research.
But , Researchers face several problems are listed below.

45. 1. Lack of skilled researchers:
• Research is a scientific and systematic investigation into a problem. In
India there is scarcity of competent researchers due to the lack of scientific
training in research methodology.
2. Lack of code of conduct
• The researcher in India does not have a well-defined code of conduct.
They do not have ethical or moral guidelines for becoming good
researcher. Therefore, they often face non-co-operation in team members.
There is a clean need of proper distribution of work, assignment of
responsibility and answerability and a well-defined code of conduct for
researchers in India.

46. 3. Insufficient interaction
• There is a wide gap between university research departments, other
research institutions, and the policy-making bodies.
• This leads to the confusion for research workers what data are to be
collected and analysis to be performed.
• The policy maker should provide a well-defined problem and a
guideline of the data to be collected, to the researchers.
• There should be regular meetings of the decision makers and the
field researchers.

47. 4. Overlapping research studies:
• Due to the lack of proper information and inter-departmental
interaction many times there is a duplication of research studies. Some
time two or more research studies overlap one another leading to
confusion and misleading results.
5. Lack of confidence
Lack of confidence in research organizations and its people. Business
organizations are reluctant to provide information about their
companies for it may be misused. In the surveys of individuals
common public is secretive in providing personal information.

48. 6. Lack of funds and facilities:
• In a developing country like India research is kept at a last priority where
as for fast and organized development research should be first priority.
Researcher face the difficulties of lack of funds, secretarial assistance,
trained staff and computational facilities. Efforts should be made to
provide and meet the requirements of research studies by the government
agencies as well as business enterprises.
7. Lack of literature:
• The management of published data is quite poor in libraries and other
official sources. The researcher has to spend unnecessarily a lot of time
in tracing books, journals and reports relevant to his study.

53. • The Scientific Paper
• A well-written scientific paper explains the scientist's motivation for doing
an experiment, the experimental design and execution, and the meaning
of the results. Scientific papers are written in a style that is exceedingly
clear and concise. Their purpose is to inform an audience of other
scientists about an important issue and to document the particular
approach they used to investigate that issue.
• Please do not think that good English is not critical in science writing. In
fact, scientists try to be so concise that their English should be better than
that of workers in other disciplines! If English is not your first language,
then proofreading by a native-speaker might be helpful.
• If you have read scientific papers, you will have noticed that a standard
format is frequently used. This format allows a researcher to present
information clearly and concisely.

54. • Types of title that can be used for scientific papers
• Indicative titles indicate the subject matter of a paper but give no indication of
any results obtained or conclusions drawn e.g. The effectiveness of bed nets in
controlling mosquitoes at different seasons of the year.
• Informative titles give an indication of results achieved and conclusions drawn
as well as the subject matter of the paper e.g. Bed nets control mosquitoes most
effectively when used in the rainy season.
• Question-type titles
• This type of title obviously asks a question. e.g. When are bed nets most
effective when used to control mosquitoes?
• Main-subtitle (series) type
• This approach is not liked by editors of scientific journals because if they accept
the first paper they will be duty bound to accept sequels. e.g. The effect of bed
nets on mosquitoes: 1.Their effectiveness when used only in the rainy season.

55. A brief synopsis of writing an abstract
• It’s a minipaper:
– Introduction (usually 1-2 sentences)
– Methods (often longest part)
– Results
– Discussion is limited to concluding statement
• Like a paper, requires many drafts, most
oriented to presenting argument concisely

56. Getting the Reviews of Your Paper
• “The reviewer is always right.” (whether
they are or not!)
• Don’t respond quickly. Digest reviews.
.

57. If your paper was rejected…
• Was it sent out for
review? If not,
consider changing
type of journal
• If reviews don’t
suggest changes,
send it out quickly to
another journal
• The 3 journal rule.