3. WHAT IS PUBLICATION ETHICS
• Publishing: essential component in the development of a
reliable and respected body of knowledge.
• Scientific Truth: foundation of scientific advancement.
• Publication must embody intellectual integrity.
• Important to agree upon standards of expected ethical
behaviour for all parties involved in the writing and
publishing of any material.
• Ethical violations affect the quality and integrity of work.
4. PUBLICATION
• Publication plays an important role in field of
research, knowledge, development, science
and technology.
• Publication of research work has a vital role in
lives of scientists as they receive
acknowledgement from their papers.
• But due to career/peer pressure and
monetary gains, many people started violating
rules of the research publication in order to
gain fame, money, higher positions and
complete degree.
5. Some Violations of Publication
Ethics
• Falsification: work or data is changed and instruments, materials, or the
equipment is manipulated according to the results needed and publishing the
false interpretation.
• Fabrication: words are fabricated or constructed based on the observations
or characterizations. Adding the data that has never been done or occurred.
• Multiple submissions: Simultaneous submission of the research work
to two or more journals at a time.
• Redundant/ duplicate publication: authors try to use their own
previous work that is been already published with small changes than this is
known to be duplicate publication.
• Suggesting bonusreviewers: authors give alternate mail id so that
they can become the reviewers.
6. Authorship
• Guest Authorship: where the names of people are included who have no knowledge about the
work and the data their names are just included for the sake of acceptance.
• Ghost Authorship: when a set of people carry out a work for instance and in that set, one person
has done most of the work but his name is not included due to different conflicts.
• Anonymous Authorship: sometime authors use anonymous names or commonly known as pen
name which creates a problem as some other person can claim the work.
• Surrogate Authorship: a work is published in name of some other’s name not on the name of the
writer.
• Gift Authorship: Where original authors add other’s name just to return them favor or show them
gratitude
7. Contributor Ship
• Contributors can be classified as intellectual (one
who gives ideas or helps in writing), practical (who
helps in performing experimental) and financial (who
help in funding the research). Any research, who
doesn’t fall into all the four criteria for authorship will
be listed as a contributor. A person who has helped
only in some part of the work can’t be listed as author
but their contributors must be mentioned in
acknowledgements of the articles. As per ICMJE,
acknowledgement should be provided for writing,
assistance, editing and proofreading.
8.
9. Plagiarism Software
• Plagiarism detection is the process of locating instances of plagiarism
within a work or document. The widespread use of computers and the
advent of the internet have made it easier to plagiarize the work of others.
• Detection of plagiarism can be undertaken in a variety of ways. Human
detection is the most traditional form of identifying plagiarism from
written work.
• Text-matching software (TMS), which is also referred to as “plagiarism
detection software” or “antiplagiarism software”, has become widely
available, in the form of both commercially available products as well as
open source software.
10. Misconceptions about Plagiarism
• After changing the words, we don’t need to cite the source and it’s not
plagiarism.
• Every fact needs to be cited.
• Plagiarism is when the text is copied as it is from some source.
• To avoid plagiarism, only paper sources needed to be cited.
• Plagiarism can be detected by plagiarism checker or software.
• Plagiarism doesn’t happen, when you copy the ideas from non-
copyrighted material.
• Plagiarism is always a planned action.
11. Examples of Plagiarism
• Cutting and pasting from other documents.
• Quoting without quotation marks or references.
• Paraphrasing without referencing.
• Summarising without referencing.
• Using an image, source or diagram
without referencing.
• Taking another student’s ideas and passing
them as your own.
• Re-cycling your own work which has been
submitted for assessment elsewhere.
• Collaborating on what should be individual work.
• Translating a document from another language.
12. Academic Ethics: Plagiarism
• Plagiarize: to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s
own: use (another’s production) without crediting the source to commit
literary theft: present as new and original an idea or product derived
from an existing souce.
• Why is PLAGIARISM is an issue?
1. (Academically) Dishonest
2. Fraudulent (cheating)
3. Stealing (intellectual ownership-copyright)
4. Misrepresentation
13. Common Types of Plagiarism:
• Complete plagiarism: submit another authors work in your name.
• Source based plagiarism: reference an incorrect or non-existent source.
• Direct plagiarism: copy text from another document word to word.
• Self or auto plagiarism: reuse a major part of your own work without
attribution.
• Paraphrasing plagiarism: make minor changes and use other’s writing.
• Mosaic plagiarism: interlay someone else’s phrases or text within your work.
• Accidental plagiarism: unintentional paraphrasing or copying due to
neglect.
• Inaccurate authorship: authorship instead of acknowledgement to
contributors and vice-versa.
14. How to avoid plagiarism
You need to know about:
• Identifying sources and information that need
to be documented.
• Staying loyal to the source material.
• Creating in-text citation.
• Blending quotations into your paper.
• Documenting sources in reference list.
• Use own words as far as possible.
• Be aware of style manuals and formats.
