2. • Plagiarism is one of the three major types of
scientific misconduct as defined by the Public
Health Service (PHS), the other two being
falsification and fabrication (U.S. Public Health
Service, 1989).
• In scientific writing, plagiarism is perhaps the
most serious and the most widely recognized
ethical lapse.
3. Plagiarism
• "Taking over the ideas, methods, or written words of
another, without acknowledgment and with the intention
that they be taken as the work of the deceiver."
American Association of University
Professors(September/October,1989)
• It can be:
a) Intentional
b) Unintentional (aka cryptomnesia) :
4. • Plagiarism is an act of presenting someone
else’s work or ideas as your own, with or
without their consent, by incorporating it into
your work without full acknowledgement.
5. • it is important to learn how to give credit
where it is due, which is known as "citing" or
"attribution.“ (discussed in the next
presentation)
6. • kidnapping of words, kidnapping of ideas,
fraud, and literary theft.
• Forms of plagiarism:
A) Plagiarism of ideas
B) Plagiarism of text
7. Plagiarism of ideas
Appropriating someone else’s idea (e.g., an explanation, a theory, a conclusion, a
hypothesis, a metaphor) in whole or in part, or with superficial modifications
without giving credit to its originator.
There are a number of ways through which he/she gets a new insight (an idea)
regarding a phenomenon or process, if it is from one of the ways :
. While perusing through someone’s research work
Or
. casual interaction with an individual (even if not at all connected with
scholarly or scientific work.)
Moral obligation to give proper credit.
unconscious plagiarism of ideas(i.e,. Cryptomnesia) :when an author generates an
idea that s/he believes to be original, but which in reality had been encountered at
an earlier time. Reason: unconscious mind.
8. Plagiarism of text
• Copying a portion of text from another source
without giving appropriate credit to its author.
• Any verbatim (word-by-word) text taken from
another source must be enclosed in quotation
marks and be accompanied by a citation to
indicate its origin.
10. • When we summarize others’ work, we use our
own words to condense and convey others’
contributions in a shorter version of the
original.
• When paraphrasing others’ work, not only
must we use our own words, but we must also
use our own syntactical structure.
11. • Whether we are paraphrasing or summarizing
we must always identify the source of our
information.
• Inappropriate paraphrasing is considered as
plagiarism.
12. Plagiarism and Common knowledge
• If the specific facts and figures we are discussing
are assumed to be known by the readership, then
one need not provide a citation.
• the question of whether the information we write
about constitutes common knowledge is not
easily answerable and depends on several
factors, such as who the author is, who the
readers are, and the expectations of each of
these groups.
13. • When in doubt as to whether a concept or
fact is common knowledge, provide a citation.
14. Self plagiarism
• reuse their own previously disseminated
content and pass it off as a ”new” product
without letting the reader know that this
material has appeared previously.
• for authors of scientific or scholarly papers the
acceptable practice is to submit their paper
for publication to a single journal.
15. • redundant, dual or overlapping publication –
with slight modification of ones own work.
• it is the second highest cause for articles to be
retracted from the literature between the
years 2007 and 2011 (Fang, Steen, &
Casadevall, 2012)
16. Copyright infringement
• Once owners of an artistic (e.g., song, lyrics,
films) or an intellectual work (e.g., book, article)
copyright a product, they have the exclusive right
to publish, reproduce, sell, distribute, or modify
those products. For authors who wish to have
their papers published in traditional journals, the
typical arrangement is for the copyright of the
author’s work to be transferred to the publisher
of the journal. The journal can then reproduce
and distribute the author’s work legally.
17. • the unauthorized use of copyrighted work
violates copyright law and represents
copyright infringement.
• Copyright infringement occurs when someone
uses another person’s materials without
permission
18. • Exceptions to copyright infringement fall
under the doctrine of “Fair Use” of copyright
law and represent instances in which the
activity is largely for nonprofit educational,
scholarship, or research purposes (see US
Copyright Office, 1996).
19. E.g. of “fair use”
• For example, in some situations, a student or
individual researcher may make a copy of a
journal article or book chapter for his/her own
personal use without asking permission.
20. consequences
• At academic level, plagiarism may lead to
penalties which may be determined at a
School, Faculty or University level.
These can range from a substantial reduction
in your marks (or even a mark of zero) which
can affect your final degree classification, to a
formal misconduct hearing which may result
in your being asked to leave the University.
21. • At professional level, plagiarism may lead to
termination of tenureship or confiscation of
academic degree or both.
22. Referance:
1. Shrestha R. Introduction to plagiarism[Lecture].
Research methodology and orientation program.
Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences
Dhulikhel Nepal.8th May 2019.
2. Roig M. Avoiding Plagiarism, Self-plagiarism, and Other
Questionable Writing Practices: A Guide to Ethical
Writing. Washington DC: Office of Research Integrity,
US Department of Health and Human Services.
(http://ori.hhs.gov/avoiding-plagiarism-self-plagiarism-and-
other-questionable-writing-practices-guide-ethical-writing)
Given the free and frequent exchange of ideas in science and other scholarly disciplines, it is notunreasonable to expect instances in which earlier exposure to an idea that lies dormant in someone’s unconscious emerges into consciousness at a later point, but in a context different from the one in which the idea had originally occurred.
